ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT Robert Burtch Surveying Engineering Department Ferris State University AGA Geodimeter NASM-2A INTRODUCTION Introduced in 1950s evolved into total stations today Types Infrared or laser light utilize transmitter at one end and reflecting prism at other Some are reflectorless Long range 10-20 km Medium range 3-10 km Short range 0.5-3 km Microwave utilize receiver/transmitter at both ends of line SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying Electronic Distance Measurement 2 PRINCIPLES Wave travels along x-axis at velocity of 299,792.5 0.4 km/s Frequency time taken for one complete wavelength Relationship: = wavelength in meters c = velocity, in km/s f = frequency, in hertz (one cycle per second) f c = PRINCIPLES OF EDM MEASUREMENT SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying Electronic Distance Measurement 3 PRINCIPLES Modulated wave leaves EDM then reflected back to instrument measures double distance (2L) Partial wavelength measured from phase delay between transmitted and reflected meters 2 n L + = n whole number of wavelengths partial wavelength PRINCIPLES EDM can send 3-4 modulated waves at different frequencies Find n by substituting these into distance equation Some EDM use pulsed laser emissions Require to determine distance by measuring travel time to and from EDM SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying Electronic Distance Measurement 4 PRINCIPLES Velocity of light affected by Temperature Atmospheric pressure Water vapor content Correction determined using nomograph or automatically in automatic processor by inputting temperature and pressure ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION Atmospheric correction graph SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying Electronic Distance Measurement 5 ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION Insignificant for short-wave light-wave EDM Important for long range, especially microwave +7 at 20C +17 at 45C -0.05 1 mm Hg Partial water vapor pressure +0.4 +0.4 +1mm Hg Pressure -1.25 -1.0 +1C Temperature Microwave Light Wave Error Parameter Error (Parts per Million) EDM INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS Distance range 800 1,000m with average atmospheric conditions and single prism Short-range can be extended to 1,300m with 3 prisms Long-range can be extended to 15 km with 11 prisms Accuracy range Short-range (15 mm + 5 ppm) Long-range (3 mm + 1 ppm) Measuring time - 1.5 s short-range, 3.5 s long- range Accuracy and time reduced when in tracking mode SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying Electronic Distance Measurement 6 EDM INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS Slope reduction manual or automatic depending on model Average of repeated measurements available on some models Battery capability 1,400 4,200 measurements depending on size of battery and temperature Temperature range - -20C - +50C Nonprism measurements available on some models Distances from 100 350 m EDM Prisms Reflect transmitted signal back to EDM Retrodirect capabilities Mounted on tripod or attached to prism pole Forced centering capabilities SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying Electronic Distance Measurement 7 EDM INSTRUMENT ACCURACIES Given in terms of constant error and proportional term based on distance Most fall in range: Both EDM instrument & prism corrected for off-center location Usually determined by manufacturer (3 mm + 1 ppm) to (10mm + 10 ppm) GEOMETRY OF EDM Using EDM when optical target and prism at same height HR V HI Elev Elev A B + = SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying Electronic Distance Measurement 8 GEOMETRY OF EDM EDM instrument mounted on theodolite and target located below prism hi HR X = From which, S cos X sin = EXAMPLE EDM has slope distance AB of 561.276 m. EDM instrument is 1.820 m above station A, and the prism is 1.986 m above station B. The EDM is mounted on a theodolite whose optical center is 1.720 m above the station. The theodolite measured a vertical angle of +6 21 38 to target on prism pole; the target is 1.810 m above station B. Compute both the horizontal distance AB and elevation of station B given an elevation at A of 186.275 m. SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying Electronic Distance Measurement 9 Data given in following figures ( ) ( ) 0.076m 1.720m 1.820m 1.810m 1.986m hi HR X = = = 06" 22' 6 " 28 561.276m 21'38" 6 cos m 076 . 0 S cos X sin k = + = =
= = ( ) m 813 . 557 " 06 ' 22 6 cos m 276 . 561 cos S H k = = = ( )( ) m 336 . 248 m 986 . 1 " 06 ' 22 6 sin m 276 . 561 m 820 . 1 m 275 . 186 HR V hi Elev Elev A B = + + = + + =
DDM or Direct Distance Measurement - This Is Mainly Done by Chaining or Taping. ODM or Optical Distance Measurement - This Measurement Is Conducted by Tacheometry