UNIT: I

INTRODUCTION
1. What is meant by MEP?
MEP means Mean Effective Pressure which defines the valuable measure of an engines capacity
to do work that is independent of engine displacement.
2. What are the types of MEP ?
There are three types of MEP are as follows,
Brake Mean Effective Pressure.
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure.
Frictional Mean Effective Pressure.
3. What is IHP or GHP?
Indicated or Gross Horse Power means the theoretical capability of engine and the
frictional losses within the engine. [ Eg. Bearing, crankshaft windage lossesetc]
It can be calculated from pressure developed in cylinder and measured by engine
indicator.
4. Define BHP.
BHP means Brake Horse Power and it is defined as the power developed to and measured
at engines crankshaft and the frictional losses in transmission.
5. What are the parameters necessary to compare the vehicles?
There are the three parameters which are as follows,
Weight of the vehicle.
Engine displacement capacity.
Engine Horse Power.
6. What is dry Weight?
This is the weight of the vehicle without oil, grease, water and fuel when it is transported
by ship or huge truck from one place to another.

7. What is meant by kerb weight ?
Kerb weight is the sum of the dry weight and the weight of the fuel, oil, water and grease.
It is also called as UnLadden Weight or ULW.
8. Define Normal Ladden Weight.
Normal Ladden Weight is the sum of the kerb weight and payload. Payload is the sum of
the passengers and luggage.
For Heavy vehicles it is also called as Gross Vehicle Weight or GVW.
9. What is Resultant Force?
Resultant forces refer to the reduction of a system of forces acting on a body to a single
force and an associated torque. The choice of the point of application of the force determines the
associated torque.

The term resultant force should be understood to refer to both the forces and torques
acting on a rigid body, which is why some use the term resultant force-torque.The resultant
force, or resultant force-torque, fully replaces the effects of all forces on the motion of the rigid
body they act upon.
10. Define Drawbar Pull.
A drawbar is a solid coupling between a hauling vehicle and its hauled load. Drawbars
are in common use with rail transport, road trailers, both large and small, industrial and
recreational, and with agricultural equipment.
Drawbar Pull = (Tractive effort Resistance)
11. Define Tractive Effort and Traction.
Force available at contact between the drive wheel tyres and road is known as Tractive
Effort.
The ability of the drive wheels to transmit the effort without slipping is called Traction.
F =

/r
12. Classification of vehicle based on Engine Displacement.

S.No Class of vehicle Engine displacement
(In cc)
Acceleration
m/

1. Small cars 800-1000 0.73-0.9
2. Medium cars 1000-1200 0.9-1.05
3. Large and Luxury cars 2500-4000 1.05-1.50
13. Define Frontal Area.
Frontal area is defined as the difference between the height and the length and multiplied
by the ground clearance.
Frontal area, a = (H-C) .
14. What is AWD or 4WD?
Four Wheel Drive or All wheel Drive allows four wheels to receive torque from IC
engine.
It can be noted as 4
It provide better control on loose and slippery surfaces.
15. Define FWD and RWD.
FWD or Front Wheel Drive allows the two front wheels to receive torque from IC engine
and it is used in modern passenger cars.
RWD or Rear Wheel Drive allows the two rear wheels to receive torque from IC engine
and also a centre mid engine layouts is also used.
Above both drives can be noted as 4 2.
16. What are possibilities of fitting of engine according to chassis?
There are three possibilities as follows,
Front engine.
Rear engine.
Centre mid engine.
17. What is Front Overhang and Rear overhang?
Front overhang is defined as the extension of the chassis ahead.
Rear overhang is defined as the extension of the chassis behind.
18. What are the design elements in automobile design?
There are four design elements in automobile design as follows,
Exterior Design.
Interior Design.
Color and trim Design.
Graphic Design.
19. What is color and trim includes?
It includes paints, plastics, leather, fabric designs, carpet.etc.
20. When is the maximum acceleration of the vehicle occurs?
Maximum acceleration of the vehicle always occurs at 1/3 of the maximum vehicle
speed. The acceleration of the vehicle at maximum speed is zero.
UNIT: II
RESISTANCE TO VEHICLE MOTION
1. What is air resistance?
Whenever a body is moving it has certain amount of resistance due to air. The resistance
offered by the air to the movement of the vehicle is called as air resistance.

