Water Resources Management in Irrigation:

Engineering options and new technologies

CLUSTER Training Workshop CLUSTER Training Workshop -- Bari, 23 Bari, 23 October October 2012 2012
Engineering options and new technologies
Nicola LAMADDALENA Nicola LAMADDALENA
SARAGOZA MONTPELLIER MAI-BARI CHANIA
CIHEAM - PARIS
International Center for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies
400
450
500
550
I
n
h
a
b
i
t
a
n
t
s

(
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
)
POPULATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES
300
350
400
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Years
I
n
h
a
b
i
t
a
n
t
s

(
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
)
SOURCE:
PLAN BLUE, 2005
POPULATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES
300
400
500
600
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
)
SOUTH-EST
TOTAL
SOURCE:
PLAN BLUE, 2005
0
100
200
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
An
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
)
NORTH
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES DISTRIBUTION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES
66%
24%
10%
Settore
industriale10%
Settore
energetico 12%
Settore
domestico 13%
WATER DEMAND PER SECTOR IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES (YEAR 2000)
INDUSTRY
10%
INDUSTRY
10%
ENERGY
12%
ENERGY
12%
DOMESTIC
13%
DOMESTIC
13%
Settore
agricolo 65%
SOURCE:
PLAN BLEU, 2005 ELABORATION:
AGRICULTURE
65%
AGRICULTURE
65%
Settore
industriale 10%
Settore
energetico 0%
Settore
domestico 8%
Industry
10%
Industry
10%
Energy
0%
Energy
0%
Domestic
8%
Domestic
8%
WATER DEMAND PER SECTOR IN SOUTHERN
MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES (YEAR 2000)
SOURCE:
PLAN BLEU, 2005
Settore agricolo
82%
Agriculture
82%
Agriculture
82%
ELABORATION:
PROBLEM OF WATER RESOURCES PROBLEM OF WATER RESOURCES PROBLEM OF WATER RESOURCES PROBLEM OF WATER RESOURCES
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN
PROBLEM OF WATER RESOURCES PROBLEM OF WATER RESOURCES PROBLEM OF WATER RESOURCES PROBLEM OF WATER RESOURCES
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN
WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY WATER DEMAND WATER DEMAND WATER DEMAND WATER DEMAND
Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing Fix and Limited Fix and Limited Fix and Limited Fix and Limited Fix and Limited Fix and Limited Fix and Limited Fix and Limited
PAST STRATEGY
In the last 40 years the policy In the last 40 years the policy
choices privileged the big choices privileged the big
hydraulic infrastructures in hydraulic infrastructures in
irrigation giving priorities to the irrigation giving priorities to the irrigation giving priorities to the irrigation giving priorities to the
quantitative aspect rather than the quantitative aspect rather than the
qualitative (Supply Management). qualitative (Supply Management).
ADIYAMAN-KAHTA
PROJECT
DCLE
KRALKIZI
KEBAN
KARAKAYA
GARZAN
BATMAN
KAYSER
SLVAN
GARZAN IRRIGATION
SRT
MALATYA
Turkey (projet GAP):
Water Distribution plan downstream the Ataturk Dam
DYARBAKIR
MARDN
MARDN-CEYLANPINAR
PLAIN
SVEREK-HLVAN
IRRIGATION PROJECT
KRALKIZI-DCLE
IRRIGATION
YAYLAK PLAIN
IRRIGATION
BOZOVA PUMPING
IRRIGATION
SLOP PLAIN
IRRIGATION
ADIYAMAN-GKSU-
ARABAN PROJECT
ANLIURFA-HARRAN PLAIN IRRIGATION
SURU PLAIN
IRRIGATION
CZRE-DL-NUSAYBIN
PLAINS IRRIGATION
ATATRK
BRECK
KARKAMI
ILISU
CZRE
BATMAN
IRRIGATION
ANLIURFA
GAZANTEP
PROJECT
IN OPERATION
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
INVESTMENT PROGRAM
PLANNING AND FINAL DESIGN
IN OPERATION
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
REST
SRT
IRNAK
ADIYAMAN
DEVEGED
INAR-GKSU
DERK
HANCAIZ
KAYACIK
AMGAZ
HACIHIDIR
Kabur river - 1975
Kabur river - 2006
Kebrit spring - 1999
Kebrit Spring - 2005
Kebrit spring - 2006
Kebrit spring - 2007
Kebrit spring - 2007
Non-Conventional Water
Resources in Jordan (2007)
Effluent Effluent from from 22 22 wastewater wastewater treatment treatment
plants plants == 90 90 MCM MCM plants plants == 90 90 MCM MCM
Desalinated Desalinated water water for for drinking drinking
purposes purposes = = 40 40 MCM MCM
The Dead Sea . . . in time
2000 2000 1960 1960 2050 2050
From: Shatanawui, 2009
Dead Sea Case Dead Sea Case Dead Sea Case Dead Sea Case
From: Shatanawui, 2009
Project Scheme Project Scheme
From: Shatanawui, 2009
Rain-water harvesting, Soil moisture
management, Run-off farming

