Apotimis Yfistamenou

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EXTENDED ABSTRACT
In the present master thesis the assessment of seismic behaviour and capacity of an
existing multi-stored reinforced concrete building is performed, using linear and non-linear
static methods. This concrete building was designed and constructed in 1991 in Athens, under
the provisions of the significantly older national Codes, the Code of Reinforced Concrete
Design, 1954 and the Code of Seismic Design, 1985. The non-linear static pushover analysis
and thereby the assessment of the building is based on both national and European codes: the
final edition of National Interventions Code (KAN.EPE, 2011) and the Eurocode 8 (EC-8:
EN1998-3_June2005, Part 3: Assessment and Retrofitting of Buildings). The aim of the
assessment is dual: firstly, the evaluation of the buildings seismic capacity and secondly, the
determination of the need for retrofitting. A further consideration is the comparison of the
provisions and results of the two fundamental Codes, Greek and European.
In Chapter 1 the subject of the present thesis is presented briefly, alongside the static
analysis program which is used (SAP2000, Version 14.2.2). A preliminary account of the
various conducted analyses and implemented codes is given: the spectral analysis of the
building, the equivalent static analysis and the linear time history analysis in accordance with
the national Code of Seismic Design (EAK 2000), and finally the non-linear static pushover
analysis as suggested by the provisions of KAN.EPE, Eurocode 8 and American Code ATC40 (Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings).
In Chapter 2, detailed information such as geometry, material properties, design of
concrete members, distribution of dead and live loads etc, concerning the building and its
modeling in SAP2000 are given. The building consists of four storeys (plan dimensions
11.611.5m), a loft and a basement with walls along the perimeter below the ground level,
which is used as a car parking (Figure 1). The material properties, in SI units, are for concrete
C16 (fck=16MPa), S400 (fyk=400MPa) and S220 (fyk=220MPa), for longitudinal and shear
steel reinforcement respectively. During the modeling of the beam sections the effect of
concrete cracking is taken into consideration, therefore the normally flanged cross-sections
are designed as rectangular sections. Moreover, the foundation is considered as fixed and thus
soil-structure interaction is not considered, nor the more specific approach of foundation on
elastic Winkler type model is taken into account.
Figure 1: 3-D Model of Building in SAP2000
In Chapter 3 modal analysis, spectral analysis and equivalent static analysis and their
results are presented. The first step for the conduction of the analyses is the definition of the
design spectrum, in accordance with the provisions of Greek Seismic Design Code
(EAK2000). The form of the design spectrum is depicted in Figure 2, along with its basic
expressions and parameters.
Design Spectrum (K)

0,18
0,16
0,14
Sd (T) (g)
0,12
0,1
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0
0
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
Period (s)
Figure 2: Design Spectrum of the Building According to Greek Seismic Code EAK
0<T<T1:
Sd(T) = [ 1 + / T1 (
(Expression 2.1.a )
-1) ]
T1<T<T2: Sd (T) =
T2<T:
Sd(T) =
(Expression 2.1.b )
(T2/T)2/3
(Expression 2.1.c )
= 0.16g design ground acceleration for Greek seismic zone II

= 1.00 importance factor of the building (due to its function as residences and/or
offices)
q = 3.5 behavior factor for concrete buildings
n = 1.00 damping correction factor for 5% viscous dumping
= 0.90 foundation factor (due to the existence of the basement)
= 2.5 spectral magnification factor
1 2 = 0.10 and 0.40 sec, the lower and upper limits of the period of the constant
spectral acceleration branch, for type ground.
The results of the modal analysis indicate that the first 67 modes have to be taken into
consideration for the spectral analysis, accordingly to the total modal participating mass ratios
(a 90% percent of total modal mass is required for the two horizontal seismic components X
and Y in accordance with the 3.4.2, [2], , Table 2). The first twenty modes and periods
are presented in Table 1.
Mode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Period
sec
0.818574
0.718644
0.660284
0.305065
0.244104
0.225392
0.193835
0.182213
0.170013
0.162389
0.154873
0.147935
0.141801
0.128825
0.127597
0.113091
0.112037
0.109912
0.092967
0.090805
Frequency
cycles/sec
1.2216
1.3915
1.5145
3.278
4.0966
4.4367
5.159
5.4881
5.8819
6.1581
6.4569
6.7597
7.0521
7.7625
7.8372
8.8424
8.9257
9.0982
10.757
11.013
CircFreq
rad/sec
7.6758
8.7431
9.5159
20.596
25.74
27.877
32.415
34.483
36.957
38.692
40.57
42.473
44.31
48.773
49.243
55.559
56.082
57.166
67.585
69.195
Table 1: Modes and Periods from Modal Analysis
Mode
1
2
3
4
5
Period
0.818574
0.718644
0.660284
0.305065
0.244104
67
0.029701
UX
0.15711
0.41914
0.00036
0.00393
0.07301
UY
0.04605
0.01357
0.52356
0.00957
0.00252
UZ
0.00001394
0.000004384
0.00004384
0.00003685
0.00011
SumUX SumUY
0.15711 0.04605
0.57625 0.05961
0.5766 0.58317
0.58053 0.59274
0.65354 0.59526
0.97696
0.99417
SumUZ
0.00001394
0.00001833
0.00006217
0.00009901
0.00021
0.78901
Table 2: Modal Participating Mass Ratios for the First Five Modes and the Last Mode Considered into Spectral
Analysis
The periods of the fundamental modes in X and Y directions are T2, x = 0.72s and T3, y
= 0.66s respectively. The first mode (T1 =0.82s) is mixed in X direction with substantial
torsional component.
Moreover, from the static load combinations G+0.3Q and 1.35G+1.5Q is concluded
that the building is not overly deformed in an asymmetrical manner nor excessively sensitive
in torsion.
After the modal analysis, the spectral (S.A.) and equivalent static analyses (E.S.A.)
are conducted and their results (element forces/moments and joint displacements) are
presented and compared, for selected structural members. The main difference between the
spectral and equivalent static method is the number of modes used, and therefore the
complexity of the analysis, as in spectral analysis the total sum of required modes is used,
while in equivalent static analysis a simplified reverse-triangular distribution of seismic loads
is considered, based on the fundamental modes Tx and Ty. In Tables 3 and 4 the resulting
maximum forces and moments for first floor wall element K1.2 (-cross section,
1.82.10.2m) are presented as well as the displacements for selected joints on the top and
base of the building.
P
V2
V3
T
M2
M3
KN
KN
KN
KN-m
KN-m
KN-m
-3532.52 299.661 472.758 -10.9364 1600.354 1422.003
Spectral A.
5
1
5
1
5
1
(Load Combination)
-2535.11 374.786 467.591 -21.7321 1570.651 1654.687
Equivalent S.A.
1
1
5
5
5
1
(Load Combination)
997.409 -75.125
5.167 -10.7957 29.7034 -232.683
Difference
28.24
-25.07
1.1
-98.71
1.86
-16.36
Percentage (%)
Table 3: Forces and Moments for Wall Member K1.2 (Spectral and Equivalent Static Analyses)
U1
U2
U3
R1
R2
m
m
m
Radians
Radians
S.A. (184) 0.015028 0.018008 0.002623 0.001561 0.000847
E.S.. (184) 0.009263 0.00754 0.002311 0.00035 0.000249
0.000146 0.000095 0.000846 0.000259 0.000361
S.. (43)
E.S.. (43) 0.000147 0.000059 0.00082 0.000132 0.000297
R3
Radians
0.001622
0.002219
6.82E-06
9.16E-06
Table 4: Displacements of Joints 184 (Top) and 43 (Base) of the Building (Spectral and Equivalent Static
Analyses)
The main conclusions which are drawn by the comparison of the two elastic analyses
are: firstly the building is capable of carrying the applied dead, live and seismic loads, and
secondly, that both of analyses are needed for the estimation of its seismic behavior. Usually,
the spectral analysis results into larger values of forces and moments for the elements, and
displacements for the joints, as compared to the equivalent static method. In the case of the
existing building for almost every frame element (column or wall), the S.A. axial force is
normally larger than the respective E.S.A. axial, and for the beam elements the same
observation is drawn for the forces and moments. However, for the columns and wall
elements, the one pair of E.S.A. force-moment (either V2-M3 or V3-M2) has values 10-35%
larger than its respective S.A. values. In regard to the displacements, the values resulting from
the spectral analysis are larger from the corresponding ones of the equivalent static analysis.
In Chapter 4, the building is subjected to linear time history analysis considering
three records of the Chi-Chi earthquake (6.1 Richter) in Taiwan, in order to estimate the
seismic behavior of the building under realistic seismic actions and compare the results
(element forces and moments, joint displacements) with the respective results of spectral
analysis. This chapter has a subordinate aim: to function as a brief introduction for the PEER
(Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center) Ground Motion Database, University of
Berkeley, California, from which were downloaded the seismic accelerograms. The main
benefits of PEER database are the large number of available real seismic records and the
searching and scaling of accelerograms which are similar to the design/target spectrum. The
PEER tool evaluates automatically the appropriate linear scale factor with which the selected
accelerograms are multiplied. The scale factor does not alter the relative frequency content of
the acceleration time series, and thus does not change the shape of the time series.
As previously mentioned, the building is subjected to three linear time history
analyses. The results (forces, moments and displacements) of the three time history analyses
are compared with the respective results of the spectral analysis, and finally is selected as
more consistent to the spectral analysis results (larger time history values, without big
variations from the S.A. values) the second seismic record, with scale factor 1.4. The
comparative results of the two analyses for the wall K1.2 and the displacements for selected
joints on the top and base of the building are shown in the Tables 5 and 6. The initial
acceleration time series, as downloaded from PEER and its unscaled and scaled response
spectrum in comparison with the target spectrum are presented in Figures 3 and 4.
8
Furthermore, the time history analysis depicts the element forces/moments and joint
displacements as they change throughout the time history excitation.
Acceleration [g]
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Time [sec]
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Figure 3: Acceleration Time Series Recorded in Chi-Chi Earthquake
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
0
0,5
1,5
EAK Target Spectrum
2,5
3,5
4,5
Initial Response Spectrum (SF=1.00)
Scaled Response Spectrum (SF=1.41)

Figure 4: Design Spectrum (EAK) in Comparison with Unscaled and Scaled Response Spectrums of Chi-Chi
Accelerogram
P
V2
V3
T
M2
M3
KN
KN
KN
KN-m
KN-m
KN-m
-3532.52 299.661 472.758 -10.9364 1600.354 1422.003
S.A.
Time History 2 -3858.06 -415.095 607.015 -10.4527 -2715.94 -1976.31
-325.541 -115.434 -134.257 0.4837
-1115.59 -554.306
Difference
Percentage (%) -9.21555 -38.5215 -28.3987 4.422845 -69.7087 -38.9806
Table 5: Forces and Moments for Wall Member K1.2 (Spectral and Time History Analyses)
U1
m
0.015028
S.. (184)
T.H.2 (184) 0.02361
0.000146
S.A. (43)
T.H.2 (43) 0.000224
U2
m
0.018008
0.023282
0.000095
0.000134
U3
m
0.002623
0.003025
0.000846
0.000843
R1
R2
R3
Radians Radians
Radians
0.001561 0.000847 0.001622
0.002005 0.00135 0.001548
0.000259 0.000361 6.82E-06
0.000294 0.000376 8.78E-06
Table 6: Displacements of Joints 184 (Top) and 43 (Base) of the Building (Spectral and Time History Analyses)
In Chapter 5, the basic principles of both assessment of carrying capacity and

