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SOCIALSCIENCE
PEOPLE AS RESOURCES
IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Resources : Any material which can be transformed in a may that it becomes more valuable and useful is
known as Resources .
2. Natural Resource : A natural resource is anything in, on or above the earth that people use to meet their needs.
3. Human Resources : By the term human resources we mean the size of population of a country along with its
efficiency, educational qualities, productivity, organizational abilities and farsihtedness.
4. Skilled workers : A skilled worker is one who has proper training and education to work in a particular field.
5. Economic activities : All these activities that give income to the people are called Economic activities.
6. Primary Activities : These include those occupations which are closely related to mans natural environment
e.g. Agriculture, hunting etc.
7. Secondary Activities : It occupations which produce finished good by using the product of primary activities
as raw material.
8. Tertiary activity : It consists of all service occupations
9. Disgulsed unemployment : It is situation in which more people are engaged in an activity than required.
10. Seasonal unemployment : It is type of unemployment under which people are employed during some parts of
the year and remain without work during the rest of the year owing to the seasonal nature of work.
11. Literate : According to the census of 200 I, a person aged 7 years and above who can read and write with
understanding in any language.
12. Investment : The existing stock of physical capital assets such as machinery, building, plant and equipment.
13. Productivity : The out of goods and service compared to the inputs used. It is measure of efficiency of factors
of productions
INTRODUCTION
Resource : Any material which can be transformed in a way that it become more valuable and useful is
known as Resource.
Natural Resource : A natural resource is any ting in, on or above the earth that people use to meet their needs.
Human Resource : By the term human resources we mean the size of population of a country along with its
efficiency, educational qualities, productivity, organizational abilities and farsightedness.
Though natural resources plays vital orle in the economic development of a country but human resource are
considered the most important resources of a nation because it is the human resources which convert the
natural resource into more useful form.
HOW PEOPLE BECOME RESOURCES
Most of the developing and backward countries of the word are economically backward not because they lack
source but because they lack quality human resources. The force by which all kinds of productivity is
achieved by the use of natural resource are called productive forces and human resource is the most important
productive force.
Factors which improve the quality of Human :
1. Skill development : A skill worker is one who as proper training and education to work in a particular field.
Training and education increases the productivity of workers. Skill development also ensures continuous
employability of a worker, it helps the worker to absorb the new technology and prepare in him to compete
with the labou force of the other developed countries.
2. Technology : It help the human of convert natural resources into more useful form. For example, coal and
mineral oil present below the earth have no value until human have the technology to dug them and use them
in various machines.
3. Education : Illiteracy is the single most important factor holding back economic development in developing
countries, Education also widen the mental horizon of the people and gives them scientific attitude. Education
also help in the national harmony of a country.
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4. Health : Health also not mean survival only. It concern physical, economic and social well being of an
individual as well. An investment in health not only improves the quality of life. Out is also a part of human
resource developing. Which in turn affects economic and social development of the country.
A wide rage of activities are conered under health such as population control, family welfare prevention of
food adulteration, during control, immunizations and eradication of major communicable and non
communicable diseases as health concerns.
SYEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT FOR IMPROVING HELAHT STATUS
1. Control of common disease : Many common diseases like plague, malaria, small pox etc. have been
controlled. to a large extent.
2. Health Programme : Basides, major national health programmes for control and eradications of Polio,
Tuberculosis, AIDS, Leprosy, Blindness, Cencer, Iodine Deficiency, Diabetes etc. and nation wide
immunizations. programme have substancially helped in the reduction of mortallity arte.
3. Health center : Government has created an extensive network of 2, 935 Community Health Centres (CHC)
22,975 Primary Health Centres (PHC) and 137271 Health sub centres to take care of health services in rural
areas, Apart from public sector, private sector also provides health care services to the people.
ECONOMIC AND NON ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES I
Economic Activities : All these activities that gave income to the people are called economic activities. All the
economic activities contributes to that flow of goods and services in economy e.g.
1. A teacher teaching in a class.
2. A man of women working in a bank.
3. A farmer ploughing his filed.
4. A worker working in a mine.
All the economic activities are classified into three categories.
1. Primary Activity : It includes those occupations. Which are closely related to mans natural environment e.g
2. Secondary Activity : The occupations which produce finished goods by using the produce of primary
activities as raw material are included in secondary activity Manufacturing of cloth from cotton, sugar from
sugarcane and steel from iron are examples of secondary activity.
Tertiary Activity : Tertiary activity consists of service occupation. For both primary and secondary activities
we require a substantial amount of support service. Transport. Communication, trade, health, education and
administration are example of tertiary activity.
Non Economic Activity : These are those activities which do not give income in return. They also do not
contribute to flow of goods and services in the economy e.g.
1. Teaching by father to his son at home.
2. Domestic work by the housewife.
3. Washing of fathers car by the son.
4. Scholarship to a student.
Reasons : (A) These activities have negligible impact of rest of the economy.
(B) These service are not produced for the market. So their valuation becomes difficult. S
UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment : It is situation when a person is willing to work but fails to find gainful work or job.
Types of Unemployment :
(A) Disguised Unemployment:It is a situation in which more people are engaged in an activity than required. The
people who are actually engaged in such an activity appear to be employment but are not fully employed. In
such cases, even if he surplus labourers are removed from work, production does not fails. For example to
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cultivation filed only 4 persons are required, but if 9 persons are working the additional 5 persons are
considered as disguisedly unemployment. It is known as under employment.
