RUNNING DESIGN THAT AFFECT

CALORIE BURNED

KHAIRAH NAZURAH BINTI KARIM 211552

NUR ASMA' BINTI MAMAUOD 212436

RUNNING DESIGN THAT AFFECT CALORIE BURNED

Table of Contents
Table of Contents....................................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT................................................................................................................1
1.2 Purposes.............................................................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................................3
METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................................4

ii

RUNNING DESIGN THAT AFFECT CALORIE BURNED

Chapter 1: Introduction
The dramatic rise in paediatric had captivated the attention health care
professionals and parents to the importance of physical activity. Along with a
balanced and nutritious diet, regular physical activity is essential to preventing
unhealthy weight gain. Physical activity increase lean body mass, muscle, and bone
strength and promotes good physical health. Physically inactive people are almost
twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease compare to people who are engage
regular physical activity.
One of the physical activities that a person can regularly practice are jogging or
running. Running is seen as one of physical activities that can be performed by
anyone because of its uniqueness that it need no cost or equipment but only shoes to
perform. Runners are freely to choose outdoor to run. People are continually seeking
better programs to help themselves attain their running activity goals, as well as
maximizing the caloric expenditure in their endurance workouts. Various factors
influence the calorie burning process through running that are from type of track,
food intake (including nutritional supplements) and other factor such as gender.
In Malaysia, running events are seen everywhere, Non-governmental
organization are sponsoring these running events knowing its benefits to health and
also as a marketing strategy to promote their brands. Running event such as Standard
Chartered Marathon, Energizer Night Run, Malakoff Marathon, Ekiden Putrajaya
marathon are events that organized by corporate company.

1.1

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The rise of obesity in Malaysia has witnessed the awareness among Malaysian
to engage in physical activities such as running. Nevertheless, as we made our effort
towards running activities that may contribute to calorie burning, not all the time the

Chapter 1: Introduction

workout results in as what we wish. Even if you feel like youre doing everything
right, fat loss will always take longer than you want it to, this will make you
miserable and ruin your diet program. That is why an experiment can be designed to
investigate the variance of calorie loss against the running exercise we have done.
Knowing which activities burned more calories and how to improve the performance
of the activities to boost the calorie burned helps us plan our workout. So that, an
experiment on the physical activities needs to be designed and conducted to help us
investigate and identify which activities will burned more calories based on two
factors that are distance and types of surface.
1.2

PURPOSES
The following experiment tries to investigate the calories burned by running
with two different design factors namely, the distance (meter) and the level of
difficulty. Besides that, the experiment also aims to come out with a clear
recommendation regarding the most favourable combination that helps a person
burned more calories through running activities.

Chapter 1: Introduction

Literature Review
Rogers. (2013) explains the concept of energy balance that is the optimum
balance energy (calorie) intake and energy (calorie) used in our body that maintains our
body weight, he suggests that physical activity is the key to overcome overweight in
adults. The simple concept of energy balance is that to prevent weight, energy intake
must not exceed energy used, that is why it is important for us to compare the calorie of
food intake with the calorie burned during the physical activities.
Saris, Blair, Eaton, Davies, Di Pietro, Fogelholm, Rissanen, Shoeller, Swinburnn,
Tremblay, Westerterp & Wyatt (2003) discussed the required physical activities just
enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain in sedentary human. The increase in physical
activities is found a crucial art in public health strategies to prevent weight gain at an
early stage. It was advised that the sedentary adults to spend about at least 30 minutes or
more of moderate-intensity physical activities, preferably all days of the week. The best
physical activities of the ancestral human is 1000 kcal d-1 and the calorie they consume is
3000 kcald-1 which makes it a ratio of 3:1, unlike the sedentary human ratio of 7:1. Baak
further explained that for most activities, energy expenditure is positively related to
body mass. Therefore, the energy expenditure during PA is often conveniently
expressed as metabolic equivalents.

The term run defined by the Collins dictionary is to move on foot at a rapid
pace so that both feet are off the ground together for part of each stride. Running have
some benefits include potential weight loss, improved cardiovascular, respiratory health
reduced total blood cholesterol, strengthening of bones (and potentially increased bone
density), possible strengthening of the immune system and an improved self-esteem and
emotional state. (Novachek, 1997). He mentioned that running it is one of the good
techniques to losing weight. When we talk about running, we also will think of calories.
Calorie is a unit of energy. Generally they are associated food apply to anything that has
energy. Calories counting are important thing to make sure of burn enough calorie to
losing weight. When we associate the caloric content of food we are really talking about
kilocalories (kcal), kcal calories is unit of energy or heat equal to 1,000 small calories
Chapter 2: Literature Review 3

(cal). Generally, we will find the caloric content at a food label; this is give information
to us about kcal. If the food label shows 200 kcal its mean 2,000 calories. This is called
exercise calories. So, we need known to read the food label term besides we are used
running technique to losing weight.
.