retrofitting Codes (KAN.EPE and EC-8) are presented and compared. The first step in the
assessment of the capacity of a building to withstand a design earthquake is selection of the
desired performance level according to KAN.EPE, or limit state of damage according to EC-8
(Table 7). The definition of the different performance levels or limit states of damage is
similar in both codes, and the aim of the assessment for the existing building results the same
level i.e. Life Safety or Significant Damage.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
PERFORMANCE LEVEL
LIMIT STATE OF DAMAGE (EC-8)
(KAN.EPE)
A: Immediate Occupancy
DL: Damage Limitation
B: Life Safety
SD: Significant Damage
: Collapse Prevention
NC: Near Collapse
Table 7: Performance Criteria of a Building According to KAN.EPE and Eurocode 8
In accordance with KAN.EPE and EC-8, the level of the prior knowledge of the
structural data of the existing building (geometry, materials, reinforcement etc) defines its
Data Credibility Level or Knowledge Level. The D.C.L. or K.L. subsequently defines
the appropriate resistance factor m or CF for the existing or supplemented materials. The
importance of determining the correct resistance factor lies in the fact that in the following
computations (chord rotations) the mean values of the materials strength, divided with the
factor m, are used. Table 8 summarizes the structural data knowledge levels, resistance
factors and materials mean strength for the existing building.
Data Credibility
Level
Satisfactory
KAN.EPE
Resistance
Factor (m)
1.10
Material Mean
Strength
fcm = 21.8 MPa
fym= 363.64 MPa
Knowledge
Level
Normal
EC-8
Resistance
Factor (CF)
1.20
Material Mean
Strength
fcm = 20 MPa
fym= 333.33 MPa
Table 8: Data Knowledge Levels, Confidence factor and Materials Mean Strength for both Codes
10
The first step of the pushover analysis is the determination of the M-1/r (M-)
moment-curvature diagram for each element section (data computed by SAP2000). Secondly,
the computation of the buildings capacity curve takes place, after it is subjected to a
pushover analysis under appropriate horizontal seismic loads with controlled displacement.
The National Interventions Code is more eloquent upon the subject than the Eurocode
8, and is determined that the building is to be subjected to two kinds of horizontal load
distributions along the height of the building: modal, according to the reverse-triangular
horizontal distribution of seismic loads as in the equivalent static analysis, and uniform load
distribution according to the mass of each storey (G+0.3Q). The modal analysis has three
subcategories of implementation and is the mainly required analysis. The uniform analysis is
secondary and is implemented as a way of checking the results of the first type of analysis.
Also, the basic concept of the procedure concerning the evaluation of performance
point (pushover target displacement and base shear force from the intersection point of the
capacity curve and the elastic spectra) is presented, with regard to the American Code ATC40.
The assessment of the deformation capacity of any building according to EC-8 is
strictly defined in terms of the chord rotation . The provisions of the KAN.EPE are slightly
different in this issue: with regard to the analysis type (elastic/ inelastic) and the nature of the
failure, which can be force controlled or deformation controlled, the values of material
strength and the control criteria are respectively defined. In the present thesis, the control
criteria and the assessment of the building are defined in terms of deformation for both Codes,
but checking of the failure type (brittle or ductile) is nonetheless conducted according to the
provisions of KAN.EPE. In the Table 9 the control criteria for KAN.EPE and EC-8 are
comparatively presented.
CONTROL CRITERIA FOR KAN.EPE
CONTROL CRITERIA FOR EUROCODE 8
Performance Level
Control Criterion
Limit State of Damage
Control Criterion
Immediate
Occupancy
Sd Rd = y
Damage Limitation
Sd Rd = y
Significant Damage
Sd Rd = 0.75 u
Near Collapse
Sd Rd = u
Life Safety
Sd Rd =
Collapse Prevention
Sd Rd =
[1]
[1] Rd = 1.80
Table 9: Deformation Control Criteria for KAN.EPE and Eurocode 8
11
A typical capacity curve F-d of structural elements (force-displacement or momentchord rotation) is shown in Figure 5. In order to achieve the desired performance level Life
Safety/Significant Damage, the majority of a buildings structural members have to be
deformed in such way as not surpass the target limit Rd=d=
for KAN.EPE or
0.75 u for EC-8.
B
Fu
A
A
Fy
E
CC
u,pl
Fres
plastic deformation
yield
d deformation in
level Life Safety
ultimate failure
deformation
Figure 5: Ideal Capacity Curve of Structural Elements
The ductility criterion as given by KAN.EPE has two expressions:
If Vu =VRD > Vy= My/(sh)= My/Ls , where VRD is the members shear strength
(VRD= VRd1+Vwd), and/or
If =
2,
then the members failure is deformation controlled, and its behavior ductile.
Eurocode 8 does not refer directly to any ductility criterion, but a verification of the
nature of the failure is required, in order to define the value of the factor av:
If VRd1 > My/(sh) , if flexural yielding is expected to precede shear cracking, then
the factor av =0, otherwise av=1.
The last step is the computation of the chord rotations y, u and pl= u -y, for the
definition of the control criteria. Eurocode 8 provides two different expressions for the
computation of chord rotation u, from which the first is almost identical to the respective
expression provided by KAN.EPE. So, in order to compare the two codes, the second EC-8
expression for u is used. In Table 10 the aforementioned expressions are presented.
12
KAN.EPE
y=y
EUROCODE 8
+0.0014(1+1.5 )+ y
y=y
+0.0013(1+1.5
)+0.13y
(for beams
and columns)
y = y
and columns)
+ 0.0013 + y
y=y
+0.002(1-0,125
)+0.13y
(for walls)
u,m = 0.016 (0.3) [

(as)0.35 25
(as fyw/fc)
(for beams
fc] 0.225
(1.25 100 d)
(for walls)
u =
[y +(u-y) Lpl (1
)]
(el=2.00 and Lpl=0.1 Lv + 0.17 h + 0.24
Table 10: Expressions of Chord Rotations According to KAN.EPE and Eurocode 8
The Ls factor is similarly defined in both codes, and the expressions for chord rotation
y are similar, with the except of the present KAN.EPE provision: when V Rd < VMy=My/Ls
(brittle failure) then the value of y is defined by the following expression:
y, brittle = y, ductile VRd Ls/ My, where VRd = VRd1 +Vwd
Also the expressions for chord rotation u are different: under the provisions of
KAN.EPE the computation is based on the material and reinforcement data, whereas for
Eurocode 8 a simpler expression is given, which is based on the values y, u and Lpl.
To conclude the chapter 5, the effect of concrete cracking is succinctly presented.
Both KAN.EPE and EC-8 acknowledge the reduction of the elements stiffness due to the
concrete cracking under tensile stresses. Therefore, the effective stiffness for beam elements
is defined as the half of the geometrical stiffness (design of rectangular cross-sections for
beams) and similar assumptions are made for the columns and walls, according to the
provisions of the Codes.
In Chapter 6, more detailed aspects of the involved computing procedures of
assessment are presented, alongside with some basic recommendations for the correct
computation of the chord rotation deformations and use of SAP2000 software. Finally, the
results of this assessment are presented and evaluated.
Firstly, the basic steps of defining a plastic hinge for beams and columns in SAP2000
are presented. The main consideration refers to the plastic chord rotation pl control and thus
the control criteria have to be expressed in terms of plastic rotations (Table 11), as opposed to
the terms of yield and failure rotations, as it is shown in Table 9.
13
Performance Level
SAP2000 Plastic Deformation.
SAP2000 Plastic
Deformation- EC8
Immediate Occupancy/
Damage Limitation
Life Safety/Significant
Damage
0.5 pl/Rd
0.75 pl
Collapse Prevention/Near
Collapse
pl/Rd
pl
Table 11: SAP2000 Control Criteria for Each Performance Level for KAN.EPE and Eurocode 8
Two analytical examples of computing the plastic deformations (chord rotations y, u

and pl) for a beam and a column structural element, according to the aforementioned
provisions of KAN.EPE and EC-8 are presented in order to compare the rotation results of the
Codes.
The fundamental differences between the two codes, further than the different
expressions for the computation of failure chord rotation u, are the following:
In the performance level Life Safety of KAN.EPE the deformation limit is the half
sum of the yield and failure rotation (
as opposed to the of the failure
chord rotation (0.75 u) for the limit state Significant Damage of EC-8.
In both Codes a resistant factor is used. But in different places in the expressions
which affects significantly the arithmetic results of the chord rotations and
consequently, the control criteria. In KAN.EPE the factor Rd = 1.80 is used explicitly
into the final control criteria expressions, whereas in the EC-8, the factor is slightly
different (el=2.00) and is used into the expression for the failure rotation u.
With regard to the aforementioned remarks, the resulting values for the yield rotations
y, due to the fact that the expressions are similar for both Codes are almost identical. The
resulting values of the failure rotations u and the plastic rotations pl are larger for KAN.EPE
rather than for EC-8, and especially for u a variation of 25% increase is recorded for the
values provided by KAN.EPE opposed to the respective values by EC-8 (a normal
observation due to the el confidence factor).
Generally the KAN.EPE code permits higher limits of deformation (control criteria)
than EC-8, thus EC-8 usually leads to a more conservative assessment and intervention.
The second part of chapter 6 is devoted to the procedure of non linear pushover
analysis with controlled displacement, as it is conducted by SAP2000, and its results.
In
accordance with the provisions of KAN.EPE, the building is subjected to eight (8) non-linear
static analyses, four with uniform load distribution in the horizontal seismic components (X, 14
X, Y and Y) and the other four with modal load distribution, and especially with reversetriangle horizontal distribution of seismic loads as in the equivalent static analysis. The
analyses are conducted for both Codes, reaching a total sum of sixteen (16) pushover
analyses. Usually the vertical loads that correspond to seismic combinations (G+0.3Q
NONLINEAR), are initially imposed to the structure followed by the incremental lateral
seismic push-over analysis. In Figure 6 the appropriate modifications in the SAP2000
parameters are shown for the correct conduction of the uniform and modal pushover analyses.
Furthermore, the maximum controlled displacement of the building is set to 0.5m and
the appropriate nonlinear parameters are defined: as hinge unloading method is selected the
3rd option (Restart Using Secant Stiffness) due to the fact that is the more robust method (least
likely to fail). The total number of steps per stage is defined as 1000, and the number of null
steps as 200.
Figure 6: Definition of Uniform and Modal Pushover Analyses for Component X in SAP2000
Except from the main sixteen pushover analyses (modal and uniform load
distribution), the building is subjected to other eight modal analyses, with distribution of the
loads based on the fundamental modes in components X and Y. The results of the modal
analyses show that the building is capable of carrying its loads: in every of the analyses a
performance point emerges (the intersection between the capacity curve of the building and
the appropriate elastic spectra) and the deformations of the formed plastic hinges are below
the target limits for both KAN.EPE and Eurocode 8. But, for the two of the four (total sum for
the two Codes is eight) uniform analyses a performance point does not emerge. After a series
of checks, was indicated that the initial seismic load of the building (G+0.3Q) was
overvalued, due to its function as offices (large live loads q=5KN/m2 distributed to all the
slabs). Thus, in the initial non-linear analysis G+0.3Q NONLINEAR a large number of
15
plastic hinges is formed (all below the target performance level, and mostly in beam
elements).
Finally, for all analyses a performance point emerges and the assessment of the
building is that satisfies the initial target performance level for both Codes: Life
Safety/Significant Damage.
For the most unfavorable analysis (uniform in the X component) the performance
point is drawn at 2.9cm (target displacement) for 1500KN shear base force (Figure 8). In
Figure 7 the deformed shape of the building is depicted (plastic hinges) and in Table 12 the
total sum and performance level of the formed plastic hinges are shown. The building is
comprised from 309 frame elements (beams, columns and walls), and there are 596 possible
plastic hinge positions. The number of the formed plastic hinges is 396, and only fifteen (15)
belong to column or wall elements.
Figure 7: Deformed Shape of the Building in the Performance Point Step of Analysis
Step
6
.P
7
6
EC8
7
AtoB
283
269
286
276
BtoIO IOtoLS LStoCP CPtoC

