Clinical Anatomy of The Horse

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1st ed.
Hilary M. Clayton, BVMS PhD MRCVS
Mary Anne McPhail Dressage Chair in Equine Sports Medicine, College oI Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State
University, East Lansing MI 48824-1314, USA
Peter F. Flood, BVSc MSc PhD MRCVS
ProIessor Emeritus oI Veterinary Anatomy, Western College oI Veterinary Medicine, University oI
Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
Diana S. Rosenstein, DVM, MS, DipACVR
Associate ProIessor oI Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College oI Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State
University, East Lansing MI 48824-1314, USA
David Mandeville
Division oI Media Technology, University oI Saskatchewan, 28 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N
0X1, Canada
0-7234-3302-X
MOSBY ELSEVIER
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First edition 2005
ISBN 07234 3302 X
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record Ior this book is available Irom the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
!!!
!!!
!"
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/ 3&4/ 7 *- 6
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A catalog record Ior this book is available Irom the Library oI Congress
Note
Veterinary knowledge and best practice in this Iield are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary
or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current inIormation provided (i) on procedures
Ieatured or (ii) by the manuIacturer oI each product to be administered, to veriIy the recommended dose or
Iormula, the method and duration oI administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility oI the
practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge oI the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine
dosages and the best treatment Ior each individual patient, and to take all appropriate saIety precautions. To
the Iullest extent oI the law, neither the publisher nor the authors assume any liability Ior any injury and/or
damage.
!"##$%%$"&$&' )*$+",- Joyce Rodenhuis
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1 lnLroducLion
The illustrations in this atlas include photographs oI skeletal preparations, dissections and endoscopic views as well as
images obtained by radiology, ultrasonography and computerized tomography. These techniques contribute in diIIerent
but complementary ways to our understanding oI the anatomy oI the horse (!"##$ &'('))#$). The atlas is not intended to
be a comprehensive anatomical reIerence book, oI which there are several; instead, it is an illuminating companion to
these texts. Our intent is to portray those aspects oI equine anatomy that are particularly relevant to clinical practice as
well as to students oI anatomy.
Modern photographic and color printing techniques have been used to provide the best possible images oI prepared
bones and rapidly dissected, unIixed tissues, giving detailed conceptual inIormation that cannot be readily obtained by
other means. Some structures, such as the abdominal viscera, deteriorate rapidly in the Iresh state, and in these cases we
have given high priority to the accurate portrayal oI color and texture.
Anatomy concerns the Iorm and relationships oI the parts oI the body. Communication between anatomists is Iacilitated
by the use oI agreed standardized terms and a list oI these has been developed and periodically revised by the
International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature. The list, which Iorms a small book known as the
*+,-.' /.'0+,-&' 12023-.'3-'
1
(NAV), provides general descriptive terms applicable to all vertebrates, and speciIic
terms related to the structure oI the horse. During the preparation oI the NAV, every eIIort has been made to maximize
conIormity between the human and domestic animal nomenclatures, but because veterinary terminology must be based
on the normal quadrupedal stance, rather than the erect human position, there are distinct diIIerences in the terms used
Ior direction. The veterinary terms are related to parts oI the body, thus blood that Ilows towards the head is said to be
moving cranially and that Ilowing towards the tail moves caudally. The directional terms are described in detail in this
chapter through annotated photographs oI a horse.
The NAV uses Latin to identiIy anatomical structures. Anatomists are encouraged to translate the original Latin terms
into their own languages unless this leads to obvious ambiguity. In general, anglicized terms have been used in this
atlas, though the Latin terms have been retained Ior most muscles. When a structure has a synonym or well-known
name in common usage, it is shown in brackets.
!
1
3 4$)1*56%)#*$ 7&8/ 3 *- 9
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1.1 Live horse, laLeral view. 1opographic Lerms.
1 Transverse plane neck, trunk
2 Dorsal head, neck, trunk, tail
3 Ventral head, neck, trunk, tail
4 Rostral head
5 Caudal head
6 Cranial neck, trunk, tail
7 Caudal neck, trunk, tail
8 Proximal limb
9 Distal limb
10 Cranial proximal limb
11 Caudal proximal limb
12 Dorsal carpus and digit
13 Palmar carpus and digit
14 Dorsal tarsus and digit
15 Plantar tarsus and digit
!
"
"
3 4$)1*56%)#*$ 7&8/ : *- 9
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1.2 Live horse, lronLal view. 1opographic Lerms.
Head, neck, Lrunk
1 Median plane
"
#
3 4$)1*56%)#*$ 7&8/ ; *- 9
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Sagittal plane
3 Lateral
4 Medial
5 Dorsal plane
Limbs
6 Proximal
7 Distal
8 Transverse plane
9 Axial plane
10 Axial
11 Abaxial
12 Cranial
13 Dorsal
#
3 4$)1*56%)#*$ 7&8/ < *- 9
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
1.3 Live horse, caudal view. 1opographic Lerms.
Head, neck, Lrunk
1 Median plane
#
$
3 4$)1*56%)#*$ 7&8/ = *- 9
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2 Sagittal plane
3 Medial
4 Lateral
5 Dorsal plane
Limbs
6 Proximal
7 Distal
8 Transverse plane
9 Axial plane
10 Axial
11 Abaxial
12 Caudal
13 Plantar
1 *+,-.' /.'0+,-&' 12023-.'3-' (1983, 3rd edition). International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical
Nomenclature, Ithaca, New York.
3 4$)1*56%)#*$ 7&8/ 9 *- 9
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2 Head
In this chapter palpable landmarks are indicated on photographs oI live animals, osteological Ieatures are shown on
bone specimens and radiographs, and soIt-tissue structures are revealed using a series oI prepared dissections,
endoscopic views, radiographs and computed tomographic images. Topographical relationships between the bones and
soIt-tissue structures are clariIied using specimens that have been sectioned in various orientations and accompanying
images.
!
2
3 0/&4 5&6/ 7 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.1 Head and neck ol live horse, laLeral view, demonsLraLing visible and/or palpable
landmarks.
1 Upper lip
2 Cornu oI alar cartilage
3 Nostril
4 Lamina oI alar cartilage
5 Nasoincisive notch
3 0/&4 5&6/ 3 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 InIraorbital Ioramen
7 Facial crest
8 Facial nerve (VII)
9 Medial commissure oI eyelids
10 Sclera (unpigmented in this horse)
11 Zygomatic process
12 Lateral commissure oI eyelids
13 Zygomatic arch
14 Pinna
15 Mane
16 Jugular groove
17 M. brachiocephalicus
18 M. sternocephalicus
19 Parotid gland
20 M. masseter
21 Mandible
22 M. depressor labii inIerioris
23 M. zygomaticus
24 Commissure oI lips
25 Chin
26 Lower lip
!
3 0/&4 5&6/ : *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.2 8ones ol skull, dorsal view.
1 Incisive bone
2 Nasal bone
3 Maxilla
4 Zygomatic bone
5 Lacrimal bone
6 Frontal bone
7 Temporal bone
8 Parietal bone
9 Interparietal bone
10 Occipital bone, squamous part
!
"
3 0/&4 5&6/ ; *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.3 8ones ol skull, laLeral view.
1 Incisive bone
2 Nasal bone
3 Maxilla
4 Lacrimal bone
5 Zygomatic bone
6 Palatine bone, perpendicular plate
7 Presphenoid bone
8 Frontal bone
9 Temporal bone
10 Parietal bone
11 Interparietal bone
12 Occipital bone, squamous part
13 Occipital bone, lateral part
14 Occipital bone, basilar part
3 0/&4 5&6/ < *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.4 8ones ol skull, venLral view.
1 Incisive bone
2 Maxilla
3 Palatine bone
4 Vomer
5 Zygomatic bone
6 Frontal bone
7 Sphenoid bone
8 Temporal bone, squamous part
9 Temporal bone, tympanic and petrous parts
10 Occipital bone, basilar part
11 Occipital bone, lateral part
"
3 0/&4 5&6/ 8 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.5 8ony leaLures ol skull, dorsal view.
1 Interincisive canal
2 Body oI incisive bone
3 Nasal process oI incisive bone
5 Facial crest
6 Orbit
7 Zygomatic process oI Irontal bone
8 Zygomatic arch
9 Temporal line
10 Nuchal crest
11 External sagittal crest
12 Temporal Iossa
13 Supraorbital Ioramen
14 Rostral lacrimal process
"
#
3 0/&4 5&6/ = *- 89
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2.6 8ony leaLures ol skull, laLeral view.
1 Incisor teeth
6 Facial crest
7 Fossa Ior lacrimal sac
8 Zygomatic arch
10 Temporal Iossa
12 Nuchal crest
3 0/&4 5&6/ 9 *- 89
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13 Condyloid Iossa
14 Occipital condyle
15 Jugular process
16 Mastoid process
17 Stylomastoid Ioramen
18 Styloid process
19 External acoustic meatus
20 Retroarticular process
21 Mandibular Iossa
22 Articular tubercle
23 Condylar process
24 Molar teeth (M
1
, M
2
, M
3
)
25 Premolar teeth (P
2
, P
3
, P
4
)
3 0/&4 5&6/ > *- 89
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2.7 Skull ol mare, venLral view.
1 Incisor teeth (I
1
, I
2
, I
3
)
3 Palatine Iissure
4 Palatine process oI incisive bone
5 Premolar teeth (P
2
, P
3
, P
4
)
6 Molar teeth (M
1
, M
2
, M
3
)
7 Choanae
8 Vomer
9 Wings oI vomer
10 Hamulus oI pterygoid bone
11 Zygomatic arch
12 Caudal alar Ioramen
13 Petrotympanic Iissure
3 0/&4 5&6/ 7? *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
16 Foramen lacerum
17 Jugular Ioramen
19 Foramen magnum
20 Hypoglossal canal
21 Jugular process
22 Tympanic bulla
23 Osseous part oI auditory tube
25 Mandibular Iossa
27 Rostral end oI Iacial crest
28 Major palatine Ioramen
29 Palatine groove
30 Palatine process oI maxilla
#
3 0/&4 5&6/ 77 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.8 Mandible ol mare, dorsal oblique view. Canine LeeLh are absenL.
1 Incisor teeth (I
1
, I
2
, I
3
)
2 Interalveolar border
3 Premolar teeth (P
2
, P
3
, P
4
)
4 Molar teeth (M
1
, M
2
, M
3
)
5 Coronoid process
6 Condylar process
7 Mandibular Ioramen
8 Ramus oI mandible
9 Body oI mandible
10 Mental Ioramen
#
$
3 0/&4 5&6/ 73 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.9 Skull and mandible ol lemale horse, laLeral view.
5 Facial crest
6 Fossa Ior lacrimal soc
7 Zygomatic arch
9 Coronoid process
10 Temporal Iossa
12 Nuchal crest
3 0/&4 5&6/ 7: *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
13 Condyloid Iossa
15 Jugular process
16 Mastoid process
18 Styloid process
21 Mandibular Iossa
23 Condylar process
24 Mandibular notch
25 Ramus oI mandible
26 Angle oI mandible
27 Notch Ior Iacial vessels
28 Body oI mandible
29 Mental Ioramen
30 Molar teeth
31 Premolar teeth
33 Incisor teeth
3 0/&4 5&6/ 7; *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.1O LaLeral view radiograph ol horse head.
1 Upper incisor teeth
2 Incisive bone
5 Maxilla
6 Rostral compartment oI maxillary sinus
7 Upper premolar teeth (P
2
, P
3
, P
4
)
8 Upper molar teeth (M
1
, M
2
, M
3
)
9 Lower incisor teeth
10 Mandible
11 Lower premolar teeth (P
2
, P
3
, P
4
)
12 Lower molar teeth (M
1
, M
2
, M
3
)
$
3 0/&4 5&6/ 7< *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.11 Skull and mandible, caudal view.
1 External occipital protuberance
2 Nuchal crest
3 Coronoid process
4 Mandibular Iossa
5 Condylar process
6 Jugular process
7 Caudal alar Ioramen
8 Hamulus oI pterygoid
9 Choanae
10 Body oI mandible
11 Angle oI mandible
12 Mandibular Ioramen
13 Ramus oI mandible
14 Zygomatic arch
16 Foramen magnum
$
%
3 0/&4 5&6/ 78 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
Deciduous dentition oI horse
Permanent dentition oI horse
The second, third and Iourth premolars are consistently present in the upper and lower jaws in male and Iemale horses.
The presence oI the Iirst upper premolar (wolI tooth) is variable; it is usually absent in both sexes, but may be present
in vestigial Iorm in horses oI either sex. When present, it Iorms part oI the permanent dentition. Canine teeth are
present in male horses (stallions and geldings), but are usually absent, or small and poorly developed in mares.
2.12 kosLral parL ol skull ol mare, venLral view, showing Lhe posiLion ol Lhe lirsL
premolar (woll) LooLh.
1 Incisor teeth (I
1
, I
2
, I
3
)
3 Palatine Iissure
4 Palatine process oI incisive bone
5 First upper premolar (wolI) tooth (P
1
)
6 Premolar teeth (P
2
, P
3
, P
4
)
3 0/&4 5&6/ 7= *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.13 kosLral parL ol skull ol male horse wiLh canine LeeLh, venLral view.
1 Incisor teeth (I
1
, I
2
, I
3
)
3 Canine tooth
4 Palatine Iissure
5 Palatine process
6 Premolar teeth (P
2
, P
3
, P
4
)
2.14 kosLral parL ol mandible ol male horse wiLh canine LeeLh, dorsal view.
1 Incisor teeth (I
1
, I
2
, I
3
)
2 Canine tooth
4 Premolar teeth (P
2
, P
3
, P
4
)
%
3 0/&4 5&6/ 79 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.15 lncisor LooLh ol young horse cuL in longiLudinal secLion.
1 InIundibulum
2 Central enamel
3 Dentin
4 Peripheral enamel
5 Secondary dentin will appear as the dental star
6 Rostral (buccal) surIace
7 Caudal (lingual) surIace
8 Pulp cavity
%
&'
3 0/&4 5&6/ 7> *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.16 lncisor LooLh cuL in Lransverse secLion aL Lhe levels shown, which correspond
approximaLely wiLh ages 3 years, 9 years, 15 years, 2O years, 25 years. As Lhe
horse ages, Lhe shape and conLours ol Lhe Lable change. 1he pulp caviLy lills
wiLh secondary denLin, which is darker Lhan primary denLin, and appears on Lhe
Lable as Lhe denLal sLar.
1 Rostral (buccal) surIace
2 Caudal (lingual) surIace
3 InIundibulum
4 Central enamel
5 Dentin
6 Peripheral enamel
7 Pulp cavity
3 0/&4 5&6/ 3? *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.17 Skull ol young adulL horse, laLeral view. 1he bones have been sculpLured Lo
show Lhe exLenL ol Lhe reserve crowns ol Lhe incisors, premolars and molars.
1 Incisor teeth
2
, P
3
, P
4
)
1
, M
2
, M
3
)
4 Maxillary sinus
5 Orbit
6 Lower premolar teeth (P
2
, P
3
, P
4
)
7 Lower molar teeth (M
1
, M
2
, M
3
)
&'
3 0/&4 5&6/ 37 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.18 LaLeral view radiograph ol head ol 1-day-old loal.
1 Maxillary sinus
2 Frontal sinus
3 Ethmoid turbinates
4 Nasotracheal oxygen tube
5 Auditory tube diverticulum
6 Upper deciduous premolar teeth (P
1
, P
2
, P
3
)
7 Lower deciduous premolar teeth (P
1
, P
2
, P
3
)
&'
&&
3 0/&4 5&6/ 33 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.19 LaLeral view radiograph ol maxillary LooLh rooLs and paranasal sinuses ol
maLure horse.