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Factor Responsible :
1. Over dependent of agriculture.
2. Absence of alternative employment opportunities.
3. Lock of diversification of agriculture.
(B) Seasonal Unemployment : It is a type of unemployment under which people are employed during some pats
of the year and remain without work during the rest of the year owing to the seasonal natural of work. For
example agriculture in India is a seasonal activity. During the harvesting and sowing season more labourer
are required but after the season it over these labourer become unemployed
(c) Structural Unemployment : It is that situation in which unemployment occur due to
1. Lack of capital.
2. Lack of resources.
3. Under workers of natural resources.
4 Surplus workers as compared to demand.
Indian economy is facing structural unemployment as work force is more than the demand.
Cyclical unemployment : It is a type of unemployment which occurs due to slackning of demand for goods.
This type of unemployment generally occur in capitalist countries. This type of unemployment prevails for
short duration only.
Technical Unemployment : If unemployment occurs owing to change in technology. It is referred to as
technical unemployment.
MAGNITUDE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
There are two ways by which the magnitude of unemployment is measured in India.
1 Conducing sample surveys and population census.
2. The information provided by employment exchange.
PROBLEMS DUE TO UNEMPOLYMETN
1. Many youth with matriculation, graduction degrees are not able to fine a job.
2. It leads to wastage of man power resource.
3. People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability.
4. There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth.
5. Inability of a educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great social
waste.
6. Unemployment tends to increase economic overload.
7. The dependence of tends to unemployment on the working population increase.
8. Unemployment has detrimental impact on the over all growth of an economy.
9. Increase in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy. It also wastes the resources.
STRAETIGNS TO REDUCE UNEMPLOYMETN
(A) Rural works Programme :
1. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) : it is the self employment programme for the rural people. It
was lanched on 1 Aril 1999. It replace the earlier self employment programmes.
2. Sampoorna Gramin Rozager Yojana : It was launched on the 1
st
Sep 2001 Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana
and Employment. Assurance scheme were integrated into a single yojana.
3. National Rural Employment Gurantee Scheme : It was lauched by Prime Minister M.M Singh in 2007 It
targer SC. ST. and poor women who suffered from poverty.
4. Skill development : With a view to impart skills through training, The Central Board of Wokerss Education
(CBWE) has been created to create understanding enthusiasm among workers for the success of industrial
growth.
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(B) Entrepreneurial Development
Entrepreneur is the basic input or factor of production. Entrepreneur hires and organize other factor (land,
labour and capital) for production of goods and services. So to increase the production of goods and services.
Indian government has launched various schemes to promote entrepreneurship
1. Low cost capital : The government has implemented as number of schemes for providing low cost capitals to
small enterprise and self employed persons.
2. Financial Institution : Financial Institution like banks and cooperative societies have been opened to provide
credit facilities a concessional rates. These measures have brought about positive result in recent years.
REASON OUT WHY
(i) Why is education an input of growth ?
1. It opens new horizon for people .
2. It provides new aspiration to the people.
3. It develops value of life.
(ii) Why has the mid day meal scheme been implemented ?
It has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional
statues.
(iii) Why are women employed in low paid work ?
There is no denying the fact that women are generally employed in low paid work and they are paid low as
compared to men. The reasons for the same are the following :
1. Education is one of the major determinants so the earning of any individual in the market. As majority of
women have meagre education so they are paid less as compared to men.
2. Along with education skill is also an important determinant which affects the pay of the individuals.
3. It is also pointed out the women cannot do as much physical work as man can be. So natural they are paid less
than men.
4. Women are mostly attached with their home duties and they cannot be as regular as men in their duties so
they are employed in low paid worlcand paid less compared to men.
COMPARATIVE STUDY
Economic and Non Economic Activities :
Economic Activities : All such activities which give us some income are called, economic activities. Pulling
cycle rickshaws clearining houses, selling vegetables and working in schools, shope, factories, hospitals,
banks, farms and the like are economic activities :
Non Economic Activities : All such activities which do not give any income in return are called
noneconomic activities, Visiting a temple, doing social work, helping the poor, educating the illerate without
any charges are some non economic )
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EXERICSE
VARY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. How can a large population be turned into an asset for the country .
2. How does investment in human resource lead to higher returns in future.
3. How does quality of population depend upon ?
4. Why are women employed in wow paid work ?
5. How have investment in education help in human capital formation ?
6. How have countries like Japan become rich and developed ?
7. Why is it difficult to break out of the vicious cycle of illiteracy and ill health ?
8. Many children and women are not working. Called unemployed. Why.
9. Why is literacy rate higher among males in India ?
10. What major changes, Indicate improvement of health in India ?
11. What facts indicate the growth of medical facilities in Indian
12. Why is education an important input of growth ?
13. Why is activities are included in the primary sector ?
14. How is the human capital superior to other resources like land and physical capital ?
15. Name any four important factor of production.
16. Name and four factor which can improve the quality of human resources.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. What do you understand by people as a resource ?
2. What is role of education in human capital formation ?
3. What part does health play in individuals working life ?
4. Suggest some measures in the education system to migrate the problem of the education unemployed ?
5. What are economic activities ? Explain
6. Mention any four peculiarity of literacy in India
7. What steps taken by the government to promote education ?
8. What are the two types of unemployment which are prevailing in rural areas ? Write and four factors
responsible for this ?
9. Define unemployment ? What are rte major types of unemployment prevailing in India ?
10. What is disuised unemployment ? Explain with the help of an example.
11. Distinguish between natural resources and human resources.
12. Explain the factors which improves the quality of human.
13. Mention any two steps which have been taken by the government for skill development
14. What is the important of financial institution in an economy ?
15. Mention the major objective of rule works programme.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. What are the disadvantage of unemployment ? Explain.
2. Explain the employment scenario in the three sectors.
3. Explain any three Yojana with their objective.
4. What is importance of enterprenerial development ? Explain various steps taken by government for
entrepreneurial development.
5. Suggest some measures to reduces unemployment.
6. Which Capital would you consider the best land. labour physical capital and the human capital
7. Distinguish between
(A) Economic and Non Economic activities.
