From: The Department of Technology,

the Royal Dental College,

Copenhagen, Denmark.
STUDY OF THE SETTING EXPANSION
OF GYPSUM
bU
KNUD DREYER JBRGESSEN
The present investigation is a continuation of the authors
previous studies of the setting expansion of gypsum (Jbrgensen
& Posner, 1959; Jbrgensen, 1960, 1961). The purpose was to find
a basic explanation of the empirical fact that the setting expan-
sion of gypsum can be influenced, to a material degree, by a
number of factors, such as addition of chemicals to the slurry of
plaster and water, prolongation of mixing time, or introduction
of insoluble, chemically inactive powders.
Earlier studies by other authors have shown that the morpho-
logy of gypsum crystals is changed when they form and grow in
different solutions (Muthis, 1919; Weiser & Morelund, 1932;
Tschepelewetzki & Jewslina, 1938; Andrews, 1951 ; McCartney &
Alexunder, 1958, and others). It has been suggested that there
may be a regular relationship between crystal shape and setting
expansion (Andrews, 1951; Jbrgensen & Posner, 1959) ; the
validity of this hypothesis will be considered subsequently. The
experimental work is divided into two main sections, viz. meas-
urement of the setting expansion, and a metric examination of
This investigation was supported, in part, by a research grant, D-842, t o
the Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, from the National Institute of Dental
Research, U. S. Public Health Service.
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220 KNUD DItEPI;IL J$5IiGENSEN
the inorphology of gypsutii crystals formed and grown under
conditions t o be specified.
The setting expansion was iiieasurcd with a Mtihr di d gauge,
which perinits readings to an accuracy of f one iiiicron; the pres-
sure of the dial gauge was approx. 50 g. This pressure was distri-
buted over the expanding gypsum by nieans of a circular brass
plate, 20 niiii in diaineter and 2 inin thick.
The gypsuin used in the tests was Merck's precipitated cal-
cium sulfate pro analysis (CaS04 - 2H20; molecular weight,
172.18). This gypsuiii was partially dehydrated in shallow glass
dishes by 24 hours' heating in a therinostat oven at a temperature
of 123 f 3' C. .4fter the dehydration the dishes with the plaster
were kept :it rooin temperature for 24 hours to eliminate any
soluble anhydrite which inight be present, and the final pre-
paration was stored in sealed bottles. Analyses of the hemihydrate
so obtained revealed a content of crystal water which was equi-
valent, with a ~i i ;i si i i i u~~i inaccuracy of 0.1 %, to the forinula
The cylindrical test s:imples were prepared by pouring the
spatulated plaster into cylinders of thin paper. Measureinents
were started as soon as the plaster mix was able to resist the
dial gauge pressure, and were continued for one hour after start
of mixing, i.e. until the gradient of the expansion curve had be-
conie insignificant.
In the nornial tests 2.5 g of plaster were mixed with 25 in1 of
water by :I standardized hand spatulation for 30 seconds. The
test specimen was covered with water before it became hygro-
scopic to avoid the influence of possibly varying capillary forces
on the expinsion (cf. Jbrgensen, 1960). A number of ten tests
gave a mean value of 0.44 Ch with variations not exceeding f
0.02 % . For nieasureinenfs carried out by this method such varia-
tions are in good agreement with previous experience.
To determine the significance of possible s y s t e 111 a t i L: e r-
r o I' s the effect of the following factors on the expansion was
examined.
CaSOd - % HrO.
I. .Wiring l i me
These tests were conducted without hygroscopic expinsion.
Spatulation varied between 30 and 300 seconds. There was not
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SETTINQ EXPANSION OF GYPSUM 229
enough time to place the long-stirred mixes (4 and 5 minutes)
in paper cylinders, so in such cases the measurements were taken
on free test specimens. The experiments were carried out with
plaster of the same batch and burning, but of different age
reckoned from the burning, uiz. approximately one week and
three months, respectively. The results appear in Table 1 and
Figs. 1 and 2.
Table 1
Setting Expansion of the Gypsum as affected by Spatulation Time and Age.
Stirring
I
30
I 6o
I 90
120
150
1 180
I 200
; 230
I
-
Expansion %
-. - _.