1 Frontal sinus
2 Orbit
3 Dorsal conchal Irontal sinus
4 Caudal compartment oI maxillary sinus
5 Ethmoid turbinates
6 InIraorbital canal
8 Ventral conchal sinus
3
, P
4
)
1
, M
2
, M
3
)
&&
3 0/&4 5&6/ 3: *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.2O Superlicial dissecLion ol head, laLeral view. CuLaneous muscles have been
removed.
1 M. caninus
2 Nasal diverticulum
3 M. levator nasolabialis
4 Angular vein oI eye
5 M. levator labii superioris
6 M. orbicularis oculi
7 Supraorbital Iat pad
8 M. temporalis
9 Zygomatic arch
10 Transverse Iacial vessels
&&
&(
3 0/&4 5&6/ 3; *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
11 Parotid gland
12 M. parotidoauricularis
14 Common carotid artery
15 Maxillary vein
16 Jugular vein
18 M. sternohyoideus
19 M. masseter
21 Dorsal buccal branch oI Iacial nerve
22 Ventral buccal branch oI Iacial nerve
23 Facial vein
24 Facial artery
25 Parotid duct
26 M. buccinator
3 0/&4 5&6/ 3< *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.21 Superlicial dissecLion ol caudal mandibular region, laLeral view. CuLaneous
muscles and M. paroLidoauricularis have been removed.
2 Zygomatic arch
4 Parotid gland
5 Maxillary vein
6 External jugular vein
7 LinguoIacial vein
9 M. sternohyoideus and M. omohyoideus
3 0/&4 5&6/ 38 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 Parotid duct
11 Tendon oI M. sternocephalicus
12 Edge oI mandible
13 M. masseter
15 Ventral buccal branch oI Iacial nerve
16 Dorsal buccal branch oI Iacial nerve
17 Facial crest
3 0/&4 5&6/ 3= *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.22 Deep dissecLion ol caudal mandibular region, venLrolaLeral view. 1he M.
paroLidoauricularis, Lhe paroLid gland and Lhe mandibular gland have been
removed. 1he maxillary vein has been reLracLed rosLrally.
1 Facial crest
2 Buccal branch oI Iacial nerve
3 Transverse Iacial vessels and nerve
4 Zygomatic arch
5 SuperIicial temporal vein
6 Caudal auricular vein
7 M. digastricus
8 Carotid sinus on internal carotid artery
3 0/&4 5&6/ 39 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
9 External carotid artery
11 M. omotransversarius
13 Maxillary vein
14 Thyroid gland
15 Tendon oI M. sternocephalicus
16 LinguoIacial vein
17 M. sternothyroideus
18 M. omohyoideus and M. sternohyoideus
19 M. masseter
&(
3 0/&4 5&6/ 3> *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.23 Superlicial dissecLion ol head ol horse, venLral view. CuLaneous muscles have
been removed.
1 Chin
3 Mandible
4 M. mylohyoideus
5 Mandibular lymph node
6 M. masseter
7 Parotid duct
8 Facial vein
9 Lingual vein
11 Facial artery
12 Parotid gland
14 M. omohyoideus
&(
&)
3 0/&4 5&6/ :? *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.24 DorsovenLral view radiograph ol rosLral horse head.
1 Upper incisor teeth (I
1
, I
2
, I
3
)
2 Upper canine teeth
3 Interalveolar space
4 Nasal passages
3 0/&4 5&6/ :7 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.25 DorsovenLral view radiograph ol caudal horse head.
1 Ethmoidal conchae
2 Nasal passages
1
, M
2
, M
3
)
4 Caudal compartment oI maxillary sinus
5 Nasal septum
3
, P
4
)
&)
3 0/&4 5&6/ :3 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.26 DissecLion ol lronLal and maxillary region ol head, dorsal view. Overlying bone
has been removed Lo expose Lhe inLerior ol Lhe lronLal and maxillary sinuses.
1 Nasal bone
2 Rostral maxillary sinus
3 Maxillary sinus septum
4 Caudal maxillary sinus
5 M. obicularis oculi
6 Conchal part oI Irontal sinus
7 Frontomaxillary opening
8 Ethmoidal conchae in Irontal sinus
9 Frontal sinus
10 M. temporalis
&)
&*
3 0/&4 5&6/ :: *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.27 DissecLion ol lronLal and maxillary region ol head, laLeral view. Overlying bone
has been removed Lo expose Lhe inLerior ol Lhe lronLal and maxillary sinuses.
1 Nasal bone
2 Conchal part oI Irontal sinus
3 Frontal sinus
5 M. temporalis
7 Zygomatic arch
8 Facial crest
9 M. orbicularis oculi
11 Caudal maxillary sinus
12 Maxillary sinus septum
13 Rostral maxillary sinus
3 0/&4 5&6/ :; *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.28 Paramedian secLion Lhrough head. Nasal sepLum has been removed.
1 Upper lip
2 Incisor tooth (I
1
)
3 Alar cartilage
4 Straight Iold
5 Alar Iold
6 Basal Iold
7 Dorsal meatus
8 Dorsal nasal concha
9 Middle meatus
10 Ventral nasal concha
11 Ventral meatus
3 0/&4 5&6/ :< *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
12 Ethmoidal conchae
13 Septum separating leIt and right Irontal sinuses
14 Cerebral hemisphere
15 Cerebral crura
16 Sphenopalatine sinus
17 Pons
18 Cerebellum
19 Medulla oblongata
20 Nuchal ligament
21 Spinal cord
22 M. longus capitis
23 Trachea
24 Cricoid cartilage
25 Arytenoid cartilage
26 Vocal Iold
27 Lateral laryngeal ventricle
28 Vestibular Iold
29 Median laryngeal ventricle
30 Epiglottis
31 Thyroid cartilage
33 Basihyoid bone
34 M. genioglossus
35 Mucosa separating leIt and right auditory tube diverticulae
36 Opening oI auditory tube
37 Nasopharynx
3 0/&4 5&6/ :8 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
38 SoIt palate
39 Hard palate
40 M. geniohyoideus
41 M. styloglossus
42 Mandible
43 Chin
44 Incisor tooth (I
1
)
45 Lower lip
&*
3 0/&4 5&6/ := *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.29 Paramedian secLion Lhrough head. 1he medial walls ol Lhe dorsal and venLral
conchae have been removed.
1 Nasal bone
2 Dorsal meatus
3 Scrolled portion oI dorsal nasal concha
4 Conchal portion oI Irontal sinus
5 Frontal sinus
6 Middle meatus
&*
&!
3 0/&4 5&6/ :9 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7 Ethmoidal conchae
8 Conchal portion oI rostral maxillary sinus
9 Nasopharynx
10 Ventral meatus
11 Hard palate
12 SoIt palate
13 Opening oI auditory tube
14 Auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch)
15 Epiglottis
16 Basihyoid bone
17 Tongue
18 M. geniohyoideus
19 M. hyoglossus
3 0/&4 5&6/ :> *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.3O Endoscopic view ol caudal nasal caviLy and nasopharynx.
1 Ethmoidal conchae
3 Nasal septum
4 Nasopharyngeal recess
5 Opening oI right auditory tube
6 Opening oI leIt auditory tube
7 SoIt palate
&!
3 0/&4 5&6/ ;? *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.31 Skull ol horse, laLeral view. 1he exLernal audiLory canals, audiLory Lubes and
audiLory Lube diverLiculae (guLLural pouches) have been lilled wiLh yellow laLex.
1 Orbit
2 Facial crest
3 Zygomatic arch
4 Mandibular Iossa
5 Pterygopalatine Iossa
6 Hamulus oI pterygoid bone
7 Auditory tube
8 Lateral compartment oI auditory tube diverticulum
10 Mastoid process
11 Stylohyoid bone
12 Medial compartment oI auditory tube diverticulum
13 Paracondylar process
&!
&"
3 0/&4 5&6/ ;7 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.32 Skull ol horse, venLral view. 1he exLernal audiLory canals, audiLory Lubes and
audiLory Lube diverLiculae (guLLural pouches) have been lilled wiLh yellow laLex.
1 Vomer
2 Choana
3 Major palatine Ioramen
4 Second upper molar
5 Third upper molar
6 Facial crest
7 Zygomatic arch
8 Stylohyoid bone
9 Auditory tube
12 External auditory canal
14 Foramen magnum
3 0/&4 5&6/ ;3 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.33 LaLeral view radiograph ol head showing audiLory Lube diverLiculae.
1 Basisphenoid bone
2 Basioccipital bone
3 Atlas (C1)
4 Axis (C2)
5 Auditory tube diverticulum, lateral compartment
6 Auditory tube diverticulum, medial compartment
7 Stylohyoid bone
8 Ramus oI mandible
9 Nasopharynx
11 Epiglottis
12 Laryngeal ventricle
13 Trachea
&"
3 0/&4 5&6/ ;: *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.34 Paramedian secLion Lhrough pharynx and larynx. 1he lloor ol Lhe audiLory Lube
diverLiculum has been reLracLed venLrally Lo reveal iLs inLerior.
1 Ethmoidal conchae
2 Midline septum between leIt and right Irontal sinuses
4 Corpus callosum
&"
&#
3 0/&4 5&6/ ;; *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5 Interthalamic adhesion
6 Mesencephalon
7 Cerebellum
8 Occipital bone
9 Nuchal ligament
10 Medulla oblongata
11 Spinal cord
12 Sphenoidal sinus
13 Basisphenoid and presphenoid bones
14 Auditory tube
16 Stylohyoid bone
18 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
19 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
20 Esophagus
21 Trachea
23 Corniculate process
25 Vocal Iold
27 Vestibular Iold
30 Basihyoid bone
3 0/&4 5&6/ ;< *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
31 Epiglottis
32 Nasopharynx
33 SoIt palate
2.35 Endoscopic view ol Lhe laLeral comparLmenL ol Lhe righL audiLory Lube
diverLiculum.
3 Stylohyoid bone
4 Maxillary vein
5 External carotid artery
6 M. digastricus
3 0/&4 5&6/ ;8 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.36 Endoscopic view ol Lhe medial comparLmenL ol Lhe righL audiLory Lube
diverLiculum.
3 Stylohyoid bone
4 Internal carotid artery
5 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
6 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
7 Vagus nerve (X)
8 M. stylopharyngeus
9 M. longus capitis
&#
3 0/&4 5&6/ ;= *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.37 Deep dissecLion ol caudal mandibular region ol loal. LelL mandible has been
removed.
2 Facial crest
3 First upper molar tooth (m
1
)
4 M. tensor veli palatini
5 M. palatopharyngeus
6 M. pterygopharyngeus
7 Stylohyoid bone
8 M. stylohyoideus
9 External auditory canal
10 M. temporalis
11 Nuchal crest
&#
&$
3 0/&4 5&6/ ;9 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
12 M. obliquus capitis cranialis
13 M. splenius
15 Wing oI atlas
16 M. rectus capitis lateralis
17 M. rectus capitis ventralis
19 M. omohyoideus
21 Trachea
22 Thyroid gland
24 M. cricopharyngeus
25 M. thyropharyngeus
26 M. thyrohyoideus
27 M. styloglossus
28 Tongue
29 M. geniohyoideus
3 0/&4 5&6/ ;> *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.38 LaLeral view radiograph ol head, laryngeal region.
1 Auditory tube diverticulum
2 Stylohyoid bone
3 Nasopharynx
4 SoIt palate
5 Epiglottis
6 Aryepiglottic Iold
3 0/&4 5&6/ <? *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.39 Larynx and hyoid bones, laLeral view.
1 Tympanohyoid bone
2 Stylohyoid bone
3 Ceratohyoid bone
4 Lingual process
5 M. ceratohyoideus
6 Thyrohyoid bone
7 Epiglottis
9 M. arytenoideus transversus
10 M. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
11 M. thyrohyoideus
13 M. cricothyroideus
15 First tracheal ring
16 Esophagus
&$
3 0/&4 5&6/ <7 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.4O Laryngeal carLilages and inLrinsic musculaLure, laLeral view (above) and dorsal
view (below).
1 Apex oI epiglottis
2 Epiglottis
&$
&%
3 0/&4 5&6/ <3 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4 Arytenoid
5 Palatopharyngeal arch
6 Thyroid
9 Cricoid
12 Foramen Ior cranial laryngeal nerve
13 Cranial cornu oI thyroid
14 Laryngeal prominence
3 0/&4 5&6/ <: *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.41 LelL laLeral view ol larynx alLer removal ol Lhe wing ol Lhe Lhyroid carLilage.
6 Cricoid cartilage
7 Thyroid cartilage
9 M. cricoarytenoideus lateralis
10 M. vocalis
12 M. ventricularis
13 Epiglottis
&%
3 0/&4 5&6/ <; *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.42 Median secLion Lhrough larynx.
1 Corniculate process oI arytenoid cartilage
2 Lamina oI cricoid cartilage
3 Tracheal mucosa
5 Ring oI cricoid
6 Cricothyroid ligament
7 Thyroid cartilage
8 Epiglottis
10 Vocal Iold
11 Vestibular Iold
&%
('
3 0/&4 5&6/ << *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.43 1ongue and larynx. 1he adiLus laryngis has been exposed by opening Lhe
pharynx dorsally.
1 Dorsum oI tongue
2 Vallate papilla
3 Foliate papilla
4 Palatoglossal Iold
5 Stylohyoid bone
6 Root oI tongue
7 Caudal extremity oI soIt palate
8 Epiglottis
9 Median ventricle oI larynx
10 Wall oI pharynx
11 PiriIorm recess (lateral Iood channel)
13 Dorsal part oI palatopharyngeal arch
14 Corniculate process oI arytenoid cartilage
15 Vocal Iold
3 0/&4 5&6/ <8 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.44 Endoscopic view ol larynx.
1 Palatopharyngeal arch
3 Vocal Iold
5 Epiglottis
6 SoIt palate
('
3 0/&4 5&6/ <= *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.45 1ransverse secLion Lhrough head aL Lhird premolar LooLh.
1 Mandible
2 Lower third premolar (P
3
)
3 M. masseter
4 Buccal glands
5 Upper third premolar (P
3
)
6 Reserve crown and root oI upper second premolar (P
2
)
7 M. levator nasolabialis
9 Dorsal nasal meatus
10 Dorsal nasal concha
('
(&
3 0/&4 5&6/ <9 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
11 Common nasal meatus
12 Middle nasal meatus
14 Ventral nasal meatus
15 Nasal septum
16 Nasal venous plexus
17 Body oI tongue
18 M. hyoglossus
19 M. genioglossus
20 Sublingual gland
21 M. geniohyoideus
3 0/&4 5&6/ <> *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.46 CompuLed Lomographic image ol head aL Lhird premolar LooLh.
1 Dorsal nasal meatus
2 Dorsal conchal sinus
3 Dorsal concha
4 Middle nasal meatus
5 Common nasal meatus
3 0/&4 5&6/ 8? *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 Ventral conchal sinus
7 Ventral concha
8 Ventral nasal meatus
9 Upper third premolar (permanent)
10 Maxilla
11 Cap oI upper deciduous third premolar
12 Endotracheal tube
13 Tongue
14 Lower third premolar
15 Mandible
(&
3 0/&4 5&6/ 87 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.47 1ransverse secLion Lhrough head aL Lhird molar LooLh.