(B) Disguised and cyclic unemployment
(C) Seasonal and structural unemployment.
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NAZISMA AND RISE OF HITLER
Nazism was a system. A structure of ideas about the world and politics. In may 1975, when Germany
surrendered to the Allies, Hister, his propaganda minister and his family committed suicide as they feared
punishment.
An International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was set up to punish Nazis for crimes against peace, for war
crimes and crimes against humanity, Nazis conducted genocidal wars they killed six million Jaws, 2,00,000
gypsies, 1 million Polish and 70,000 Germans, Many were killed by gassing them in gas chambers.
However the Nuremberg Tribunal only sentenced to death 11 leaders, many were imprisoned. The punishment
of Nazis was for less compared to brutality and extend of their crimes.
BIRTH OF THE WEIMER REPUBLIC
Germany, England, France and Russian fought the 1
st
World War hopping to gain from a quick victory. The
did not realize the war would stretch on, leading to loss of resources and finally are defeat of Germany.
The defeat of Germany gave the parliamentary parties an opportunity to recast Germen politics. The National
Assembly met at Weimer and established a Democrat constitution with a federal structure. Deputies were
elected to the Reichnsteg (German Parliament) on the basis of adult franchise.
The new Republic was not liked because people thought they were responsible for the defeat in 1
st
World War
and the disgrace at Versailes. According to treaty of Versailes
1. Germany lost its overseas population.
2. Germany lost 1/10 of its population
3. Germany lost 13% of Its territories, 75% of its on and 26% of its coal
4. Germany was reduced.
5. The Allied armies occupied the resources rich Rhineland.
EFFECTS OF WAR
1. Europe was destroyed psychologically and financially.
2. Europe turned from creditor to a debtor
3. The supported of Weimer Republic i.e. Socialist Catholics and Democrats became easy targets of attack in
conservative national circles and were called November criminals.
4. Soldiers got preference over civilians.
5. Politicians wanted man to be aggressive strong and masculine.
6. Media glorified trench life.
7. Soldiers in trenches suffered
(a) They lived with rats feeding on corpses.
(b) They faced poisonous gas and enemy shelling
(c) Ranks reduced rapidly.
8. Aggressive war propaganda and national honour were important.
9. Corservative dictatorship became popular.
10. Democracy and not survive instability of interwar Europe.
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POLITICA RADICALISM AND ECONOMIC CRISES
The separatist leagues was active in Berlin and they wanted a govt. like the Bolsheviks. The supporters of
Weimer Republic supported the uprising with help of free corps. The separatist leaders then formed a
communist party. Then communist and socialist became enemies and could not units to destroy Hitler.
In the economic crisis in 1923 Germany suffered tremendously Germeny had taken loans to fight the war,
they also had to pay war damages in gold. This depleted their gold reserves. In 1923 Germany paper refused
to pay so France took away the industrial area of Rurh. Germany retaliated by recklessly printing paper
money. The result was the fall in value of German mark. By Dec 1923 1 US Dollar was equally to 98,860,00
Marks. Subsequently prices of commodities rose. This crisis was called hyper inflation, luckily America
helped Germany by reworking the terms of paying war damages.
YEARS OF DEPRESSION
Between 1994 and 1928 there was some stability Germany depended on American short term loans to help her
investments and industrial recovery. In 1929 the Wall Street Exchange crashed. In one day 19 million shares
were sold. The Great Economic Depression started between 1929 and 1932 National Income of America felly
by half, factories shut down, exports fell, formers were badly hit, people withdrew their money from banks.
The Economic Crisis felt World wide.
Germany was the worst hit
1. Industrial production reduced by 40%
2. Workers lost their jobs or received reduced wages.
3. 6 million were unemployment.
4. People wore placards saying Willing to do anywork
5. Unemployed youth wasted time or queued outside local employment exchange.
6. Youth took up to criminal activities.
7. Savingsdiminished when currency lost list value.
8. Business failed.
9. Business men, self employment and retailers feared proletarianisation
10. Agricultural prices fell and women were unable to feed their children.
The Weimar Constitution had some defects
1. Proportional representation made ruling by one party impossible.
2. Article 48 gave President the right to declare emergency. So in a short time there were 20 different cabinets
lasing 239 days on average.
Thus people lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system and in paved the way for dictatorship.
HITLERS RISE TO POWER
Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria in poor family. When 1
st
World War broke out the enrolled for the army
acted as a messenger for the front and got medals for bravery. He was angry over Germanys defeat and treaty
of Versailles. In 1919 He joined Germen Workers Party which was later called National Socialist Germen
Workers Party. This came to be known as Nazi Party. In 1923 Hitler tried to capture Bavaria and march to
Berlin but he was captured and later released.
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When the economic crisis took place Nazi party stirred hope in the minds of the people. Hitler a great speaker
told the people he would build a strong nation, undo the injustice of treaty of Versailles, give employment to
people and provide a secure future for the youth. He promised to remove foreign influences and resist foreign
conspiracies.
Hitler understood the important of rituals and spectacle in mass mobilization, Nazis held rallies, public
meeting, saluted Red banners with swastika sings, applauded after every speech of Hitlers.
Hitler was propagated as a messiah a savior who would deliver then from their distress and humiliation, Who
would restore their lost dignity and pride.
DESTRUCTION OF DEMOCRACY
On 30 Jan, 1933 the President made Hitler the Chancellor but now Hitler wanted to remove democratic rule.
A mysterious fire broke out in Fed helped Hitler greatly. The fire Decrees of 28 Feb 1933 helped Hitler to
suspend freedom of press, speech and assembly. The communist were sent to concentration camps. On 3
March 1933 he passed the Enabling Act. This act established dictatorship. All parties were banned except the
Nazi Party, The govt. had complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.