From: Steduto, From: Steduto, 2009 2009

PRESENT STRATEGYES
The current policy choices highlighted The current policy choices highlighted
the importance of Operation, the importance of Operation,
Maintenance and Management Maintenance and Management
activities activities (DEMAND MANAGEMENT) (DEMAND MANAGEMENT)
Technical approaches Technical approaches ((improving WUE improving WUE
at the whole chain of the system, .. at the whole chain of the system, ..) )
non non--technical approaches technical approaches (PIM, Tariff (PIM, Tariff
rules, training,.) rules, training,.)
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL
APPROACHES APPROACHES
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL
APPROACHES APPROACHES APPROACHES APPROACHES APPROACHES APPROACHES
WATER LOSSES IN IRRIGATION IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN BASIN (%)
WATER LOSSES IN IRRIGATION IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN BASIN (%)
LOSSES IN THE ON LOSSES IN THE ON LOSSES IN THE ON LOSSES IN THE ON- -- -
FARM SYSTEM FARM SYSTEM FARM SYSTEM FARM SYSTEM
LOSSES IN THE LOSSES IN THE LOSSES IN THE LOSSES IN THE
DISTRIBUTION and DISTRIBUTION and DISTRIBUTION and DISTRIBUTION and
CONVEYANCE SYSTEM CONVEYANCE SYSTEM CONVEYANCE SYSTEM CONVEYANCE SYSTEM
WATER USED BY WATER USED BY WATER USED BY WATER USED BY
THE CROPS THE CROPS THE CROPS THE CROPS
Fonte:
FAO, 1994
SOURCE:
ELABORATION:
APPLICATION LOSSES APPLICATION LOSSES APPLICATION LOSSES APPLICATION LOSSES
AT FARM LEVEL AT FARM LEVEL AT FARM LEVEL AT FARM LEVEL

in reservoir
zone root
field
zone root
gate farm
field
out reservoir
gate farm
in reservoir
out reservoir
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
=

Storage
efficiency
Conveyance
efficiency
Farm
efficiency
Application
efficiency
Overall
efficiency
Water from Reservoir to Root Zone Chain of Efficiency Steps:
(From T. HSIAO, 2006)
efficiency efficiency efficiency efficiency efficiency

x = x
x
Sample calculation:
0.90
0.85
0.72 0.75 0.413!
Although the efficiency of each step is at least reasonable good, the overall
efficiency is low
The efficiency effects are multiplicative, not just additive
It follows that minor improvements in several efficiency steps would raise overall
efficiency substantially
x = x
x
Sample calculation for small improvement in each step:
0.92
0.885
0.86
0.87 0.610!
Much
improvement
Reservoir
Distribution Network
E= W
out
/W
in
R
DP
RO
On-Farm
Network
Crops
Soil
ETc
DELIVERY SCHEDULE DELIVERY SCHEDULE DELIVERY SCHEDULE DELIVERY SCHEDULE
11-- Rotation Rotation
22 -- On On--demand demand
11-- Rotation Rotation
22 -- On On--demand demand 22 -- On On--demand demand 22 -- On On--demand demand
-- Arranged Arranged demand demand -- Arranged Arranged demand demand
Rotation (citrus)
120
140
160
180
200
F
C
,
O
Y
T
,
S
W
S
FC
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Day
F
C
,
O
Y
T
,
S
W
S
OYT
SWS
720 mm
On-demand (citrus)
100
120
140
160
F
C
,
O
Y
T
,
S
W
S
FC
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Day
F
C
,
O
Y
T
,
S
W
S
OYT
SWS
376 mm
60
80
100
120
F
C
,
O
Y
T
,
S
W
S
FC
OYT
SWS
496 mm
Rotation operation (grapes)
0
20
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Day
F
C
,
O
Y
T
,
S
W
S
SWS
On-demand operation (grapes)
80
100
120
F
C
,
O
Y
T
,
S
W
S
FC
502 mm
0
20
40
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240
Day
F
C
,
O
Y
T
,
S
W
S
FC
OYT
SWS
DESIGN DESIGN &&ANALYSIS ANALYSIS DESIGN DESIGN &&ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
C =
R!
K!( R - K)!
R
K