1 Mandible
2 M. masseter
3 Reserve crown and root oI lower second premolar (P
2
)
4 Lower third premolar (P
3
)
5 Upper third premolar (P
3
)
6 M. levator labii superioris and M. levator nasolabialis
7 Nasolacrimal duct
8 ConchoIrontal sinus
9 Rostral part oI maxillary sinus
(&
((
3 0/&4 5&6/ 83 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 Caudal part oI maxillary sinus
11 Conchal part oI maxillary sinus
13 Nasal septum
14 Hard palate
15 Body oI tongue
16 M. genioglossus
17 M. hyoglossus
18 Mandibular duct
19 Sublingual vessels
20 M. geniohyoideus
21 M. mylohyoideus
3 0/&4 5&6/ 8: *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.48 CompuLed Lomographic image ol head aL Lhird molar LooLh.
1 Maxillary sinus
2 Nasal septum
3 Upper third molar (M
3
)
4 Maxilla
5 Endotracheal tube
6 Lower third molar (M
3
)
7 Mandible
((
3 0/&4 5&6/ 8; *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.49 1ransverse secLion Lhrough head aL Lemporomandibular |oinL.
1 Mandible
2 M. masseter
3 M. pterygoideus medialis
4 Maxillary vein
5 M. pterygoideus lateralis
7 Mandibular condyle
8 Articular disk
((
()
3 0/&4 5&6/ 8< *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
9 Mandibular Iossa
10 M. temporalis
12 Lateral ventricle oI brain
13 M. tensor veli palatini
14 Auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch)
15 Midline septum
16 M. stylopharyngeus
17 Stylohyoid bone
18 Lingual artery and nerve
19 M. hyopharyngeus
20 Epiglottis
21 Facial artery
22 Rostral cornu oI thyroid cartilage
23 Tendon oI M. digastricus
25 M. thyrohyoideus
26 Mandibular gland
27 Median ventricle oI larynx
28 M. omohyoideus and M. sternohyoideus
29 M. cutaneus Iasciei
3 0/&4 5&6/ 88 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.5O CompuLed Lomographic image ol head aL Lemporomandibular |oinL.
1 Temporal bone
2 Cerebrum
3 Zygomatic process oI temporal bone
4 Temporomandibular joint
5 Condylar process oI mandible
6 Basioccipital bone
7 Auditory tube diverticuli
8 Vertical ramus oI mandible
9 Endotracheal tube
10 Stylohyoid bone
11 Epiglottis
12 Basihyoid bone
()
3 0/&4 5&6/ 8= *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2.51 kadiograph showing Lhe posiLion ol a |oinLed snallle biL in Lhe horse's oral
caviLy, laLeral view.
1 Second upper premolar tooth (P
2
)
2 Hard palate
3 Upper incisor teeth
4 Lower incisor teeth
5 Tongue
6 Joint oI bit
7 Mouthpiece oI bit
8 Rings oI bit
9 Second lower premolar tooth (P
2
)
()
(*
3 0/&4 5&6/ 89 *- 89
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3 Spinal Column
The osteology oI the vertebral column is illustrated using bone specimens and the associated musculature is shown on
dissected specimens.
!"
3
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 9 *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.1 ALlas (C1), axis (C2), lilLh (C5) and sevenLh (C7) cervical verLebrae, cranial view.
ALlas (C1)
1 Dorsal arch
2 Vertebral Ioramen
3 Cranial articular cavities
4 Transverse process (wing)
5 Ventral tubercle
Axis (C2)
6 Spinous process
7 Arch
8 Vertebral Ioramen
9 Cranial articular process
10 Dens
11 Ventral crest
C5, C7
12 Spinous process
14 Vertebral Ioramen
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ : *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
15 Body
16 Transverse Ioramen
17 Transverse process
3.2 lirsL (11), lilLh (15), LwellLh (112) and eighLeenLh (118) Lhoracic verLebrae,
cranial view.
1 Spinous process
3 Vertebral Ioramen
5 Body
6 Cranial costal Iovea
7 Facet Ior tubercle oI rib
8 Mamillary process
9 Ventral tubercle
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 3 *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.3 lirsL (L1), lilLh (L5) and sixLh (L6) lumbar verLebrae, cranial view.
1 Spinous process
3 Mamillary process
4 Vertebral Ioramen
6 Articular surIace oI transverse process
7 Body
!"
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ < *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.4 Cervical verLebrae (C1C7), laLeral view.
ALlas (C1)
1 Alar Ioramen
Axis (C2)
5 Spinous process
7 Body
C3C7
8 Caudal articular process
10 Ventral tubercle oI transverse process
!"
!#
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ = *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
11 Dorsal tubercle oI transverse process
12 Ventral crest
13 Intervertebral Ioramen
15 Spinous process
3.5 Cervical verLebrae (C1C7), dorsal view.
ALlas (C1)
1 Alar Ioramen
2 Lateral vertebral Ioramen
3 Dorsal arch
C2C7
6 Dens (odontoid process) oI axis
10 Spinous process
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ > *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.6 LaLeral view radiograph ol Lhe neck ol a 1-day-old loal.
ALlas (C1)

Axis (C2)
1 Dens (odontoid process oI axis)
2 Body
C3C7
3 Cranial physis oI C3
4 Caudal physis oI C3
5 Caudal articular process oI C5
6 Cranial articular process oI C6
7 Trachea
!#
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ ? *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.7 LaLeral view radiograph ol cranial cervical verLebrae ol maLure horse.
ALlas (C1)
1 Alar Ioramen
Axis (C2)
3 Dens (odontoid process oI axis)
4 Spinous process
6 Body
C3
!#
!$
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ @ *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.8 LaLeral view radiographs ol neck showing individual cervical verLebrae (C1C7).
!$
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ ; *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.9 lirsL Lo ninLh Lhoracic verLebrae (1119), laLeral view.
1 Spinous process
8 Caudal costal Iovea
9 Body
!$
!%
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 9A *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.1O 1enLh Lo eighLeenLh Lhoracic verLebrae (11O118), laLeral view.
1 Spinous process
4 Mamillary process
9 Caudal costal Iovea
10 Body
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 99 *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.11 SLernum, laLeral view.
1 Cartilage oI manubrium
2 Manubrium
3 Second sternebra
4 Costal cartilage
5 Xiphoid cartilage
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 9: *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.12 LelL eighLh rib, cranial view.
1 Costal groove
2 Head
3 Neck
4 Tubercle
5 Sternal extremity
!%
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 93 *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.13 LaLeral view radiograph ol Lhoracic verLebral spinous processes (1217).
1 Physis
2 Separate center oI ossiIication
3.14 LaLeral view radiograph ol Lhoracic spine.
1 Thoracic vertebral body
2 Rib
3 Pulmonary vessels
!%
!&
!&
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 9< *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.15 Lumbar verLebrae (L1L6), laLeral view.
1 Spinous process
6 Body
!&
'(
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 9= *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.16 Lumbar verLebrae (L1L6), dorsal view. NoLe lusion ol Lransverse processes ol
lilLh and sixLh lumbar verLebrae.
1 Spinous process
5 SurIace oI transverse process Ior articulation with wing oI sacrum
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 9> *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.17 LaLeral view radiograph ol Lhe lumbar spine.
1 Body
'(
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 9? *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.18 Sacrum (S1S5) and lirsL caudal (Ca1) verLebra, laLeral view.
1 Auricular surIace
2 Articular process
3 Wing
4 Spinous process oI sacral vertebra
5 Dorsal sacral Ioramen
6 Ventral sacral Ioramen
7 Transverse process oI sacrum
8 Spinous process oI Iirst caudal vertebra
9 Transverse process oI Iirst caudal vertebra
'(
')
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 9@ *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.19 Sacrum, cranial view.
1 Spinous process
2 Articular process
3 Lateral crest
4 Wing
5 Articular surIace oI wing
6 Notch
7 Body
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ 9; *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.2O CuLaneous musculaLure ol loal, laLeral view.
1 M. cutaneus Iasciei, part oI M. platysma
2 M. cutaneus colli, part oI M. platysma
3 M. cutaneus omobrachialis
4 M. cutaneus trunci
')
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ :A *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.21 Superlicial dissecLion ol musculaLure ol neck, shoulder, and Lhoracic wall ol
loal, laLeral view. 1he cuLaneous muscles and cervical parL ol Lhe M. Lrapezius
have been removed.
1 M. splenius
2 M. rhomboideus cervicis
3 M. serratus ventralis cervicis
4 M. trapezius, thoracic part
5 M. latissimus dorsi
6 M. intercostales externi
7 M. pectoralis ascendens
8 M. triceps brachii, long head
9 M. triceps brachii, lateral head
')
'!
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ :9 *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 M. deltoideus
11 M. inIraspinatus
12 M. supraspinatus
13 M. subclavius
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ :: *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.22 Deep dissecLion ol musculaLure ol neck, shoulder, and Lhoracic wall ol loal,
laLeral view. 1he cuLaneous muscles, M. Lrapezius, M. brachiocephalicus and M.
sLernocephalicus have been removed.
1 M. splenius
2 M. serratus ventralis cervicis
4 Nuchal ligament
5 M. rhomboideus thoracis
6 Scapular cartilage
7 M. spinalis thoracis
8 M. longissimus thoracis
10 M. obliquus externus abdominis
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ :3 *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
11 M. serratus ventralis thoracis
14 Greater tubercle oI humerus
15 M. inIraspinatus
16 Spine oI scapula
17 M. supraspinatus
18 M. subclavius
21 Esophagus
22 Trachea
'!
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ :< *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.23 Deep dissecLion ol musculaLure ol neck and Lhoracic wall ol loal, laLeral view.
1he lelL lronL limb has been removed wiLh Lhe M. serraLus dorsalis, M. serraLus
venLralis, M. Lrapezius, and M. rhomboideus.
1 M. obliquus capitis caudalis
2 Cut edge oI M. longissimus capitis
3 M. longissimus atlantis
4 M. semispinalis capitis
5 Nuchal ligament, Iunicular part
6 M. longissimus cervicis
9 M. iliocostalis thoracis
10 M. obliquus externus abdominis
12 M. sternohyoideus and M. sternothyroideus
13 Trachea
'!
''
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ := *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.24 Superlicial (lelL side) and deep (righL side) dissecLions ol musculaLure ol neck
and Lrunk ol loal, dorsal view. 1he cuLaneous muscles, M. Lrapezius, and M.
laLissimus dorsi have been removed on Lhe righL side.
1 Funicular part oI ligamentum nuchae
2 M. splenius
5 M. supraspinatus
6 M. inIraspinatus
7 Spine oI scapula
8 Cartilage oI scapula
9 M. rhomboideus thoracis
12 M. serratus dorsalis caudalis
14 Lumbodorsal Iascia
15 M. cutaneus trunci
16 M. cutaneus omobrachialis
''
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ :> *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.25 Superlicial dissecLion ol musculaLure ol neck and pecLoral region ol loal,
venLral view.
2 Maxillary vein
3 LinguoIacial vein
6 Jugular groove
8 M. cutaneus colli
9 M. pectoralis transversus
10 M. pectoralis descendens
11 Sternum
''
'*
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ :? *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3.26 1ransverse secLion Lhrough neck ol horse aL Lhe level ol Lhe second cervical
verLebra, cranial view. 1he verLebra is slighLly LwisLed.
1 Nuchal adipose body (crest)
2 Nuchal ligament, Iunicular part
3 M. rectus capitis dorsalis major
4 M. splenius
5 M. semispinalis capitis
6 M. obliquus capitis dorsalis
7 M. multiIidus cervicis
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ :@ *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
8 Second cervical vertebra (axis)
9 Spinal cord
10 Internal vertebral plexus
11 Vertebral artery and vein
12 M. longissimus capitis
14 M. longissimus atlantis
16 M. longus colli
17 Oesophagus
18 Vagosympathetic trunk
20 Recurrent laryngeal nerve
22 M. omohyoideus
24 M. cutaneus colli
27 Trachea
3 45#$&" !*"6+$ 7&8/ :; *- :;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4 lorelimb and DigiL
4.1 SkeleLon ol lelL lorelimb, laLeral view.
1 Scapula
!"
4
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ : *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Humerus
3 Ulna
4 Radius
5 Intermediate carpal bone
6 Ulnar carpal bone
7 Accessory carpal bone
8 Third carpal bone
9 Fourth carpal bone
10 Metacarpal III (cannon bone)
11 Metacarpal IV (lateral splint bone)
12 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone
13 Proximal phalanx (P1, long pastern bone)
14 Middle phalanx (P2, short pastern bone)
15 Distal phalanx (P3, coIIin bone, pedal bone)
16 Distal sesamoid (navicular) bone
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ < *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.2 SkeleLon ol lelL lorelimb, medial view.
1 Scapula
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ = *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Humerus
3 Ulna
4 Radius
6 Radial carpal bone
7 Second carpal bone
8 Third carpal bone
9 Metacarpal II (medial splint bone)
11 Medial proximal sesamoid bone
!"
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.3 LelL scapula, laLeral view.
1 Cranial angle
2 Caudal angle
!"
!#
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ > *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3 Spine oI scapula
4 Cranial border
5 Supraspinous Iossa
6 Tuber oI scapular spine
7 InIraspinous Iossa
8 Caudal border
9 Muscular lines
10 Nutrient Ioramen
11 Neck
12 Vascular groove
13 Supraglenoid tubercle
14 Glenoid cavity
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.4 LelL scapula, medial view.
1 Caudal angle
2 Cranial angle
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3 Facies serrata
4 Subscapular Iossa
5 Caudal border
6 Cranial border
7 Neck
8 Vascular groove
9 Glenoid cavity
10 Coracoid process
!#
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.5 LelL humerus, cranial view.
1 Intertuberal groove
2 Lesser tubercle
3 Intermediate tubercle
4 Greater tubercle
5 Deltoid tuberosity
6 Teres major tuberosity
7 Groove Ior M. brachialis (musculospiral groove)
8 Humeral crest
9 Lateral epicondyloid crest
10 Medial epicondyle
11 Radial Iossa
12 Lateral epicondyle
13 Trochlea
!#
!$
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ A *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.6 LelL humerus, caudal view.
1 Greater tubercle
3 Lesser tubercle
4 Head
5 Tricipital line
7 Groove Ior M. brachialis (musculospiral groove)
9 Olecranon Iossa
13 Trochlea
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :B *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.7 LelL humerus, laLeral view.
2 Greater tubercle
3 Head
4 Neck
5 Tricipital line
7 Radial Iossa
9 Olecranon Iossa
12 Capitulum
13 Trochlea
14 Coronoid Iossa
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.8 LelL humerus, medial view.
1 Lesser tubercle
2 Head
3 Neck
5 Nutrient Ioramen
6 Medial epicondyle
7 Tubercle Ior attachment oI medial collateral ligament
8 Trochlea
!$
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :< *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.9 LelL radius and ulna, cranial view.
Ulna
1 Olecranon tuberosity
2 Anconeal process
3 Trochlear notch
kadius
4 Medial tuberosity
5 Radial tuberosity
!$
!%
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ := *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 Lateral tuberosity
7 Groove Ior M. brachialis
8 Body
9 Groove Ior tendon oI M. abductor digiti I longus
10 Groove Ior tendon oI M. extensor carpi radialis
11 Groove Ior tendon oI M. extensor digitorum communis
12 Groove Ior tendon oI M. extensor digitorum lateralis
13 Medial styloid process
14 Lateral styloid process
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.1O LelL radius and ulna, caudal view.
Ulna
2 Body
kadius
4 Medial tuberosity
5 Interosseous space
6 Body
8 Transverse crest
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :> *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.11 LelL radius and ulna, laLeral view.