Special security forces were established to control society apart from the regular police, the SA or Storm
Troopers, there was the gestapo or secret police. The SS (protection squads) and the SD (security service) .
These organizations gave the Nazi state the reputation of being the most dreaded criminal state. People were
sent to torture chambers, concentration camps, deported or arrested at will.
Hitler gave the responsibility of economic developme : Jt to an economist Hjalmar Schacht. He aimed at full
production and full employment. He established the famous German superhighways and the volkswagon
Hitler withdrew from leagues of Nations, he reoccupied Rhineland, he integrated Austria and Germany under
the slogan One people one empire and one leader. He took Sudentenland from Czechslovakia and later the
whole country. Hitler was warned by Schacht not to spend in rearmament, Hitler did not like cautious people,
so Schacht had to leave. Hitler used war to overcome economic crisis, In Sept 1939 Hitler invaded Poland.
This started a war with England and France. In Sept 1940 Germany, Italy and Japan singed the Tripartite Pact.
This gave Hitler international power and by end of 1940 Hitler was at the height of his power.
Hitler aimed at conquering Eastern Europe in order to ensure food supplies. He made a mistake by attacking
SU in 1941. This exposed the Germen western front to British bombing and eastern front to Soviet attack. The
Soviet Red Army defecated Germany Stalingrad and later entered Berlin establish Soviet supremecy over
Eastern Europe.
USA did not initially want to join the war. But Japan bombed Pearl Pearl Harbour an American bases so USA
entered the war. The war ended in May 1945 with Hitlers defeat in August USA bombed Japan.
THE NAZI WORLD VIEW
Nazi ideologies were based on Hitlers world view. There was no equality among people on racial hierarchy.
The Germany Aryan were at the top and the Jaws at the lowest ring, all other coloured people depending on
their external features were placed in between. Hitlers ideas were influenced by the theories of Charles
Darwin and Herbert Spencer. In keeping, with the Survival and fittest theory Nazis believed that the Aryan
race being the finest should retain it purity. become stronger and dominate the would.
Hitlers ideology related to the concept of lebensraum or living space. He believed that new territories had to
be acquired. This would enhance the area of the mother country and the settlers on the new land could retain it
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) e like with the place of origin. Hitler wanted to extend German territories toward the East and Poland
became the laboratory for this experimentation.
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ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RACILA STATE
As soon as Nazis came into power they began to eliminate all those who were considered undesirable and
wanted to have a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans. Even German who were unhealthy had no right
to live under the Euthananisa Programs German officials condemned to death Germans who were considered
mentally or physically unfit.
Beside Jaws Gypsies and blacks living in Nazi Germany were also considered inferior and widely persecuted.
Russians and poles were also considered subhuman and they were forced to work as save labor. Many died
because of hard work and starvation.
Jews were fhe worst affected, Jaws were considered killers of Jesus Christ, So were also persecuted through
ages. Hitler believed that problem of Jews can only be solved by eliminating them not by conversion.
From 1933 fa 1938 Nazis treated Jaws so badly, Jaws were terrorized pauperized and segregated that they
were forced to laves the country. Many were killed in gas chambers.
THE RACIAL UTOPIA
Under the pretence of war Nazis carried out their murderous racial ideals. Genocide and war became the two
side of the same coin. The Polish people within the Germany territory were forced to leaves their hones and
property for the Germans. The poles were sent to the General Govt. Where Undesirable lived. The
intelligent Poles were killed. Polish children looking Aryans were snatched from their parents and had to
undergo examinations by race experts. If they passed the test they were adopted by German families and not
they were sent to orphanages where they perished.
YOUTH IN NAZI GARMANY
Hitler believed that a strong Nazi society can be established by teaching inside and outside school Nazi
ideology.
In the school all teaches who were Jaws or politically unreliable were dismissed. German and Jews could not
sit together. Gypsies and Jews were dismissed and in 1940 were sent to chambers.
German children had to undergo Nazi ideology training. Text books were re written. Racial science was
introduced. Children were had to undergo and submissive, hate Jaws, worship Hitler. Sports were held to
encourage violence and aggression. Hitler flex boxing made Children iron hearted, strong and masculine.
Youth organization hod to build sprit of Notional socialism among youth. 10 year olds joined the Jungvolk
and 14 yr old the Hitler Youth. They learnt to worship war, glorify, aggression and violence, condemn
democracy, hate jews, communist and Gypsies. Then at 18 they joined labour service and had to join the
armed forces. All other youth organization were systematically dissolved and finally banned.
NAZI CULT OF MOTHERHOOD
Nazi children were told that women were radically different from men. Boys had to aggressive masculine and
steel heated but girls were told to become good mothers, teach and Children Aryan and Nazi ideologies, look
after the home and keep away from Jaws.
Woman were not always treated equally. Those who bore racially undesirable Children were punished and
others rewards by giving them favored treatment in hospitals and concessions in shops, theatre tickets and
railway fares. Honour Crosses were give to woman. A bronze cross for having 4 Children, silver for 6 and
gold for more than 8 children.
If Aryan women did not follow the Nazi code they were severely punished. Those who hod contact with Jews,
poles or Russians were paraded with their heads shaves, faces blackened, some recd, jail sentences and lost
their civic honour as well as husbands and families.
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ART OF PROPAGANDA
Nazi used language and media withcare. Nazi never used words like kill or murder, Mass killings were
termed special treatment, final solution (for jews) . euthanasia (for disabled) Evacuation meant sending
people to gas chambers.