.
Where,

= Aerodynamic constant.
A = projected frontal area

V = vehicle speed(KMPH).
2. What are the factors depends upon air resistance?
Density of medium.(air)
Size and shape of vehicle body.(A)
Aerodynamic drag co-efficient.(c)
Velocity of the vehicle.(V)
Acceleration due to gravity.(g)
3. Define rolling resistance.
The resistance offered by the road surfaces to move the vehicle is called as Road
resistance or Rolling resistance..

= (a+bV)W.Kgf
Where,
A = 7.6 constant
B = 0.05625 constant
V = vehicle speed in KMPH
W = Normal Ladden Weight.
4. What is meant by Grade resistance ?
The resistance offered by a grade to move up of the vehicle is called as Gradient
Resistance.

= W sin.
Where,
W = Normal Ladden Weight.
= angle of Slope.

5. How to calculate total resistance on Gradient and Level road?
Total resistance on the Grade surfaces is the sum of all the resistance such as Air, Rolling
and Grade resistance.
R =

..Kgf (Gradient Road)

Total resistance on the Level surfaces is the sum of the Air resistance and Rolling or
Road resistance.
R =

.Kgf (Level Road)

6. Define Driving Force.
The act of applying a force to propel or move a Vehicle or Something is called as Driving
Force.
In Driving Force, after reaching the desired velocity the drive will cut-off.
7. What is the Power required to Propel a Vehicle?
The motion of the vehicle moving on a road is resisted by a aerodynamic forces, known
as wind or air resistance, and road resistance which is generally termed as rolling resistance. In
addition to these types of resistances, the vehicle has to overcome grade resistance when it
moves up on a gradient, because the weight of the vehicle is to be lifted through a vertical
distance.
Hence, the power required to propel a vehicle is proportional to the total resistance to its
motion and the speed.

, kW
8. What is the relation between engine rpm and vehicle speed?
The relation for engine rpm and the vehicle speed is as follows,

= 2.655

Where,
G = Gear ratio,

= Axle reduction,

= Wheel radius.
9. What is Driving force?
The Driving force is defined as the summation of Excessive Driving force and the Total
resistance.
It is given by as follows,
DF = EDF +

Where,
EDF = Excessive Driving Force

= Total Resistance

10. What are the factors depends on Rolling Resistance?
The factors depends on the Rolling resistance is as follows,
i) Nature of the road surface.
ii) Type of tyre. (Pneumatic or Solid rubber)
iii) Weight of the vehicle.
iv) Vehicle speed.
11. What are the values of Aerodynamic constant in Air Resistance?
The values of

are as follows,

Perfectly Streamlined Body = 0.0013
Early Passenger Cars = 0.005626 to 0.0015
For Modern Passenger cars = 0.0032
Racing cars = 0.00245
Trucks = 0.0047
12. Give the values of Rolling Resistance for different types of road.
The values are as follows,
Rail Road = 4.55
Wood Pairing = 13.64
Granite sets = 15.91
Sand Road = 163.65
Loose sand = 254.55
Hard Dry Clay = 45.45
UNIT:III
PERFORMANCE CURVES
1. Define Speed & Torque.
The magnitude of its velocity [i.e., the rate of change of its position]
Thus it is a Scalar Quantity.
Torque or Moment of Force is the tendency of force to rotate an object about an axis [i.e.,
push or pull.]


2. Define Mechanical Efficiency.
Mechanical efficiency measures the effectiveness of a machine in transforming the
energy and power that is input to the device into an output force and movement.
It is measured as the ratio of the Brake power to the Indicated power.