Ulna
2 Anconeal process
3 Trochlear notch
4 ShaIt oI ulna
kadius
5 Capitular Iovea
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 Radial tuberosity
7 Lateral tuberosity Ior attachment oI lateral collateral ligament oI elbow and M. extensor
digitorum communis
9 ShaIt oI radius
11 Tuberosity Ior attachment oI lateral collateral ligament oI carpus
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.12 LelL radius and ulna, medial view.
Ulna
2 Anconeal process
3 Trochlear notch
4 ShaIt oI ulna
kadius
5 Capitular Iovea
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 Medial tuberosity Ior attachment oI short part oI medial collateral ligament oI elbow
7 Radial tuberosity
9 ShaIt oI radius
10 Carpal articular surIace
11 Medial tuberosity Ior attachment oI carpal medial collateral ligament
12 Oblique groove Ior tendon oI M. abductor digiti I longus
4.13 LelL carpal bones, dorsal view.
3 Ulnar carpal bone
5 Third carpal bone
!%
!&
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :A *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.14 LelL carpal bones, palmar view.
2 Ulnar carpal bone
6 Third carpal bone
8 First carpal bone (inconstant)
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ <B *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.15 LelL carpal bones, laLeral view.
2 Ulnar carpal bone
4 Third carpal bone
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ <: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.16 LelL carpal bones, medial view.
3 First carpal bone (inconstant)
5 Third carpal bone
!&
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ << *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.17 LelL meLacarpal bones, dorsal view.
1 Metacarpal tuberosity
5 Sagittal ridge
!&
'(
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ <= *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.18 LelL meLacarpal and proximal sesamoid bones, palmar view.
4 Nutrient Ioramen
5 Metacarpal IV, distal extremity (button)
6 Metacarpal II, distal extremity (button)
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ <3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
9 Abaxial surIace
10 Axial surIace
11 Apex
12 Base
13 Sagittal ridge
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ <> *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.19 LelL meLacarpal and proximal sesamoid bones, laLeral view.
2 Base (head) oI metacarpal IV (lateral splint bone)
3 ShaIt oI metacarpal III (cannon bone)
4 ShaIt oI metacarpal IV
5 Distal extremity (button) oI metacarpal IV
6 Fossa Ior attachment oI metacarpophalangeal lateral collateral ligament
8 Sagittal ridge
'(
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ <? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.2O 8ones ol lelL digiL, dorsal view.
Proximal phalanx
1 Eminences Ior attachment oI collateral ligaments oI metacarpophalangeal joint
2 Eminence Ior attachment oI digital extensor tendons
3 Body
4 Eminences Ior attachment oI collateral ligaments oI proximal interphalangeal joint
'(
')
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ <@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5 Distal articular surIace
Middle phalanx
6 Proximal articular surIace
7 Extensor process
8 Distal articular surIace
DisLal sesamoid (navicular) bone
9 Articular surIace
DisLal phalanx
10 Medial palmar process
11 Lateral palmar process
12 Medial parietal sulcus
13 Lateral parietal sulcus
14 Articular surIace
15 Extensor process
16 Parietal surIace
17 Crena
18 Solar border
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ <; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.21 8ones ol lelL digiL, palmar view.
Proximal phalanx
1 Eminences Ior attachment oI collateral ligaments oI metacarpophalangeal joint
2 Triangular rough area
3 Eminences Ior attachment oI collateral ligaments oI proximal interphalangeal joint
4 Condyle
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ <A *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
Middle phalanx
5 Articular Iovea
6 Flexor tuberosity
7 Condyle
DisLal sesamoid (navicular) bone
8 Proximal border
9 Flexor surIace
10 Distal border
DisLal phalanx
12 Lateral solar groove
13 Lateral solar Ioramen
14 Flexor surIace
15 Semilunar line
16 Crena
')
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ =B *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.22 Superlicial dissecLion ol musculaLure ol lelL lorelimb, laLeral view.
1 Spine oI scapula
')
'*
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ =: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 M. subclavius
3 M. supraspinatus
4 M. inIraspinatus
5 Tendon oI M. inIraspinatus
7 M. deltoideus
10 M. biceps brachii
11 M. brachialis
13 Lateral epicondyle oI humerus
14 Olecranon
16 M. extensor carpi radialis
17 M. extensor digitorum communis
18 M. extensor carpi ulnaris (M. ulnaris lateralis)
19 M. extensor digitorum lateralis
20 M. abductor digiti I longus
21 M. Ilexor carpi ulnaris
24 Third carpal bone
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ =< *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.23 DissecLion ol musculaLure ol lelL lorelimb, medial view. 1he M. Lensor lascia
anLebrachii has been removed.
1 Attachment oI M. rhomboideus
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ == *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Attachment oI M. serratus ventralis
3 M. teres major
4 M. subscapularis
5 M. supraspinatus
6 M. subclavius
8 M. triceps brachii, medial head
9 M. coracobrachialis
13 M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus, ulnar head
15 M. Ilexor carpi radialis
16 Radius
18 Lacertus Iibrosus
19 M. Ilexor digitorum superIicialis
20 Carpal Ilexor retinaculum
21 Medial collateral carpal ligament
22 Tendon oI M. abductor digiti I longus
23 Tendon oI M. extensor carpi radialis
'*
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ =3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.24 Superlicial dissecLion ol musculaLure ol lelL lorelimb, cranial view. 1he pecLoral
muscles and M. subclavius have been removed.
1 Scapular cartilage
'*
'!
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ => *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 M. supraspinatus
3 M. deltoideus
5 M. biceps brachii
7 Tendinous intersection oI M. biceps brachii
8 M. brachialis
12 Radius
14 Extensor retinaculum oI carpus
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ =? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.25 Superlicial dissecLion ol musculaLure ol lelL lorelimb, caudal view.
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ =@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3 M. triceps brachii, medial head
4 M. tensor Iascia antebrachii
11 Tendon oI M. extensor digitorum lateralis
14 Carpal Ilexor retinaculum
'!
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ =; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.26 Deep dissecLion ol lelL shoulder |oinL, medial view.
1 Subscapular Iossa
2 Caudal border oI scapula
3 Cranial border oI scapula
5 Cut edge oI M. subscapularis
6 Cut edge oI M. supraspinatus
7 Head oI humerus
8 M. articularis humeri
9 Cut edge oI M. coracobrachialis
11 Humerus
'!
''
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ =A *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.27 LaLeromedial view radiograph ol shoulder |oinL.
1 Scapula
2 Neck
4 Glenoid cavity
5 Scapulohumeral (shoulder) joint
6 Humerus
7 Greater tubercle
8 Lesser tubercle
10 Head
11 Trachea
''
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 3B *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.28 Deep dissecLion ol lelL shoulder |oinL, cranial view.
1 M. biceps brachii, sectioned and reIlected craniomedially Irom its origin on the supraglenoid
tubercle
2 Tendon oI M. biceps brachii covered by synovial membrane oI the bicipital bursa where it runs
through the intertuberal groove
4 Lesser tubercle
5 Inter-tuberal groove
7 Greater tubercle
''
'"
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 3: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.29 Proximocranial-disLocranial view radiograph ol proximal humerus.
1 Greater tubercle
2 Intermediate ridge
3 Lesser tubercle
'"
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 3< *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.3O Deep dissecLion ol lelL cubiLal (elbow) |oinL, laLeral view.
1 Greater tubercle
2 Tendon oI M. inIraspinatus
3 Head oI humerus
5 M. brachialis
'"
'#
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 3= *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7 Olecranon Iossa
10 Lateral collateral ligament
11 Trochlea
12 Trochlear notch oI ulna
14 Radius
15 Ulna
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 33 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.31 Deep dissecLion ol lelL cubiLal (elbow) |oinL, medial view.
1 Head oI humerus
2 Lesser tubercle
3 M. brachialis
5 Medial epicondyle
6 Trochlea
7 Capitular Iovea
8 Short part oI medial collateral ligament
9 Long part oI medial collateral ligament
10 Ulna
12 Radius
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 3> *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.32 LaLeromedial view radiograph ol cubiLal (elbow) |oinL.
1 Humerus
2 Lateral supracondyloid crest
3 Radial Iossa
4 Olecranon Iossa
5 Medial epicondyle
7 Condyles
8 Cubital joint
9 Ulna
10 Anconeal process
13 Radius
14 Radial tuberosity
'#
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 3? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.33 Deep dissecLion ol lelL cubiLal (elbow) |oinL, cranial view.
1 Lesser tubercle
3 Greater tubercle
6 M. brachialis
7 Trochlea
9 Attachment site oI M. extensor digitorum communis and M. extensor digitorum lateralis
'#
'$
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 3@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.34 Deep dissecLion ol lelL cubiLal (elbow) |oinL, caudal view.
1 Greater tubercle
2 Head oI humerus
4 M. brachialis
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 3; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 Olecranon Iossa
9 Medial epicondyle
10 Short part oI medial collateral ligament
12 Attachment site oI M. extensor digitorum communis and M. extensor digitorum lateralis
13 Ulna
14 Radius
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ 3A *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.35 Craniocaudal view radiograph ol cubiLal (elbow) |oinL.
1 Humerus
2 Olecranon Iossa
4 Lateral condyle
5 Medial epicondyle
6 Medial condyle
7 Cubital joint
8 Ulna
10 Radius
12 Medial tuberosity
'$
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ >B *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.36 Deep dissecLion ol lelL lorelimb, medial view. 1he M. llexor carpi radialis, M.
llexor carpi ulnaris and M. llexor digiLorum superlicialis have been removed.
1he Lendons ol Lhe M. llexor digiLorum superlicialis and M. llexor digiLorum
prolundus have been reLracLed Lo expose Lhe accessory ligamenLs.
'$
'%
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ >: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Stump oI M. Ilexor digitorum superIicialis
3 Stump oI M. Ilexor carpi ulnaris
4 Stump oI M. Ilexor carpi radialis
5 M. biceps brachii
6 M. brachialis
7 Tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus, ulnar head
8 M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus, humeral head
9 Radius
11 Tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum superIicialis
12 Accessory ligament oI M. Ilexor digitorum superIicialis (proximal check ligament)
14 Cut edge oI tendon oI M. Ilexor carpi radialis
16 Tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus
17 Accessory ligament oI M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus (distal check ligament)
18 M. interosseus medius (suspensory ligament)
20 Tendon oI M. extensor digitorum communis
21 SuperIicial transverse metacarpal ligament (palmar annular ligament)
22 Medial extensor branch oI M. interosseus medius to tendon oI M. extensor digitorum communis
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ >< *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.37 1ransverse secLion Lhrough lelL anLebrachium, disLal view.
1 Ulna
2 Radius
3 Median vessels and nerve
13 Cephalic vein
'%
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ >= *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.38 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL carpus, dorsal view.
1 Radius
5 Extensor retinaculum
'%
'&
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ >3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.39 Deep dissecLion ol lelL carpus, dorsal view.
1 Radius
5 Antebrachiocarpal joint
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ >> *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
8 Dorsal intercarpal ligament between radial and intermediate carpal bones
10 Dorsal intercarpal ligament between intermediate and ulnar carpal bones
11 Ulnar carpal bone
12 Lateral collateral carpal ligament
13 Intercarpal joint
16 Dorsal metacarpal ligament
17 Dorsal intercarpal ligament between third and Iourth carpal bones
18 Carpometacarpal joint
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ >? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.4O Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL carpus, palmar view. llexor reLinaculum has been
removed.
1 Tendon oI M. extensor carpi ulnaris (M. ulnaris lateralis)
3 Tendon oI M. Ilexor carpi ulnaris
4 Tendon oI M. Ilexor carpi radialis
6 Tendon oI M. extensor carpi ulnaris to accessory carpal bone
7 Tendon oI M. extensor carpi ulnaris to metacarpal IV
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ >@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.41 Dorsopalmar view radiograph ol Lhe carpus.
1 Radius
4 Antebrachiocarpal (radiocarpal) joint
6 Ulnar carpal bone
9 Intercarpal joint
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ >; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
'&
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ >A *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.42 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL carpus, laLeral view.
'&
"(
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ?B *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 Tendon oI M. extensor carpi ulnaris (M. ulnaris lateralis)
8 Tendon oI M. Ilexor carpi ulnaris
9 Extensor retinaculum
12 Accessoriocarpoulnar ligament
13 Accessorioquartal ligament
14 Accessoriometacarpal ligament
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ?: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.43 Deep dissecLion ol lelL carpus, laLeral view.
3 Transverse crest oI radius
5 Accessorioulnar ligament
6 Groove Ior tendon oI M. ulnaris lateralis
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ?< *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
9 Dorsal intercarpal ligament between intermediate and ulnar carpal bones
10 Ulnar carpal bone
12 Accessoriocarpoulnar ligament
13 Intercarpal joint
15 Dorsal intercarpal ligament between third and Iourth carpal bones
17 Accessorioquartal ligament
18 Accessoriometacarpal ligament
19 Dorsal metacarpal ligament
22 Base oI metacarpal IV (lateral splint bone)
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ?= *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.44 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL carpus, medial view. llexor reLinaculum has been
removed Lo expose conLenLs ol Lhe carpal canal.
3 Radius
5 Extensor retinaculum oI carpus
6 Cut edge oI Ilexor retinaculum
8 Tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum superIicialis passing through carpal canal
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ?3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
9 Tendon oI M. extensor digiti I longus
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ?> *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.45 Deep dissecLion ol lelL carpus, medial view.
1 Radius
8 Intercarpal joint
9 Third carpal bone
"(
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ?? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.46 LaLeromedial view radiograph ol carpus.
1 Radius
3 Radial, intermediate and ulnar carpal bones
5 Intercarpal joint
6 Second, third and Iourth carpal bones
10 Metacarpals II and IV (medial and lateral splint bones)
"(
")
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ?@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.47 DorsolaLeral-palmaromedial oblique view radiograph ol carpus.
1 Radius
7 Ulnar carpal bone
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ?; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
9 Intercarpal joint
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ?A *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.48 Dorsomedial-palmarolaLeral oblique view radiograph ol carpus.
1 Radius
4 Radiocarpal (antebrachiocarpal) joint
5 Ulnar carpal bone
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @B *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
9 Intercarpal joint
")
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.49 Deep dissecLion ol lelL carpus, llexed dorsal view.
1 Radius
4 Facet on radius Ior articulation with radial carpal bone
5 Facet on radius Ior articulation with intermediate carpal bone
6 Facet on lateral styloid process Ior articulation with ulnar carpal bone
")
"*
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @< *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 Dorsal intercarpal ligament between radial and intermediate carpal bones
12 Dorsal intercarpal ligament between ulnar and intermediate carpal bones
13 Facet on ulnar carpal bone Ior articulation with Iourth carpal bone
14 Facet on second carpal bone Ior articulation with radial carpal bone
15 Facet on third carpal bone Ior articulation with radial carpal bone
16 Facet on third carpal bone Ior articulation with intermediate carpal bone
17 Facet on Iourth carpal bone Ior articulation with intermediate carpal bone
18 Facet on Iourth carpal bone Ior articulation with ulnar carpal bone
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @= *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.5O llexed laLeromedial view radiograph ol carpus.
1 Radius
3 Ulnar carpal bone
7 Intercarpal joint
8 Second, third and Iourth carpal bones
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.51 1ransverse secLion Lhrough lelL carpus aL level ol proximal row ol carpal bones,
disLal view.
2 Ulnar carpal bone
8 Medial palmar vein
9 Tendon oI M. Ilexor carpi radialis
10 Medial palmar artery and nerve
13 Lateral palmar vessels and nerve
15 Tendon oI M. extensor carpi ulnaris
"*
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @> *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.52 LelL manus, dorsal view.