Q= 50 l/s
R=20; K=5;
C=15504
10 l/s
SIMULATION

AKLA MODEL AKLA MODEL
RELATIVE PRESSURE DEFICIT
RELATIVE PRESSURE DEFICIT
H
j,r
=
H
j,r
=
H
j,r
- H
min
H
j,r
- H
min
H
min
H
min
j = number of the hydrant
j = number of the hydrant
r = number of the configuration
r = number of the configuration
H
min
= Pressure head required at the hydrant for an appropriate
on-farm irrigation
H
min
= Pressure head required at the hydrant for an appropriate
on-farm irrigation
H

0
H

0 O.k
O.k
-1< H < 0
-1< H < 0 Failure
Failure
H < -1
H < -1
Danger (negative pressure
at the hydrant)
Danger (negative pressure
at the hydrant)
RELIABILITY IS DEFINED AS HOW OFTEN A SYSTEM FAILS
RELIABILITY IS DEFINED AS HOW OFTEN A SYSTEM FAILS
= == = Prob [X
t
S] ]] ]
= == = Prob [X
t
S] ]] ]
X
t
= The random variable denoting the state of the system at a time t
X
t
= The random variable denoting the state of the system at a time t
S = The set of all satisfactory outputs
S = The set of all satisfactory outputs
S = The set of all satisfactory outputs
S = The set of all satisfactory outputs

=
=
=
C
r
r j
C
r
r j r j
j
Ih
Ip Ih
1
,
1
, ,

Ih = 1
Ih = 1
Open hydrant
Open hydrant
Ih = 0
Ih = 0
Close hydrant
Close hydrant
Ip = 1
Ip = 1
H
H

H
min
H
min
Ip = 0
Ip = 0
< << <
< << < H
H
H
min
H
min
900
1200
1500
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
l
/
s
)
0
300
600
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
Time (h)
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
l
/
s
)
900
1200
1500
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
l
/
s
)
DEMANDE
HYDROGRAPH
Low Pressure
High Pressure
0
300
600
900
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
Time (h)
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
l
/
s
)
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
(
H
-
H
m
i
n
)
/
H
m
i
n
Hydrants Analysis
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
Hydrants numbering
(
H
-
H
m
i
n
)
/
H
m
i
n
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Hydrants Analysis (reliability)
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720 810 900
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Hydrants numbering
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Maps selection and
up-dating
Digitizing
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
Transformation model
I
n
p
u
t
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
ArcView GIS
Simulation with AKLA
Output
Data assessment
Input
5
7
6
8
9
10
Cerignola
District distribution conduit
Venturimeter
Boundary of the scheme
Boundary of the district
Number of the district
4
5
CAPACCIOTTI DAM
Conveyance conduit
Venturimeter
District distribution conduits
Ofanto river
Reservoir
Conveyance conduit
5
7
6
8
9
10
Cerignola
District distribution conduit
Venturimeter
Boundary of the scheme
Boundary of the district
Number of the district
4
5
CAPACCIOTTI DAM
Conveyance conduit
Venturimeter
District distribution conduits
Ofanto river
Reservoir
Conveyance conduit
DEFICIT DE PRESSION (H-Hmin)/Hmin Q=1200 l/s
DEFICIT DE PRESSION (H-Hmin)/Hmin - Q= 700 l/s
V
in
E= V
out
/V
in
V
out
0,96
0,97
0,98
0,99
1,00
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY
0,94
0,95
0,96
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

30
35
40
45
50
55
60
P
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
e

(
m
)
Working parameters of the on-
farm network
H=33 m
Q=15.31 l/sec
Hmax=54 m
Hmin =26 m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Portata (l/sec)
P
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
e

