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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Lithosphere
Rocks
Definition
Types of rocks
Igneous Rocks
Types of Igneous Rocks
According to Composition
Acidic /Felsic Igneous Rocks
Basic / Mafic Igneous Rocks
According to Location
Etrusi!e
Intrusi!e
"ypa#yssal
$lutonic
According to %&apes or Forms
%ill
Dyke
Laccolit&
Lapolit&
$&acolit&
Bat&olit&
Sedimentary Rocks
$rocess
%edimentation
Compaction
Cementation
Lit&ification
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
1. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
a' Car#onaceous Rocks
#' Calcareous Rocks
.' Inorganic Sedimentary Rocks
a' Mec&anically Formed %edimentary Rocks (Clastic Rocks)
i' Argillaceous Rocks
ii' Arenaceous Rocks
iii' Rudaceous Rocks
Conglomerate
Breccia
#' C&emically %edimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
$rocess of Metamorp&ism
Contact Metamorp&ism
Regional Metamorp&ism
Eamples of Metamorp&ic Rocks
The Rock Cycle
Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift Theory
Introduction
Evidences
*isa+ Like Fitting
Fossils
Rock %amples
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Dynamics proposed by different Scientists
,egner
Taylor
Art&ur "olmes
Plate Tectonics
Types of Plates
Continental $lates
-ceanic $lates
Types of Plate Movements
Con!ergence
Di!ergence
Lateral $late Contact
Types of Convergence
-ceanic.Continental Con!ergence
Continental.Continental Con!ergence
-ceanic.-ceanic Con!ergence
Types of Divergence
Continental Di!ergence
-ceanic Di!ergence
Distribution of Plates
Volcanism
Definition
%ketc& of a /olcano
Causes of olcanism
$late Mo!ements
Continental. -ceanic $late Con!ergence
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
-ceanic. -ceanic $late Con!ergence
-ceanic $late Di!ergence
$ercolation of ,ater
Types of olcanoes
!ccording to !ctivity
Acti!e
Dormant
Etinct
!ccording to Composition
Acidic La!a Dome
Basic La!a %&ield
Cinder Cone
%alient features of Cinder Cone
%i0e
%ymmetry
Angle of slope
Composite/ %trato /olcanoes
Associated Phenomena Related to Volcanic Eruption
La&ar
1ue Ardente
$yroclasts
Associated Landforms
%econdary Cone
Cone.in Cone
Caldera
Crater Lake
1eck/$lug/2ree!a
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Distribution of Volcanoes
Circum $acific Belt/ $acific Ring of Fire
Mid Atlantic Ridge
Trans Eurasian Belt
Earthquakes
Definition
Elastic Re#ound T&eory
Causes of Earthquakes
$late Tectonics
/olcanism
Isostatic Ad3ustment
Atomic Tests
Traffic
Terminoloy of Earthquakes
Focus/"ypocentre
Epicentre
Seismic !a"es
%urface ,a!es
Lo!e or L ,a!es
Releig& or R ,a!es
Body ,a!es
$rimary or $ ,a!es
%econdary or % ,a!es
#easurement of Earthquake
%eismograp&
Modified Mercalli %cale of 4567
Ric&ter %cale of 4587
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Distribution of Earthquakes
Circum $acific Belt / $acific Ring of Fire
Mid Atlantic Ridge
Trans Eurasian Belt
Internal Structure of Earth
Evidence leading to discovery of Internal Structure
C&aracteristics of $ and % +a!es
,a!e Refraction and Reflection
$at&s of Body +a!es t&roug& interior of Eart&
"ayered Structure of Earth
%olid Inner Core
Li9uid -uter Core
%olid Lo+er Mantle
%emi Li9uid :pper Mantle
-ceanic Crust
Continental Crust
Agents of Denudation
,eat&ering
Mass ,asting
Erosion
Weathering
Definition
Types of #eathering
Mec&anical or $&ysical ,eat&ering
C&emical ,eat&ering
Biological ,eat&ering
Processes of Mechanical or Physical #eathering
Repeated "eating and Cooling / Epansion and Contraction
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Repeated ,etting and Drying/ %+elling and %&rinking
Repeated Free0ing and T&a+ing/ Frost ,edging and Frost "ea!ing
De!elopment of %alt Crystals
$ressure Release
Processes of Chemical #eathering
-idation
Car#onation