1 Metacarpal region
3 Level oI metacarpophalangeal (Ietlock) joint
4 Extensor branches oI M. interosseus medius to tendon oI M. extensor digitorum communis
5 Coronet
6 Wall oI hooI
7 Toe
"*
"!
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.53 LelL manus, laLeral view.
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4 Tendons oI M. Ilexor digitorum superIicialis and M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus
6 Lateral extensor branch oI M. interosseus medius
7 Ergot
8 Lateral cartilage oI distal phalanx
9 Coronet
10 Wall oI hooI
11 Toe
12 Quarter
13 Heel
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.54 LelL manus, palmar view.
1 Metacarpal region
2 Proximal sesamoid bones
4 Ergot
6 Medial cartilage oI distal phalanx
7 CleIt oI Irog
8 Bulbs oI heels
9 HooI wall
"!
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ @A *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.55 LelL manus (A) showing six levels aL which images were made using a 7.5 MHz
ulLrasound secLor scanner wiLh sLandoll pad (picLures 8C), and compuLed
Lomography (picLures HM). 1he leg was Lhen secLioned aL Lhe six levels
(picLures NS).
"!
"'
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ;B *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ;: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3 Interosseus metacarpal ligament between metacarpals II and III
5 Interosseus metacarpal ligament between metacarpals III and IV
9 Medial extensor branch oI M. interosseus medius
12 Medial palmar artery
13 Carpal sheath
14 Medial palmar digital artery
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ;< *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
15 Lateral palmar digital artery
"'
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ;= *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.56 Superlicial dissecLion ol digiL ol lelL lorelimb, laLeral view.
8 Attachment oI tendon oI M. extensor digitorum lateralis
"'
"#
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ;3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 Vagina Iibrosa (proximal digital annular ligament)
13 Coronet
14 Wall oI hooI
15 Heel
16 Quarter
17 Toe
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ;> *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.57 Deep dissecLion ol digiL ol lelL lorelimb, laLeral view. 1he lollowing sLrucLures
have been removed. Lransverse meLacarpal ligamenL, vagina librosa, Lendons ol
Lhe M. exLensor digiLorum communis, M. exLensor digiLorum laLeralis, M. llexor
digiLorum superlicialis and M. llexor digiLorum prolundus, laLeral exLensor
branch ol M. inLerosseus medius, wall, sole and lrog ol Lhe hool.
3 Lateral collateral metacarpophalangeal ligament
4 Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ;? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 Metacarpophalangeal (Ietlock) joint
7 Proximal phalanx
8 Oblique sesamoidean ligament
9 Straight sesamoidean ligament
10 Cut edge oI tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum superIicialis
11 Proximal interphalangeal (pastern) joint
12 Lateral collateral ligament oI distal sesamoid bone (suspensory navicular ligament)
13 Distal interphalangeal (coIIin) joint
14 Extensor process oI distal phalanx
15 Lateral collateral ligament oI distal interphalangeal joint
16 Medial process oI distal phalanx
17 Cut edge oI lateral cartilage oI distal phalanx
18 Distal phalanx (coIIin bone)
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ;@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.58 Superlicial dissecLion ol digiL ol lelL lorelimb, medial view.
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ;; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 Vagina Iibrosa (distal digital annular ligament)
12 Coronet
13 Wall oI hooI
14 Heel
15 Quarter
16 Toe
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ;A *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.59 Deep dissecLion ol digiL ol lelL lorelimb, medial view. 1he superlicial Lransverse
meLacarpal ligamenL and Lhe vagina librosa have been removed.
7 Manica Ilexoria
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ AB *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
8 Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament
12 Palmar ligament oI proximal interphalangeal joint
13 Medial collateral ligament oI proximal interphalangeal joint
"#
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ A: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.6O LaLeromedial view radiograph ol meLacarpophalangeal (leLlock) |oinL.
2 Sagittal ridge
3 Medial and lateral condyles
4 Medial and lateral proximal sesamoid bones
7 Palmar tubercles (eminences)
8 Eminence Ior attachment oI distal sesamoidean ligaments
"#
"$
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ A< *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.61 DorsolaLeral-palmaromedial oblique view radiograph ol meLacarpophalangeal
(leLlock) |oinL.
4 Apex
5 Articular surIace
6 Base
9 Lateral palmar tubercle (eminence)
10 Medial condyle
11 Lateral condyle
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ A= *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.62 Dorsomedial-palmarolaLeral oblique view radiograph ol meLacarpophalangeal
(leLlock) |oinL.
4 Apex
5 Articular surIace
6 Base
9 Medial palmar tubercle (eminence)
10 Lateral condyle
11 Medial condyle
"$
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ A3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.63 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL manus, dorsal view.
4 Distal attachment oI tendon oI M. extensor digitorum lateralis
7 Coronet
8 Wall oI hooI
9 Toe
10 Quarters
"$
"%
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ A> *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.64 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL manus, palmar view.
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ A? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 Manica Ilexoria
10 Coronet
11 CleIt oI Irog
12 Bulbs oI heel
13 Wall oI hooI
14 Sole oI hooI
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ A@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.65 Dorsopalmar view radiograph ol meLacarpophalangeal (leLlock) |oinL.
3 Lateral condyle
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ A; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4 Sagittal ridge
5 Medial condyle
6 Medial epicondyle
8 Apex
9 Abaxial margin
10 Base
11 Axial margin
13 Apex
14 Axial margin
15 Base
16 Abaxial margin
19 Lateral proximal tubercle
20 Medial proximal tubercle
21 Lateral condyle
22 Medial condyle
25 Extensor process
26 Lateral eminence oI proximal P2
27 Medial eminence oI proximal P2
"%
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ AA *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.66 Deep dissecLion ol digiL ol lelL lorelimb, palmar view. 1he superlicial Lransverse
meLacarpal ligamenL and Lhe vaginae librosae have been removed. 1he Lendon
ol Lhe M. llexor digiLorum superlicialis has been rellecLed.
1 Extensor branches oI M. interosseus medius
3 Tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum superIicialis (reIlected)
4 Manica Ilexoria
"%
"&
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :BB *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
meLacarpal ligamenL and Lhe vaginae librosae have been removed. 1he Lendons
ol Lhe M. llexor digiLorum superlicialis and M. llexor digiLorum prolundus have
been rellecLed.
2 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :B: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
meLacarpal ligamenL, vagina librosa, Lendon ol Lhe M. llexor digiLorum
superlicialis, and Lendon ol Lhe M. llexor digiLorum prolundus have been
removed. 1he wall, sole and lrog ol Lhe hool have been removed.
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :B< *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament
5 Fibrocartilaginous plate
6 Flexor surIace oI distal sesamoid bone
7 Lateral cartilage oI hooI
8 Medial cartilage oI hooI
9 Flexor surIace oI distal phalanx
10 Semilunar line
11 Solar surIace oI distal phalanx
"&
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :B= *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.69 DissecLion ol nerves and vessels ol disLal lelL limb, medial view.
2 Medial palmar vein
4 Distal end oI metacarpal II (button oI medial splint bone)
7 Medial palmar artery
"&
#(
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :B3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
8 Ergot
9 Ligament oI ergot
10 Medial palmar digital nerve
11 Medial palmar digital vein
12 Dorsal branch oI medial palmar digital nerve
14 Medial palmar digital artery
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :B> *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.7O Median secLion Lhrough digiL ol lelL lorelimb.
1 Proximal extent oI digital synovial sheath
4 Palmar ligament
7 Fibrous tissue underlying ergot
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :B? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
8 Ergot
15 Collateral sesamoidean (suspensory navicular) ligament
16 Digital cushion
18 Podotrochlear (navicular) bursa
19 Distal sesamoid impar ligament
21 Coronary corium
23 Insertion oI tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus
24 Wall oI hooI
25 Laminae
26 White zone
27 Sole corium
28 Sole oI hooI
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :B@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.71 LaLeromedial view radiograph ol looL.
5 Articular margin
6 Distal margin
7 Flexor surIace
8 Proximal margin
10 Distal phalanx (P3)
11 Extensor process
12 Dorsal margin
13 Solar margin
14 Palmar processes
15 HooI wall
16 Sole
17 Bulbs
#(
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :B; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.72 LelL hool, solar view.
1 Bulbs oI heel
2 Coronet
3 Lateral paracuneal sulcus
4 Lateral crus oI Irog
5 Central sulcus oI Irog
6 Medial crus oI Irog
7 Medial paracuneal sulcus
8 Lateral angle oI sole
9 Lateral bar oI hooI wall
10 Medial bar oI hooI wall
11 Medial angle oI sole
12 Apex oI Irog
#(
#)
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ :BA *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
13 Lateral crus oI sole
14 Medial crus oI sole
15 Central part oI sole
16 White zone
17 HooI wall (stratum medium)
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ::B *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.73 Dorsopalmar view radiograph ol disLal phalanx.
9 Extensor process
10 Vascular channels
11 Solar margin
#)
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ::: *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.74 1ransverse secLion Lhrough looL, disLal view. SecLions are cuL parallel Lo Lhe
coronary border. A, Lhree lourLhs ol Lhe disLance lrom Lhe coroneL Lo Lhe disLal
border ol Lhe hool wall, 8, midway beLween Lhe coroneL and disLal border ol
Lhe hool wall, C, |usL disLal Lo Lhe coroneL.
#)
#*
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ::< *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
1 Angle
2 Bar
3 Space between Irog and bar
4 Frog
5 Digital cushion
7 Lamellar corium (dermal lamellae)
8 Lamellae oI wall (epidermal lamellae)
9 Wall
10 Cartilage oI distal phalanx and associated vascular plexus
14 Collateral ligament oI distal interphalangeal (coIIin) joint
16 Coronary corium
17 Extensor process oI distal phalanx
#*
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ::= *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.75 Dorsopalmar view radiograph ol disLal sesamoid (navicular) bone.
5 Proximal margin
6 Distal margin
7 Lateral margin
8 Medial margin
13 Extensor process
#*
#!
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ::3 *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.76 Proximopalmar-disLopalmar view radiograph ol Lhe disLal sesamoid (navicular)
bone.
5 Vascular channels
6 Medullary cavity
7 Flexor surIace
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ::> *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.77 lronLal secLion ol lelL hool, palmar view. SecLion is cuL Lhrough Lhe heels.
5 Cartilages oI distal phalanx with associated vascular plexus
6 Digital cushion
7 CleIt oI Irog
#!
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ::? *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.78 looL, solar view. 1he epidermal Lissues have been rellecLed upwards. 1he wall
and epidermal lamellae have been removed.
1 Dorsal surIace oI sole
2 Central Iurrow over apex oI Irog
3 Spine oI Irog (Irog stay)
4 Junction oI Irog and bar
5 Lamellae oI bar
6 Lamellar corium
7 Corium oI Irog
8 Corium oI sole
#!
#'
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ::@ *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
4.79 Corium ol looL, laLeral view. 1he wall and epidermal lamellae have been
removed.
1 Corium oI periople
2 Coronary corium
3 Lamellar corium (dermal lamellae)
3 4*1/"#+5 &$6 7#8#) 9&8/ ::; *- ::;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5 Hindlimb
5.1 Ossa coxarum, craniodorsal view.
1 Wing oI ilium
2 Body oI ilium
3 Pubis
4 Ischium
5 Pelvic symphysis, ischiatic part
6 Ischiatic arch
7 Obturator Ioramen
8 Pubic tubercle
9 Arcuate (iliopectineal) line
10 Coxal tuberosity
11 Auricular surIace
12 Iliac crest
13 Sacral tuberosity
!"
5
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 8 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.2 Ossa coxarum, lelL laLeral view.
1 Coxal tuberosity
2 Crest oI ilium
3 Sacral tuberosity
4 Greater ischiatic notch
5 Ischiatic spine
6 Lesser ischiatic notch
7 Ischiatic tuberosity
8 Articular surIace oI acetabulum
9 Acetabular Iossa
10 Acetabular notch
11 Obturator Ioramen
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ; *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.3 Ossa coxarum, dorsal view.
1 Wing oI ilium
2 Body oI ilium
3 Pubis
4 Ischium
5 Ischial arch
6 Ischiatic tuberosity
7 Pubic tubercle
8 Ischiatic spine
9 Acetabulum
10 Greater ischiatic notch
11 Sacral tuberosity
12 Crest oI ilium
13 Coxal tuberosity
!"
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ < *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.4 SkeleLon ol lelL hindlimb, laLeral view.
1 Femur
!"
!!
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ : *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Patella
3 Tibia
4 Fibula
5 Talus
6 Calcaneus
7 Central tarsal bone
8 Third tarsal bone
9 Fourth tarsal bone
10 Metatarsal III (cannon bone)
11 Metatarsal IV (lateral splint bone)
!!
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 3 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.5 SkeleLon ol lelL hindlimb, medial view.
1 Femur
!!
!#
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ = *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Patella
3 Fibula
4 Tibia
5 Calcaneus
6 Talus
7 First and second tarsal bone (Iused)
9 Third tarsal bone
10 Metatarsal II (medial splint bone)
12 Proximal sesamoid bone
!#
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ > *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.6 LelL lemur, cranial view.
1 Greater trochanter
2 Head
3 Neck
4 Lesser trochanter
5 Third trochanter
6 Body
7 Trochlea
!#
!$
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 9 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.7 LelL lemur, caudal view.
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ? *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Intertrochanteric crest
3 Trochanteric Iossa
4 Head
5 Fovea
6 Neck
7 Third trochanter
8 Lesser trochanter
9 Groove Ior Iemoral vessels
10 Lateral supracondyloid tuberosity
11 Supracondyloid Iossa
12 Medial supracondyloid tuberosity
13 Intercondylar line
14 Lateral condyle
15 Intercondylar Iossa
16 Medial condyle
!$
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 8@ *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.8 LelL lemur, laLeral view.
2 Third trochanter
4 Medial ridge oI trochlea
5 Lateral ridge oI trochlea
6 Lateral condyle
7 Medial condyle
!$
!%
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 88 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.9 LelL lemur, medial view.
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 8; *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Head
3 Fovea
4 Neck
5 Intertrochanteric crest
6 Trochanteric Iossa
7 Lesser trochanter
8 Nutrient Ioramen
9 Medial condyle
11 Trochlea
!%
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 8< *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.1O LelL Libia and libula, cranial view.
1 Intercondylar eminence
!%
#&
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 8: *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Medial condyle
3 Groove Ior middle patellar ligament
4 Tuberosity
5 Extensor sulcus
6 Lateral condyle
7 Head oI Iibula
9 Body oI Iibula
10 Body oI tibia
11 Medial malleolus
12 Lateral malleolus
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 83 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.11 LelL Libia and libula, caudal view.
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 8= *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Lateral intercondylar tubercle
3 Medial intercondylar tubercle
4 Lateral condyle
5 Head oI Iibula
6 Popliteal notch
7 Medial condyle
8 Body oI Iibula
10 Nutrient Ioramen
11 Body oI tibia
14 Groove Ior tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum longus
15 Medial malleolus
#&
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 8> *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.12 LelL Libia and libula, laLeral view.
#&
#'
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 89 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Tibial tuberosity
3 Extensor sulcus
4 Head oI Iibula
5 Lateral condyle
6 Cranial border
7 ShaIt oI Iibula
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 8? *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.13 LelL Libia and libula, medial view.
2 Lateral condyle
3 Tibial tuberosity
4 Cranial border
5 Medial malleolus
6 Lateral malleolus
7 Articular surIace
#'
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ;@ *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.14 LelL Larsal bones, dorsal view.
1 Calcaneal tuber
2 Calcaneus
3 Talus
4 Distal tuberosity oI talus
5 Trochlea
7 Third tarsal bone
8 Vascular canal
#'
#(
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ;8 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.15 LelL Larsal bones, planLar view.