(
m
)
H=21 m
Q=12.84 l/sec
H= 21 m
CU = 63%
DU = 67%
DE
90
= 60%
dn
90
= 3mm/h
H = 33 m
CU = 74%
DU = 80%
DE
90
= 80%
dn
90
= 4.5mm/h
CAS 1:
E
G,1
= 0.95 x 0.60 = 0.57
CAS 1:
E
G,1
= 0.95 x 0.60 = 0.57
SIMPLE CALCULATION: SIMPLE CALCULATION:
CAS 2:
E = 0.95 x 0.80 = 0.76
CAS 2:
E = 0.95 x 0.80 = 0.76
E = (0.76 0.57)/0.57= 0.33 = + 33% E = (0.76 0.57)/0.57= 0.33 = + 33%
E
G,2
= 0.95 x 0.80 = 0.76 E
G,2
= 0.95 x 0.80 = 0.76
RESEARCH
INSTITUTES
MANAGERS
MANUFACTURERS
TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATIONS
ENERGY ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
Q
t
Da
AGADIR
(MAROCCO)
Z ( m a.s.l.)
UPPER ENVELOPE
Z
max
P
0
Z
0
Representative points of the hydraulic performance of a network
LOWER ENVELOPE
UPSTREAM DISCHARGE (l s
-1
)
Q
0
Q
max
X %
79
85
91
97
103
10%
90%
P
i
e
z
o
m
e
t
r
i
c

E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

(
m

a
.
s
.
l
.
)
Configuration Analysis
93%
50 105 160 215 270 325 380 435 490 545 600
43
49
55
61
67
73
Discharges (l/s)
P
i
e
z
o
m
e
t
r
i
c

E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

(
m

a
.
s
.
l
.
)
10%
SET POINT
55
60
65
70
U
P
S
T
R
E
A
M

H
E
A
D

(
m
)
P
0
4
a
a
b
a
2
5
3
62
40
45
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
DISCHARGE (l/s)
U
P
S
T
R
E
A
M

H
E
A
D

(
m
)
PP
1
c
d
b
a
a
b
b
2
93% indexed characteristic curve
325
150
180
210
240
270
P
O
W
E
R

(
K
W
)
30
60
90
120
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350
DISCHARGE (l/s)
P
O
W
E
R