%olution
"ydrolysis
Processes of $ioloical !eatherin
Flora #ased +eat&ering
Fauna #ased +eat&ering
ass o!ement
Definition
Angle of slope and Mo!ement %peed
Types of Mass Mo!ement
Creep Movement
%oil Creep
%olifluction
$lo% Movement
Eart& Flo+
Mud Flo+
%lumping
Slide Movement
Land %lide
$all Movement
Rock Fall
Landforms ade "# $nder %round Water& 'arst landforms& Landforms of
Limestone Region
Erosion #y underground +ater
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Erosional& Degradational "andforms
Clint and 2rike
Lappies
%ink&oles
%+allo+ "oles
Doline
:!ala
$ol3e
Ca!e
2orge
;arst To+er
Depositional "andforms& !ggradational "andforms
%talactite
%talagmite
Column/ Ca!ern $illar
Curtain
Tufa
Landforms made "# Wind& Eolian Landforms& Landforms of Arid Region
Erosion by #ind
Deflation
A#rasion
Attrition
Transportation by #ind
%urface Creep
%altation
%uspension
Erosional& Degradational "andforms
Deflation "ollo+ or Blo+ -ut
$laya Lake
%alt $an
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Desert $a!ement
Rock $edestal
Demoiselle
Mus&room Rock
<eugen
=ardang
Insel#erg
Dreikanter/ /entifact
Depositional "andforms
Dunes
Features of %and Dune
Types of Dunes
Barc&an
$ara#olic Dune
Trans!erse Dune
Longitudinal Dune
Loess
Landforms made "# Running Water& Landforms made "# Ri!er& (lu!ial
Landforms
Erosion by River
"ydraulic Action
A#rasion or Corrasion
%olution or Corrosion
Attrition
Transportation by River
Traction
%altation
%uspension
%olution
$rofile of a Ri!er
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
:pper Course/ Mountain %tage/ =out&
Middle Course/ /alley %tage/ Maturity
Lo+er Course/ Delta %tage/ -ld
"andforms of 'pper Course
/ %&aped /alley
2orge
Canyon
Rapids
,aterfall
$ot "ole
Interlocking %purs
"andforms of Middle Course
Meander
-#o+ lake or mort lake or Cut -ff
Flood $lain and 1atural Le!ee
"andforms of "o%er Course
Braided %tream and Mid %tream Bars
Delta
Landforms made "# %lacier& Landforms made "# o!ing Ice
Types of (laciers
/alley/ Mountain/ Alpine 2lacier
Continental 2lacier/ Ice %&eet
Erosion by (lacier
$lucking
A#rasion
%triation
$lum#ing
2rinding
Features of Ice
Firn/ 1e!e
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Cre!asses
Bergsc&rund
Moulin
Erosional "andforms& Degradational "andforms
Cir9ue
Tarn
Arete
$yramidal $eak or "orn
2lacial Troug& or : %&aped /alley
Truncated %purs
$aternoster or Ri##on Lake
"anging /alley
Roc&e Moutonnee
Crag and Tail
F3ord
Depositional& !ggradational "andforms
2laical Deposition
Moraines
Types of Moraines
Terminal or End Moraine
Recessional Moraine
2round Moraine
Lateral Moraine
Medial Moraine
Drumlin
Erratic
Flu!io.2lacial Deposits
Esker
;ame
-ut +as& $lain
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
;ettle Lake
Cycle of Erosion
Introduction
Details a#out t&e Cycle of Erosion
Criticism
)#drosphere
Profile of )cean $loor
Continental %&elf
Continental Rise
Continental %lope
Deep %ea $lain or A#yssal $lain
Trenc&
%ea Mount
-ceanic Ridge
2uyot
Salinity in )ceans
%ource of %alts in -ceans
Types of %alts
$actors affecting the !mount of Salinity
Temperature
E!aporation
Rainfall
Melt +ater from Ice
Fres& ,aters of Ri!ers
Distribution of Salinity
%alinity in -pen %eas
Lo+ %alinity at E9uator
"ig& %alinity in Tropics
Lo+ %alinity at $oles
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
%alinity in $artially Enclosed %eas
%alinity in Inland %eas
o!ements of *cean Water
,a!es
Tsunami
Tides
Currents
Tides
Introduction
Relations&ip of gra!ity +it& mass and distance
%olar Day
Lunar Day
$&ases of moon
Types of Tides
%pring Tides
1eap Tides
2eograp&ical !ariations in t&e &eig&t of Tides
Currents
Definition
Types of Currents
,arm Current
Cold Current
)rigin of )cean Currents
Temperature
%alinity
$re!ailing ,inds
Configuration of Coastline