1 Calcaneal tuber
2 Calcaneus
3 Tarsal groove Ior tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus
4 Talus
5 Sustentaculum tali
8 Vascular canal
9 First and second tarsal bones (Iused)
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ;; *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.16 LelL Larsal bones, laLeral view.
1 Calcaneal tuber
2 Calcaneus
3 Coracoid process
4 Talus
5 Depression Ior attachment oI tarsal lateral collateral ligament
7 Third tarsal bone
#(
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ;< *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.17 LelL Larsal bones, medial view.
1 Calcaneal tuber
2 Calcaneus
3 Sustentaculum
4 Proximal tuberosity oI talus
5 Talus
6 Distal tuberosity oI talus
8 First and second tarsal bones (Iused)
9 Third tarsal bone
#(
#)
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ;: *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.18 LelL paLella, cranial view
1 Base
2 Medial border
3 Attachment area oI middle patellar ligament
4 Attachment area oI lateral patellar ligament
5 Lateral border
6 Apex
#)
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ;3 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.19 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL pelvis and Lhigh ol loal, laLeral view. lascia laLa has
been removed Lo show M. recLus lemoris and M. vasLus laLeralis.
1 M. tensor Iascia lata
#)
#*
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ;= *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 M. gluteus superIicialis
3 M. biceps Iemoris
4 M. semitendinosus
5 M. semimembranosus
6 M. rectus Iemoris
7 M. vastus lateralis
8 Patella
9 Lateral condyle oI tibia
10 M. gastrocnemius, lateral head
11 M. soleus
12 M. extensor digitorum longus
14 M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ;> *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.2O Deep dissecLion ol lelL pelvis and Lhigh ol loal, laLeral view. M. Lensor lascia
laLa, M. gluLeus superlicialis and M. biceps lemoris have been removed.
1 M. iliacus
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ;9 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 M. gluteus medius
3 Trochanteric bursa
5 M. piriIormis
7 Ischiatic nerve
8 Muscular branches oI tibial nerve
9 M. rectus Iemoris
11 Third trochanter
12 M. adductor
13 Tibial nerve
14 Common peroneal (Iibular) nerve
15 Caudal cutaneous sural nerve
16 Patella
17 Lateral epicondyle oI Iemur
18 M. soleus
20 Middle patellar ligament
21 Lateral patellar ligament
22 Lateral meniscus
23 Lateral collateral Iemorotibial ligament
26 Deep peroneal (Iibular) nerve
27 SuperIicial peroneal (Iibular) nerve
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ ;? *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
#*
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ <@ *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.21 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL pelvis and Lhigh ol loal, medial view. 1he Lrunk has
been secLioned in a median plane, and Lhe viscera removed.
1 Umbilical artery (cut)
#*
#"
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ <8 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 M. psoas minor
3 Pubis
4 Femoral nerve
5 M. iliopsoas
8 M. pectineus
9 Deep inguinal lymph nodes
10 M. sartorius
11 M. rectus Iemoris
12 M. gracilis
13 M. vastus medialis
14 Saphenous vessels and nerve
15 Patella
16 Medial epicondyle oI Iemur
17 Medial patellar ligament
19 M. semitendinosus
20 M. gastrocnemius, medial head
21 Common calcaneal tendon
23 Tibial nerve
24 Medial condyle oI tibia
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ <; *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.22 Deep dissecLion ol lelL pelvis and Lhigh ol loal, medial view. 1he Lrunk has been
secLioned in a median plane and Lhe viscera removed. 1he deep inguinal lymph
nodes, M. gracilis, and M. sarLorius have been removed.
1 Umbilical artery (cut)
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ << *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Internal iliac artery
3 M. obturator internus
4 Obturator artery
5 Obturator nerve
6 M. iliopsoas
8 Pubis
9 M. pectineus
10 Femoral vessels
11 Saphenous nerve
12 Femoral nerve
13 M. rectus Iemoris
14 M. adductor
17 Saphenous vessels
19 Patella
#"
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ <: *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.23 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL pelvis and Lhigh ol loal, cranial view. 1he Lrunk has
been secLioned in a median plane and Lhe viscera removed. 1he lascia laLa has
been removed Lo expose M. recLus lemoris and M. vasLus laLeralis.
1 M. iliopsoas
#"
#!
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ <3 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3 M. biceps Iemoris
4 Femoral nerve
5 Deep inguinal lymph nodes
6 M. sartorius
8 M. rectus Iemoris
10 Patella
14 Lateral meniscus
16 Tibial tuberosity
17 M. tibialis cranialis
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ <= *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.24 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL pelvis and Lhigh ol loal, caudal view. 1he Lrunk has
been secLioned in a median plane, and Lhe viscera removed.
1 M. gluteus superIicialis
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ <> *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 M. biceps Iemoris
3 M. semitendinosus
8 M. soleus
9 M. Ilexor digitorum longus
#!
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ <9 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.25 Deep dissecLion ol pelvic ligamenLs on lelL side, laLeral view.
1 Coxal tuberosity
2 Sacral tuberosity
3 Dorsal sacroiliac ligament
4 Lateral sacroiliac ligament
5 Greater ischiatic Ioramen
6 Sacrosciatic ligament
7 ShaIt oI ilium
8 Lesser ischiatic Ioramen
9 Ischial tuberosity
10 Acetabulum
#!
##
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ <? *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.26 Deep dissecLion ol lelL hip |oinL, caudal view.
1 Body oI ilium
3 Head oI Iemur
4 Acetabulum
5 Fovea
6 Ligament oI the head oI the Iemur (round ligament)
7 Accessory ligament
8 Labrum
9 Transverse acetabular ligament
10 Third trochanter
##
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ :@ *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.27 Deep dissecLion ol lelL lemoroLibial |oinL, cranial view. 1he |oinL is exLended
wiLh Lhe medial lemoral condyle engaged beLween Lhe middle and medial
paLellar ligamenLs.
1 Patella
2 Medial trochlear ridge oI Iemur
3 Lateral trochlear ridge oI Iemur
4 Medial collateral Iemorotibial ligament
5 Medial meniscus
8 Lateral meniscus
##
#$
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ :8 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 Tendon oI M. peroneus (Iibularis) tertius
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ :; *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.28 Deep dissecLion ol lelL lemoroLibial |oinL, caudal view.
1 Lateral condyle oI Iemur
2 Cranial cruciate ligament
3 MeniscoIemoral ligament oI lateral meniscus
4 Medial condyle oI Iemur
6 Lateral meniscus
7 Caudal ligament oI lateral meniscus
8 Caudal cruciate ligament
9 Caudal ligament oI medial meniscus
10 Medial meniscus
14 Head oI Iibula
16 Tibia
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ :< *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.29 Deep dissecLion ol lelL lemoroLibial |oinL, dorsomedial view. 1he |oinL is parLially
llexed.
1 Patella
2 Medial trochlear ridge
9 Intercondyloid Iossa oI Iemur
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ :: *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 Medial meniscus
13 Lateral meniscus
#$
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ :3 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.3O Caudocranial view radiograph ol genual (sLille) |oinL.
1 Femur
3 Medial epicondyle
4 Lateral condyle
5 Intercondylar Iossa
6 Medial condyle
#$
#%
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ := *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7 Lateral Iemorotibial joint
8 Medial Iemorotibial joint
9 Tibia
10 Lateral intercondylar tubercle (eminence)
11 Medial intercondylar tubercle (eminence)
12 Lateral condyle
13 Medial condyle
15 Fibula
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ :> *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.31 LaLeromedial view radiograph ol genual (sLille) |oinL.
1 Femur
3 Medial trochlea
4 Lateral trochlea
5 Medial and lateral condyles
6 Patella
7 Femoropatellar joint
8 Femorotibial joint
9 Tibia
10 Medial intercondylar tubercle
11 Lateral intercondylar tubercle
13 Medial condyle
14 Lateral condyle
#%
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ :9 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.32 Deep dissecLion ol lelL lemoroLibial |oinL, cranial view. 1he cranial cruciaLe
ligamenL has been removed, and Lhe paLellar ligamenLs have been cuL and
rellecLed disLally. 1he |oinL is lully llexed Lo show Lhe disLal exLremiLy ol Lhe
lemur.
1 Medial trochlear ridge oI Iemur
2 Lateral trochlear ridge oI Iemur
3 Medial epicondyle
4 Extensor Iossa
#%
$&
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ :? *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
8 Intercondyloid Iossa
10 Lateral condyle oI Iemur
12 Medial meniscus
14 Cranial ligaments oI menisci
15 Lateral meniscus
18 Medial patellar ligament (reIlected)
19 Middle patellar ligament (reIlected)
20 Lateral patellar ligament (reIlected)
21 Articular Iace oI patella
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 3@ *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.33 LelL Libia and menisci, proximal view.
4 Cranial ligaments oI menisci
6 Lateral meniscus
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 38 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
9 Spine oI tibia
11 Medial meniscus
14 Caudal ligament oI medial meniscus
15 MeniscoIemoral ligament oI lateral meniscus
$&
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 3; *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.34 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL crus, cranial view.
$&
$'
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 3< *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 M. rectus Iemoris
4 Patella
5 M. biceps Iemoris
16 Medial malleolus
17 Proximal extensor retinaculum oI tarsus
19 Medial tendon oI M. tibialis cranialis (cunean tendon)
20 Tendon oI M. extensor digitorum longus
$'
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 3: *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.35 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL crus, caudal view.
$'
$(
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 33 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 M. semitendinosus
3 M. biceps Iemoris
4 M. gracilis
5 M. soleus
13 Calcaneal tuber
14 Medial malleolus
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 3= *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.36 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL crus, laLeral view.
1 Patella
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 3> *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 M. biceps Iemoris
5 Lateral epicondyle oI Iemur
6 Lateral meniscus
10 M. semitendinosus
12 Deep peroneal (Iibular) nerve
13 SuperIicial peroneal (Iibular) nerve
14 Caudal cutaneous sural nerve
17 Common calcanean tendon
19 Calcaneal tuber
$(
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 39 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.37 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL crus, medial view.
$(
$)
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 3? *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 M. semitendinosus
4 Common calcanean tendon
5 Medial saphenous vein, cranial branch
7 Tibial nerve
8 Saphenous artery
9 Medial saphenous vein, caudal branch
10 Calcaneal tuber
11 Medial malleolus
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ =@ *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.38 1ransverse secLion Lhrough lelL crus aL Lhe level ol Lhe |uncLion beLween Lhe
proximal and middle Lhird, disLal view.
2 Tibia
3 Cranial tibial vessels
4 M. popliteus
5 Caudal tibial vessels
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ =8 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 M. Ilexor digitorum longus
8 Tibial nerve
11 M. tibialis caudalis
14 Fibula
16 M. peroneus (Iibularis) tertius
$)
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ =; *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.39 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL Larsus, laLeral view.
$)
$*
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ =< *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5 Proximal extensor retinaculum
6 Lateral malleolus
7 Middle extensor retinaculum
9 M. extensor digitorum brevis
11 Distal extensor retinaculum
12 Dorsal metatarsal artery III
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ =: *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.4O Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL Larsus, medial view. 1endons ol M. llexor digiLorum
prolundus and M. llexor digiLorum superlicialis have been reLracLed in a planLar
direcLion in Lhe meLaLarsal region.
2 Tendon oI M. gastrocnemius
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ =3 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3 Tibia
6 Calcaneal tuber
7 Lateral malleolus
9 Plantar ligament
11 Tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum longus
12 Medial collateral tarsal ligament
13 Trochlea oI talus
15 Dorsal tendon oI M. peroneus (Iibularis) longus
19 Accessory ligament oI M. extensor digitorum proIundus (distal check ligament)
$*
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ == *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.41 LaLeromedial view radiograph ol Larsal |oinL.
1 Tibia
2 Tarsocrural joint
3 Calcaneus
4 Talus
$*
$"
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ => *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5 Lateral trochlea
6 Medial trochlea
7 Talocalcaneal joint
9 Proximal intertarsal joint
12 Distal intertarsal joint
13 Third tarsal bone
15 Tarsometatarsal joint
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ =9 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.42 SagiLLal secLion Lhrough lelL Larsus.
1 Tibia
4 Calcaneal tuber
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ =? *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
6 Tibiotarsal joint
7 Thick part oI joint capsule
10 Talus
12 Long plantar ligament
13 Flexor retinaculum
14 Fibrous joint capsule
20 Joint capsule (tarsometatarsal ligament)
21 Proximal perIorating tarsal vein
$"
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ >@ *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.43 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL Larsus, dorsal view.
1 Tibia
$"
$!
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ >8 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5 Medial malleolus
6 Trochlea oI talus
8 Lateral malleolus
10 Dorsal tendon oI M. peroneus (Iibularis) tertius
11 Dorsal tendon oI M. tibialis cranialis
12 Lateral tendon oI M. peroneus (Iibularis) tertius
13 Middle extensor retinaculum
14 Long lateral collateral tarsal ligament
15 Distal extensor retinaculum
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ >; *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.44 Superlicial dissecLion ol lelL Larsus, caudal view.
1 M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus, superIicial head
5 M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus, medial head
6 Tibia
7 Calcaneal tuber
8 Medial malleolus
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ >< *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.45 DorsoplanLar view radiograph ol Larsal |oinL.
1 Tibia
2 Lateral malleolus
3 Sagittal ridge
4 Medial malleolus
5 Tarsocrural joint
6 Calcaneus
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ >: *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7 Talus
8 Medial trochlea
$!
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ >3 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.46 DorsolaLeral-planLaromedial oblique view radiograph ol Larsal |oinL.
1 Tibia
2 Medial malleolus
3 Medial groove
4 Lateral groove
5 Tarsocrural joint
6 Talus
7 Medial trochlea
$!
$#
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ >= *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
8 Lateral trochlea
9 Calcaneus
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ >> *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.47 Dorsomedial-planLarolaLeral oblique view radiograph ol Larsal |oinL.
1 Tibia
2 Sagittal ridge
3 Tarsocrural joint
4 Talus
5 Lateral trochlea
6 Medial trochlea
7 Calcaneus
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ >9 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ >? *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.48 Deep dissecLion ol lelL Larsal |oinL, llexed laLeral view.
1 Lateral malleolus
2 Trochlea oI talus
3 Calcaneal tuber
4 Short lateral collateral tarsal ligament
5 Long lateral collateral tarsal ligament
7 Third tarsal bone
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 9@ *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.49 Deep dissecLion ol lelL Larsal |oinL, llexed medial view.
1 Calcaneal tuber
2 Trochlea oI talus
3 Medial malleolus
4 Short medial collateral tarsal ligament
5 Long medial collateral tarsal ligament
6 Groove Ior tendon oI M. Ilexor digitorum proIundus
9 Dorsal tarsal ligament
$#
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 98 *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.5O MeLacarpal (lelL) and meLaLarsal (righL) bones.
1 Metacarpal/metatarsal tuberosity
2 Second metacarpal/metatarsal bone
3 Fourth metacarpal/metatarsal bone
4 Third metacarpal/metatarsal bone
5 Medial condyle
6 Sagittal ridge
7 Lateral condyle
$#
$$
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 9; *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.51 DisLal phalanx ol lorelimb (lelL) and hindlimb (righL), dorsal view.
1 Palmar process
2 Parietal sulcus
3 Articular surIace
4 Extensor process
5 Parietal surIace
6 Crena
7 Solar border
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 9< *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5.52 DorsoplanLar view radiograph ol hind disLal phalanx.