0
1
1
1
113
126
109
119
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CtoD
DtoE
BeyondE
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
396
396
396
396
Table 12: Total Sum and Performance Levels of Plastic Hinges
16
Figure 8: Performance Point of the Building for KAN.EPE (Uniform Pushover Analysis X)
Furthermore, the capacity curves of the building for each of the eight analyses for
EC-8 are presented in Figure 9.
Base Shear Force V (KN)
Capacity Curve - EC8
-0,05
4000
Uniform
3000
Uniform -
2000
Uniform
1000
Uniform -
Modal
0
-1000
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
Modal -
Modal
Top Displacement d (m)
Figure 9: Capacity Curve of the Building for the Eight Pushover Analyses for Eurocode 8
17
To recapitulate, the main conclusions drawn from the pushover analyses conducted
under the provisions of National Interventions Code (KAN.EPE) and Eurocode 8 are the
following:
Despite the variations between the control criteria (values of plastic chord rotations
pl) of KAN.EPE and Eurocode 8, the final deformed shape of the building (position
and performance level of plastic hinges) is similar for both Codes and the target
performance level Life Safety/Significant Damage is satisfied. It is normal, because
the target performance level (plastic chord rotation) of EC8 generally presents lesser
values rather than KAN.EPE. So, if the assessment of the building is positive for the
more conservative Eurocode 8, then normally is positive and by the terms of
KAN.EPE
The majority of plastic hinges are formed in beam elements, and only a percentage of
4-6% is formed in column or wall elements. Each of the plastic hinges is between the
stages of yielding and failure, and do not surpass the desired performance level. This
fact is indicative of the importance of the capacity design.
Due to the increased design loads and the increased number of perimetric columns in
combination with the existence of beam elements with large dimensions (length and
height), for some of the uniform distribution pushover analyses the initial seismic
load of the building (G+0.3Q) is decreased.
The building capacity is increased for the analyses according to KAN.EPE
comparatively with the EC-8 analyses. The same observation is drawn for the
uniform distribution pushover analyses in comparison with the modal analyses, due to
the fact that the horizontal loads of uniform analysis are larger than the respective
loads of the modal analysis (same as in the equivalent static method).
In Chapter 7 the whole content of the present thesis is summarized and the final
conclusions, comparisons and remarks upon the elastic and inelastic analyses according to
KAN.EPE and Eurocode 8, and their results are presented
18
......................................................................................................................... 1
.............................................................................................................................. 2
EXTENDED ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ 4
10 : .................................................................................................. 22
1.1 .................................................................................................. 22
1.2 .......................................................... 23
20 : ................................................................................. 24
2.1 ............................................................................... 24
2.2 ................................................................................... 28
30 : 2000............................................... 29
3.1 .................................................................................. 29
3.1.1 ............................................................................. 29
3.1.2 .......................................................................................... 31
3.1.3 .......................................................................................... 34
3.2 .......................................................................... 35
3.2.1 .......................................................................................... 35
3.2.2 ... SAP2000 ......................................................................... 36
3.3 .................................................................... 40
3.3.1 (.. ...) .............. 40
3.3.2 ...................................................................................................... 44
40 : ........................................... 45
4.1 ................................................................................................. 45
4.2 PEER.................................................................. 45
4.2.1 (Unscaled Records) .................................... 46
4.2.2 (Scaled
Records)........................................................................................................................... 49
19
4.3 .............................................................. 56
4.3.1 ........................................... 56
4.3.2 (...) .......................... 59
4.3.2.1 ..., ... ... ............................. 59
4.3.2.2 ... .............................................. 60
5 :
................................................................................................................................................. 66
0
5.1 ..................................................................................................................... 66
5.2 .
.................................................................................................................. 67
5.2.1 . ...................................................... 67
5.2.2
(...) ........................................................................................................ 68
5.2.3 . .................................................. 70
5.2.3.1 .................................................. 71
5.2.3.2 ..... 72
5.2.3.3 V-D
ATC-40 ..................................................................................................... 73
5.2.4 .............................................................................................. 76
5.2.4.1 .............................. 76
5.2.4.2 ............................................................. 78
5.2.5
......................................................................................................................... 80
5.2.5.1 F-............................... 80
5.2.5.2 ................................................................ 83
5.2.5.3 y . .......................... 84
5.2.5.4 u . ........................... 86
5.2.5.5 .. ................................................................. 88
5.3 8
.............................................................................................. 89
5.3.1 8 ................................................ 89
5.3.2 ... EC8 ... 90
5.3.3 8............................................ 91
5.3.4 ......................................... 91
5.3.5
8 ................................................................................................................. 93
20
5.3.5.1 y EC8 ..................................... 93

5.3.5.2 u EC8 ..................................... 94
5.3.5.3 .. ................................................................. 95
5.4 EC8 ......................................... 95
60 : PUSHOVER SAP2000 .
8 .................................................................................................................... 97
6.1 ................................................................................................... 97
6.2 .
EC8 ................................................................................................................................ 99
6.3 ............................................................. 106
6.3.1 y, u, pl
. EC8 ........................................................... 106
6.3.2 . EC8..................................... 117
6.4 SAP ................................................................................. 118
6.4.1 ..................................... 118
6.4.2 ............................................................. 122
6.4.2.1 . EC8 124
6.4.2.2 . EC8 130
6.4.3 .................................................................................................... 133
7 : .................................................................................. 135
................................................................................................................... 139
......................................................................................... 139
............................................................................................ 140
: 7 .
................................................................................. 141
21
10 :
1.1

/ . (4)
, .
,
1991.
( 1954)
1985.

SAP2000 (Version 14.2.2).
1.1
,
,
22
.
.
1.2
:
2000 , . 8
ATC-40 (Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete
Buildings) .
2000 ( 3, 3.1)
,

.
-
() ,
.
2000
:
.
,
,
,
.

:
1)
2)
3)
-

,
( ).

,
(pushover analysis) ,

.
23
20 :
2.1
1991
, , 1, 2, 3 , 6
.
,
( 1), ( 2)
.
.
2.1
24
2.2
2.3
25
`
2.4
2.5 1
26
11.611.5m ,
x
5m (16.0511.5m) , 4.65.2m.
: 15.2m
2.9m, 3.65m, 3.05m 2.4m.
(
), ,

, .

,
45-30-60
SAP2000 (Assign->Joints->Constraints->Diaphragm).
, ,
,
5.2.5.5 5.3.5.3
(
).
2.1 2.2 ,
(extruding) . ,
,
.

,

.
(=0.0001 N/m3) (E= 108 KPa).
(DefineMaterialsKENO,
Define Sections ).
2.9m
,
,
( ). 1991,

-,
Winkler.

. :
20cm 2#8/20
SAP2000
( )
( ).

,
( .., , 1996).
27
2.2
225
StIII StI.
C16 S400 S220 .
,
1954 2.1.
24 KN/m3
2.0 KN/m2
1.3 KN/m2
3.6 KN/m2
2.1 KN/ m2
5.0 KN/m2
5.0 KN/m2
5.0 KN/m2
( )
2.1
,
, ,
.
28
30 : 2000
3.1
1959
1985 =0.06g
( ).

( )
,
, .

2000 8.

.
3.1.1
(...)
(2.3 ).

G+0.3Q
SAP2000 (Define->Mass Source->From Elements and Loads and Additional Masses).

.
0<T<T1:
d(T) = [ 1 + / T1 (
T1<T<T2: d (T) =
T2<T:
d(T) =
-1) ]
( 2.1. )
( 2.1. )
(T2/T)2/3
( 2.1. )
= 0.16g II ( )
g = 9.81 m/s2
= 1.00 (
)
q = 3.5
n = 1.00 =5%
= 0.90 ( 1: )
= 2.5
29
1 2 0.10 0.40 sec

.

( )

. ,
, . :
http://geolokarta.blogspot.com/search/label/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%
B1

,
.

, ,
.

:
.

Excel B .

0,18
0,16
d (T) (g)
0,14
0,12
0,1
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0
0
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
(s)
3.1
SAP2000 -
: g
9.81,
m/s2.. .
30

0.7, ,
(
, 2010)
.
3.1.2

, ( /
) ,

, 3.4.2, [1]

, i 90%
.
(20),

,
3*5=15 (
).
Mode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Period
0.818574
0.718644
0.660284
0.305065
0.244104
0.225392
0.193835
0.182213
0.170013
0.162389
0.154873
0.147935
0.141801
0.128825
0.127597
0.113091
0.112037
0.109912
0.092967
0.090805
UX
0.15711
0.41914
0.00036
0.00393
0.07301
0.00222
0.00618
0.05269
0.00391
0.0000818
0.0009
0.00034
0.0008
0.00019
0.00139
0.00003765
0.00081
4.045E-07
0.02617
0.00063
UY
0.04605
0.01357
0.52356
0.00957
0.00252
0.02292
0.04927
0.00675
0.00336
0.00134
0.00003368
0.03637
0.00732
0.00001303
0.00061
0.000004438
0.00009782
2.702E-08
0.00016
9.456E-07
UZ
SumUX SumUY
0.00001394 0.15711 0.04605
0.000004384 0.57625 0.05961
0.00004384
0.5766 0.58317
0.00003685 0.58053 0.59274
0.00011 0.65354 0.59526
0.00001289 0.65576 0.61818
0.0000032 0.66194 0.66745
0.00053 0.71463
0.6742
0.00034 0.71854 0.67756
0.00743 0.71862
0.6789
0.00004807 0.71951 0.67894
0.00508 0.71986 0.71531
0.02558 0.72066 0.72263
0.01921 0.72085 0.72264
0.00906 0.72224 0.72325
0.00707 0.72227 0.72325
0.00493 0.72308 0.72335
0.02036 0.72308 0.72335
0.0299 0.74925 0.72351
0.01736 0.74988 0.72351
SumUZ
0.00001394
0.00001833
0.00006217
0.00009901
0.00021
0.00022
0.00023
0.00076
0.00109
0.00852
0.00857
0.01365
0.03923
0.05844
0.0675
0.07457
0.07949
0.09985
0.12975
0.14711
3.1
31
Mode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Period
sec
0.818574
0.718644
0.660284
0.305065
0.244104
0.225392
0.193835
0.182213
0.170013
0.162389
0.154873
0.147935
0.141801
0.128825
0.127597
0.113091
0.112037
0.109912
0.092967
0.090805
Frequency
cycles/sec
1.2216
1.3915
1.5145
3.278
4.0966
4.4367
5.159
5.4881
5.8819
6.1581
6.4569
6.7597
7.0521
7.7625
7.8372
8.8424
8.9257
9.0982
10.757
11.013
CircFreq
rad/sec
7.6758
8.7431
9.5159
20.596
25.74
27.877
32.415
34.483
36.957
38.692
40.57
42.473
44.31
48.773
49.243
55.559
56.082
57.166
67.585
69.195
3.2
3.1
x y 72% 15
, 90%. 3.4.2,
[2]
=0.03s,
. ,
(70) 67 =0.03s .
67 ,
15, 67
.
Mode
67
Period SumUX SumUY SumUZ

0.029701 0.97696 0.99417 0.78901
3.3 67
3.2, 3.3 3.4

(/ ):
32
3.2 1=0.82s ( x )
3.3 2=0.72s ( )
33
3.4 3=0.66s ( Y)
, 1=0.82s
x, y z x, .

, 3.3.3, [7] .
.
:
x: 2=0.72s
y: 3=0.66s
3.1.3
:
1.35G + 1.5Q
G + 0.3Q
G + 0.3Q + EX + 0.3EY
G + 0.3Q + EX - 0.3EY
G + 0.3Q - EX + 0.3EY
G + 0.3Q - EX - 0.3EY

COMB1
COMB2
COMB3
COMB4
34
G + 0.3Q + 0.3EX + EY
COMB5
G + 0.3Q + 0.3EX - EY
COMB6
G + 0.3Q - 0.3EX + EY
COMB7
G + 0.3Q - 0.3EX - EY
COMB8
( )
G + 0.3Q + SRSS(EX,EY) :

3.3
.
3.2
3.2.1
(...) ,

-.

x, Ty.

3.5.2 .
1.
x y ( 3.1.2)
.
Tx (s)
Ty (s)
0.72
0.66
d (T) (m/s2)
d (T) (m/s2)
0.682
0.723
3.4
2. ( )
Vo,x Vo,y
Vo = d(T)
( 3.12 )
(G+0.3Q). 3.4.2 [1]

, ,

-
.
35
3.
3.5.2, [3,4]

Fi = ( Vo V )
mi
zi
V =
N
i, j = 1,2,.N
( 3.15 )
i
i
0.07 Vo ( 0.25 Vo)
1.0 sec

3.2.2 ... SAP2000

:
G + 0.3Q EXSTAT 0.3EYSTAT (COMB1-4)

G + 0.3Q 0.3EXSTAT EYSTAT (COMB5-8)
...:
G + 0.3Q + SRSS(EXSTAT,EYSTAT)
SAP2000

.
:
SAP2000.
Define Load Patterns EXSTAT User

Loads ( 3.5).
3.5 SAP2000
36

. 3.4
x y. SAP2000

G+0.3Q.
, (Mgr)
d (Tx) (m/s2 )
d (Ty) (m/s2)
1150.35
0.682
0.723
Vo,x ()
Vo,y ()
784.54
831.7
3.5 Y
(m)
12.8
9.75
6.7
3.65
0
-2.9
mi
m5
m4
m3
m2
m1
(Mgr)
36.1
249.57
270.82
281.24
312.505
zi
z5
z4
z3
z2
z1
(m)
15.7
12.65
9.6
6.55
2.9
mi*zi
566.77
3157.061
2599.872
1842.122
906.2645
{mi*z
i}
9072.089
mi*zi/{mi*zi
}
0.062474034
0.347997082
0.286579199
0.203053784
0.0998959
Fi,x
(KN)
49.0133
273.0172
224.8325
159.3036
78.3722
Fi,y
(KN)
51.95984
289.4302
238.3488
168.8805
83.08373
784.5387
831.7031
3.6 ...