Corriolis Effect/ Rotation of Eart&
%easonal C&anges
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Current Pattern of !tlantic )cean
Currents of *orth !tlantic )cean
1ort& E9uatorial Current
Florida Current
2ulf %tream
1ort& Atlantic Drift
1or+egian Current
Canary Current
East 2reenland or Irmminger Current
La#rador Current
%argasso %ea
Currents of South !tlantic )cean
%out& E9uatorial Current
Antilles Current
Bra0ilian Current
,est ,ind Drift or %out& Atlantic Drift
Benguela Current
Falkland Current
Current Pattern of Pacific )cean
Currents of *orth Pacific
1ort& E9uatorial Current
*apan or ;yus&io Current
1ort& $acific Drift
Alaskan 2yre
California Current
;amc&atka Current
Currents of South Pacific
%out& E9uatorial Current
East Australian Current
,est ,ind Drift or %out& $acific Drift
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
$eru or "um#oldt Current
Currents of Indian -cean
Currents of *orth Indian )cean
Currents in Summer Season
%ummer Monsoon Drift
1ort& E9uatorial Drift
Currents in #inter Season
,inter Monsoon Drift
Counter E9uatorial Current
Currents of South Indian )cean
%out& E9uatorial Current
Madagascar Current
Mo0am#i9ue Current
Agul&as Current
,est ,ind Drift/ %out& Indian Drift
,est Australian Current
Effects of Currents on Surrounding !reas
Temperature
Rainfall
Fog
"a0ard for %&ipping
Fis&ing 2round
AT*SP)ERE
%tructure and Composition
Definition
Composition of !tmosphere
Constant 2ases
/aria#le 2ases
Impurities
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
"ayered Structure of !tmosphere
Layers according to Composition
"omosp&ere
"eterosp&ere
Layers according to Temperature C&aracteristics
Troposp&ere
%tratosp&ere
Mesosp&ere
T&ermosp&ere
Layers according to Functions
-0onosp&ere
Ionosp&ere
Insolation and )eat +alance
2lo#al "eat Balance
Insolation
%olar Constant
%&ort+a!e and Long+a!e Radiation
$rocesses of Energy Flo+
Radiation
Conduction
Con!ection
Radiation from %un
Losses T&roug& Reflection #y Atmosp&ere
Losses t&roug& A#sorption #y Atmosp&ere
Reflection #y Eart&
Angle of %un Rays
Al#edo
Radiation from Eart&
Counter Radiation
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
"atitudinal +eat ,alance
Ecess in Tropical Region
Deficit in $olar Region
+ori-ontal Distribution of Temperature
T&e Temperature <ones
Torrid/ Tropical/ ,interless <one
Temperate <one
,arm Temperate
Cool Temperate
Frigid/ $olar/ %ummerless <one
$actors !ffecting the +ori-ontal Distribution of Temperature
Latitude
Altitude
Distance from %ea
-cean Currents
$re!ailing ,inds
%lope of %urface/ Aspect of Land
1ature of %urface
Rainfall and Cloud Co!er
Vertical Distri"ution of Temperature
Adia#atic $rocesses
Adia#atic Lapse Rate
En!ironmental Lapse Rate (ELR)
Dry Adia#atic Lapse Rate (DALR)
%aturated Adia#atic Lapse Rate (%ALR)
Temperature Inversion
%urface In!ersion
Radiation In!ersion
Ad!ection In!ersion
Drainage In!ersion
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Concept of $ressure
Definition
Temperature $ressure Relations&ip
Mo!ements of Air
Air Current
,ind
$actors affecting the #inds
$ressure.2radient Force
Frictional Force
Corriolis Force
%lope and 2ra!ity
(lobal Pressure ,elts
E9uatorial Lo+ $ressure Belt (Doldrum)
%u# Tropical "ig& $ressure Belt ("orse Latitude)
%u# $olar Lo+ $ressure Belt ($olar Front)
$olar "ig& $ressure Belt
(lobal #ind ,elts&Permanent #inds& Planetary #inds
Easterlies (Trade ,inds)
,esterlies
$olar Easterlies
Shifting of Pressure and #ind ,elts
T&ermal E9uator
1ort&ern %ummers (*une %olstice)
1ort&ern ,inters (Decem#er %olstice)
Seasonal #inds& Monsoon #inds
%ummer Monsoons
,inter Monsoons
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
"ocal #inds
Land and %ea Bree0e
Mountain and /alley Bree0e
)umidit#, oisture in Atmosphere
Concept of +umidity
Definition
E!aporation
Condensation
$recipitation