2 Middle phalanx (P2, short postern bone)
5 Lateral plantar process
6 Medial plantar process
9 Extensor process
10 Solar canal
11 Vascular channels
12 Solar margin
13 Crena
3 0#$4"#+5 6&7/ 9: *- 9:
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
! #$%&'()( *)+(,&'
!-. /,01 2),3 %0 1$, 1$%&'4- 5)6+ 78.7 '9: 1$, '++%()'1,: +%01 1)++;,+ $'2, 6,,9
&,<%2,: 1% ,4=%+, 1$, 1$%&'()( 2)+(,&'- #$, =,&)('&:);< )+ +1)>> )9 =>'(,-
1 Thymus
2 Cranial vena cava
3 Rib 1 with some overlying muscle
5 Costocervical trunk
6 M. longus colli
7 Cut dorsal end oI rib 7
8 Origin oI the intercostal vessels that will come to lie caudal to rib 7
!"
!
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 8 *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
9 Sympathetic trunk
10 Aortic lymph nodes
11 Tendinous center oI the diaphragm
12 Rib 13
13 Costal surIace oI the caudal lobe oI the leIt lung
14 Basal border oI the leIt lung
15 Costal part oI the diaphragm
16 LeIt ventricle seen through the pericardium
17 Right ventricle seen through the pericardium
18 Cut cartilage oI rib 5
19 Cut pectoral muscles
20 Costal surIace oI the cranial lobe oI the leIt lung
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 9 *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-7 /,01 2),3 %0 1$, 1$%&'4- 5)6+ 78.7 '9: 1$, '++%()'1,: +%01 1)++;,+ $'2, 6,,9
&,<%2,: 1% ,4=%+, 1$, 1$%&'()( 2)+(,&'- #$, >,01 >;9? $'+ 6,,9 &,0>,(1,:
2,91&'>>@-
1 Thymus
5 M. longus colli
6 Aorta
8 Sympathetic trunk
9 Dorsal trunk oI the vagus nerve
10 Esophagus
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ : *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
11 Ventral trunk oI the vagus nerve
12 Aortic lymph nodes
13 Caudal mediastinum
14 Rib 13
15 LeIt crus oI the diaphragm
18 Ligament oI the lung
19 Caudal lobe oI the leIt lung
20 Heart lying in the cardiac notch oI the lung and surrounded by the pericardium
21 ReIlected cranial lobe oI the leIt lung
22 Cut costal cartilage oI rib 5
23 Pulmonary trunk
24 Cranial vena cava
25 Arterial ligament
!"
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ ; *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-A /,01 2),3 %0 1$, 1$%&'4- 5)6+ 78.7 '9: 1$, '++%()'1,: +%01 1)++;,+ $'2, 6,,9
&,<%2,: 1% ,4=%+, 1$, 1$%&'()( 2)+(,&'- #$, >,01 +):, %0 1$, =,&)('&:)'> +'( $'+
6,,9 &,<%2,: '9: 1$, >;9? $'+ 6,,9 &,0>,(1,: :%&+'>>@-
4 ReIlected cranial lobe oI the leIt lung
5 Sympathetic trunk
6 Rib 13
7 Caudal lobe oI the leIt lung
!"
"#
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ < *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 Diaphragmatic surIace oI the reIlected caudal lobe oI the leIt lung
11 Accessory lobe oI the right lung seen through the caudal mediastinum
12 LeIt auricle
13 LeIt ventricle
14 Paraconal interventricular groove
15 Cut edge oI the pericardial sac
16 Right ventricle
17 Beginning oI the pulmonary trunk
18 Thymus
19 LeIt extremity oI the right auricle
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 3 *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-B #$, 1$%&'()( ('2)1@ +,,9 0&%< 1$, &)?$1 +):,- 5)6+ .8.A '9: 1$, '++%()'1,: +%01
1)++;,+ $'2, 6,,9 &,<%2,:-
1 Rib 14
3 Costal surIace oI the caudal lobe oI the right lung
4 Cut proximal end oI rib 4
5 Costal surIace oI the cranial lobe oI the right lung (discolored by aspirated blood)
7 The caval Iold oI the pleura containing abundant Iat
9 Tunica Ilava abdominis overlying the abdominal muscles
"#
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ = *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-C 5)?$1 2),3 %0 1$, <,:)'+1)9;< '9: '++%()'1,: +1&;(1;&,+ )9 ' 78@,'&8%>: D;'&1,&
$%&+,- #$, &)?$1 +):, %0 1$, =,&)('&:);< $'+ 6,,9 &,<%2,:-
3 Right cranial phrenic vein
4 Thoracic duct
5 Esophagus
6 Dorsal trunk oI the vagus
7 LeIt lung seen through the caudal mediastinum
8 Caudal vena cava (partially drained oI blood)
9 Right phrenic nerve
"#
"$
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ > *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 Tracheobronchial lymph node
11 Azygos vein (partially drained oI blood)
12 Trachea
13 M. longus colli
14 Costocervical vein
15 Deep cervical vein
17 Thymus
18 Right atrium with the coronary groove lying ventral to it
19 Right ventricle
20 Subsinuosal interventricular groove
21 LeIt ventricle
22 Caval Iold oI pleura
23 Structures in the root oI the right lung. From dorsal to ventral: principal bronchus, pulmonary
artery, pulmonary veins
24 Cut cartilage oI rib 6
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ ? *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-! E,1')> %0 1$, 2,91&'> ='&1 %0 1$, <,:)'+1)9;< )9 ' 78@,'&8%>: D;'&1,& $%&+,- 5)?$1
2),3-
3 Accessory lobe oI the right lung seen through the delicate caval Iold oI pleura
4 Caudal vena cava (partially drained oI blood)
5 Right phrenic nerve covered by a narrow Iold oI pleura
6 Diaphragmatic surIace oI the caudal lobe oI the right lung
7 Right atrium seen through the pericardium
8 Thymus within the cranial mediastinum
10 Coronary groove seen through the pericardium
11 Subsinuosal interventricular groove seen through the pericardium
12 Fat beneath the pericardial pleura
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 8@ *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-F /,01 2),3 %0 1$, $,'&1 +$%3)9? 1$, ';&)(;>'& +;&0'(,-
1 Right auricle
2 Brachiocephalic trunk
3 Pulmonary trunk
4 Arterial ligament
5 Aorta
6 LeIt auricle
7 LeIt ventricle
8 Paraconal interventricular groove containing abundant Iat in this specimen as well as the
paraconal interventricular branches oI the leIt coronary artery and the great cardiac vein
9 Right ventricle
10 Coronary groove containing abundant Iat in this specimen as well as the coronary vessels
"$
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 88 *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-G 5)?$1 2),3 %0 1$, $,'&1 +$%3)9? 1$, '1&)'> +;&0'(,-
1 LeIt ventricle
2 Subsinuosal interventricular groove containing the interventricular branch oI the right coronary
artery and the middle cardiac vein
3 Terminal part oI the caudal vena cava (collapsed)
4 Remnants oI lung tissue adherent to the dorsal aspect oI the leIt atrium
5 One oI several cut pulmonary veins
6 Cut pulmonary artery
7 Terminal part oI the cranial vena cava
8 Right atrium
9 Coronary groove containing the right coronary artery
10 Right ventricle
"$
"%
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 89 *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-H /,01 2),3 %0 1$, $,'&1 3)1$ ='&1 %0 1$, 3'>> %0 1$, &)?$1 2,91&)(>, &,<%2,:-
1 Right auricle
2 Brachiocephalic trunk
3 Intermediate cusp oI the pulmonary valve
4 Right cusp oI the pulmonary valve
5 Depression marking the attachment oI the arterial ligament to the outside oI the pulmonary
trunk
6 Pulmonary trunk
7 Part oI the leIt atrium
8 LeIt auricle
9 LeIt ventricle
10 Paraconal interventricular groove
11 Wall oI the right ventricle
12 Interventricular septum
13 Septomarginal band
14 Coronary groove
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 8: *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-.I #$, $,'&1 +,(1)%9,: 1&'9+2,&+,>@ 1$&%;?$ 1$, >,01 '1&)%2,91&)(;>'& 2'>2,- #$,
+=,()<,9 )+ 2),3,: 0&%< 1$, (';:'> '+=,(1-
1 Cut wall oI the leIt ventricle
2 Fat Iilling the coronary groove on the leIt side
3 Cut wall oI the leIt atrium
4 Interior oI the leIt atrium
5 Interior oI the leIt auricle showing pectinate muscles
6 Part oI the interatrial septum
7 Septal cusp oI the leIt atrioventricular valve
8 Arrow pointing towards the aortic valve
9 Tendinous cords
10 Papillary muscle
"%
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 8; *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-.. E%&+'> 2),3 %0 1$, 6'+, %0 1$, $,'&1- #$, '1&)' '9: ?&,'1 2,++,>+ $'2, 6,,9
&,<%2,:- #$, (&'9)'> '+=,(1 )+ 1%3'&:+ 1$, 1%= %0 1$, ='?,-
1 LeIt semilunar cusp oI the pulmonary valve
2 Intermediate semilunar cusp oI the pulmonary valve
3 Opening into the pulmonary trunk
4 Cut wall oI the right atrium
5 Parietal cusp oI the right atrioventricular valve
6 Septal cusp oI the right atrioventricular valve
7 Parietal cusp oI the leIt atrioventricular valve
8 Cut wall oI the leIt atrium
9 Beginning oI the leIt coronary artery
10 Right semilunar cusp oI the aortic valve
"%
"&
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 8< *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-.7 #$, '%&1)( 2'>2, %=,9,: 1% +$%3 :,1')> %0 1$, &)?$1 +,<)>;9'& (;+=- #$, '&1,&@
0%&(,=+ '&, '11'($,: 1% 1$, 0&,, ,:?, %0 1$, (;+= '9: '&, ;+,: 1% :)&,(1 )1
+%<,3$'1 1%3'&:+ 1$, (>%+,: =%+)1)%9-
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 83 *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-.A E%&+'> +,(1)%9 %0 1$, 2,91&)(>,+ %0 1$, $,'&1 <):3'@ 6,13,,9 1$, (%&%9'&@
?&%%2, '9: 1$, '=,4- #$, +=,()<,9 )+ 2),3,: 0&%< 1$, :%&+'> '+=,(1 '9: )1+
(&'9)'> ='&1 )+ 1%3'&:+ 1$, 1%= %0 1$, ='?,-
1 Paraconal interventricular vein in section
2 Paraconal interventricular branch oI the leIt coronary artery in section
3 Right ventricular myocardium
4 Endocardium oI the right ventricle
5 Septomarginal band
6 Subsinuosal interventricular branch oI the right coronary artery in section
7 LeIt ventricular myocardium
8 Lumen oI the leIt ventricle
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 8= *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-.B J>1&'+%;9: )<'?, %0 1$, $,'&1 <':, 3)1$ ' CKLM +,(1%& +('99,& =>'(,: N;+1
6,$)9: 1$, (';:'> 6%&:,& %0 1$, 1&)(,=+ 6&'($)) %9 1$, >,01 +):,-
1 Lumen oI the leIt atrium
2 LeIt atrioventricular valve
3 Lumen oI the leIt ventricle
4 Myocardium
5 Tendinous cords
6 Pericardium
7 Endocardium
8 Papillary muscle
"&
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 8> *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-.C O%1$ >;9?+ '11'($,: 1% 1$, 6&%9($) '9: 1$, 1,&<)9'> ='&1 %0 1$, 1&'($,'- #$,@
$'2, 6,,9 >'): %;1 +% 1$'1 1$, (%+1'> +;&0'(,+ '&, ;==,&<%+1- P%1, 1$, >'&?,&
+)M, %0 1$, &)?$1 >;9? '9: 1$, >'&?,& ('&:)'( 9%1($ %9 1$, >,01-
"&
"'
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 8? *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-.! /'1,&'> 2),3 %0 1$, >,01 >;9?- #$)+ '9)<'> $': >%9?+1'9:)9? &,(;&&,91 ')&3'@
%6+1&;(1)%9 +% 1$, >;9? $'+ &,1')9,: 1$, +$'=, '9: :)<,9+)%9+ %0 1$, =>,;&'>
('2)1@ 3)1$%;1 (%>>'=+)9? )9 1$, 9%&<'> <'99,&-
1 Apex oI the lung
2 Cranial lobe
3 Dorsal border
4 Costal surIace
5 Caudal lobe
6 Basal border
7 Cardiac notch
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 9@ *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-.F K,:)'> 2),3 %0 1$, >,01 >;9?-
1 Basal border
2 Diaphragmatic surIace
3 Medial surIace
4 Aortic impression
5 Lobar bronchus supplying the caudal lobe
6 Lobar bronchus supplying the cranial lobe
7 Pulmonary blood vessels
8 Cardiac impression
9 Apex oI the lung
10 Cardiac notch
"'
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 98 *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-.G K,:)'> 2),3 %0 1$, &)?$1 >;9?-
1 Cranial lobe
2 Pulmonary arteries
3 Right principal bronchus with its medial wall removed
4 Dorsal border
5 Accessory lobe
6 Scissors indicating the course Iollowed by the caudal vena cava
7 Diaphragmatic surIace oI the caudal lobe
8 Basal border
9 Part oI cranial lobe caudal to the cardiac notch
10 Cardiac notch bounded by the ventral border oI the lung
"'
"(
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 99 *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-.H K,:)'> 2),3 %0 1$, &)?$1 >;9? :)++,(1,: 1% +$%3 1$, >%6'& 6&%9($)-
1 Cranial lobe
2 Cranial lobar bronchus
3 Pulmonary arteries
4 Caudal lobar bronchus
5 Segmental bronchi leaving the caudal lobar bronchus
6 Accessory lobe
7 Accessory lobar bronchus
8 Segmental bronchus supplying the part oI the caudal lobe that is homologous with the middle
lobe oI other species
"(
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 9: *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-7I /'1,&'> &':)%?&'=$ %0 1$, (&'9)'> 1$%&'4 )<<,:)'1,>@ (';:'> 1% 1$, +$%;>:,&
N%)91-
1 Caudal border oI the humerus
2 Cranial lobes oI the lungs including shadows oI the pulmonary vessels
3 Cranial vena cava
4 Rib 2, leIt side
5 Caudal border oI the neck oI the scapula
6 Rib 2, right side
7 Trachea
8 Cranial border oI the aortic arch
9 Ventricles
"(
")
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 9; *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-7. /'1,&'> &':)%?&'=$ %0 1$, <):81$%&'4 )<<,:)'1,>@ (';:'> 1% 1$, $,'&1-
1 LeIt atrium
2 Trachea
3 BiIurcation oI the trachea and the two principal bronchi
4 Descending aorta
5 Rib 8 on both sides superimposed
6 Mainly pulmonary arteries entering the lung
7 Mainly pulmonary veins leaving the lung
8 Caudal vena cava
9 Dome oI the diaphragm
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 9< *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
!-77 /'1,&'> &':)%?&'=$ %0 1$, (';:'> ='&1 %0 1$, 1$%&'()( &,?)%9-
1 Pulmonary vessels
2 Rib 9 oI each side partially superimposed
3 Descending aorta
4 Caudal lobes oI the lungs
5 Dorsocranial surIace oI the diaphragm
6 Dorsal edge oI the caudal vena cava
3 4.*1&%#% 5#2%/1& 6&7/ 93 *- 93
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7 Abdominal and Pelvic Viscera
7.1 LelL view ol Lhe abdominal conLenLs ol a maLure gelding wiLh Lhe cosLal arch
inLacL.