3. Name the instrument used to measuring the speed.
The speed may be measured by:
(i) Revolution Counters.
(ii) Mechanical Tachometer.
(iii) Electrical Tachometer.
4. Draw general graph for P-V diagram.


5. Draw a general graph for mechanical efficiency & friction power for Engine speed.


6. Draw the general graph for axle torque and vehicle speed.



7. How can be Frictional power of an engine determined?
The Frictional power of an engine can be calculated by the following methods,
Willians line method
Morse Test
Motoring Test
Difference between I.P and B.P
8. Define Morse Test.
The Morse test is only applicable for Multi-cylinder engines. The engine is run at the
required speed and the torque is measured.
In Morse test, the frictional power can be found by subtracting (B.P) from (I.P)
i.e., F.P = (I.P) (B.P)
9. State any five effects of engine variables on engine friction.
The effects of the engine variables on engine friction are as follows,
Stroke or Bore Ratio.
Cylinder size and number of cylinders.
Piston rings.
Compression Ratio.
Oil Viscosity.
10. What are the Frictional losses in an engine?
The frictional losses in an engine is as follows,
Crankcase mechanical Friction.
Blow-by losses.
Exhaust and inlet throttling loss.
Combustion chamber pumping loop losses.
Piston mechanical Friction.
11. What are Blow-by losses?
It is the phenomenon of leakage of combustion products past the piston and piston rings
from the cylinder to the crankcase. These losses depend on the inlet pressure and compression
ratio.
These losses vary as the square root of inlet pressure, and increase as the compression
ratio is increased . blow-by losses are reduced as the engine speed is increased.
12. List out the Performance Parameters of the engine.
The Performance parameters of the engine is as follows,
Power and mechanical efficiency.
Mean effective pressure and torque.
Specific output.
Volumetric efficiency.
Fuel-air ratio
Specific fuel consumption.
Thermal efficiency and heat balance.
Exhaust smoke and other emissions.
Specific weight.

13. Define Mechanical and Volumetric efficiency.
The Mechanical efficiency is stated as the ratio of Brake power to the Indicated power.

The Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual volume of the charge drawn in
during suction stroke to the swept volume of the piston.
14. Define Bore and Stroke.
The inside diameter of the cylinder is called as Bore.
The Bore can be noted as b.
The linear distance along the cylinder axis between two limiting positions is called as
Stroke.
The Stroke can be noted as L.
15. What is Engine Displacement?
Engine Displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of a
reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead centre to bottom dead centre.
It is commonly specified in cubic centimeters.
16. What is Clearance and Swept Volume?
The volume contained in the cylinder above the top of the pistons, when the piston is at
top dead centre, is called as clearance volume.
The volume swept through by the piston in moving between top dead centre and the
bottom dead centre, is called as Swept Volume.


UNIT:IV

1. What is the function of Connecting rod and the material used for making it?
The connecting rod transmits the piston load to the crank, causing the latter to turn, thus
converting the reciprocating motion of the piston into a rotary motion of the crankshaft.
The connecting rods are made of nickel, chrome and chrome vanadium steels. For small
engines the material may be aluminium.
2. What is the function of Crankshaft and the material to be used in that?
The Crank is the part of Crankshaft. The Crankshaft of an internal combustion engine
receives via its cranks the efforts supplied by the pistons to the connecting rods. All the engines
auxillary mechanisms with mechanical transmission are geared in one way or another in the
crankshaft.
It is usually a steel forging, but some makers use special types of cast iron such as
spherical graphite or nickel alloy.
3. What is Inertia Force?
Due to the acceleration of reciprocating mass an opposite force is created and it is called
as Inertia force.
Inertia force = m.a
4. Define Gas Force.
Due to the pressure of the gas in the cylinder and combustion chamber a certain force is
exerted on the piston. The force due to the gas pressure acting on the piston crown is known as
Gas force.
5. What is Resultant force?
The algebraic sum of the Gas force and the Inertia force gives the value of resultant force.
R.F = G.F + I.F