One week old I Three months old
0.264.28-0.24-0.24-0.25
0.25--0.26-0.25
0.40-0.44-0.43
0.69-0.66-0.67
0.$54.98-0.%3
0.36-0.36-0.37
0.41-0.40-0.40
0.60--0.57-0.57
1.20-1.17-1.24
1.51-1.63-1.56
240 1.60-1.65-1.57
! ____ . 1 . - - - '
The results of these tests show that the spatulation time does
not affect the amount of expansion for plaster which is about
one week old after the burning, if it is not stirred beyond 90
seconds. Fig. 2 is a semi-logarithmic representation of the same
experimental data as those shown in Fig. 1, lower curve, and
shows that after an initial period of just under two minutes the
logarithm of the expansion is proportional to the mixing time.
It is highly probable that the findings are related to the amount,
size, and shape of the dihydrate nuclei present in the plaster.
Since these factors may vary much with the brands, it must be
stressed that the findings apply only to the material used in these
tests.
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230
0 see.
Fig. 1. The influence of the mising time upon the sctting expansion. Lower
cur ve: the plaster one \wek old after the burning. Lpper cur ve: the plaster
three months old after the t)urning.
2. Ilnrter/ri~nler ratin
These experiiiients were made without hygroscopic expansion
and the mixing proportion was varied hetween 22% and 35 g of
powder per 2,5 id of witer. The results are given in Table 2 and
Fig, 3.
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SETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM
log [ %Exp. x l o]
- .
Grams plaster/25 ml water
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 :
Setting expansion %
23 1
10 sec.
Fig. 2. The same curve as the lower curve in Figure 1, but in semi-
logarithmic presentation.
I
35 I 0.42-0.42-0.41
0.39-0.39
0.34-0.36
0.28-0.31
30
25 0.25-0.25
0.18-4.18-0.17
aa%
i
32%
2734
I
I _ -
~- .-
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232 KSUD DRETEll JgRCEh'SEX
I t is :iyparent from these ineasureiiients that proportioning has
a considerable influence on the expansion. On the other hand,
this need not produce systematic errors if weighing and measur-
ing are carried out with accuracy.
Exp %
2fml
YO
Fig. 3. The influelice of the proportion hemihydrute/waler upmi t he
setting expansion.
3. Temprrdarc
Apparatus and materials were placed in cold chamber or hot
chaiiiber at constant temperatures at which the experiments were
carried out, see Table 3.
Table 3
Inllrtence nf the Tempercititre on the Seffi ng Expnnsion.
__. ___ -. __ _ _ ._ - ~-
I
I
Temperature C" Setting expansion %
3 0.53-0.55
16 0.47-0.49
22 0.44-0.41
37 0.30-0.31
-. - ..-__--____ ____
The temperature need not be 8 source of error, provided the
1nbor:itory temperature can be kept reasonably const :in t .
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SE'Pl'ING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM 233
4. Paper matrix
The tests were made on specimens of about the same size,
partly with and partly without paper matrix, partly in air and
partly under hygroscopic conditions. Table 4 shows the results.
Table 4
Effect of the Matrix on the Setting Expansion in %.
Setting in air
i With matrix Without matrix With matrix Without matrix I
Setting nnder water
I
I 0.25-0.25-0.25 0.32--0.31--0.30 O. W. 4 4 - 0 . 4 4 0. 46-Q. 44-0. 45
I
In the experimental investigation of the influence exerted upon
the setting expansion by the factors mentioned in the introduc-
tion, the following precautions were taken against systematic
errors, (1Y the same batch of hemihydrate was used in all the
tests, (2) the experiments ran for about two weeks, and were
carried out with hemihydrate burned approximately one week
before the tests started, (3) stirring was as nearly standardized
as possible and lasted for 30 seconds, (4) to avoid appreciable
errors due to proportioning the hemihydrate was weighed with
an accuracy of k 5 mg, while the water phase was measured with
an accuracy of f 0.1 ml, ( 5 ) the temperature was 22 f 2" C in all
the experiments, except in some cases where the tests were
planned at higher or lower temperatures; in the low-temperature
tests the temperature was 3 f 1" C, while it was 37 f 0.2" C in
those at the higher temperature, (6) the matrix was standardized
in all the tests; a few experimental series with accelerators, in
which the setting proceeded very rapidly, were run without
matrix; the resulting inaccuracy is considered to be without in-
fluence on the conclusions.