3.6 Modify Lateral Load Pattern.
3.6 ... SAP2000
37
: SAP2000
DefineLoad PatternsEXSTAT User

CoefficientModify Lateral Load Pattern ( 3.7).
3.7 ... SAP2000
Base shear Coefficient, C EXSTAT EYSTAT

d(T)(g) / g
.
,
.
: DisplayShow
Tables Load Pattern DefinitionsAuto Seismic LoadsTable Auto Seismic Loads to
Horizontal Diaphragms. 3.7
.
SAP2000:
,

.
...
SAP2000
( 3.8).
38
TABLE: Auto Seismic Loads To Horizontal Diaphragm

LoadPat
AutoLdType Diaphragm Diaphragm Z
Text
Text
Text
m
EXSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH6
15.2
EXSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH5
12.8
EXSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH4
9.75
EXSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH3
6.7
EXSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH2
3.65
EXSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH1
0
EYSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH6
15.2
EYSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH5
12.8
EYSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH4
9.75
EYSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH3
6.7
EYSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH2
3.65
EYSTAT
USER LOADS DIAPH1
0
EXSTAT SAP USER COEFF DIAPH6
15.2
12.8
9.75
6.7
3.65
0
EYSTAT SAP USER COEFF DIAPH6
15.2
12.8
9.75
6.7
3.65
0
FX
KN
FY
KN
0
49
273
224.8
159.3
78.37
0
0
0
0
0
0
59.107
344.913
301.021
217.542
127.133
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
51.96
289.43
238.35
168.9
83.08
0
0
0
0
0
0
62.485
364.623
318.223
229.973
134.398
0
FZ
KN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.7
X
m
9.47714
7.27581
6.82229
6.71514
7.16606
6.98943
Y
m
5.27143
5.23419
5.04886
5.07886
5.25485
5.06045
Z
m
15.2
12.8
9.75
6.7
3.65
0
3.8
39
3.3

,
. ,
, . ,

.
3.3.1 (.. ...)

(5)
: ,
2
.
SAP2000:
1.2 (18021020) (59)

18 (45) (55)
27 (7040) (90)
x (19)
y (261)
3.8
40
:

[G +
0.3Q EX 0.3EY (COMB1-4), G + 0.3Q 0.3EX EY (COMB5-8), G + 0.3Q + SRSS
(EX,EY)]. ,
(

).
V2, V3 x
y xz yz , M2, M3
yz xz .
V2-3, .
, ( )
V2-3 (
xz) V3-2 ( X yz).
P
V2
V3
KN
KN
KN
-3532.52 299.661 472.758
...
5
1
5
()
-2535.11 374.786 467.591
...
1
1
5
()
997.409 -75.125
5.167
(%) 28.23506 -25.07 1.092948
T
M2
M3
KN-m
KN-m
KN-m
-10.9364 1600.354 1422.003
1
5
1
-21.7321 1570.651 1654.687
5
5
1
-10.7957 29.7034 -232.683
-98.7135 1.856051 -16.3631
... SRSS
... SRSS
-10.8244
-36.573
-3505.38
-3351.06
290.05
369.587
463.634
450.183
-1816.19
-1522.79
1375.307
1696.233
3.9 1.2 ( 59)
P
V2
V3
KN
KN
KN
-690.59 10.357 -25.017
...
1
1
1
()
-641.368
12.342
62.056
...
5
1
5
()
49.222 -1.985 -37.039
7.13 -19.17 -148.1

(%)
... SRSS
... SRSS
-688.352 10.098 -26.358

-702.613 12.338 -86.391
T
M2
M3
KN-m
KN-m
KN-m
-4.549 -57.1886 -23.7148
1
1
1
-9.0395 137.3877 40.2749
5
5
1
-4.4905 -80.1991 -16.5601
-98.71
-140.24
-69.83
-4.5024 -60.2471
-15.2125 192.9516
32.2543
41.3787
3.10 18 ( 55)
41
P
V2
V3
T
M2
M3
KN
KN
KN KN-m KN-m
KN-m
0
-174.193
0
-40.5511
0
-234.974
...
1
1
1
()
0 -182.897 0 -41.7041
0
-229.38
...
1
5
1
()
-8.704
-1.153
5.5945
-4.99676
-2.84333
2.380902
(%)
... SRSS
... SRSS
0
0
-173.786
-214.96
0
0
-41.7168
-81.7867
0
0
-233.007
-332.507
3.11 27 ( 90)
P
V2
V3
T
M2
M3
KN
KN
KN
KN-m
KN-m
KN-m
-685.574 150.157 -3.232 -0.2011 -4.7353 204.1232
...
5
1
5
1
5
1
()
-560.035 183.431
4.006 -0.2703
5.9093 -280.349
...
1
1
5
5
5
1
()
125.539 -33.274 -0.774 -0.0692
-1.174 -76.2253
(%) 18.31152 -22.1595 -23.948 -34.4107 -24.7925 -37.3428

... SRSS
... SRSS
-687.293
-703.272
144.898
192.974
-3.141
-4.169
-0.1935
-0.2664
-4.5983
-6.136
-223.922
-296.125
3.12 ( 19)
P
V2
V3
T
M2
M3
KN
KN
KN
KN-m
KN-m
KN-m
-695.091
2.643
-169.136 -0.1959 -258.128 3.9575
...
5
1
5
1
5
1
()
-562.048
3.131
229.58
-0.2632 339.9708 4.6782
...
1
1
5
5
5
1
()
133.043
-0.488
-60.444 -0.0673 -81.8426 -0.7207
(%) 19.14037 -18.4639 -35.7369 -34.3543 -31.7062 -18.211

... SRSS
... SRSS
-697.127
-703.639
2.546
3.165
-165.907
-229.509
-0.1884
-0.2595
-252.447
-350.053
3.8137
4.7259
3.13 ( 261)
42
(184

( 43 )
.
3.9 184
U1
U2
U3
R1
R2
R3
m
m
m
Radians
Radians
Radians
... (184) 0.015028 0.018008 0.002623 0.001561 0.000847 0.001622
... (184) 0.009263 0.00754 0.002311 0.00035 0.000249 0.002219
... (43) 0.000146 0.000095 0.000846 0.000259 0.000361 6.82E-06
... (43) 0.000147 0.000059 0.00082 0.000132 0.000297 9.16E-06
3.14
43
3.3.2
...
... (, ).

( V2 M3 V3 M2)
... 15-35%
, .
5%, .

, .

.

: x
V3, M2 ( yz) y
V2, M3 ( xz).
, ,
,
. ...
1.5cm x 1.8cm y.
44
40 :
4.1
,

, .. ...
,

.
t
.
,

( -, ,
).

,
(),
.. ..
.

0.5< <, .

PEER,
.
4.2 PEER
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center)

,
.
,
(NGA Stations),
(, ,
, Vs30 ...)

,
(Unscaled Records),
45
() (Scaled Records).
.

2011,
.

Documentation,
Tutorials. ,
Scaled Records 2012.
4.2.1 (Unscaled Records)

4.1.

, Unscaled
Records.
4.2 : ,
, . ,
, . , 4.3
, .
(Linear)
8. ,
,
.
(Total Output) (
)
30. 10
( 4.3).
4.1 PEER
46
4.2
4.3
,
(Search)
. , (
4.4), 3 ,
(FP) (FN), :
Fault Normal/Parallel/Vertical ( 4.5, 4.6).
:

.
,

Save Original Unscaled Time Series Records (.dat)
Notepad
,
Seismosignal, SAP2000
EC8.

47
.
,

.

PEER, Scaled Records.
4.4
4.5
48
4.6
4.2.2 (Scaled
Records)
Scaled Records.
(Target Spectrum)

. ,
Unscaled Records
(Save Original Unscaled
Time Series Records) ,
( )

,
. ,
(Scaled Response Spectrums)
, -,

.
Scaled Records,
2012,

,
(Save Scaled Time Series Records) .
49
SAP2000 Seismosignal
.
4.7 3
. (PEER_NGA Spectrum)

PEER (Peer User Manual, Earthquake Spectra, February 2008).
ASCE Code Spectrum,
(ASCE
7-05 Reference: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures).
User Defined,
/EC8 Excel
Comma Separated Values (.csv).
,
(.csv)
(22 ).
Create.
4.7
( Next)
. ,
.
[6, 7.5] ( 4.8, 4.11).
50
4.8 PEER
,
PEER
(30) (Total Output),
(7) (Total Average) .
(Show Chart
ControlsLinear).
,
,
.
.
1 (Unscaled Search):
4.11
( 4.9),
(7)
.
,
( 1.00) 4.10.
51
4.9
4.10
52
4.11
2 & 1 :
4.12 Scaling
.
,

,
,
(min, max) .
.

. ,

0.5< <. = 0.82sec
[0.4, 1.2] (Weight Function [1, 1],
4.12, 4.13). .

( 4.13, 4.14). 2939
53
0.99421.00 FN, FP
.
4.12
4.13
54
4.14

, 2
.
55
2 :
,
. ,
( Single period).
.

(Save
Original Unscaled Time Series Records FN, FP, Vertical)
Seismosignal ( 4.16), SAP2000
.
4.15
4.3
4.3.1
(1) (2) 4.2.2
(3) (FN) PEER,
Seismosignal
(.dat) (.txt) SAP2000,
PEER,
g=9.81m/s2 (Define Load CasesTime History-X/YScale Factor*9.81), PEER
g.
Chi-Chi
6.2 .
1
2
3

(NGA)
2939
2492
2958

SF=1.00
SF=1.41
SF=0.855
4.1:

,
( 4.16 4.21).
56
Acceleration [g]
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Time [sec]
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
90
4.16 1
Acceleration [g]
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
4.17
45
50
55
Time [sec]
60
65
70
75
80
85
100
Acceleration [g]
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
-0.04
0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74
Time [sec]
4.18 3
0,18
0,16
0,14
0,12
0,1
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0
0
0,5
1,5
2,5
1 (SF=1.00)
3,5
4,5
4.19 1
57
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
0
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
4,5
2 (SF=1.00)
2 (SF=1.41)
4.20 2

0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
0
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
4,5
3 (SF=1.00)
3 (SF=0.855)
4.21 3

SAP2000
, 1000
t=0.05s,
10000.05=50s.
4.16 4.18,
15 20 .
58
4.3.2 (...)

,
G + 0.3Q TH-X 0.3TH-Y (COMB1-4)

G + 0.3Q 0.3TH-X TH-Y (COMB5-8)
G + 0.3Q + SRSS(TH-X, TH-Y)
.. ...
3
,
, .

1.2 (P, V2, M3)
.
( 184 )
( 43 )
.
4.3.2.1 ..., ... ...
4.2
1.2 (59).