Media was used carefully to win support. Nazi ideas spread through visual images, films radios, posters,
slogans and leaflets,
In posters the German enemies were mocked, abus,ed and described as evil. Socialist and liberals were
shown as weak and degenerate3. Films were made to create hatred for jews. In the film The Eternal Jew,
the Jews were shown with flowing beards, wearing kaftans, They were referred to os vermin rats and pests
The Nazi tried to win the support of different sections of the population by suggesting that only Nazis
could solve all their problems.
ORDINARY PEOPLE AND THE CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY]
The common people wereso influenced by Nazi ideology that they spoke their mind in Nazi language.
They felt anger and hatred for Jew, They marked Jew houses. They belived that Nazism would bring them
prosperity.
But many Germans opposed Nazism braving police repression and death. Many Germans were passive
and were too scared to act, to differ or to protest.
According to Chalotte Beradt Jews began to themselves believe that were undesirable they dreamt of their
hooked noses, black hair and eyes, Jewish looks and body movement. Even in dreams Jews were troubled
by Nazis.
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOLOCAUST
It was actually only after the 2
nd
World War was over that people become aware of German
horrors.Germans were preoccupied with their own plight, as a defeated nation, but the Jews wanted t5he
people to remember their suffering under the Nazi-also called holocaust. Many who suffered under Nazi
wrote diaries, kept notebooks, but the Nazi after the war distributed petrol to destroy all available
evidences in offices.
The history of the Holocaust lives on in memories, fiction. Documentaries, poetry, memorials and
museums in many parts of the World.
IMPORTANT TERMS
Dictatorship : It is a form of government in which a paerson or a group of persons possesses absolute
power without effective constitutional limitations.
Nazism : A political system introduced by Hitler in Germany. Akin to dictater; Ship and fascism, it also
propagated extreme hatred against the Je4ws.
Nazi : The short form of Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party. Formed by Hitler in 1921, it
propagated Nazism.
Axis Power: Italy, Germany and. Japan formad the axis powers.
Allied Poweeers: Britain, France, Russia and U.S. A were the allied powers.
Second World War : The global war which took place from September 1939 to May 1945 in which over
50 million people were killed and many cities were reduced to rubble.
The great Depression : A worldwide economic slump lasting from 1929 to 1935. During these years.
trade between nations dropped and around 25 million people lost their jobs.
P earl H arbor : Situated on the Hawaiian island of Honolulu, it was the main base of the US pacific
fleet. Japanese planes launched from aircraft. Carriers attacked the base on 7the December 1941. They
destroyed 120 aircraft and killed 2,400 people.
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Gestapo : Short for Geheime Steetspolizet the secret state police in Nazi Germany. It had the power to
arrest people without trial and torture and kill them, As a result they were the most hated and feared
organization on Nazi occupied Europe.
Holocaust : It comes from the Greek world holos and kautose which literally means completely burnt. It
is used toe describe the persecution and mass murder of Jaws by German Nazis between 1993 and 1945
Semite : Usually someone who belongs to any of the peoples, o, f South west Asia, especially Jews and
Arabs. In Nazi Germany the world was used to describe only Jewish people.
Semite : It came from the Greek world holos and kautos which literally means completely burnt. It is used
to describe the persecution and mass murder of Jaws by German Nazis between 1933 and 1945
Semite : Usually someone who belong to any of the people of, South west Asia, especially Jaws and
Arabs. In Nazi Germany the world was used to describe only Jewish people.
Reichstag : The name give to the Germany Parliament
Reparation : Making up for a wrong done :
Wall Street Exchange : The name of the Worlds biggest stock exchange located in the U.S.A
Propaganda : Specific type of message directly aimed at influencing the opinion. of people through the use
of posters, films and speechs.
Concentration camp : A camp where people were isolated and detained without the due process of law.
Persecution : Systematic, organized punishment of those belonging to a group or religion,
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES :
Adolf Hitler : Founder of the Nazi Party, he led Germany during the second World War and committed
suicide on 30
th
April 1945
Frankin D. Roosevelt : The only American President to enjoy four successive terms in office. He led the
U.S.A. during the second World War and introduced the New Deal.
General You Paulus : Commander of the German 6
th
army which was forced to surrender at Stalinrgad in
February 1943. This defeat shattered belief in the invincibility of Hitlers army.
President Harry S.Truman : The American President who was responsible for dropping two atomic
bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima and forcing Japan to surrender thus bringing the Second World War to
an end.
Winston Churchill : A great leader, author and orator, he led Britain to victory during the second World
War. the attack on Peal Harbour Which brought America into the second World War.
IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENTS :
1914 : First World War beings
1918 : Weimer Republic is established
1919 : Treaty of Versailles was singed by Germany. Hitler joins the National Sociallist Germany
workers Party.
1929 : The Economic Depression occurs in U.S.A.
1933 : (a) President Roosevelt introduces the New Deal to deal with the Economic Depression.
(b) Hitler becames Chancellor of Germany.
1934 : Hitler becomes President of Germany.
1935. : (a) Italy attacks Ethiopia
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(b) Anglo Germen Navel Agreement signed between Britain and Germany.
1936. : (a) A new constitution is Introduced by Stalin
: (b) Hitler occupies the Rhineland. (c) Civil War state in Spain
1937 : (a) Japan attacks China
1938 : (a) Hitlers troops march into Austria
(b) Munch pact is signed. German troops acquire Sudeten land.
1939 : (a) Germany attacks Czechoslovakia
(b) Soviet Union sings non aggression pact with Germany
(c) 1
st
September : Germany invades Poland
(d) 3
rd
September Britain and France declare war on Germany
1940 : (a) Italy declares war on Britain and France
(b) Battle of Britain begins
(c) Italy attacks Egypt
(d) Germany invades Norway and Sweden (e) France surrenders.
1941 : (a)8
th
April : Germany invades the Balkans
(b) 22
nd
June : Germany invades the Soviet Union.