The additives used in investigating the effect of different
soluble substances on the setting expansion were chemical re-
agents; the gelatin used was Difco's Bacto-Gelatin for microbio-
logical procedures. Of these substances solutions of certain con-
centrations were prepared and used for stirring with hemi-
hydrate. Three expansion tests were made for each solution; the
variations in the experimental results were very small in all the
17 - Acta odont. scand. Vol. 21.
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234 KNUD DREYER JfiRGENSEN
cases, and did not exceed 5 0.02 %. The findings are listed in
Table 5.
Expansion tests were also made with hemihydrate which had
been further coiiiiiiinuted by five minutes grinding in a large
porcelain mortar after the burning.
The investigation of the effect of cheniically inactive powder
on the setting expansion was carried out with pulverized pumice,
which was mixed with the hemihydrate powder. The test speci-
mens were prepared with such a quantity of water that the
amount of hemihydrate per unit voluine of the mixture was the
same as in the experiments with pure hemihydrate. In the pumice
powder tests 10 g of this powder was added to the usual 25 g
sample of hemihydrate. As the former has a specific gravity of
2.27 g/cc, and thus occupies 4.4 cc, the whole mixture required
25 less 4.4 = 20.6 cc of water. The pumice powder was divided
into three grain-size fractions, viz. one fraction below 20 p, one
between 20 and 35 ,ti , and one above 35 p. The expansion found
for the three fractions was 2.05, 1.48, and 0.90 %, respectively,
i.e. a considerable increase on the 0.44 % for pure hemihydrate.
INVESTIGATION OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE DIHFDRATE CRYSTALS
During the preliminary investigation of the morphology of
microscopic gypsum crystals formed and grown in different solu-
tions, it was observed that as a rule they retained their typical
inonoclinic foriii with constant angles between the various faces
and with development of the saiiie faces (110, 111, and 010).
Further it could be noted that the proportion between the a and
the b diiiiensions (breadth and thickness of the crystals) was
without great variations, while the c dimension (length) and the
proportion between the a and the c dimension varied to a marked
degree.
So it became clear that the investigation had to be directed
towards dimensions and proportions of the crystals, and that it
was therefore essential to secure so many single crystals in each
inicropreparation that the data obtained by the measurements
could be subjected to statistical treatment.
A number of attempts to obtain satisfactory preparations made
it clear that the main difficulties would be to eliminate various
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SETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM 235
germ-producing factors which were not characteristic of the pre-
paration concerned, and to keep the concentration of the dis-
solved crystal modifier reasonably constant. The final prepara-
tions were made as follows. Ordinary microscope slides and cover
glasses were thoroughly cleaned and polished. Then they were
boiled in demineralized water for about an hour, care being taken
that the glasses did not touch each other or the boiling vessel.
After boiling they were washed in alcohol and ether, and stored
dust proof until use. They were handled in such a way that those
areas of the glasses which would get in contact with the gypsum
preparations were not touched. When the solutions of crystal
growth modifiers had been prepared, a drop of a standardized
size (approx. 35 mg) was placed on the slide together with
approx. 1 mg of hemihydrate powder. By means of a corner of
the cover glass, solution and powder were mixed, the cover glass
was put in place, and the preparation sealed up with Canada bal-
sam dissolved in xylene.
Measurements and photographs of any one preparation were
taken within a few days of its completion. The single crystals
were measured in Reicherts Visopan microscope (Fig. 4) with
a linear magnification of 500. The crystal images were projected
on the ground glass of the microscope and measured directly
there with a millimeter rule. All measurements below 5 mm
(10 p ) were correct to within f 0.25 mm (0.5 p ) ; measurements
from 5-10 mm (10-20 p ) , to within k 0.5 mm (1 p ) ; and meas-
urements beyond 10 mm (20 p ) , to within f 1 mm (2 p). In order
to ensure a random selection of crystals, measurements were
taken of all the regular single crystals which the movements of
the preparation had placed, wholly or partly, inside the circle
drawn on the ground glass.
Before being measured all the preparations were inspected in
a Leitz Panphot microscope in polarized light. This examination
showed that for a few preparations there was a tendency in the
peripheral areas with relatively low concentration of calcium
sulfate to develop atypical crystal proportions (the proportion
c/a, unusually small) during crystal growth; such zones were
avoided when the measurements were taken. In the denser areas
of the preparations, on the other hand, the concentration could
not be seen to affect the crystal shape. A few preparations had
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236
KXUD DRBTER JBROESSES
Pig. 4. lleichcrts Visopan microscope which was used in measuring the
crystals. (Courtesy of C. Reichert, Vienna).
zones of minute, closely packed crystals, probably formed at
places where the corner of the cover glass had scraped against
the object glass when mixing was performed.