.
3 . 1 2
2
,
, 40% 2
70% ( 4.3).
59
...
P
KN
-3532.52
V2
KN
299.661
V3
T
M2
M3
KN
KN-m
KN-m
KN-m
472.758 -10.9364 1600.354 1422.003
...
-2535.11
374.786
467.591 -21.7321 1570.651 1654.687
.. -. 1
-3868.1
475.177 775.274 -14.7975 2918.703 2131.545
.. -. 2 -3858.06 -415.095 607.015 -10.4527

.. -. 3 -3597.33
242.478 422.266
... SRSS
... SRSS
...1 SRSS
...2 SRSS
...3 SRSS
290.05
369.587
461.815
476.425
298.325
-3505.38
-3351.06
-4017.21
-3817.94
-3568.58
-2715.94
-1976.31
-8.8578 1388.051 1245.893
463.634 -10.8244 -1816.19

450.183 -36.573 -1522.79
763.304 -15.1441 -3122.59
663.422 -10.8005 -2672.81
463.087 -9.3621 1689.278
1375.307
1696.233
2065.428
2278.252
1282.897
4.2 ..., ... ... 1.2
P
V2
V3
T
M2
M3
KN
KN
KN
KN-m
KN-m
KN-m
-3532.52 299.661 472.758 -10.9364 1600.354 1422.003
...
.. -. 2 -3858.06 -415.095 607.015 -10.4527 -2715.94 -1976.31
-325.541 -115.434 -134.257 0.4837
-1115.59 -554.306
-9.21555 -38.5215 -28.3987 4.422845 -69.7087 -38.9806

(%)
4.3 ... ... 1.2 ( 2)
4.3.2.2 ...

2, .
1.2 (59) P, V2,
M3 . x (TH-X)
, y
(TH-Y).
60
4.22 K1.2 TH-X
( ) :
TH-X: 304 kN 16.85 sec
TH-Y: 880 kN 16.85 sec
4.23 V2 ] K1.2 TH-X
V2 ( ) :
TH-X: 434.5 kN/m 16.85 sec
TH-Y: 61.54 kN/m 17.1 sec
61
4.24 3 K1.2 TH-X
M3 ( ) :
TH-X: 2086 kNm 16.85 sec
TH-Y: 234 kNm 17.4 sec
x
y
y .
27 (90) V2 3 (
y ) .
62
4.25 V2 27 TH-
V2 ( ) :
TH-X: 23.85 kN/m 16.85 sec
TH-Y: 13.34 kN/m 16.85 sec
4.26 3 27 TH-X
M3 ( ) :
TH-X: 38.58 kNm 17.25 sec
TH-Y: 19.53 kNm 17.1 sec
63
184 43 (
) ..
.
U1
m
... (184) 0.015028
0.02361
... (184)
... (43) 0.000146
... (43) 0.000224
U2
m
0.018008
0.023282
0.000095
0.000134
U3
m
0.002623
0.003025
0.000846
0.000843
R1
R2
R3
Radians
Radians
Radians
0.001561 0.000847 0.001622
0.002005 0.00135 0.001548
0.000259 0.000361 6.82E-06
0.000294 0.000376 8.78E-06
4.4 ... ...
,
, 8.6cm 5.3cm x y.

(184) x y:
4.27
UX 184 TH-X
:
TH-X: 2.35 cm 16.85 sec
TH-Y: 0.27 cm 17.15 sec
64
4.28 U 184 TH-
:
TH-X: 0.38 cm 17.4 sec
TH-Y: 2 cm 17.4 sec
65
50 :

5.1
,
-
.

, .
( - )

/ , .

( m) (
q), - ( ).
,
( )
( ).
.

(..) (
),
.

() ,
(, ..) ()
.

.
,

/.

,
(.) 8.
, :

, . EC-8 .
66
,
( ),

-
pushover.
5.2 .

5.2.1 .

2.2.2 .:
. - Immediate Occupancy

,
.
.
. - Life Safety

,
,

.
. - Collapse Prevention

(- )
,
(, , ),
.

50 .
67

50
10%
50%
1
2
1
2
1
2
5.1 .

50%
10%,
. 2000 1
, 10% 50 .
1,
.
5.2.2
(...)
3 .
,
,
.
,
, ,
.

(...) ...
f m
/ RD.
3.6 3.7 . ,

... .
3.6 . (4)
68
(...) ,

.
3.2 . :

,

,
.

/
/

,
,
(/ )
/
/
5.2
,

(
)
. ...
m ,
69
, 4 ..
m
/
8 (5.3.2 ).
5.2.3 .
2 5 .
.
/

.
.
,
( 5 .).
() (q) (m)
, . 5.5,
.
(q) (m) ,
5.6, .
, 5.7.

.
( ),
5.8.
.
, ,
,
( 5.3).
,
, ,
( 5.1.1 .).

=SE/Rm SE
( , q=1) Rm .
,

, .., 2009,
Etabs Etools
. .
70
5.2.3.1

.

, (-)
.

( SAP2000)
9 (
),
7 ..

5.7 .:
. -
- .
-1/r ( -
).
.
, ,

. ,
(V-D)
( ), (.
5.7.3.2, 5.7.4.2).
.
. ( )

.
( )

.
. ,
( t) (
)
.
.
, .
8.
SAP2000 (5.2.3.3).
,
.
71
,
.
(5.7.3.2 .).
,
...
5.7 ..
5.2.3.2

, 5.7.3.3 ..
,
:
. 3.15 .

75% ( )
( ).
.
.
75%.
.

, ( 3.4.2 ).
1.0
sec. 3.5.2[2] .
.
().
.
.
(, )
.

, (), .

3.5.2[2] ( ).
Fi = ( Vo V )
( 3.15 )
72
, , ()
,
,
.

, .

( 3.1.2
): , 2
x 3 y,
58%. 75% ,
,

.
5.2.3.3 V-D
ATC-40
5.2.5.1 ,
pushover
F-
(capacity curve) .

.
,

.
( -)
(. 7.1 . 5.2.5.1 ), Ke
Ke.
,

( 5.1).
()

5.1
73

SAP2000
ADRS (Sa-Sd: Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum)
ATC-40 .
ADRS
(Performance Point)
(Demand) ,
(Capacity) .

.
, .
ATC-40
( ) - ADRS (
5.3). ( 5.2)

,
( 5.4).
.
5.2 V-d
74
5.3 ADRS
5.4
75
5.2.4
5.2.4.1
9 .
, ,

( )
.

Sd < Rd,
( 1, 4 .)
Sd = Sd S (Sk f)
Rd = (1/ Rd) R (Rk / m)
Sd, Rd ( ) /
,
Sk, Rk .

, .
4 . 4.1, 4.1

m
.
76
m
..
..
..
s [1]
..
c =1.500.15
s =1.150.10
c =1.50
s =1.15[4]
c =1.65
s =1.25
c =1.35
s =1.05
Xk [2]
Xk
m
(1.05 1.20)
[3]
..
m =1.100.10
m =1.10
m =1.15 1.25
m =1.15 1.25
m =1.20
m =1.00
5.3 (/)
m
[1]-[2]-[3] :
( 4.1 .)
(fck, fyk).
.
()
3 . (
).

fcm = fck +8MPa (fck = , .. C20)

fym = fyk
(fyk = , .. S400)
fym =
fyk 1.15,
, .
[4] :
...
( ),
.
77

C16 S400
.
, ,
,
, m =1.10.
fcm = fck +8MPa = 16 + 8 = 24 MPa fcm/ m = 24/1.10 = 21.818 MPa

fym = fyk
= 400 MPa fym/ m = 400/1.10 = 363.64 MPa
5.2.4.2
Sd < Rd
( 9.2, 9.3.1 .) :
.
/

Sd (
, 1/r) sd 4.5.1 . (sd =1.00
)
Rd y (
y).
.
,
:
Sd (, 1/r) Sd 4.5.1
Rd ,
, u y (
, u, u ..)
H Rd ()
, Rd =1.80 9.3.1
7 .. . Rd

: ,
u .8 7,
Rd Rd =1.80.
, , upl,
.8, Rd =1.25.
78
, ( ) Rd :
Rd = d = 0.5 (y+u)/Rd
( 1., 9 .)
,
.
.
,
Rd
Rd = d = u/Rd
( 2, 9 .)
u
. Rd Rd
.
,
, :
Sd () , Sd 4.5.1
Rd ,

m 4.5.3 . 8 ..
5.4.

( )
A:
Sd Rd = y
B:
:
Sd Rd =
Sd Rd =
5.4 .
79
5.2.5
.

(pushover) .
,
SAP2000
.
(
-hinges),
- .
, .

,
,
.
-
, ,
.
SAP2000 - (y, Mu,
y, u) ,
.
, Rd (y, u
)
. 7 .

, Excel.
5.2.5.1 F-

F
. , , ... F

. ,
F,
. 5.5., 5.5.
F- .
80
5.5. F- ()
F
B
Fu
A
A
Fy
CC
u,pl
Fres
d
u
" "
5.5. F- ()
,
F 1/r ().
, V
() .

, F
,
,
.
81
F- ( ) .
()
-
. K e
( 7.1.2.2. .).
()
,
, .
u,
. .
20%
. u, ,
F 20% (Fres).
(
5.2.) 5.5..
. Fy (y)
Fu (Mu) . . Fy =
Fu

7 7,
. , , SAP2000
- (y, Mu, y, u) ,
() ,

,
.
(C)
u,
,
.
,
Fres. , . Fres
20% ( ,
Fy = Fu).
. Fres 25% .
Fres = 0.2 Fu.
(CD)
res
. .
82
res (res )
. res ,
u,pl:
. res = 3u,pl
. res = 5u,pl 2u,pl
res = 3u,pl.
()

(, )

. 5.2. F-
-
.
5.2.5.2

F-
(Fy, Fu, y, u)
.
,
.

( y, u).
, My,

Fy=My Fu=Mu, F .
Fy=VMy Fu=VMu (
) F .

.
.
, Vu < Vy
Vu=VRD=VRd1+Vwd

Vy=My/(sh), , s=M/
(Vh) My
.

83
Fy=MVy Fy=MVu ( ),
F .
Fy=Fu=Vu ( ), F
.
, 7.1.2.6 .,
2.0,
, =
, 1/r, 3.0.
.

.

Vu =VRD > Vy= My/(sh)
2 /
VRd1 > Vy= My/(sh)

, VRD= VRd1+Vwd
.
.
, ,

7.2.3.1.
5.2.5.3 y .
7 .
.
.
7
(1/r)y y .. y,
My=Mu ( 5.2.5.1
) y, My y
Excel. , SAP2000
,
- (y, Mu, y, u) .
Excel
7 . y My,
. SAP2000.
.
SAP2000,
. A
84
y, u pl
y, My . y, y SAP2000.
.
:
y = y
+ 0.0014 ( 1 + 1.5
) + y
( .2, 7 .)
y = y
+ 0.0013 + y
( .3, 7 .)
(.2 .3 .) 1
. 2
Ls, 3
.
.,
Ls=sh=(
)h= M/V (..
), y
, (1/r)y(Ls+Vz)/3, Vz
, z
, aV 1 , VRd1,
,
VMy=My/Ls, 0 .
:
-
h (m) :
(1/r)y y :
fy fc (MPa): ,
5.2.2 5.2.4.1 (m =1.10)
db (m) :
z (m) : , h-2d1=d-d1
, 0.8h
aV : 1 VRd1 < My/Ls, 0.
Ls (m) : /V .
. Ls

.
85
7.2.2. . :
-
, Ls
, Ls = L/2.
, Ls
, Ls = L.
, Ls

, Ls = L/2.
, Ls

, Ls = L/2.
(.2, .3)
. ,

VRd1, , VRd=VRd1+Vwd,
, VRd < VMy=My/Ls,
,
(1/r)y y VRd Ls/My, (7.2.2. .)
( 1/r ).
y, = y, VRd Ls/ My VRd = VRd1 +Vwd
5.2.5.4 u .

u,pl u ..
,
( , 7 .).
.8 .
u
1985
:
u,m = 0.016 (0.3) [
fc] 0.225 (as) 0.35 25
(as fyw/fc)
(1.25 100 d)
(.8, 7 .)
:
-
s = M/Vh = Ls/h .
, : (

) =
86
= /bhfc: (b= ,h , fc
).
s = sx/bwsh:
.
d :
2 :
, s, d=0,
1985
u
0.58 7.2.4.1 ..
u,pl ,
.8 .
u y:
plu,m = u - y. = 0.0145 (0.25) [
] 0.3 (fc)0.2 (as) 0.35 25
(as fyw/fc)
(1.275 100
)
(.8, 7 .)
,
y, u u,pl = u y.
87
5.2.5.5 ..
, 4.4.1.4 ( .4.1) 7.2.3 .,

, eff el (=EcI) ,
(
).
.4.1 .
, . ,
eff = 0.4 el , (/ ) eff = 0.8/0.6 el
(/ ) eff = 0.7/0.5 el.
Ls
.. ( 7.2.2. .)
7.2.3
eff=
SAP2000 ,
.

eff/ el, modifiers moment of inertia around 3.
.4.1
.,
,
,

(I.= 0.5 ., el, = 0.5 el, ).
88
5.3 8

8 (EC8: EN1998-3_June2005)
(Eurocodes 0-9)
. ,
.

