A

Pe








toms
Nucleus (pro
Elements wr
o
A = mass
o
Z = atom
o
X = elem
Isotopes: sam
Atomic weigh
o
# moles =
Ion: diff # ele
Size differen
o
For same
o
For same
eriodic Table
Period: horiz
Group/Famil
Types of elem
o
Metals:

Tend
Ductil
Gener
Usual
o
Transition
o
Nonmeta
o
Metalloid
Groups/Fam
o
Alkali me
form hyd
o
Alkaline e
o
Group 4A
additiona
o
Group 5A
bonds fo
o
Chalcoge
metals to
o
Halogens
o
Noble gas
Diatomic mo
Small atoms
Chemistry
otons, neutron
ritten as X
z
A

s number = pro
mic number = p
ment symbol (i.e
me atomic num
ht/molar mass
= # grams / mo
ectrons than p
nces:

e element: cati
e # electrons: s
zontal row

ly: vertical colu
ments

to lose electro
le, malleable, t
rally solids @ r
ly form ionic o
n metals: in the
als: tend to gain
ds: between a m
milies

tals (Group 1A
droxides and h
earth metals (G
A: can form fou
al bonds for a t
A: can form thr
r a total of 5

ens (Group 6A)
o form metal o
s (Group 7A): F
ses (Group 8A)
olecules: H, O, N
can form pi bo
y Lecture 1
Examkra
http://fengu
ns) + electrons
otons + neutro
rotrons

e. Mg)

mber (same # p
: from periodic
olecular weigh
rotons, so has
ons are smalle
maller with hig
umn, numbere
ons to form po
thermal/electr
oom temperat
oxides
e sunken area
n electrons to
metal and a no
A): low melting
ydrogen gas)

Group 2A): high
ur covalent bo
total of 6

ree covalent bo
: oxygen and s
xides. Pure su
, Cl, Br, I. All ex
): nonreactive,
N, Cl, Br, I, F

onds, large ato

1 Atoms,
ckers MCAT Com
in.net/mcat f
P
ons

protons), diff m
c table, define
ht

a charge (+ ca
er than neutral
gher atomic n
ed 1-18 or IA-V
sitive ions
rically conduct
ture except m
of the periodic
form negative
onmetal

g point, form 1
her melting po
nds with nonm
onds. N can fo
sulfur most im
lfur is S
8
xist as diatomic
normally foun
oms (3
rd
period


Molecules

mprehensive Co
fenguin@gmail.
Page 1 of 3
mass number (
d in amu or g/
ation, - anion)
, anions are la
umber b/c of m
VIIIA, IIIB-IIB

tive, luster (shi
ercury
c table (sectio
e ions, usually
+
cations, reac
oint, less reacti
metals. C can f
orm strong pi b
portant, both
c molecules an
nd in nature as
d or above) hav
s and Quan
ourse, Charles F
.com (224) 53
(diff # neutron
/mol (when do
rger than neu
more attractiv
ny)
n B groups)

form covalent
ct strongly with
ive than 1A, fo
form strong pi
bonds, everyth
can make stro
nd like to gain
s isolated atom
ve d orbitals so
ntum Mec
eng
32-0039
s)

o we use?)

tral

ve force from p
t oxides

h most nonme
orm 2
+
cations

bonds, everyt
hing else can fo
ong pi bonds. O
electrons

ms

o can form mo
hanics
protons

etals including
thing else can
orm two addit
Oxygen reacts
ore than 4 bon
g water (to
form two
tional
s with
nds


Pe






SI



M





Bo




N





eriodic Trend
Ionization en
Electronegat
Electron affin
Start with E:
Dont start w
I
Units: kg, m,
Prefixes: meg
Molecules: sep
Empirical for
Molecular for
Calculating p
o For each
Calculating e
o Assume a
o Find # mo
o
Divide by
integers)
o
If we wan
onds
Covalent bon
Bond dissocia
o Higher bo
o Double b
Compound: s
aming compo
Ionic: cation
o Cations u
o Metals w
o Anions of
o Polyatom
Acids: named
o Acids of e
o Oxyacds
Binary molec
Chemistry
ds
nergy: energy it
tivity: tendency
nity: willingnes
(energy of ion
with E: (atomic
s, A, K, cd, mo
ga/kilo/deci/ce
arate and dist
rmula: relative
rmula: exact n
percent comp
atom, find we
empirical form
a 100 gram sam
oles of each el
y smallest # of
nt the molecul
nd: shares elec
ation energy/b
ond energy =
bonds have hig
substance mad
ounds
+ anion
usually just nam
ith more than
f elements end
mic anions con
d after anion
elements = hy
= anion name
cular compoun
y Lecture 1
Examkra
http://fengu
t takes to remo
y to attract an
ss of an atom t
nization, electr
radius, metall
ol

enti/milli/micr
inct units mad
number of ato
umber of atom
osition by mas
eight of atom in
mula from perc
mple, multiply
ement from th
moles to get e
ar formula, ha
ctrons; electron
bond energy: en
lower bond le
gher bond ene
de from two o
me of element
one possible c
d in -ide
taining oxyge
dro- element -
e -ic/-ous acid
ds (2 elements