Temperature "umidity Relations&ip
%aturation
De+ $oint Temperature
A#solute "umidity
Relati!e "umidity
%pecific "umidity/ Miing Ratio
Condensation
Types of Condensation
%n &round Surface
De+
Frost
Abo"e the &round
Mist
Fog
Types of Fog
Ad!ection Fog
Radiation Fog
Clouds
Types of Clouds
Lo+ Clouds
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
1im#us
%tratus
Middle Clouds
Cumulo.1im#us
"ig& Clouds
Cirrus
Precipitation
'orms of Precipitation
Dri00le
Rain
%leet
"ail
%no+
Types( #odes of %ccurrence for Precipitation
Con!ectional $recipitation
-rograp&ic/ Relief $recipitation
Cyclonic/ Frontal $recipitation
Con!ergent Lifting $recipitation
Air masses and (ronts
Air Mass
Definition
%ource Region
Types of Air #asses on $asis of Temperature )Location*
Tropical (T)
$olar ($)
Types of Air #asses on $asis of +umidity ),nderlyin Surface*
Maritime (m)
Continental (c)
Principal Types of Air #asses
Continental Tropical (cT)
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Maritime Tropical (mT)
Continental $olar (c$)
Maritime $olar (m$)
Dynamic #odification of an Air #ass
Relati!ely Cold (k)
Relati!ely ,arm (+)
%ta#le
:nsta#le
#ore Types of Air #asses
4' cT+s Continental Tropical ,arm %ta#le
>' cT+u Continental Tropical ,arm :nsta#le
8' cTks Continental Tropical Cold %ta#le
?' cTku Continental Tropical Cold :nsta#le
7' mT+s Maritime Tropical ,arm %ta#le
@' mT+u Maritime Tropical ,arm :nsta#le
A' mTks Maritime Tropical Cold %ta#le
B' mTku Maritime Tropical Cold :nsta#le
5' c$+s Continental $olar ,arm %ta#le
46' c$+u Continental $olar ,arm :nsta#le
44' c$ks Continental $olar Cold %ta#le
4>' c$ku Continental $olar Cold :nsta#le
48' m$+s Maritime $olar ,arm %ta#le
4?' m$+u Maritime $olar ,arm :nsta#le
47' m$ks Maritime $olar Cold %ta#le
4@' m$ku Maritime $olar Cold :nsta#le
$ronts
Definition
Types of 'ronts
%tationary Front
/a" 0&#1
,eat&er Associated +it& ,arm Front
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Cold Front
,eat&er Associated +it& Cold Front
-ccluded Front
,eat&er Associated +it& -ccluded Front
Weather Distur"ances, Tropical and Temperate -#clones
Tropical Cyclone
Definition
Reional -ames of Tropical Cyclone
"urricane
Cyclone
Typ&oon
,illy ,illy
1aming a Cyclone
%riin of Tropical Cyclone
Intense "eating of Atmosp&ere
Calm
%aturated Air
Corriolis Effect
Structure of Tropical Cyclone
%i0e and %&ape
%peed
Track of Cyclonic Mo!ements
,eat&er Associated +it& Tropical Cyclone
Mid "atitude&#ave&$rontal&Temperate Cyclone
Frontal <one
Life Cycle of #id Latitude Cyclone
Early %tage
-pen ,a!e %tage
-ccluded %tage
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Dissipating %tage
,eat&er Associated +it& Temperate Cyclone
-lassification of -limates
.oppen/s Classification of Climate
Types of $lants according to Temperature Re9uirements
Megat&erms
Mesot&erms
Microt&erms
Types of $lants according to ,ater Re9uirements
"ydrop&ytes
"ygrop&ytes
Mesop&ytes
Cerop&ytes
A Type Climate
Af
A+
Am
C Type Climate
D Type Climate
E Type Climate
B Type Climate
" Type Climate
+ot #et E0uatorial Climate
C&aracteristics
Location
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
/egetation
"uman -ccupations
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Monsoon Climate
C&aracteristics
Location
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
/egetation
"uman -ccupations
Mediterranean Climate
C&aracteristics
Location
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
/egetation
"uman -ccupations
Tropical Desert Climate
C&aracteristics
Location
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
/egetation
"uman -ccupations
aps and ap Pro.ections
Maps and their types
Definition
Types of Maps
Types according to Scale
Cadastral Maps
Topograp&ical Maps
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SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