.
.
.
,
., EC8
.
ATC-40 (Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings),

( , ADRS
, 5.2.3.3).
5.3.1 8
EC8 (Limit
States of Damage, LS) 2.1
8:
. - Damage Limitation (DL)
,

. , , ,
... ,
. ,
().
. - Significant Damage (SD)
,

. ,
, ,
. ,
.
.
89
. - Near Collapse (ND)

,
,
.

.
, .
.
8

A:
DL:
B:
SD:
NC:
5.5 . C8
8

50 ,

. . ,
EC8 SD:
10% 50 ,
. 1 .
5.3.2 ... EC8
8

..
EC8, (Knowledge Level).
3.3.1 EC8 3.1.
EC8 (3)
- (KL) m
,
, .. 8

:
90
KL1: (Limited)
KL2: (Normal)
KL3: (Full)
CF1 = m1 = 1.35
CF2 = m2 = 1.20
CF3 = m3 = 1.00
3.1 EC8
,
,
KL1: KL2: .
.
... m =1.10
(KL2) m =1.20
fcm = fck +8MPa = 16 + 8 = 24 MPa fcm/ c = 24/1.20 = 20 MPa

fym = fyk
= 400 MPa fym/ s = 400/1.20 = 333.33 MPa
5.3.3 8

, 8

., (..
,
, )

. EC8
, .
5.2.3 .
5.3.4

Sd = Sd S (Sk f) Rd = (1/ Rd) R (Rk m)
.)
( 1, 4
8
( )
. ,
..

8
. .
91
8

DL:
Sd Rd = y
SD:
Sd Rd = 0.75 u
NC:
Sd Rd = u
5.6 8
( )
A:
B:
:
Sd Rd = y
Sd Rd
Sd Rd =
5.7 .

, :
.
, .
. . Rd =1.80 ,
EC8 . , ,
EC8 u el =2.00.
(
SAP2000 pl
y u) .
92
5.3.5
8
.

F-.
EC8
. ,

av: VRd1 < Vy = My/(sh)=y/Ls av=1.
, .

( .).
,
, /
. EC8 (
VRd1 ),
y, u
. EC8.
.

EC8 (EC8: EN1998-3_June2005,
).
5.3.5.1 y EC8
y .3.2.4, EC8
/ ,
. ,
..
y = y
+ 0.0013 ( 1 + 1.5
) + 0.13 y
( .10b, . EC8)
y = y
+ 0.002 ( 1 - 0,125
) + 0.13 y
( .11b, . EC8)
93
:
-
h (m) :
(1/r)y y :
fy fc (MPa): ,
5.3.2 (m =1.20)
db (m) : ()
z (m) : , h-2d1=d-d1
, 0.8h
aV : 1 (VRD1 < Vy
=y/Lv), 0 ( ).
Lv (m) : /V .
Lv=Ls 7.2.2.
..
5.3.5.2 u EC8
u u,pl
.3.2.2, EC8 (.8, .8)
..

,
u EC8.
u,pl = u - y.
Lpl
u :
Lpl = 0.1 Lv + 0.17 h + 0.24
u =
( .5, . EC8)
[ y + (u - y) Lpl ( 1
)]
( .4, . EC8)

:
-
y u :
el = .5 Lpl
2.00.
94
5.3.5.3 ..
., EC8
.. EC8 3, , .3.2.4
(5) .
eff=
Lv
.
. 5.2.5.5 .
5.4 EC8
, 5

, VRd1
EC2.
,

/
.
. (11.1.2)
.:
VRd1 = [ TRd k (1.20 + 40 l ) + 0.15 cp] bw d
( 11.2 )
( KPa, m) :
-
TRd (KPa)= 274 KPa ( C16 - fcm =21.818 MPa)

k = 1.6-d 1.0, d (m)
l =
0.02
Asl= n
-
cp (KPa)=
, Ed (KN) () Ac (m2)
bw (m) =
d (m) = h-d1
( 11.2.3.2)
VRd1 :
(v=Nsd/Acfc > -0.1)
95
:
:
Vcd=0.3VRd1
Vcd=0.25VRd1
(v=Nsd/Acfc < -0.1)

-
:
:
Vcd=0.9VRd1
Vcd=0.7VRd1
VRd1 < My/Ls ( av=1), ( VRd=VRd1+Vwd < My/Ls

y, = y, VRd Ls/ My)

Vwd =
0.9d fywm
( 11.11 )
( KPa, m) :
-
Asw = n ( dbw2)/4 ,
( 8/s 23.140.0082/4= 1 cm2 = 10-4 m2
8/20 - 8/10)
fywm= fywk/1.1= 220/1.1=200MPa
8 2
(EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.2.2(1))
.:
VRd,c = [ CRd,c k (100 l fck)1/3 + k1 cp] bw d
( 6.2a EC2)
VRd,c,min = (vmin + k1 cp) bw d
( 6.2b EC2)
( Pa, mm):
-
CRd (MPa) = 0.18/c=0.18/1.2=0.15

fcm (MPa) = 20 MPa
k = 1+
cp (MPa)=
2.0, d (mm)
< 0.2fcd, Ed (N) () Ac (mm2)

bw (mm) =
d (mm) = h-d1
k1 = 0.15
vmin = 0.035 k3/2 fcm 1/2
EC2.
96
60 : PUSHOVER SAP2000
. 8
,

SAP2000 . 8,

pushover (
, Excel
)
( , ).
6.1

. ( ,
)
, .
, SAP
- (y,
Mu, y, u) ,
Define Frame SectionsModify/Show
SectionSection DesignerShow Moment - Curvature Curve.
,
( )
Define Materials Modify/Show (Switch to Advanced Property Display)
Nonlinear Material Data
, 6.1 6.1.
c = 2%0 cu = 3.5%0 su = 0.02, .
SAP
-
Minimum yield strength fy = 400 MPa

Minimum tensile strength ft = 500 MPa ( )
Expected yield strength fye = 440 MPa

Expected tensile strength fte = 550 MPa
( AISC 341-05, I-6-1: fye = fy Ry, Ry = 1.1)
6.1.
97
6.1
6.1
6.1
SAP2000 ,
Define Frame SectionsSection DesignerDraw Reinforcing
ShapeSingle Bar ( 6.2). ()
,
.
,
(c=0.02m) (w 8=0.008 m) L
() .
d1= c + L/2 + w,
(d) (z) : d = h - d1 z = d - d1 = h - 2
d1.

( ) ,
SAP2000
98
,
.
6.2 SAP
6.2
. EC8
, Excel
y, Mu, y, u
, G+0.3Q
, Define Frame
SectionsModify/Show SectionSection DesignerShow Moment-Curvature Curve ( 6.3).
6.3
:
-
Phi-yield (Initial) y
Phi-Conc. u
M-yield y
M-Conc. u
99
6.3 - SAP
,
. EC8 5
, Excel
y, u, pl
.
100
EC-8
1-
SD-
...
(m)
m=1.10
m=1.20
VRd1
Rd y
Rd y
Rd
Rd 0.75pl
Rd
Rd pl
VRd1 > My/Ls

av=0, av=1
: VRd=VRd1+Vwd < My/Ls

y
VRd1 > My/Lv

av=0, av=1
11.2
6.2a EC2
VRd1 =[TRdk(1.20+40l+0.15cp]bwd
VRd,c = [CRd,ck(100lfcm)1/3 +
k1cp]bwd
.2, .3, .7 .
.10b, A.11b EC8
* :
y = y VR D Ls/My
.8 , . 7 .
.4 EC8 (el=2.00)
u,m = 0.016 (0.3) [

(as)
0.35
25
(as fyw/fc)
fc] 0.225
(1.25
u =
[y +(u-y) Lpl (1
100 d
6.1 . 8
101
)]
SAP2000
(.) /
: DefineSection PropertiesHinge Properties.
M3
P-M2-M3, (
SAP 3)
x y.
,
. , ,
(i=0.001, j=0.999), ,
AssignFrameHinges.
6.4
,
/
/, ,
G+0.3Q ( 6.5).

, 8
..
102
6.5
6.6
103
SAP2000 F- M- (
)
, :
B
C
Mu
My
CD
u,pl
Mres=
0.2Mu
d
u
" "
6.7 -
:
( )

pl = u - y. C8,
(y=0 pl= u) ,
. ,
.
:
Rd = [(u + y)/2] /Rd - y = [(2y+ pl)/2 - y] /Rd = (pl/2)/ Rd
:
Rd = (u )/Rd - y = [(y+ pl) - y] /Rd = pl/ Rd
Rd = 1.80

( 6.8 6.2, 6.3).
104

B
C
Mu
LS
My
CP
IO
CD
u,pl
Mres=
0.2Mu
d
u
" "
6.8 SAP2000
Moment
Rotation
.
Rotation
C8
My ( 1)
Mu ( u/My)
pl/Rd
pl
0.2Mu ( 0.2 u/My)
pl/Rd
pl
0.2Mu ( 0.2 u/My)
3pl/Rd
3pl
6.2 - SAP . EC8
105
Plastic Deformation.
Plastic DeformationEC8
0.5 pl/Rd
0.75 pl
pl/Rd
pl
6.3 SAP . EC8
6.3

. 8
5 .
Excel
.
. EC8.
6.3.1 y, u, pl
. EC8
15
: L=3.65m, h=0.4m, bw=0.4m (Ls = L/2=1.825m)

: fck = 16 MPa, fyk = 400 MPa
: - 618+214 (418+114 )
- 8/10
- c=0.02m
-dbl = 0.016m
d = h - d1 d1= c + L/2 + w, z = d - d1 = h - 2 d1.
o 18
d1 = 0.02+0.016/2+0.008 = 0.036m
d = 0.4-0.036 = 0.364m
z = 0.4-20.036 = 0.328m
106
SAP2000:
- y = 0.00815
- u = 0.033
- y = 76.275 KNm
- u =108.269 m
- = -287.3
fcm = fck + 8MPa = 16 + 8 = 24 MPa
fcm/ c = 24/1.10 = 21.8 MPa
fym = fyk = 400 MPa
fym/ s = 400/1.10 = 363.64 MPa
VRd1 > My/Ls av=0, av=1 :

VRd = VRd1+Vwd < My/Ls , .
():
VRd1 = [TRdk (1.20+40l) +0.15cp] bwd ( KPa-KN-m),
TRd = 274 KPa ( fcm = 21.8 MPa)
k = 1.6-d (m) 1.00 = 1.6-0.364 =1.236
cp (KPa)=
l =
= 287.3/(0.40.4) = 1795.625
0.02 = ((43.140.0182+13.140.0142) /4)/(0.40.364) = 0.008
VRd1 = [2741.236(1.20+400.008)+0.151795.625]0.40.364 = 114.254

VRd1 : v=Nsd/Acfc = -287.3/(0.40.421800) = -0.082 > -0.1
Vcd=0.3VRd1 = 34.276 Vy = y/ Ls = 76.275 /1.825 = 41.78 KN
VRd1 < y/ Ls av=1.
VRd = VRd1+Vwd :
Vwd =
0.9d fywm ( KPa, m)

Asw = n ( dbw2)/4 = 23.140.0082/4= 1 cm2 = 10-4 m2
fywm= fywk/1.1= 220/1.1=200Mpa
107
s = 10cm = 0.1m
Vwd =
0.9d fywm =
0.90.364 200000 = 65.52
VRd = VRd1+Vwd = 34.276 + 65.52 = 100 > 37.6

VRd > y/ Ls (
y)
y = y
+ 0.0014 ( 1 + 1.5
) + y
y=0.00815((1.825+10.328)/3)+0.0014(1+1.50.4/1.825)+0.008150.016363.64/(821.80.5)
=
=0.009
u,m = 0.016 (0.3) [
fc] 0.225 (as) 0.35 25
(as fyw/fc)
(1.25 100 d)
= /bhfc = 0.082
s = M/Vh = Ls/h = 1.825/0.4 = 4.563
=
, = [((43.140.0182+13.140.0142)/4)363.64]/[(0.40.4)21.8] = 0.122
, = [((23.140.0182+13.140.0142)/4)363.64]/[(0.40.4)1.8] = 0.069
s = 0 ( )
d = 0 ( )

u,m = 0.016 (0.30.082) [
21.8] 0.225 (4.563) 0.35 = 0.0434
( 7
.): u,m = 0.047 ()
108
- SAP
pl = u - y = 0.0434 0.009 = 0.0344 Rd = 1.80 pl (/Rd) =0.0191

-
:
:
0.5 pl/Rd = 0.0096

pl/Rd =0.0191
fcm = fck + 8MPa = 16 + 8 = 24 MPa
fcm/ c = 24/1.20 = 20 MPa
fym = fyk = 400 MPa
fym/ s = 400/1.20 = 333.333 MPa

(EC-8):
VRd,c = [CRd,c k (100 l fcm)1/3 + k1 cp] bw d ( Pa-N-mm)
VRd,c,min = (vmin + k1 cp) bw d,
CRd (MPa) = 0.18/c=0.18/1.2=0.15
fcm (MPa) = 20 MPa
k = 1+
= 1+
= 1.741
l (l = 0.008)
cp (MPa)=
= 1.7956 MPa
k1 = 0.15
vmin = 0.035 k3/2 fcm 1/2 = 0.36
VRd1 = [0.15 1.741 (1000.008 20)1/3 + 0.151.7956]400364 = 135.22
VRd1 VRd,c,min = (0.36 + 0.151.7956) 400364 = 91.581
VRd1 : v=Nsd/Acfc = -287.3/(0.40.420000) = -0.09 > -0.1
Vcd=0.3VRd1 = 40.566 Vy = y/ Ls = 76.275 /1.825 = 41.78 KN
109
VRd1 < y/ Ls av=1.