(c) 15
th
September : Siegs of Leningard by the Gramans
(d) 7
th
December : Japan attacks Pearl Harbour.
America Joins the war
(e) 11
th
December : Germany and Italy declare war on America.
1942 : United Nations declaration singed by the representatives of 26 nations
1943 : Germany Italy defeated by the Allied powers in North. Africa
1944 : 6
th
June : D Day Opening of the Second Front
1945 : (a) 25
th
26
th
August : Liberation of Paris
(b) 28
th
April : Italian partisans shoot Mussolini
(c) 30 May : Hitler partisans shoot Mussolini
(d) 2
nd
April : Soviet army enters Berlin
(e) 7
th
May : Germany surrenders
(f) 8
th
May : VE (Victory in Europe) Day celebrated
(g) 9
th
May : Stalin announce defeat of the German forces by the Red
Army German navel fleel surrendes
(h) 6
th
August : U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima
(i) 8
th
August : Soviet Union declares war on Japan
(j) 9
th
August : Soviet Union declared on Japan
(k) 14
th
August : Japan surrenders
(I) 2
nd
, September : The second World war ends.
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(in) 24
th
October : U.N.O. comes into existance.
EXERCISE
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTOINS
1. Mention two steps taken by the Weimer Republic in 1923 to acquire political stability in Germany
2. Mention two result of the surrender of the German armies on 7
th
April 1945
3. Mention two reasons why the U.S.A entered the second World War.
4. What is referred to as Fascism in History Mention two Fescist powers which existed during the second World
War.
5. Mention the country in which the Weimer Republic was established. Why was it called the Weimer Republic
?
6. Who was Adolf Hitler ? What was the main reason for his popularity ?
7. Mention two main ideas expressed by Hitler in hi book Mein Kampf.
8. What is referred to as the Great Depression ?
9. How did the U.S.A help Germany to overcome the 1923 inancial crisis ?
10. Why did Germany attack Poland ? What were its consequences ?
11. Why and by whom was the Munich Pact singed ?
12. Why did Germany want Sudetenlend ?
13. Name did incident that started the second World war.
14. Why did Hitler attack Poland ? How was Poland captured within three weeks ?
15. Name the first country that developed the atom bomb. Why did it do so ?
16. What serious mistake did Hitler make when he attacked the Soviet Union ?
17. Why did Germany attack the Soviet Union ?
18. When did the second World War end in Europe ?
19. Why did the U.S.A enter the second world War ?
20. Mention any two causes of the second World war. ?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Explain the threefold plan of Hitler after becoming Chancellor of Germany to consolidate the Nazi power.
2. Explain any two problems by Hitler by the Weimer Republic from the vary begining
3. Explain the steps taken by Hitler to militaries Germany
4. Explain the main causes of the Great Economic Depression in USA in 1929
5. Mention the developments that followed the signing of the Non Aggression pact between the Soviet Union
and Germany in 1939
6. Critically examine the Nazi barbarities which occurred during the Second World War.
7. Explain the impact of the Great Economic Depression (1929) on Europe.
8. What was the effect of Nazism on Germany ?
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9. Write short notes on following
(a) The Anschluss (b) Anti Semitism
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10. Describe the main causes behind the entry of USA into Wore War II.
11. Account for the fall of Berlin and the end of the Third Reich in Germany
12. Which country used atomic weapons during Second World War and why ?
13. What are the inherent defects of the Weimar Constitution ?
14. What was the new style of Politics devised by Hitler ?
15. What were the provisions of the Enabling Laws ?
16. How did the common people react to Nazism ?
17. How did the world come to know about the Holocaust ?
18. What did the peculiar features of Nazi thinking ?
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. How did the Nazi seek to implement a pure German racial state ?
2. Give an account of the rise of Hitler (Nazis)
3. The second World War was the most destructive war in history. Substantiate this statement.
4. Describe the main provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
5. Explain the policies of the fascist. How did they lead to the Second World War
6. Explain the main c&uses of the Second World War.
7. What steps were taken by Hitler to popularize Nazi ideology.
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PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INIDA
The interior of the Earth extremely hot and the steam generated tries to escape towards the surface producing
converctional currents. These currents tears tears the earths and divides them into larger fragments called
tectonic of lithospheric plates.
SEVEN MAJOR PLATES
1. The Pacific 2. North America 3. South America 4. Eurasia
5. Africa 6. Antarctica 7. Indo Australia
These plates either move away from each other or come towards each other. This divergence and convergence
causes the earths crust of fold and fracture. These movements have changed the position and size of the
continents over millions of years.
India was a part of the Gondwana lans, ds but when the Indo Australian plat got separated from the
Gonwanalands. It started drifting towards the Eurasian plant under the impact of this collisions the mighty
Himalayas came into existence . A depression was formed south of the Himalayas. Gradually this depression
got filed up by the alluvium brought down by the rivers. When the Himalayas. Formed a volcanic eruption
book place and also a part of the Deccan Plateau subsided. The India Ocea rushed to occupy this depression
and thus the Arabian Sea came into existence.
MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
(i) The Great Mountain of the North (ii) The North Indian Plains
(iii) The Penin sular plateau (iv) The Coastal Pleins (v) The island
The Great Mountain of the North
From the Pamir knot a no. of ranges ran in different direction. Hindu kush, to the west. Tien Shah to the
North East, Kunlun to the East, Karakoram to the south East Range to the Far East.
K2 or Mount Godwin Austin is the highest peak of the Karakoram range, Baltoro and Siachen are the famous
glaciers of this region. South of the Karakoram lies the Ladakh and Zasker Range. The river Indus passes the
Kaiiash, Ladakh and Zaskar Range and enters Pakistan. Later, it meets the Arabian Sea.