The majority of single crystals in nearly all the preparations
were orientated with the b axis parallel to the optical axis of the
microscope. It was therefore natural t o measure the c axis di-
mension (crystal length! as the length of one side of the paral-
lelograinshaped profile of the crystal ; further the crystal breadth
was measured as the dimension in the a-c plane at right angZes
to the c axis (i.e. not parallel to the a axis).
As already pointed out the greater number of the preparations
did not display visible differences in the proportion between a
and b axis dimensions. It is therefore possible metrically to ex-
press the end surface area, the end surface periphery, and the
volume of a crystal by means of symbols, which can be calculated
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SETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM 237
from the two measurements, and the magnitude of which is pro-
portional to the true values for the abovementioned three pro-
perties. If the end surface area of a crystal is understood to mean
the area of the projection of the crystal on a plane at right angles
to the c axis, this area may be expressed by the square of the
breadth since this product i s proportional to the true end surface
area. In the same way, the end surface periphery may be defined
as the periphery of the projection of the crystal on a plane at
right angles to the c axis, this periphery becomes proportional
to the breadth and may therefore be expressed by it. Further, the
true volume of the crystal becomes proportional to t he product
of the breadth to the second power and the length, and hence it
may be expressed by means of this product.
After the deliberations following measurement of the dimen-
sions of the many single crystals it was decided that only relative
measurements were of interest, and therefore the metric charac-
teristics of the various crystals were expressed as specified.
To examine the accuracy with which measurements of in-
dividual preparations could be reproduced, a total number of 35
crystals were measured for each of three preparations made with
distilled water by the same procedure. For both length and
breadth the mean values (m) and the standard deviations (s)
were calculated with the following results:
S
I m
41.3--40.1-39.1 1 1.33-1.30-1.27
15.4-1 6.1-1 6.0 1 0.75-0.73-0.74
A similar control carried out in a few other cases (0.5 n K2S04;
4 n NaCl; 0.5 n CuSO4; 0.2 $6 gelatine) gave corresponding re-
sults with relatively small variations of the mean values and the
standard deviations for each modifier.
Accordingly the method described was considered dependable
and well suited for obtaining a metric expression for the effect
of growth modifiers on gypsum crystals. This impression was
further strengthened during measurement of the various prepara-
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:::I;:
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26 I127
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20 21 22 23 24 25
Fig. 5. Average crystals from the microscopic preparations; each prepara-
tion is represented by the mean length and the mean breadth of the crystals.
The numbers indicate the sequence of volume.
A
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.
SETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM 241
tions, since it was found that the majority of them could be
readily distinguished from each other by microscopic inspection
(cf. Fig. 10).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the measurements and of some of the calcula-
tions are collected in Table 5, while Fig. 5 shows the average
crystals in profile seen from the b face.
An examination of the measurements with the view of stati-
stical treatment showed in most cases no normal distribution, so
it was with some hesitation that the statistical calculations listed
in Table 5 were carried through (it can be noted, f. ex., that in
many cases the standard deviation amounts to more than one
third of the corresponding mean value). A mathematical analysis
of co-variations had to be abandoned owing to the abovemen-
tioned type of distributions.
I t must be warranted, however, to make a graphical analysis
of co-variations, though it must still be borne in mind that the
co-variants fail to form normal distributions.
The analysis shows that there is no correlation between on the
one hand the setting expansion, and on the other ( 1) the mean
length of the crystals, Fig. 6, (2) the end face area of the cry-
EXD. %
Fig. 6. The relation between the mean length (M) of the crystals and t he
setting expansion.
A
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a

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.
212
E m %
KNUD DREYER JBRGENSEN
)O A
Fig. 5. The relation between the end face area of the crystals per unit
volume of dihydrate ( A) and the setting expansion.
stals per unit volume of dihydrate, Fig. 7, or (3) the sum of
breadth + breadth + length per unit rolunie of dihydrate.
The setting expansion was well correlated, however, both with
the number of crystals per unit volume of dihydrate (Fig. 8) and
with the end face periphery per unit volume of dihydrate (Fig. 9) .