,all Maps
Atlas Maps
Types according to Purpose
Physical #aps
Astronomical maps
Climatic maps
Relief maps
%oil maps
2eological maps
/egetation maps
-ceanic maps
#an #ade( Cultural #aps
$olitical maps
$opulation maps
"istorical maps
Language maps
Religion maps
Industrial map
Agricultural map
Transportation map
!erial Photographs
$&otograp&
Types of Photoraphs
Landscape $&otograp&
Aerial $&otograp&
Types of Aerial Photoraphs
-#li9ue $&otograp&
Ad!antages of -#li9ue $&otograp&
Disad!antages of -#li9ue $&otograp&
/ertical $&otograp&
Ad!antages of /ertical $&otograp&
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Disad!antages of /ertical $&otograp&
Distribution Maps
Definition
Dualitati!e Distri#ution Maps
Dot Met&od
Line Met&od
%&ade Met&od
Duantitati!e Distri#ution Maps
Dot Met&od
Isoplet&s
C&oroplet&s
#eather Map&synoptic chart
Introduction
Auiliary maps
.nformation on a /eather map
Temperature
$ressure
,inds
/elocity
Direction
Clouds
Types of Clouds
Amount of Cloud or Cloudiness
2eneral ,eat&er Conditions
%ea Conditions
Topographical Map& )rdnance Survey Map
Introduction
Marginal Information
Scale
,ords and Figures or %tatement of %cale
R' F' Representati!e Fraction
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Linear or 2rap&ic %cale
Direction
True or 2eograp&ical 1ort&
Magnetic 1ort&
Con"entional Sins
Man made Features
,ater Bodies
/egetation
Letters and A##re!iations
+eiht on a Toporaphical #ap
%pot "eig&t
Benc& Mark
Contours
? Digit 2rid Reference
AP PR*/E-TI*0S
Cylindrical Map Pro1ections
%imple Cylindrical Map $ro3ection
Cylindrical E9ual Area Map $ro3ection
Cylindrical -rt&omorp&ic (MercatorEs) Map $ro3ection
Conical Pro0ections
Conical $ro3ection +it& one standard parallel
Conical $ro3ection +it& t+o standard parallels
Modified Conical (BonneEs) $ro3ection
1enithal Pro0ections
<enit&al 2nomonic $ro3ection
<enit&al %tereograp&ic $ro3ection
<enit&al -rt&ograp&ic $ro3ection
)uman and Economic %eograph#
an En!ironment Relationship
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En!ironmental& Ph#sical Determinism
Maim %tatement
%c&olarly /ie+s
Aristotle
I#ne ;&uldun
E C %emple
Dar+in
Eamples
Long term Regular C&anges in $&ysical En!ironment
%&ort Term Regular C&anges
Rapid :npredicta#le C&anges
Possi"lism
Maim %tatement
Ideas of Fe#!ere and /idal de la Blac&e
Eamples
P*P$LATI*0 %R*WT)
Malthus theory of population (ro%th
Introduction
&ro/th of Population and Resources
2eometric $rogression of "uman $opulation
Arit&metic $rogression of Food Resources
Checks on Population &ro/th
1atural or $ositi!e C&ecks
$re!enti!e C&ecks
Indicators of population
CDR Crude Deat& Rate or Mortality Rate
CBR Crude Birt& Rate or Fertility Rate
TFR Total Fertility Rate
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MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE
SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
IMR Infant Mortality Rate
1I 1atural Increase
$C $opulation C&ange
2R 2ro+t& Rate
Life Epectancy
Dou#ling Time
Eponential 2ro+t&
Population (ro%th Patterns in MDC/s and "DC/s
CDR and CBR in MDCEs
CDR and CBR in LDCEs
Age.se $yramids of MDCEs and LDCEs
DTM Demograp&ic Transition Model
Timeline of Population (ro%th
=ear $opulation
4 AD >76 Million
4@76 766 Million
4B>6 4 Billion
4586 > Billion
45A7 ? Billion
>666 @ Billion
>646
World Population Distri"ution
Introduction
$actors affecting the Population Distribution
Climate
$&ysiograp&y
%oil
/egetation
Minerals
Pattern of Population Distribution
"ig& Density Regions
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MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE
SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
%out&F %out& East Asia and East Asia
,estern Europe
1ile /alley and Delta
1ort& Eastern :%A and %out& Eastern Canada