Extend : The Himalayas extend from Indian in the west to Brahmaputra in the East. Total length 2,400 km
width varies from 400 to 150 km.
Range : The Himalayas consist of three rages :
(a) Himadri
Average altitude - 600 m
Highest Parbat - Mount Everest (8, 848 m, Nepal )
Kanchenjunga or Khangchendzonga - (8,598 m, Sikkim)
Nanga Parbat - (8,126 m, J and K)
Nanga Davi - (7,817 m, Uttaranchal)
(b) Himachal
Average altitude - 3,700 to 4,500 m
Average width - 50 km.
Imp. Ranges - Pir Panjab, Dholadhar and Mahabharat,
Imp. Hill Stations - Dharamshala, Dalhousie Shmla, Mussoria, Darjaeeling
(c) Shiwalika
Average Altitude - 900 to 1100 m
Average Width - 10 to 50 km
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Contains flat bottom valleys made of gravel and alluvium deposits called duns Example: Dehradun and
Patlidun.
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Sections : Longitudinally Himalayas are divided into four sections :
(a) Punjab Himalayas This lies between the Indus and Satluj. Coves J and k and H.P.
(b) Kumoan Himalayas Lies between Satluj and River kali. Covers Unttaranchal.
(c) Nepal Himalayas Lines between River Kali and River Tista. Covers Nepal.
(d) Assam Himalayas Lies between River Tista and Dihang (Brahmaputra)
Passes : Imp. Rivers are Indus, Satluj, Yamuna, Ganga, Kosi, Brahmaputra, Tista, Indus, Satluj and
Brahmaputra orginates in the Kailash Mansarowar region. At the Namcha Barwa (775m) Brahmaputra turns
and entres Indio. These rivers form garges i.e I shaped valleys with steep sides.
Valleys : The Himalayas are known for their beautiful valleys Kashmir, Kullu and Kangra and are world
famous for their scenic beauty
Eastern Himalayas :The Eastern Himalayas are also called Purvanchal. They most consist fo the Gharo, Ghasi,
Jaintia, Patkai, Naga and Mizo Hilly
The Northern Plains are formed due to the deposit of alluvium. Its rich soil cover favourable climate and
adequate water supply support agriculture.
Features : Some features in the Northern Plains are alluvial fan, flood plains, levees, channel bars and bluffs,
A tributary joins a main river by adding to its water whereas a distributary carries away a part of the water
from the main river when a river divides itself into many channels and over a large area in a triangular shape it
is called a dalta.
Extant : The Northern Plains extend between the mouth of the Indus and the Ganga, Brahmaputra, It covers a
dist of 3,200 km. Its width varies between 300 and 150 km. it is divided into three parts
(a) Indus river system in the west. (b) The Gange river system (c) Brahmaputra river system in the East
The Indus and its tributaries flow westward and meets the Arabian sea. The land between two rives is called
Doab. Punjab has obtained its name because it is a plain made by 5 rivers. The Gange enters the Northern
Plain at Haridwar. It is joined by many tribuatries. On reaching West Bengal, it meets Brahmaputra and entes
Bangladesh. Where the Ganga and Brahmaputra forms the largest and the fastest growing delta of the world.
The Brahmaputra enters India at Arunachal Pradesh. In Bangladesh. It meets Ganga and then drains into the
Bay of Bangle.
Relief: The relief of the plains is divided into four parts
(i) Bhabar : At the foot of the Shiwalik there is a narrow balt covered with pebbles brought down by
the river. This belt of 8 to 16 kilometers width is called Bhabar.
(ii) Tarai : It liest next to the Bhabar zone. It consist of wed and marshy lands thick forest and a variety
of wildlife.
(iii) Bhangar : This is a plain of old alluvium caused by deposition and is now higher than the level of
the flat plain.
(iv) Khadar : This is the new alluvium soil which is deposited on the flood plains.
Peninsualr Plateau It is the oldest part of the county. It is triangular in shape. It has its base towards the
Northern Hills and is apex at Kanyakumari. It has an average height of 6,00 to 9,00 m, In the North rarts into
the Arabian Sea, whereas all the other South rivers flow into Boy of Bangal.
The Peninsular Plateau is subdivided into 2 parts.
(a) Central Highlands
(b) Deccas Plateau
(a) It forms the Northern part of the Peninsular Plateau and is made up of igneous rocks.
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Location :
(i) North west part are the Aravalli Ranges which are old fold mountains. They fun from Gujarat to
Delhi. Thar Desert lies to the West of Aravallis
(ii) Southern Boundary of the Central Highlands lies between the Aravallis and the Vindhaya Ranges.
It consist of Malwa Plateau and the Bundelkhand Plateau. It is drained by R. Chambal and and R.
Betwa. On its Norther side lies Gangetic Plain.
(iii) The middle section of the central Highlands lies between R. Narmada and R. Son. Escarpment are
formed by the Vindhaya and Kaimur Ranges (An Escerpment is a steep slope of a right rising above
the surrounding land). Chhota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand is also a part of this region.
(iv) The Rajmahal Hills and the shillong Plateau are also part of the Central Highlands with have now
been buried by the alluvium brought down by the Genga Plains.
Extend : It extends from Satpura, Mahadev and Mikal Ranges to the Southern tip of the Peninsula. North
Western part is formed by lave. It run uninterruptedly along the Arabin coast. It is known as sahyadri in
Maharashtra
The southern part of the western ghats consist of two high peaks Dodo Beta in Karnataka and Anai Mudi in
kerala. These peak are much smaller in height compared to the Himalaya.
The Eastern ghats consist of discontinous hill rages of very low height no more than 900 m. The ranges of the
Eastern ghats are
(i) Nallamala (ii) Palkonda (iii) Malayagiri
Coastal Plains The Coastal Plains divided into 2 parts, Western Coastal Plains and Eastern Coastal Plains
Western Coastal Plains :
(i) Extends from Gujarat to Kerala.