In 1961 Jlrgensen described a hypothetical model to explain
setting expansion and expansion pressure of gypsum. The model
built on the assumption that an excess pressure would arise in
the liquid in the narrow slit between two growing crystals, and
that the magnitude of this pressure, and accordingly of the set-
ting expansion, would be (1) inversely proportional to the sum
of the slit peripheries present per unit volume of dihydrate, (2)
directly proportional to the viscosity of the liquid, and (3) di-
rectly proportional to the setting rate (rate of crystal growth).
The iiieasurements and calculations reported in the present work
have demonstrated that setting expansion and end surface peri-
phery*) are positively correlated, and there is nothing to indicate
that the degree of setting expansion is dependent on the viscosity
of the liquid or on the setting rate. So the abovementioned hypo-
--
*) This periphery will to a large degree determine the magnitude of the
slit periphery owing to the prevailing growth in length of the dihydratc
crystals.
A
c
t
a

O
d
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t
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S
c
a
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d

D
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y
.
SETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM 243
Exp. Yo
0.5 E
20 4 1 60 80 100 120 140 160 N
Fig. 8. The relation between the number of crystals per unit volume of
dihydrate (N) and the setting expansion. Experiments with the same ad-
ditive in different concentrations are connected with lines. 1, gelatine. 2,
water of different temperatures. 3, NaNOs. 4, Rochelle salt. 6, NaCI. 6, Na2S04.
7, KrSOd. 8, NaZBd07. 9, sodium citrate.
thesis must no doubt be abandoned. An alternative possibility
is that crystal growth thrust and expansion may result from
thermodynamic movements on the boundary faces between two
united gypsum crystals. Undoubtedly such movements may cause
the molecules and ions of the solution to diffuse into the less
regular interfacial lattice and thereby expand it. A direct proof
of such an assumption cannot be furnished by the data presented
in this work, but for the present it seems the most plausible ex-
planation.
Any factor increasing the number of crystals will also increase
the number of boundary faces and thus the possibilities for
thermodynamic, expanding particle movements. The following
observations are therefore in good accordance with this hypo-
A
c
t
a

O
d
o
n
t
o
l

S
c
a
n
d

D
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p
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u
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e

o
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l
y
.
244 KNUD DREYER J6RGENSEN
S
Fig. 9. The relation between end face periphery per unit volume of dihydrate
(S) and the setting expansion. The numbers indicate the same solutions
as in Figure 8.
thesis: (1) If the hemihydrate is crushed before spatulation the
number of dihydrate crystals in the set gypsum will increase,
and so will the expansion. (2) Spatulation prolonged beyond a
certain time will increase the number of crystals and at the same
time, the expansion. (3) Addition of foreign, chemically inactive
powders (here pumice) will give a greater number of interfaces
(here between gypsum and pumice) increasing with increased
fineness of the pumice powder, and a higher expansion will re-
sult. The positive correlation between the setting expansion and
the length of end face peripheries per unit volume of dihydrate
also supports the thermodynamic explanation since the proba-
bility for diffusion of particles into the interfacial lattice must
increase with its extent.
The experiment with addition of dihydrate powder (approx.
30 %> t o the hemihydrate powder in preparation of the slide
specinien gave fewer crystals than pure hemihydra te, while meas-
A
c
t
a

O
d
o
n
t
o
l

S
c
a
n
d

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SETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM 245
urements showed an increased setting expansion for such a
mixture. This apparent departure from the rule that expansion
and number of crystals are positively correlated may probably be
explained in the way that during the spatulation incident to ex-
pansion tests, a comminution of the dihydrate particles occurs
with resultant increase in the number of crystal nuclei.
Besides, the experiments seem to show (see Table 5) that dif-
ferent ions have a specific, different effect on expansion and
crystal number. Thus the effect of the alkali metal ions appears
to be correlated with their order in the periodic system (Li+ is
least effective, K+ and Rb+, most), and of the common anions
Sod-- has evidently a greater effect than NOS-, which again bas
a greater effect than C1-.
Summarized the results of the investigation show that the
various modifiers have a double effect since they influence both
nucleation and crystal proportions. Formation of nuclei, and ac-
cordingly the number of crystals, obviously affects the degree
of setting expansion; on the other hand, the influence of the
crystal proportion on the properties of the gypsum is rather un-
known.
ADDENDUM
In order to study the morphology of gypsum crystals in set
gypsum, test specimens were prepared from mixes made up of
25 g of hemihydrate and 25 ml of expansion modifier solution.