1 Atoms,
ckers MCAT Com
in.net/mcat f
P
ove an electro
electron in a b
to accept an ad
ron affinity, ele
ic character) in
o/nano/pico/f
de of atoms
oms of one ele
ms per molecu
ss
n molecule / to
ent mass
y by % masses
he # grams
empirical form
ave to use (give
ns closer to mo
nergy it takes t
ngth
ergy (lower len
or more elemen
t
charge (i.e. cop
n end in -ite o
-ic
s): leftmost/low


Molecules

mprehensive Co
fenguin@gmail.
Page 2 of 3
on
bond
dditional elect
ectronegativity
ncrease going
femto

ement to anoth
ule
otal molecular
to find # gram
mula (might hav
en) total molec
ore electroneg
to break a bon
ngth), triple bo
nts
pper) called co
r -ate (also hyp
west, then oth
s and Quan
ourse, Charles F
.com (224) 53
tron
y) increase goi
RIGHT-LEFT, T
her
r weight
ms of each elem
ve to multiply
cular weight

gative atom
nd
onds even high
opper (I) or co
po- -ite and pe
her one w/ pre
ntum Mec
eng
32-0039
ing LEFT-RIGH
TOP-BOTTOM

ment
y by a factor to
her/lower
pper (II)
er- -ate)
fixes

hanics
T, BOTTOM-TO
make all num
OP
mbers

Ch






Q







El





hemical react
Physical vs ch
Remember t
Limiting reag
o Find # mo
o Look at ra
Theoretical v
o Theoretic
o Percent yi
Types of Rea
o Combina
o Decompo
o Single dis
o
Double di
Quantum Mech
Quantum nu
o
Principal
o
Azimutha
o
Magnetic
o
Electron s
Pauli exclusio
Hunds rule: o
Aufbau princ
Electron conf
o
Br = 1s
2
2s
o
Exception
o
For ions,
Heisenberg u
lectromagnet
Plancks quan
For a photon
Emission spe
o
Electrons
o
When a p
o
After a w
o If you use
Photoelectri
o
Electrons
o
The light
o
The kinet
Chemistry
tions
hemical chang
to balance all e
gent: what wil
oles available
atios between
vs actual yield
cal is whats pr
ield: % yielu =
actions
tion: A + B C
osition: C A +
splacement: A +
isplacement: A
hanics
umbers

quantum num
al quantum num
c quantum num
spin quantum n
on principle: no
one electron w
ciple: electrons
1s 2s
figuration:

s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
ns: 4s
2
3d
4
4
make sure you
uncertainty prin
tic Energy
ntum theory: e
n, E = band z
ectra:
s have specific
photon of the r
hile, the electr
e a wide spect
c effect:

s can be ejecte
energy must b
tic energy of ej
y Lecture 1
Examkra
http://fengu
es: chemical w
equations!
ll get used up f
of each reacta
n coeffs in bala
redicted by eq
=
actuaI yIcId
thcorctIcaI yIcId
C
+ B
+ BC B + AC
AB + CD AD
mber n: shell lev
mber l: subshe
mber m
I
: which
number m
s
: -1
o two electron
will go into eac
s look for an av
2p 3s 3p
2
3d
10
4p
5
= [Ar]
4s
1
3d
5
, 4s
2
3d
9

u have the righ
nciple: we can
electromagnet
z = bm:

quantized ene
right waveleng
ron drops from
rum of light, y
ed from metal
be greater tha
jected electro
1 Atoms,
ckers MCAT Com
in.net/mcat f
P
when molecula
first
ant
nced equation
uation, actual
d
1uu%
C
+ CB

vel

ell/orbital shap
h orbital; range
12 or +12

ns can have the
ch available or
vailable orbital
p 4s 3d
4s
2
3d
10
4p
5

4s
1
3d
10

ht number of e
never be sure
ic energy is qu
ergy levels tha
gth hits the at
m the high ene
ou can see wh
by shining ligh
an the work fun
n = b -



Molecules

mprehensive Co
fenguin@gmail.
Page 3 of 3
ar structure is c
n to find out w
is what you g
pe: s, p, d, f. Ca
es from -l to +
e same set of q
bital before an
l with the lowe
4p 5s 4
electrons

about both th
xp

l
2

uantized in dis
at are unique f
om, it can exc
ergy level relea
hat wavelength
ht on it

nction of th
s and Quan
ourse, Charles F
.com (224) 53
changed
what gets used
et in an exper
n range from
+l

quantum num
ny orbital has 2
est energy stat
4d 5p 6s
he position and
screte increme
for each atom
ite an electron
asing another
h of photons a
e metal

ntum Mec
eng
32-0039
d up first
iment
u to n -1

bers

2 electrons

te

s 4f 5d
d the moment
ents

n to a higher e
photon

are released to
hanics
6p

tum of a partic
nergy level

o identify the m
cle

material