VRd = VRd1+Vwd :
0.9d fywm ( KPa, m)
Vwd =

Asw = n ( dbw2)/4 = 23.140.0082/4= 1 cm2 = 10-4 m2
fywm= fywk/1.2= 220/1.2=183333 MPa
s = 10cm = 0.1m
Vwd =
0.9d fywm =
0.90.364 183333 = 60.1
VRd = VRd1+Vwd = 40.556 + 60.1 = 100.66 > 41.78

VRd > y/ Ls (
y)
y = y
+ 0.0013 ( 1 + 1.5
) + 0.13 y
y=0.0037((3.56+00.628)/3)+0.0013(1+1.50.7/3.56)+0.130.00370.016363.64/(21.80.5)=
=0.0088
Lpl = 0.1 Lv + 0.17 h + 0.24
u =
(1-
[ y + (u - y) Lpl ( 1
= 0.1 1.825+ 0.170.4 + 0.24
)] =
= 0.537m
[ 0.0088 + (0.033 - 0.00815) 0.537
) ] = 0.0101
110
- SAP
pl = u - y = 0.0101 0.0088 = 0.0013

u, pl . EC8 :
. Rd = 1.80
pl , EC8 u (el
=2.00).

-
:
:
0.75 pl = 0.001
pl =0.0013
15 .
EC8
.
EC-8
y
0.009
0.0088
u
0.0434
0.0101

0.5 pl/Rd / 0.75 pl
0.096
0.001

pl/Rd / pl
0.0191
0.0013
6.4 15 . EC8

7 . (
15 A ).
: L=2.88m, h=0.6m, bw=0.2m ( Ls = L/2=1.44m)

: - 518 (318 , 218 )
- 8/20
- c=0.02m
-dbl = 0.018m
d = h - d1 d1= c + L/2 + w, z = d - d1 = h - 2 d1.
5
111
d1 = 0.02+0.018/2+0.008 = 0.037m
d = 0.6-0.037 = 0.563m
z = 0.6-20.037 = 0.526m
SAP2000:
- y = 0.0047
- u = 0.053
- y = 149.527 KNm
- u = 167.896 m
- = 0
.
fcm = fck + 8MPa = 16 + 8 = 24 MPa
fcm/ c = 24/1.10 = 21.8 MPa
fym = fyk = 400 MPa
fym/ s = 400/1.10 = 363.64 MPa

():
VRd1 =[TRdk(1.20+40l)+0.15cp]bwd ( KPa-KN-m),
TRd = 274 KPa ( fcm = 21.8 MPa)
k = 1.6-d (m) 1.00 = 1.6-0.563=1.037
cp (KPa)=
=0
l, =
0.02 = (33.140.0182 /4)/(0.20.563) = 0.0068
l, =
0.02 = (23.140.0182 /4)/(0.20.563) = 0.0045

, ,
( ).

( ,
).
VRd1 = 2741.037(1.20+400.0045+0.150]0.20.563 = 44.15
VRd1 : v=Nsd/Acfc = 0 > -0.1
112
Vcd=0.3VRd1 = 13.245 Vy = y/ Ls = 149.527/1.44 =103.84 KN

VRd1 < y/ Ls av=1.
VRd = VRd1+Vwd :
0.9d fywm ( KPa, m)
Vwd =

Asw = n ( dbw2)/4 = 23.140.0082/4= 1 cm2 = 10-4 m2
fywm= fywk/1.1= 220/1.1=200MPa
s = 20cm = 0.2m
Vwd =
0.9d fywm =
0.90.563 200000 = 50.67
VRd = VRd1+Vwd = 13.245 + 50.67 = 64 < Vy = y/ Ls =103.84 KN

VRd < y/ Ls (
y)
y = y
+ 0.0014 ( 1 + 1.5
) + y
y=0.0047((1.44+10.526)/3)+0.0014(1+1.50.6/1.44)+0.00470.018363.64/(821.80.5)=
=0.0062
y = y VR Ls/My = (0.0062 64 1.44)/ 149.527 = 0.0038
u,m = 0.016 (0.3) [
fc] 0.225 (as) 0.35 25
(as fyw/fc)
(1.25 100 d)
= /bhfc = 0
s = M/Vh = Ls/h = 1.44/0.6 = 2.4
=
113
, = [(33.140.0182 /4) 363.64]/[(0.20.6)21.8] = 0.106

, = [(23.140.0182 /4) 363.64]/[(0.20.6)21.8] = 0.0707
s = 0 ( )
d = 0 ( )

u,m = 0.016 (0.30) [
21.8] 0.225 (2.4) 0.35 = 0.0397
- SAP
pl = u - y = 0.0397 0.0038 = 0.0359 Rd = 1.80 pl (/Rd) =0.02

-
:
:
0.5 pl/Rd = 0.01

pl/Rd =0.02
fcm = fck + 8MPa = 16 + 8 = 24 MPa
fcm/ c = 24/1.20 = 20 MPa
fym = fyk = 400 MPa
fym/ s = 400/1.20 = 333.333 MPa
VRd1 < My/Ls av=1,

av=0.
(EC-8):
VRd,c = [CRd,c k (100 l fcm)1/3 + k1 cp] bw d ( Pa-N-mm)
VRd,c,min = (vmin + k1 cp) bw d,
CRd (MPa) = 0.18/c=0.18/1.2=0.15
fcm (MPa) = 20 MPa
114
k = 1+
= 1+
= 1.596
l (l = 0.0045)
cp (MPa)=
=0
k1 = 0.15
vmin = 0.035 k3/2 fcm 1/2 = 0.3156
VRd1 = [0.15 1.596 (1000.0045 20)1/3 + 0.150]200563 = 56.145

VRd1 VRd,c,min = (0.3156 + 0.150) 200563 = 35.6
VRd1 : v=Nsd/Acfc = 0 > -0.1
Vcd=0.3VRd1 = 16.844 Vy = y/ Ls = 149.527/1.44 =103.84 KN
VRd1 < y/ Ls av=1.
VRd = VRd1+Vwd :
Vwd =
0.9d fywm ( KPa, m)

Asw = n ( dbw2)/4 = 23.140.0082/4= 1 cm2 = 10-4 m2
fywm= fywk/1.2= 220/1.2=183333 MPa
s = 20cm = 0.2m
Vwd =
0.9d fywm =
0.90.563 183333 = 46.67
VRd = VRd1+Vwd = 16.844 + 46.67 = 63.514 < 103.84
VRd < y/ Ls ( . EC8

y)
y = y
+ 0.0013 ( 1 + 1.5
) + 0.13 y
y=0.0047((1.44+10.526)/3)+0.0013(1+1.50.6/1.44)+0.130.018363.64/(21.80.5)=0.006
115
Lpl = 0.1 Lv + 0.17 h + 0.24
u =
[ y + (u - y) Lpl ( 1
) ] = 0.014
= 0.1 1.44 + 0.170.6 + 0.24

)] =
= 0.568m
[ 0.006 + (0.053 - 0.0047) 0.568 ( 1
- SAP
pl = u - y = 0.014 0.006 = 0.008

u, pl . EC8 :
. Rd = 1.80
pl , EC8 u (el =2.00).

-
:
:
0.75 pl = 0.006
pl =0.008
1 . EC-8
y
. 0.00620.0038
0.006
EC-8
u
0.0397
0.014

0.5 pl/Rd / 0.75 pl
0.01
0.006

pl/Rd / pl
0.02
0.008
6.5 1 . EC8
116
6.3.2 . EC8
2
,
, 0-3%. ,
av=1 /
/ .
8 , .
, (y = y VRD Ls/My)
.
,
.

y
( 3-4 )
. EC8. ,
u EC8 (.4)
. ( .8)
., el=2.00
. , . Rd=1.80
. ,

.
EC8. ( pl)
10-3 . (pl/Rd) 10-2.
(10-2), .
.
, / (
=
2) . (
VRd < My/Ls ). , ( 2)

,
(2) (18 ),
(5) ( 1.2 ) (19) .
.
, A
, .
( 7 .) :
y, Mu, y, u SAP2000 .
, .
.
.
117
6.4 SAP

SAP2000, ,
.
6.4.1
5.2.3.2 , (8)
( 6.6), ,
X,-X, Y -Y .
/
-Y
-Y
-Y
6.6
6.10, 6.11
Define Load CasesNonlinear Load CasePushover Case
(Loads Applied):
Acceleration (UX, -UX, UY, -UY)

(EXSTAT, -EXSTAT, EYSTAT, - EYSTAT)
(Mode 2 Mode 3) .

G+0.3Q NONLINEAR ( 6.9),

. 6.12, 6.12 6.12

(Load Application-Results Saved-Nonlinear Parameters).
118
6.9 G+0.3Q NONLINEAR
6.10
119
6.11
( )
6.12, 6.12
6.12 .
0.5m ( ,
)
164 ( 1.2)
, ..

.
120
6.12 :
(Restart
Using Secant Stiffness) ,

(
SAP2000). , total
null steps. 1000 200 null.
6.12
121
6.4.2
(12)

( X,-X, Y -Y),
. 8, (24)
5.2.3.2 .

, ,
x y,

.
.
,
,
. .
,
G+0.3Q NONLINEAR,
, ,
- ( 6.13).
.. , (4)
.
6.13 G+0.3Q NONLINEAR
122

, .

.
/:
,
.
1.35G+1.5Q
.

.. ( ),
.

10cm.

, - 0.6,
0.8 . EC-8.
,

.
,
q=5KN/m2,

(16 2)
,
G+0.3Q NONLINEAR,
.
, , ,

. ( )
SAP
ATC-40.
. ,
,
ATC-40.
. V-d (164)
.
. .

( ) .
123
( - )

(. 8) (
).
6.4.2.1 . EC8
, -, -
.
. EC8
6 7 ( 15 23 )

, 6.14 6.14.
.

.
309 , 298
: 596 .
6
.
7
6
EC8
7
AtoB
283
269
286
276

0
1
1
1
113
126
109
119
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CtoD
DtoE
BeyondE
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
396
396
396
396
6.7
396 , 15
.

.
pl
. 8,
( ). ,
EC8 .,
, ..
124
6.14 .
6.14 8
125
6.15 6.15
: . EC8
t=2.9cm.
:
(Capacity)
, V-d.