Moderate Density Regions
$rairies or 2reat $lains of 1ort& America
$ampas of Argentina
%teppes of Russia
Do+ns of Australia
!reas of "o% Density Regions
Deserts
Cold Areas
"ig& Rainfall Areas
"ig&lands
E9uatorial Rainforests
igration
Definition
Catalysts of Migration
Economic Conditions
$olitical Circumstances
,ar and Conflict
En!ironmental Conditions
Culture and Tradition
Transportation
Information Flo+
Retarders of Migration
A#solute Distance and Relati!e Distance
Distance Decay
Inter!ening -pportunity
%tep Migration
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MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE
SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Types of Migration
%n the !ill of #irant
Forced Migration
/oluntary Migration
%n the $asis of Duration of Displacement
Cyclic
$eriodic
$ermanent
%n the $asis of &eoraphical(Spatial Scale
Eternal
Internal
Rural :r#an Migration
Inter :r#an Migration
Intra :r#an Migration
Settlements
Definition
Types of Settlements
%n the $asis of Location of D/ellins
Dispersed
1ucleated
%n the $asis of .nfrastructure and Construction #aterial
Rural
:r#an
+ierarchy of Settlements
Isolated D+elling
"amlet
/illage
To+n
City
Metropolis
Megalopolis
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MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE
SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
$r"ani1ation
Definition
Processes of ,rbani2ation
E!olutionary 2ro+t&
Rural :r#an Migration
1ucleation
"istory of :r#ani0ation
Early Ci!ili0ations
Rural :r#an Migration after Industrial Re!olution
Rural :r#an Migration after decentrali0ation of Industry
Current %cenario of :r#ani0ation
$ro#lems Caused #y :r#ani0ation
E-*0*I- %E*%RAP)2
Economic !ctivities
Definition
Types of Economic Acti"ities
$rimary Acti!ities $rocurement Red Collar ,orkers
%econdary Acti!ities Manufacturing Blue Collar ,orkers
Tertiary Acti!ities Tangi#le %er!ices $ink Collar ,orkers
Duaternary Acti!ities Intangi#le %er!ices ,&ite Collar ,orkers
Duinary Acti!ities Decision Making 2old Collar ,orkers
!griculture
Definition
Types of !griculture
Cultivation
$rimiti!e %&ifting Agriculture or %las& and Burn
Intensi!e %u#sistence Farming
Etensi!e Mec&ani0ed or Commercial 2rain Farming
Mied Farming
$lantation Farming
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MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE
SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Truck Farming or Market 2ardening
"ivestock
1omadic "erding
Dairy Farming
Animal Ranc&ing
a.or -rops
!heat
I#1&d!(1i&#
Physical Requirements
Te"2ea1!e
Rai#*a33
S&i3
Areas of Production
Trade
E42&1es
I"2&1es
Rice
I#1&d!(1i&#
Physical Requirements
Te"2ea1!e
Rai#*a33
S&i3
Areas of Production
Trade
E42&1es
I"2&1es
Cotton
I#1&d!(1i&#
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MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE
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Physical Requirements
Te"2ea1!e
Rai#*a33
S&i3
Areas of Production
Trade
E42&1es
I"2&1es
Po%er Resources
Coal
Introduction
Areas of $roduction
Trade
Eporters
Importers
Petroleum
Introduction
Areas of $roduction
Trade
Eporters
Importers
-atural &as
Introduction
Areas of $roduction
Trade
Eporters
Importers
+ydro Electricity
Introduction
Areas of $roduction
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MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE
SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066 syedyasi!s"a#$ya%&&'(&" )))'*a(e+&&,'(&"-syed'y'!s"a#
Trade
Eporters
Importers
Ma1or Industries
.ron and Steel
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/&3d Dis1i+!1i&# &* I&# a#d S1ee3 I#d!s1y
6a2a#
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U'S'A
Te3tile .ndustry
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