(
K
W
)
PLANT A
PLANT B
Energy consumption and energy saving Energy consumption and energy saving
Type of regulation
Energy
consuption
(KWh)
Energy saving
respect to the
current regulation
(%)
Dist 1a Dist 1b Dist 1a Dist 1b Type of regulation Dist 1a Dist 1b Dist 1a Dist 1b
Regulation 3 223434 127004
27 35
Regulation 1-2 234613 135784
24 30
Current regulation 308700 196094
0 0
Constant speed 329223 211615
- 7 -8
NON NON--TECHNICAL TECHNICAL
APPROACHES APPROACHES
NON NON--TECHNICAL TECHNICAL
APPROACHES APPROACHES
WHAT IS PARTICIPATORY
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
(PIM)
Involvement of irrigation users in all Involvement of irrigation users in all
aspects aspects and at all and at all levels levels of irrigation of irrigation aspects aspects and at all and at all levels levels of irrigation of irrigation
management. management.
Transfer of irrigation systems from Transfer of irrigation systems from
public organizations (Gov public organizations (Govts) to ts) to
WUAs. WUAs.
Different priorities:
Government vs. Water Users
Conflicting objectives of two main stakeholders:
Government
Water users
Promote efficiency and economy
Government
- Reduce the burden on national
budget by shifting responsibility
for O&M to the users
- Promote efficiency and economy
in water use
Farmers
- Reliable water supply
- Low water delivery costs
- Increase Income
GOVERNMENT HAS LIMITED RESOURCES
PRIORITY GIVEN TO
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
RESULTS
LIMITED RESOURCES FOR MAINTENANCE
GOVERNMENT HAS LIMITED RESOURCES
PRIORITY GIVEN TO
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
RESULTS
LIMITED RESOURCES FOR MAINTENANCE
- FARMERS ARE NOT - FARMERS ARE NOT
- SYSTEM DETERIORATION
- LOW PERFORMANCE
- UNRELIABLE WATER SUPPLY
- SYSTEM DETERIORATION
- LOW PERFORMANCE
- UNRELIABLE WATER SUPPLY
- FARMERS ARE NOT
SATISFIED WITH
SERVICE
- THEY ARE RELUCTANT
TO CONTRIBUTE TO
THE SYSTEM
MANTAINANCE
- FARMERS ARE NOT
SATISFIED WITH
SERVICE
- THEY ARE RELUCTANT
TO CONTRIBUTE TO
THE SYSTEM
MANTAINANCE
COLTIVATORI DIRETTI
(small farms)
(farmers who coltivate
COLTIVATORI DIRETTI
(small farms)
(farmers who coltivate
FARMERS ASSOCIATIONS FARMERS ASSOCIATIONS
UNIONE AGRICOLTORI
(large farms)
(Farmers)
UNIONE AGRICOLTORI
(large farms)
(Farmers)
CONFEDER. AGRICOLTORI
(small farms)
(farmers who coltivate
CONFEDER. AGRICOLTORI
(small farms)
(farmers who coltivate
CONSORZIO DI BONIFICA OF CAPITANATA (Italy) CONSORZIO DI BONIFICA OF CAPITANATA (Italy)
(farmers who coltivate
their own land)
(farmers who coltivate
their own land)
(Farmers) (Farmers)
(farmers who coltivate
their own land)
(farmers who coltivate
their own land)
ELECTION OF THE
GOVERNING BOARD
(79 600 owners)
BOARD OF DELEGATES BOARD OF DELEGATES
90 PEOPLE
(Direct election)
90 PEOPLE
(Direct election)
18 PEOPLE
(Representative of
Communes and Region)
18 PEOPLE
(Representative of
Communes and Region)
SELECTION
BOARD OF DELEGATES BOARD OF DELEGATES
IRRIGATION IRRIGATION
1
PRESIDENT
1
PRESIDENT
COMMISSIONS
(1 President)
COMMISSIONS
(1 President)
AUDITORS AUDITORS
ADMINISTRATIVE
DEPUTATION
ADMINISTRATIVE
DEPUTATION
2 Vice-
PRESIDENT
2 Vice-
PRESIDENT
PERSONNEL PERSONNEL MANTEINANCE MANTEINANCE BUDGET BUDGET ............ ............
GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR
WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
DIRECTOR OF
ADMINISTRATION
DIRECTOR OF
ADMINISTRATION
DIRECTOR OF
AGRICULTURAL SERVICE
DIRECTOR OF
AGRICULTURAL SERVICE
DIRECTOR OF
ENGINEERING SERVICE
DIRECTOR OF
ENGINEERING SERVICE
LEGAL SESSION LEGAL SESSION
BIG WORKS
- Design
- Supervision
BIG WORKS
- Design
- Supervision
PERSONNEL PERSONNEL
EXTENSION
SERVICE
EXTENSION
SERVICE
IRRIGATION IRRIGATION
- 1 pick-up for each
group of workers
- 1 Truck
- 1 Excavator
- 1 pick-up for each
group of workers
- 1 Truck
- 1 Excavator
PERIFERICAL OFFICE (1 each 10 000 - 15 000 ha)
1 Head + 1 Assigned at the office job +
3 Workers (in charge for repairing)
2-3 Groups of 2 Workers (in charge for controlling
and maintanance)
PERIFERICAL OFFICE (1 each 10 000 - 15 000 ha)
1 Head + 1 Assigned at the office job +
3 Workers (in charge for repairing)
2-3 Groups of 2 Workers (in charge for controlling
and maintanance)
- Supervision
- Manteinance
..................
- Supervision
- Manteinance
..................
ESPROPRIATIONS ESPROPRIATIONS
CONTRACTS CONTRACTS
....................... .......................
TARIFF RULES TARIFF RULES
COST OF MAINTENANCE
(on the base of the
previous Year Budget)
COST OF MAINTENANCE
(on the base of the
previous Year Budget)
WATER AVAILABILITY WATER AVAILABILITY
BUDGET BUDGET
Available water volume
Irrigable Area
Available water volume
Irrigable Area
OTHER COSTS
(on the base of the
OTHER COSTS
(on the base of the
previous Year Budget) previous Year Budget)
VARIABLE RATE
(/m
3
)
VARIABLE RATE
(/m
3
)
Irrigable Area
=
2000 m
3
/ha
Irrigable Area
=
2000 m
3
/ha
(on the base of the
previous Year Budget)
(on the base of the
previous Year Budget)
FIXED RATE
(/ha)
FIXED RATE
(/ha)
0.09 /m
3
0 - 2000 m
3
/ha 0.09 /m
3
0 - 2000 m
3
/ha
0.24 /m
3
2500 - 3000 " 0.24 /m
3
2500 - 3000 "
0.18 /m
3
2000 - 2500 " 0.18 /m
3
2000 - 2500 "
0.32 /m
3
> 3000 " 0.32 /m
3
> 3000 "
Cost of maintenance
Irrigable Area
=
15 /ha
Cost of maintenance
Irrigable Area
=
15 /ha
Other Costs
Available Water Volume
=
Price of Water - P ($/m
3
)
Other Costs
Available Water Volume
=
Price of Water - P ($/m
3
)
DISTRICT 4 Sx Ofanto
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Q
s

(
l
/
(
s

h
a
)
)
Qs Computed
Qs Measured
0
0.2
0.4
60 90 120 150 180
June July August September
IMPORTANCE OF THE TRAINING:
FROM THE CLASSROOM TO THE FIELD