Both studies, agrees upon the facts that physical activities plays an important role
in burning calorie which is positively related to body weight.

Methodology
3.1 General
Experimental designs are widely used to analyse a process or system in which the
input variables are changed to observe the output response. Likewise, the process
of calorie burning can be figured out by using experiment strategy to know which
design of running activities contributes to most calories burnt.
The literature review found that a person walking one meter on a horizontal plane,
would burn an energy of 0.55 gram-calorie given that certain conditions were
controlled. There has been limited research work conducted on surface of running
and its distance that need to be learnt. As part of our research, we are carrying out
an experiment to extend the existence of knowledge concerning the design factors
of how we run that affects the calorie burnt.

3.2 Choices of factors, levels, and ranges

Chapter 2: Literature Review 4

There are lists of factors that can affect calories burned through running. Some
of the factors are time of day (morning vs. evening), amount of sleep the night
before the running training, meal the night before, stretching, time taken for the
run, the speed of the runner, and the condition of the running surface. In our
studies we focused two variables. The following are the design parameters;

Difficulty level (Level 1 and Level 2)

Distance(200m and 400m)

For the difficulty level, we define them by the variability in the surface of road. At
which level 1 is on the track and level 2 is running a hill. Other factors that might
affect the experiment have been classified as follows:

Held- Constant Factors:

Diet: All the runner participated in the running training for our experiment are
on strict diet under supervision of our trainers. All the runners had the same
quantity of food consume for about two months since before the experiment.

Gender, both runners were female

Weight, range about 56 kg with the height of runners does not differ much.

Nuisance Factors:

Training effect

State of Health.

The following table summarizes the factors, levels and ranges.

No
1

Factors

Type

Difficulty level

Chapter 3: Methodology

Categorical

Precision
In increments of 1

Range
(Low)
Level 1

Range
(High)
Level 2

Distance(meter)

Numerical

1 meter

200

400

3.3 Selection of Response

Calories burnt have been selected as the response variable for the experiment.
This can be measured by observing the readings of the Nike sport watch, with each
runner provided the watch. The following table summarizes the characteristics of the
response variable.
Response
variable
Calories

Normal Operating
Level and Range
(calories)
0-999

Measurement
precision and
accuracy
Least count of 1

Relationship of response
variable to objective
As high as possible

3.4 Choice of experiment design

In these designs we will refer to the levels as high and low, +1 and -1, to denote
the high and the low level of each factor. In most cases the levels are quantitative,
although they don't have to be. Sometimes they are qualitative, such as gender, or
two types of variety, brand or process. In these cases the +1 and -1 are simply
used as labels
With the above design parameters, we propose conducting a 22 completely
randomized block design. The 2k refers to designs with k factors where each
factor has just two levels. These designs are created to explore a large number of
factors, with each factor having the minimal number of levels, just two. We
propose to conduct 2 different runners in a random order and block each runner in
order to reduce the variability that might affect the results. The choice of blocking
is also attributed to eliminating the known and controllable factor that is diet in
the particular experiment. Thus, we can systematically eliminate its effect on the
statistical comparisons among treatments. The experiment is completely
randomized to reduce the effects of unknown and uncontrollable factors. Hence,
two runners, each in one block and two replicates are chosen for the design
3.5 Performing the experiment

Chapter 3: Methodology

The experiment was conducted in the sports centre in Universiti Utara

Malaysia. Two person from the group was selected to performed the
experiment .They had a similarity of weight, diet and lifestyle. The experiment
will conduct in two replications where each runner will perform a run 2 times.
There are two factors that affect calories burning which is the difficulty level,
the distance measured in meter. First factor is the difficulty level, there are two
levels which is level 1 conducted on the track and level 2, the puncak vista
where its road surface which is hilly. Second factor is distance (meter) for the
lower range the distance for runner is 200 meter and for the high range the
distance for is 400m. The experiment is conducted within 7 weeks, where each
replication is done in the single day. The experiment will be conducted in the
evening because to reduce the uncontrollable factor of weather. Evening is also
suitable for doing activities as it is not too hot. Each runner will be provided a
watch that can able to detect the calories burning while running. Runners will
take an interval break of an hour for each level. The experiment was conducted
in blocks as planned and all the runs in each block were randomized. All the
runs in a particular block were performed on one single day. The experiment
was spread over a period of seven week.