The test samples were examined by incident light by means of a
Leitz Ultropak with a magnification of 220. The purpose of the
investigation was to establish to what degree the crystals in these
preparations differed in appearance from the micropreparations
previously described. The crystal proportions could not be meas-
ured because no single crystals occurred. The crystals in the
various preparations were compared, by simple inspection, with
the crystals in a normal preparation obtained by mixing hemi-
hydrate with water. The same modifiers were used as those set
out in Table 5.
The results showed that only a few modifiers will distinctly
change the growth habits of the crystals (see Fig. 11). Thus, 4 n
NaCl gave very large and coarse crystals; 0.1 n sodium citrate,
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246
KNUD DREYER JflRGENSEN
Fig. 10 a.
flat and very short crystals, much the saiiie as in the iiiicroscopic
specimens; and prolonged syntulation resulted in very minute
crystals.
Certain substances, such as KeSOl and gelatine, produce very
considerable changes in the growth habits of crystals in the
micropreparations, where the relative amount of modifier is
much greater than in the spatulated preparations, but no visible
modifications of the crystals in the latter preparations. This
suggests that such substances disappear during the setting and
probably are built into the gypsum crystals. This incorporation
may take place in the way that molecules or ions of the modifier
are adsorbed on the growing crystal faces and enclosed by ele-
ments of the dihydrate lattice. The adsorption may occur to a
more or less marked degree on the various faces of a crystal
(selective adsorption), and will probably also be able to bring
about changes in the growth rate of the faces, and hence in the
proportions of the crystals.
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SETIING EXPANSION OF GYPSUY
Fig. 10 b.
247
Fig. 10 c.
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148
KS UD DREYER JBRCENSEN
Fig. 10 d.
Fig. 10 e.
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SETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM
Fig. 10 f.
Fig. 10 g.
18 - Acta odont. scand. Vol. 21.
249
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250
RS UD DIIETEIi J0RGESSES
Fig. 10 h.
Fig. 10. The effect of growth modifiers on gypsum crystals. Tllc crystals are
grown in distilled water (a), 1 11 Sac1 (b), 0.2 c/ o gelatine (c), 0.2 n
Rochelle s dt (d), 0.1 n sodium citrate (e), and 0.025 n borax Cf),
respectively. (6) shows syngenite crystals grown from hemihydrate in
0.5 II KzSO4. ( h) shows gypsum crystals grown in distilled \niter after mixing
a slurry of 25 ml water and 25 g hemihydrate for one minute.
Jlagnificatinn 150 X.
SZ'MJIARY
The present study was designed to examine whether a rela-
tionship exists between on the one hand the aiiiount of the set-
ting expansion of gypsum as varied, inter alia, by addition of dif-
ferent expansion modifiers, and on the other hand the morpho-
logy of the gypsuiii crystals.
After measurement of single crystals of gypsum in micropre-
parations (see Table 5 ) it could be demonstrated that the setting
expansion is positively correlated with the number of crystals
per unit volume of gypsuni, and with the sum of end face peri-
pheries, likewise per unit volume of gypsum. The expansion is
independent, on the other hand, of the mean length of the
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SETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM
Fig. 11 a.
Fig. 11 b.
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135
Fig. 1 1 e.
Fig. 11. Surfaces of gypsum after setting in distilled water (a). 1 n NaCl
solution (b), nncl 0.1 II sodium citrate solution (e), respectively.
Cltropnk, 650 X.
crystals, of the end face area of the crystals per unit volume of
gypsum, and of the sun1 of breadth -t breadth + length per unit
volume of gypsum.
I t is possible that the expansion is due to thermodynaiiiic move-
ments on the boundary faces between united gypsum crystals.
Such rnoreiiients iiiay give rise to diffusion of molecules and ions
into the interfacial lattice and thereby expand it.
Examination of the crystals in preparations of spatulated set
gypsum showed that only exceptionally are their structure and
shape affected by the expansion modifiers.
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SETTING EXPANSION OF GYPSUM
253
HfiSLJMfi
ETUDE SUR LEXPANSION DE PRISE DU PLATRE
Le but de cette dtude est dexaminer sil existe un rapport
entre les deux facteurs suivants: limportance de lexpansion de
prise du plltre pendant ses variations obtenues entre autre par
addition de divers modificateurs dexpansion dune part, et la
morphologie des cristaux de plltre dautre part.