(ii) It is generally narrow, Highly rigid and dissected.
(iii) It is called Konkan it the north and in the South Malabar Coast (iv) It consist of 2 rivers Narmada
nad Tapi.
(v) Both rivers form estuatries.
(iv) Western Coast consist of natural harbours such as Mumbai , Marrmgoa, (viii) kerala Coast consist
of Salt water lakes called laqoons.
Eastern Coastal Plains :
(i) They extend from Orissa to Tamil Nadu.
(ii) They are wider then the Wastern Coastal Plains.
(iii) They are called Northern Circars in the North and Coromondal in the South.
(iv) They consist of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
(v) All rives from deltas.
(vi) It has famous posts such as Madras. Vishakapatnam, Paradip.
(vii) It constains salt water lakes called lagoons.
Islands Indian Islands can be divided into 2 group, Lakshwadeep and the andoman and Nicober Islands
(A.N)
Lakshadweep Islands.
(i) Consist of many small islands.
(ii) Lie opposite to the coast of kerala.
(iii) They lie inn the Arabian Sea.
(v) The southem most Island is very close to Maldives.
(vi) The islands are formed of coral deposite.
(vii) The islands is in shape of a horse shoe and is called a atolls in Malayalam.
(viii) They are 27 in. on. out of which 17 are inhabitant. Andoman and Nicobar Islands.
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Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(i) There are many island but bigger in size.
(ii) They lie opposite to Tamil Nadu for away from the coast.
(iii) They lie in the Bay of Bengal.
(iv) hey are of volcanic origin.
(v) They are about 200 in the Andoman group and 19 in Nicbar group.
(vi) They spread over a dist. of 350 km.
(vii) The Southern most tip of the Nicobar island is called Indira Point. It lies very close to the Equator.
Conclusion :
(i) Northern Mountains are the Major source of water and forest wealth
(ii) Northern Plains are the granaries of the country.
(iii) The Peninsular Plateau is a store house of minerals.
(iv) The coastal region and islands provide sites for fishing and port activities.
(v) All the natural regions compliment each other and makes the country rich in its nafural resources.
IMPROTNAT TERMS
1. Tarai zone : It is Zone next to the bhabar is wet and marshy. It has a thick forest cover and a variety of
wildlife.
2. Water divide : The upland that separates the flow of rivers of river system
3. Delta : It is a triangular deposition of sediment at mouth of a river. The river become slow at the mouth of the
sea, so mud and silt settle down and from the delta.
4. Estuary : It is a narrow deep valley at the mouth of river where currents of tides are strong of the current of
the river itself is swift.
5. Tributary : A river which joins the main dver and increase the volume of water.
6. Plate Techtonic : The scientific concept which explains the movement s of different plates of the crust of the
earth.
7. Gondawana land : A major portion of the crust which one incorporated Australia, Peninsular India south
Africa and south America.
8. Tethys Sea : A narrow sea with a sinking bottom lying between Gondwana land in the south Angaral in the
north.
9. Flood Plain : A Plain formed by the sediment deposited by the rivers years after year.
10. Bar : A deposit of Sand of mud in the river channel.
11. Levees: An elevated bank flanking the channel of a river and standing above the level of the flood plains.
12. Lagoon : A salt water lake separated from the sea by the sandbars.
13. Glaciar : Slow moving rivers of snow & ice.
14. Pass : A gap in mountain range providing a natural route across.
15. Alluvial Plains : Flat low lying lands made of the alluvium.
16. Diverging plate : Plates which are moving away form each other
17. Converging Plate : Plates which are coming together.
18. Pernnial Rivers : Rives which flow through out the year.
19. Fold mountain : The fold mountains formed during the most recent major phase of folding in the eaths crust.
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EXERCISE
VARY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTOINS
1. Why are Shivaliks prone to l. andslides ?
2. What are the dunes and where and they found ?
3. What are tectonics plates ?
4. Explain plains are more fertile. Give two reasons.
5. Which continents of today were a part of Godwana land ?
6. Mention the three types of plates movements.
7. Name the oldest landmass of the Indian sub continent.
8. What was the Gondwana land ?
9. Name the major rivers of the nor, then India.
10. What is meant by doab ?
11. How is the northern plain divided on the basis of the difference in relief ?
12. What is Taral Zone ?
13. What is barchan
14. Name any two peaks of the western Ghat ?
15. Name tow rivers which form estuaries ?
16. Name two rivers which form estuaries ?
17. What are the dunes made up of ? Give an example
19. Name two passes of Eastern Himalayas ?
20. Name two passes major tectonic Himalayas ?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. The land of India is characterized by a great diversity in its relief or physical features. Justify the statement.
2. Write four points to explain the extent, length width and height of the Himalayas.
3. How are the Himalayas divided in the east west direction ?
4. What is the bhabar explain.
5. Write any four major characteristics of the northern plains of India.
6. Write any four characteristics of Gangs Bhamputra delta.
7. Mention some features of e Ganga Basin.
8. Why are Himalayas called the young fold mountains ?
9. Explain how the Himalayas act as boon for India
10. Distinguish between delta and an estuary.
11. Mention any four features of the Peninsular plateau.
12. What is Purvanchal ?
13. Write brief facts about lakshdweep Island.
14. Write any three features of Karakoram mountains range.
15. Differentiate between western Himalaya eastern Himalayas.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Name the major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south .
2. Give an account of the northern Plains.
3. Give an account of the Island groups of India.
4. Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular Plateau.
5. Name the four physical division of India and explain anyone
6. Give a brief account of the great plains of North India.
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7. What are the uses of the Himalayas ? Explain.
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Important Notes