Chapter 3: Methodology

Figure 1 UUM 400m track at the sport centre

Figure 2 UUM Puncak Vista of Universiti Utara Malaysia

3.6 Instrument
For counting the calories, we are using the Nike sport band and the Nike fuel band.
These devices are used to track the calorie burned through the activities done. The
devices are able to trace the intensity of the movement of a person wearing it.

Figure 3 Nike Sport watch designed to detect the calorie burned

while running

Chapter 3: Methodology

Result and analysis

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The regression model for predicting the calorie burned is as below.

Calorie burned = (intercept) + (road surface) + (speed) + (distance)

+

Hypothesis testing: Model

Minitab was used to analyze the data. Our experiment is a 22 full factorial
design with 64 runs. The main effects and the interaction effects were calculated. The
ANNOVA table was constructed from the data. We used normal probability plots to
check the normality assumptions and noticed that it satisfies the assumption and
noticed that it satisfied the assumption. The analysis showed that the main effects
road surface and distance and the two-factor interactions road surface and distance
are significant. These graphs are as shown below.
The half normal plot shows the factors that are significant to our
investigation. The points outside the line are significant, factor A, B and AB. The
ANOVA table confirms the conclusion that all the factors listed difficulty level,
speed, time and the interaction between speed and time and the interaction between
difficulty level and time.

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Model adequacy checking

The model has the underlying assumptions that the errors are normally and
independently distributed with mean 0 and variance . Violation of the basic
assumptions and model adequacy can be easily investigated by the examination of
residuals. The absence of any obvious pattern in the residuals shows that these
assumptions hold good.

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If there exist any point within or near the line, the factors that are not significant, we
eliminate the factor and run the statistical analysis again. From the half normal plot,
we can observe that all the factors are now significant to our analysis. The further
away the points are from the line, the more significant it it. From the half normal plot
we can observe that the point A which is the road surface factor is the most
significant factor that contributes to the number of calories burn

12

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The pareto chart shows what is the most important factor to our experiment. It looks
at the size of the effects and plots the effect of the size on a horizontal axis ranked
from largest to smallest effect.

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From the cube plot, we can summarize the number of calories burned for each
running factors at different combination of factors. For example running on a track
with a distance of 200m will burn 11.5 calories, if you double the distance you run
on the same surface you would burn 23.37 calories. Likewise, running on hill at
200m will burn 32.88 calories while increasing its distance to 400m will burn 65.125
calories.

Annova

Factorial Fit: calorie versus road surface, distance

Estimated Effects and Coefficients for calorie (coded units)
Term
Constant
road surface
distance
road surface*distance
S = 0.918559
R-Sq = 99.81%

Effect
31.562
22.062
10.187

Coef
33.219
15.781
11.031
5.094

PRESS = 30.8571
R-Sq(pred) = 99.76%

SE Coef
0.1624
0.1624
0.1624
0.1624

T
204.57
97.19
67.93
31.37

P
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

R-Sq(adj) = 99.79%

Analysis of Variance for calorie (coded units)

Source
Main Effects
road surface

DF
2
1

Seq SS
11863.6
7969.5

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Adj SS
11863.6
7969.5

Adj MS
5931.78
7969.53

F
7030.26
9445.37

P
0.000
0.000

distance
2-Way Interactions
road surface*distance
Residual Error
Pure Error
Total

1
1
1
28
28
31

3894.0
830.3
830.3
23.6
23.6
12717.5

3894.0
830.3
830.3
23.6
23.6

3894.03
830.28
830.28
0.84
0.84

4615.15
984.04
984.04

0.000
0.000
0.000

This fit has a large R2 and adjusted R2, but low (>0.10) p-values (in the "Prob>F"
column) makes it clear that the model are significant and all the terms are significant.
he magnitudes of the effect estimates show that "Road surface" is by far the most
important factor. "Distance" plays the next most critical role.

Below shows the main interaction effect of all factors. We can see road surface and
distance are almost parallel and therefore do not indicate that significant.

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5.1 Conclusion
As a result of this experiment, we have concluded that by running the
experiments at a steeper distance will increase the calories burnt. Hence, from the
experiment to maximize the number of calorie burned, the running should be done at
high level of road surface, which is the hill. That is the running should be done at a
hilly road surface and to add up more calorie runners can choose to increase their
distance. In conclusion, all the factors have effect on calorie burning. The main
factors (difficulty level and distance) are significant (p values < 0.05 95%
confidence interval for).
5.2 Recommendations
There are many other factors which may influence the running design. So we
feel that this experiment needs to be done with some more factors into consideration.
Other potential factors such as the speed of running can be considered.

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