Aprks avoir mesurk des cristaux de platre isoles sur des pre-
parations microscopiques (voir tableau 5) il a 6th possible de
mettre en evidence que lexpansion de prise du plltre est en cor-
relation positive avec le nombre de cristaux par unite de volume
de plltre et avec la somme des peripheries des faces terminales,
calculee de mQme par unite de volume de plltre. Lexpansion est
par contre independante de la longueur moyenne des cristaux,
de la superficie des faces terminales des cristaux par unite de
volume de platre et de la somme: largeur + largeur + longueur
par unit6 de volume de plltre.
I1 est possible que lexpansion soit due B des mouvements ther-
modynamiques sur les faces de jonction des cristaux soud6s entre
eux; de tels mouvements peuvent faire diffuser des molecules et
des ions dans le rkseau plus ou moins irregulier des faces de jonc-
tion, et provoquer ainsi son expansion.
LCtude de la morphologie des cristaux dans des prdparations
de plltre glche et pris a montre quelle ne se trouve quexcep-
tionnellement influencde par les modificateurs de lexpansion.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
OBER DIE ABBINDEEXPANSION VON GIPS
Der Zweck dieser Untersuchung war zu untersuchen, inwieweit
ein Zusammenhang besteht mischen einerseits der Griisse der
Abbindeexpansion von Gips, so wie diese u. a. durch Zusatz von
verschiedenen Expansionsreglern variiert, und andererseits der
Morphologie der Gipskristalle.
Durch Messung von Einkristallen von Gips in Mikropriparaten
(siehe Tabelle 5) wurde ermittelt, dass die Abbindeexpansion
positiv korrelat ist mit der Anzahl von Kristallen pro Raumein-
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251 KSCD DRETEH JgIIt i ESSES
heit Gips uiid iiiit der Suiiiiiie ron Endflachenperipherien, eben-
falls pro Rauriieinheit Gips. Dagegen ist die Espansion unab-
hiingig ron der ;\litlellQnge der Kristalle, von deiii Endflachen-
mass der Kristalle pro Rauiiieinheit Gips und ron der Suiiiine
Breite + Breite + LQnge pro Rauiiieinheit (;ips.
Es ist miiglich, dass die Expansion auf therinodgnainische Be-
wegungen in den Grenzflachen zwischen zusaiiiinengewachsenen
Cipskrist:illen zuruckzufiihren ist ; solche Bewegungen kiinnen
eine Diffusion ron Molekeln und Ionen in das weniger regelinas-
sige Grenzflachengitter hinein niit sich fuhren und so dasselbe
expandieren.
Die Untersuchung der Morphologie der Kristalle in Praparaten
von ausgeriihrtein, abgebundenem Gips ergab, dass sie nur aus-
nahmsweise yon Espansionsreglern beeinflusst wird.
REFERENCES
dndrems, H., 1951 : The production, properties and uses of calcium sulpliate
plasters. British Building Congress, division 2, part F, 135-144,
London.
J grgenoen, K. D. h d. S. Porner, 1959: Study of the setting of plaster. .I. dent.
Rcs. 38: 491-499.
J Crgensen, K. U., 1960: The hygroscopic setting expansion of gypsum. Bcta
odont. wand. I f f : 461-475.
-*- 1961: Setting expansion of gypsum. I n J. H. Ue Roer et al. (editors)
Reuclivify of Solids. Proc. 4th inlern. symp. on the reactivity of solids.
Amsterdam. Elsevier Publishing Co.
Mathis, E. H., 1919: A study of the behaviour of plaster of Paris as an in-
vestment in the process of vulcanizing dental rubber. .J. nat. dent. Ass.
6: 132415.
AfcCurtney, E. R. & A. E. Alesander, 1958: The effect of additives upon the
process of crystallisat ion. J. Coll. Sci. 23: 382-3W.
Tschepelewetzki, JI. L. & B. B. J ewslina, 1938: Dynamik des Krystalwachs-
turns und die Veranderungen ilirer ausscren Form am Beispiel des
Gipses und Calciumkarbonats. Reviewed i n Chem. Zentralblatt fO9:
IVeIser, If. B. & F. B. .Iforeland, 1932: The setting of plaster of Paris. J. Phgs.
1307-1308.
Chem. 36: 1-30.
Address: Kpbenhauns TandltPqchdjskole
1G0, Jagtuej, Kbbenhctvn 8
Denmnrk
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