ADRS. (Demand)
SAP ATC-40,
.
6.15 . X
126
6.15 EC8 X
, V-d
SAP (File )
( 6.16) . EC8.
.
8, ,
0.08m .
V (KN)
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
EC-8
500
0
-0,02
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
M d (m)
6.16 . C8
127
6.17 17 .
6.17 17 EC-8
128
17
, . EC-8.
3
.
6.18 3
.
6.18 3 EC-8
129
6.4.2.2 . EC8
, -, -
-.
. EC8
3 4 ( 20 9 )

, 6.19 6.19.
6.8

.
3
.
4
3
EC8
4
AtoB
288
278
294
274

0
0
0
0
108
118
102
122
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CtoD
DtoE
BeyondE
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
396
396
396
396
6.8
6.19 .
130
6.19 8
6.20 6.20
: . EC8
t=1cm.
6.20 . X
131
6.20 EC8 X
6.21 . EC8.
, 8
..
-
V (KN)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
EC-8
400
200
0
-0,02
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
d (m)
6.21 . C8 -
132
6.4.3
,
( ) ,
( 6.22 6.23)
. 8,

.
.
5000
V (KN)

4000
3000
2000
1000
-0,05
0
-1000
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
d (m)
6.22 (8)
.
V (KN)
EC8
-0,05
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500 0

-

-

-
0,05
0,1
0,15
d (m)
0,2
6.23 (8) EC8
133
( )
. 8.
(
4-6% )
,
,
.

EC8, .,
.

,
.
( )
. 8,
( G+0.3Q

).
134
7 :

, , 1991.
1954 1985
, .
,
( , , ,
10-20cm ).
( , ,
)
,
, .
8.

1=0.82s x,2=0.72s
x 3=0.66s y.
G+0.3Q 1.35G+1.5Q
,
.

(2000)
90% ,
(67) .

,
.
,

.
(
).
...
... ( 20-45%). ..
.. , ( ) ...
, ,
(V2-M3 V3-M2, ) ...
...
20-35%.
... ( ... ux =
1.5 cm uy = 1.8 cm ... ux = 1 cm uy = 0.75 cm).

.
135

, PEER

Seismosignal.
:
,
PEER.
PEER
,
,

.
PEER (3)
( Chi-Chi , 6.2 )
1.00, 1.4 0.855.
,
, , 30-40%
ux = 2.34 cm uy = 2.3 cm.

(pushover).
, ,
, . 8.
,
,
( ) ,
( )
.
. EC-8
.

, (...)
/
( ) m = 1.10
m = 1.20 . (
)
:
.
(
),
(0.75 u) .
. Rd =1.80 ,
EC8 ,
u (el =2.00).
. EC-8
(y , u
136
pl u - y). EC-8
:
., ,
.,
(
),
.
8. :
y 3 4 , u 10-2
25% . pl
10-3 . (pl/Rd)
10-2. (10-2), .
.

7 .
SAP2000.

.
, .
.

( Pushover) :
(
)
. 0.5m.
:
, -, ( ) . EC-8.
(
)

.
( ) :
.

.
2.9 cm
1500 KN.
:
(
4-6% )
,
,
.
137

EC8, .,
.
( )
. 8,
.

.

,

.
138

, 1945.
, .. 10-12-1945,
, 1954.
(), .. 18-2-1954,
, 1959. , ..
19/26- 2-1959,
...., , ,
., 2009.
, .. ., 2009,
., .., .., 2008.

, 30
, 2008
., 2011. , 2011,
http://geolokarta.blogspot.gr/search/label/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%
B1
., 2011.
, ..., 2011,
...., 2005. (2000),

...., 2006. (2000),
...., 2011. (.),
.., 2010. , ..., 2010,
. ., 1996.

, , - 1996.
, 1985. 1985, 2/01/94/275/30-91985, 587//85,
139
., 2010.
, ..., 2010,

ATC-40, 1996. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Volume 1, Applied
Technology Council, November 1996, California.
Computers and Structures INC., 2005. CSI Analysis Reference Manual for SAP2000, October
2005, Berkeley, California.
Eurocode 2, 2004. EC-2: Design of Concrete Buildings Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules
for Buildings, EN1992-1-1_2004
Eurocode 8, 2005. EC-8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance Part 3:
Assessment and Retrofitting of Buildings, EN1998-3_June2005
PEER, 2011. PEER Ground Motion Database User Manual, Pacific Earthquake Engineering
Research Center, November 2011
http://peer.berkeley.edu/peer_ground_motion_database/peer_ground_motion_databas
e_users_manual.pdf
http://peer.berkeley.edu/peer_ground_motion_database.
140
: 7
.

7 .
(My
y) .
7 . , , ,
... b.
yd, y .
(.3).
, :
(1/r)y =
fy
E s (1 y )d
(.1)
-
( c1.8fc/Ec), :
(1/r)y =
c
1.8f c
yd Ec yd
(.2)
(1/r)y .(.1), (.2).
, y, d, :
y ( 2 A 2 2B)1/ 2 A
(.3)
=Es/Ec A, B . (.4) (.5),

:
. :
A = + '+ v +
N
,
bdf y
N
B = + ' '+0,5 v (1 + ') +
bdf y
(.4)
141
. :
A ' v
N
N
' v
c E s bd
1.8 bdfc
B ' '0.5 v 1 '

(.5)
. (.4) (.5), , ' v ,
( bd), '=d'/d, d'
, b
N ( ).
, y :
1 / r y E c
3
bd
My
2y
0.5(1 ' ) y
2
3
E
(1 y ) ( y ' )' v (1 ' ) (1 ' ) s

6
2
(.6)
. (.1)-(.5) -
:
:
(1/r)y=1,77fy/Esh
(.7)
(1/r)y=1,55fy/Esd
(.7)
:
(1/r)y=1,44fy/Esh
(.8)
(1/r)y=1,36fy/Esd
(.8)
142
15
, y, Mu, y, u
SAP2000.
: L=3.65m, h=0.4m, bw=0.4m (Ls = L/2=1.825m)
: - 618+214 (418+114 )
- 8/10
- c=0.02m
-dbl = 0.016m
d = h - d1 d1= c + L/2 + w, z = d - d1 = h - 2 d1.
o 18
d1 = 0.02+0.016/2+0.008 = 0.036m
d = 0.4-0.036 = 0.364m
z = 0.4-20.036 = 0.328m
SAP2000:
- y = 0.00815
- u = 0.033
- y = 76.275 KNm
- u =108.269 m
- = -287.3
.1 Excel
y My.
.
-
y = 0.0075
y = 184.178 KNm
.2 Excel
y, u pl , y My
SAP2000 7 ..
.,
8 u Mu,
..
143
..

M
.
.
.
fc,m (MPa)
fy,m (MPa)
Es (MPa)
Ec (MPa)
= Es/Ec
L (m)
b (m)
h (m)
d1=d' (m)
d (m)=h-d1
'=d'/d
N (kN)
21.818
363.636
200000
29000
6.897
3.65
0.4
0.4
0.036
0.364
0.0989
287.3
(cm^2)
n1
4
2
0
0.0080
0.0046
0.0000
418+114
218+114
0
=s/bd
'=As'/bd
v
1
0.018
0.018
0
n2
1
1
0
2
0.014
0.014
0
As (m^2)
0.001171
0.000663
0
y
y= ((^2)*(^2)+2**)^0.5-*
) :
=+'++ /b*d*fy
0.0180
=+''+0.5*(1+')+ /b*d*fy
0.0139
y=
0.3312
y=
0.0075
y= fy/(Es*(1-y)*d)
) :
=+'+ - /b*d*c*Es
A+'+ -/b*d*1.8fc
0.0053
B=+''+0.5*(1+')
B=
0.0085
y=
0.3076
y=
0.0121
y=MIN (y, ; y,)
0.0075
y= y
0.3312
My= (.6) . (kNm)
184.178
y= c/y*d=1.8fc/Ec*y*d
.1: y My 7 .
144
n1
1
SAP2000
7A KAN.E
15
15
As
As'
40
40
0.001171 0.000663 0.00815

0.001171 0.000663 0.0075
618+214
618+214
4
4
0.018
0.018
n'1
'1
n2
1
1
0.014
0.014
bw (m)
h (m)
d(m)
0.033
0
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.364
0.364
2
2
0.016
0.016
av
as=Ls/h
N (kN)
'
max
1.825
1.825
0.328
0.328
1
1
4.563
4.563
287.3
287.3
0.082
0.082
0.1220
0.1220
0.0690
0.0690
0.5657
0.5657
um
My
VRd (kN)
y*
pl
0.0090
0.0084
0.0434
0.0434
76.275
184.178
100.111
100.111
0.0090
0.0083
0.0344
0.0350
Mu/My
0.2*Mu/My
pl/Rd
76.275
184.178
108.269
0
1.419
0.000
0.284
36.836
0.0191
0.0195
3*pl/Rd 0.5*pl/Rd
0.0573
0.0584
0.0096
0.0097
.2 Excel 15
SAP2000
7
.
y
0.00815
0.0075
y
76.275 (u=108.27)
184.178
y
0.009
0.0083
u
0.0434
0.0434
0.014
0.014
363.636
363.636
z(m)
Mu
1
1
fym (Mpa) fcm (Mpa)
Ls = l/2
My
'2
0.018
0.018
Ac=b*h dbl (m)

0.16
0.16
n'2
pl
0.0344
0.035
.1 ,
SAP2000 7 .
, . ,
,

SAP2000.
145
21.818
21.818
146

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-

Figure 1: 3-D Model of Building in SAP2000

Design Spectrum (K)

= 0.16g design ground acceleration for Greek seismic zone II

Table 1: Modes and Periods from Modal Analysis

Figure 3: Acceleration Time Series Recorded in Chi-Chi Earthquake

EAK Target Spectrum

Initial Response Spectrum (SF=1.00)

Scaled Response Spectrum (SF=1.41)

In Chapter 5, the basic principles of both assessment of carrying capacity and

SD: Significant Damage

NC: Near Collapse

Table 7: Performance Criteria of a Building According to KAN.EPE and Eurocode 8

CONTROL CRITERIA FOR KAN.EPE

CONTROL CRITERIA FOR EUROCODE 8

Limit State of Damage

deformed in such way as not surpass the target limit Rd=d=

0.75 u for EC-8.

Figure 5: Ideal Capacity Curve of Structural Elements

The ductility criterion as given by KAN.EPE has two expressions:

u,m = 0.016 (0.3) [

(el=2.00 and Lpl=0.1 Lv + 0.17 h + 0.24

Table 10: Expressions of Chord Rotations According to KAN.EPE and Eurocode 8

SAP2000 Plastic Deformation.

Two analytical examples of computing the plastic deformations (chord rotations y, u

as opposed to the of the failure

BtoIO IOtoLS LStoCP CPtoC

Table 12: Total Sum and Performance Levels of Plastic Hinges

Base Shear Force V (KN)

Capacity Curve - EC8

Top Displacement d (m)

5.3.5.1 y EC8 ..................................... 93

1 2 0.10 0.40 sec

Period SumUX SumUY SumUZ

3.2, 3.3 3.4

(G+0.3Q). 3.4.2 [1]

3.2.2 ... SAP2000

G + 0.3Q EXSTAT 0.3EYSTAT (COMB1-4)

Define Load Patterns EXSTAT User

3.6 ... SAP2000

DefineLoad PatternsEXSTAT User

3.7 ... SAP2000

Base shear Coefficient, C EXSTAT EYSTAT

TABLE: Auto Seismic Loads To Horizontal Diaphragm

3.3.1 (.. ...)

1.2 (18021020) (59)

(%) 28.23506 -25.07 1.092948

3.9 1.2 ( 59)

7.13 -19.17 -148.1

-688.352 10.098 -26.358

(%) 18.31152 -22.1595 -23.948 -34.4107 -24.7925 -37.3428

(%) 19.14037 -18.4639 -35.7369 -34.3543 -31.7062 -18.211

4.2.1 (Unscaled Records)

G + 0.3Q TH-X 0.3TH-Y (COMB1-4)

467.591 -21.7321 1570.651 1654.687

475.177 775.274 -14.7975 2918.703 2131.545

.. -. 2 -3858.06 -415.095 607.015 -10.4527

-8.8578 1388.051 1245.893

463.634 -10.8244 -1816.19

4.2 ..., ... ... 1.2

-9.21555 -38.5215 -28.3987 4.422845 -69.7087 -38.9806

4.22 K1.2 TH-X

4.23 V2 ] K1.2 TH-X