1 Conjoined costal cartilages Iorming the costal arch
2 Cut origin oI M. abdominis obliquus externus (covered by the tunica Ilava abdominis)
3 Most caudal part oI the dorsal end (base) oI the spleen
4 Caudal pole oI the leIt kidney
5 Perirenal Iat
6 Loops oI small intestine
7 Caudal part oI M. abdominis obliquus internus
8 M. tensor Iasciae latae
9 M. gluteus medius
10 StiIle joint
11 Loop oI descending colon
12 Body oI the cecum
!"
7
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ : *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
13 Apex oI the cecum
14 Retroperitoneal Iat
15 Right ventral colon
16 LeIt ventral colon
17 LeIt dorsal colon
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ < *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.2 1he abdominal and Lhoracic viscera exposed by removal ol Lhe lelL body wall
(wiLh Lhe excepLion ol rib 1) and Lhe lelL hall ol Lhe diaphragm. LelL view. 1his
animal had longsLanding recurrenL airway obsLrucLion so Lhe lung has reLained a
shape and size LhaL are probably close Lo Lhose ol a normal living horse.
1 Cut pectoral musculature
2 Rib 1
3 Pericardium (there is much Iat in the loose connective tissue overlying the Iibrous pericardium)
4 Rib 8 (cut)
5 Costal surIace oI the leIt lung
6 Remnant oI the diaphragm
7 Spleen
8 Caudal pole oI the leIt kidney
9 M. tensor Iasciae latae
10 StiIle joint
12 Ileocecal Iold (only partially exposed)
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ = *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
15 LeIt ventral colon (with prominent lateral Iree muscular band)
16 Sternal Ilexure
17 Diaphragmatic Ilexure
18 LeIt dorsal colon
19 Pelvic Ilexure
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ > *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.3 1he conLenLs ol Lhe Lhorax and cranial abdomen alLer removal ol Lhe body wall,
Lhe lelL lung and Lhe lelL hall ol Lhe diaphragm. LelL view.
1 Cut pectoral musculature
2 Pericardium (there is much Iat in the loose connective tissue overlying the Iibrous pericardium)
3 LeIt phrenic nerve
4 Aortic arch
5 LeIt principal bronchus (cut)
6 Esophagus
7 Parietal surIace oI the blind sac (Iundus) oI the stomach
8 Cut edge oI the diaphragm
9 Spleen (the ventral extremity is hidden behind the liver)
10 Perirenal Iat
11 Caudal pole oI the kidney
12 LeIt ventral colon
13 Lateral Iree muscular band oI the leIt ventral colon
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ? *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
16 Sternal Ilexure
18 LeIt lateral lobe oI the liver
19 Accessory lobe oI the lung visible through the mediastinal pleura
20 Dorsal part oI the mediastinum
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ; *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.4 1he conLenLs ol Lhe cranial abdomen seen Lhrough Lhe diaphragmaLic
periLoneum on Lhe righL side. 1he Lhoracic wall was excised as lar caudally as rib
13, Lhe righL lung was removed and Lhe cosLal parL ol Lhe diaphragmaLic
musculaLure was dissecLed away leaving Lhe periLoneum (and Lhe immediaLely
associaLed connecLive Lissue) reLaining Lhe abdominal viscera in place.
SLrucLures 1O14 are, Lherelore, seen Lhrough Lhe periLoneum.
1 Rib 14
3 Azygos vein
4 Thoracic duct
5 Descending aorta
6 Esophagus
7 Caudal mediastinum
8 Caval Iold containing the right phrenic nerve
9 Cut edge oI the sternal part oI the diaphragm
10 Sternal Ilexure oI the ascending colon
11 Loops oI small intestine overlying the ascending colon
12 Diaphragmatic Ilexure oI the ascending colon
13 Right dorsal colon
14 Right lobe oI the liver
!"
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ 3 *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.5 1he conLenLs ol Lhe abdomen and caudal Lhorax ol a large horse seen lrom Lhe
righL side alLer removal ol Lhe body wall. 1he undisLurbed viscera were
phoLographed as soon as Lhe abdomen was opened. 1he colon and cecum are
disLended by enLeric gas and Lhe pelvic llexure ol Lhe colon has moved across
Lhe pelvic inleL Lo Lhe righL and is now Lucked behind Lhe body ol Lhe cecum.
1 LeIt ventral part oI the ascending colon
2 M. abdominis obliquus internus, reIlected and seen Irom the medial aspect through the
peritoneum
3 LeIt dorsal part oI the ascending colon
4 Base oI the cecum
8 Costal surIace oI the right lung
9 Right dorsal part oI the ascending colon
!"
!#
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ @ *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
10 Diaphragmatic Ilexure oI the ascending colon
11 Sternal Ilexure oI the ascending colon
12 Lateral Iree muscular band oI the leIt ventral colon
13 Right ventral part oI the ascending colon
14 Cecocolic Iold
15 Body oI the cecum (the apex lies behind the right ventral part oI the colon)
16 Mammary gland
7.6 DeLail lrom lig. 7.5 alLer removal ol Lhe righL hall ol Lhe diaphragm Lo reveal
parL ol Lhe liver.
1 Base oI the cecum
2 Right crus oI the diaphragm seen in paramedian section
4 Right lobe oI the liver
5 Costal surIace oI the caudal lobe oI the right lung
8 Right extremity oI the transverse colon
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ A *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.7 1he parieLal surlace ol Lhe sLomach. 1he parieLal branches ol Lhe lelL gasLric
arLery, and Lheir saLelliLe veins, can be seen ramilying over Lhe surlace.
1 Esophagus
2 Cardia
3 Fundus (blind sac)
4 Greater curvature (attachment oI the greater omentum)
5 Body oI the stomach
6 Pyloric region oI the stomach
7 Lesser curvature (attachment oI the lesser omentum)
8 Pylorus
9 Duodenum
!#
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ :B *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.8 1he visceral surlace ol Lhe sLomach. 1he visceral branches ol Lhe lelL gasLric
arLery, and Lheir saLelliLe veins, can be seen ramilying over Lhe surlace.
1 Greater curvature (attachment oI the greater omentum)
2 Fundus (blind sac)
3 Area oI direct adhesion to the diaphragm
4 Esophagus
5 Cardia
6 Lesser curvature (attachment oI the lesser omentum)
7 Body oI the stomach
8 Pyloric region oI the stomach
9 Pylorus
10 Attachment oI the greater omentum crossing the duodenum
11 Duodenum
!#
!!
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ :: *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.9 1he sLomach, wiLh parL ol Lhe esophagus and duodenum, opened and laid llaL
Lo show Lhe mucosa. 1he sLomach was opened along Lhe greaLer curvaLure.
1 Proper gastric gland area
2 Cardiac gland area (with two !"#$%&'()*+# larvae attached)
3 Nonglandular part oI the stomach lined by keratinized squamous epithelium
4 Esophagus
5 Cardia
6 Pyloric gland area
7 Pylorus
8 Duodenum
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ :< *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.1O DeLail ol Lhe gasLric mucosa showing Lhe |uncLion ol Lhe nonglandular parL
(Lop) and Lhe cardiac gland area (boLLom). 1he raised edge ol Lhe keraLinized
epiLhelium is known as Lhe margo plicaLus.
7.11 ParL ol Lhe duodenal mucosa showing Lhe duodenal papillae.
1 Major duodenal papilla (opening oI the bile duct and pancreatic duct)
2 Minor duodenal papilla (opening oI the accessory pancreatic duct)
!!
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ := *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.12 VenLrolaLeral view ol Lhe righL dorsal parL ol Lhe abdomen showing Lhe region
ol Lhe omenLal loramen. 1he righL lobe ol Lhe liver has been rellecLed dorsally
and Lhe base ol Lhe cecum has been compressed and drawn venLrally.
2 Right crus oI the diaphragm in paramedian section
3 Caudodorsal part oI the pleural cavity
4 Caudate lobe oI the liver |the arrows indicate the opening oI the omental (epiploic) Ioramen|
5 Visceral surIace oI the right lobe oI the liver
6 Caudal part oI the right lung
7 Duodenum
8 Right lobe oI the pancreas
9 Base oI the cecum
10 Mesoduodenum
!!
$%%
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ :> *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
11 Loop oI the leIt dorsal part oI the ascending colon
12 Uterine tube (oviduct)
13 Duodenal Ilexure
14 Ovary
15 Suspensory ligament oI the ovary
16 Ventral surIace oI the right kidney
7.13 1he small inLesLine ol a 4-monLh-old loal removed lrom Lhe abdomen and
spread ouL as much as Lhe mesenLery will allow.
1 Terminal part oI the ileum
2 Terminal part oI the ascending duodenum
3 Beginning oI the jejunum
4 Mesenteric lymph nodes
5 Jejunal blood vessels traversing the (great) mesentery
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ :? *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.14 1he abdomen dissecLed Lo show Lhe LerminaLion ol Lhe ileum. 8oLh Lhe body
ol Lhe cecum and Lhe ascending colon have been lilLed ouL ol Lhe abdomen
and rellecLed dorsally and Lo Lhe righL buL none ol Lheir aLLachmenLs have
been cuL.
1 Loop oI descending colon
2 LeIt side oI the cecal base
3 Body oI the cecum
4 Apex oI the cecum
5 Edge oI the cecocolic Iold
6 LeIt side oI the beginning oI the right ventral part oI the ascending colon
7 Right dorsal part oI the ascending colon at its junction with the transverse colon
8 Jejunum near its termination
9 Mesentery
10 Ileum
11 Ileocecal Iold
12 Penis
13 Cut surIace oI M. obliquus internus abdominis
$%%
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ :; *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.15 SecLion ol |e|unum opened along Lhe mesenLeric side.
1 Mucosal surIace
2 Aggregated lymphatic nodule (Peyer's patch)
$%%
$%$
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ :3 *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.16 1he base ol Lhe cecum opened lrom Lhe dorsal side Lo show Lhe mucosa and
Lhe openings inLo Lhe ileum and Lhe righL venLral colon.
1 Ileocecal oriIice on a low projection
2 Mucosa oI the cecum
3 The cecocolic oriIice. This is a wide and ill-deIined slit with no change in the appearance oI
the mucosa
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ :@ *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.17 DeLail ol Lhe cecal mucosa showing soliLary lymphaLic nodules (oval grayish
areas).
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ :A *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.18 1he cecum and ascending colon ol a 4-monLh-old loal. 1he organs have been
removed lrom Lhe abdomen and Lhe sLernal and diaphragmaLic llexures have
been sLraighLened. 1he surlaces shown are normally laLeral, Lhus Lhe parL on
Lhe lelL ol Lhe phoLograph lies againsL Lhe righL llank, and LhaL on Lhe righL lies
againsL Lhe lelL llank.
1 Base oI the cecum
2 Transverse colon
6 Pelvic Ilexure
7 Mesocolon
9 Lateral Iree muscular band
10 Sternal Ilexure
14 Beginning oI the right ventral part oI the ascending colon
15 Cecocolic Iold
$%$
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ <B *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.19 1he cecum and ascending colon ol a 4-monLh-old loal. 1he organs have been
removed lrom Lhe abdomen and Lhe sLernal and diaphragmaLic llexures have
been sLraighLened. 1he surlaces shown normally lace medially and are relaLed
Lo each oLher or Lo loops ol Lhe small inLesLine or descending colon.
1 Pelvic Ilexure
2 Mesocolon
5 Right colic artery
6 Medial Iree muscular band
7 Right dorsal part oI the ascending colon close to the junction with the transverse colon
8 Junction oI the transverse and descending colon
9 LeIt side oI the base oI the cecum
10 Medial cecal artery
$%$
$%&
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ <: *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
13 Terminal part oI the ileum
15 Sternal Ilexure
16 Colic branch oI the ileocolic artery
7.2O Croove overlying Lhe medial lree muscular band ol Lhe cecum. lL conLains
abundanL laL and large numbers ol lymph nodes.
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ << *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.21 1he pelvic llexure ol Lhe ascending colon seen lrom Lhe laLeral and disLal
aspecL.
1 End oI the ventral part oI the ascending colon
2 End oI the lateral Iree muscular band
3 End oI the lateral mesocolic muscular band (no longer mesocolic at this point)
4 Mesocolon
5 Pelvic Ilexure
6 Beginning oI the dorsal part oI the ascending colon
7.22 A shorL segmenL ol Lhe descending colon Laken lrom near iLs disLal end. 1he
mesocolon has been removed lrom Lhe concave side. 1he ouLlines ol
successive lecal balls and Lhe wide anLimesenLeric muscular band are evidenL.
$%&
$%'
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ <= *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.23 1he parieLal surlace ol Lhe liver ol a 4-monLh-old loal.
1 Right triangular ligament
2 Caudal vena cava passing cranioventrally through the liver; numerous hepatic veins oI various
sizes can be seen joining it
3 Esophageal notch
4 LeIt coronary ligament
5 LeIt triangular ligament
6 LeIt lateral lobe
7 LeIt medial lobe
8 FalciIorm ligament containing the remnant oI the umbilical vein in its Iree edge
9 Line oI attachment oI the narrow part oI the IalciIorm ligament connecting the liver to the
diaphragm
10 Quadrate lobe
11 Right lobe
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ <> *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.24 1he visceral surlace ol Lhe liver ol a 4-monLh-old loal. A blue plasLic rod has
been inserLed inLo Lhe caudal vena cava Lo make iLs posiLion clear.
1 LeIt triangular ligament
2 LeIt coronary ligament
3 Esophageal notch
4 Plastic rod lying in the caudal vena cava
5 Right coronary ligament
6 Renal impression
7 Hepatorenal ligament
9 Caudate lobe
10 Right lobe
11 Quadrate lobe
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ <? *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
12 LeIt lateral lobe
13 Line oI attachment oI the lesser omentum
14 Hepatic lymph nodes at the porta oI the liver
15 Portal vein entering the liver
16 Path oI the omental (epiploic) Ioramen
7.25 1he visceral surlace ol Lhe liver ol a maLure horse showing Lhe change in shape
wiLh age when compared wiLh lig. 7.24. 1his change is much more exLreme in
old animals. 1he caudal vena cava and Lhe porLal vein have been dissecLed Lo
show a liLLle ol Lheir inLerior.
1 LeIt lateral lobe
2 Esophageal notch
3 Inner surIace oI the caudal vena cava
4 Portal vein opened to show part oI its course within the liver
5 Caudate lobe
6 Right lobe
7 Quadrate lobe with small subdivisions
8 LeIt medial lobe
$%'
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ <; *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.26 Endoscopic view ol Lhe righL Lriangular ligamenL. 1he endoscope was inserLed
Lhrough Lhe righL llank and direcLed cranially in a sLanding horse. (lmage kindly
supplied by Dr. D. C. Wilson.)
1 Right side oI the base oI the cecum
2 Duodenum
3 Mesoduodenum
4 Perirenal Iat
5 Caudolateral angle oI the right lobe oI the liver
6 Phrenicorenal Iold
9 Right costal part oI the diaphragm
$%'
$%(
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ <3 *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.27 ParieLal surlace ol Lhe spleen.
1 Dorsal end
2 Caudal border
3 Ventral end
4 Cranial border
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ <@ *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.28 Visceral surlace ol Lhe spleen.
1 Caudal border
2 Dorsal end
3 Cranial border
4 Hilus
5 Ventral end
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ <A *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.29 VenLral view ol Lhe kidneys and relaLed sLrucLures. Cranial is Lowards Lhe Lop.
1 Ventral surIace oI the right kidney
2 Most caudal part oI the caudate lobe oI the liver
3 Caudal vena cava
4 Ventral surIace oI the leIt kidney
5 Renal arteries
6 Adrenal glands
7 Renal veins
8 Ureter
9 Aorta
10 M. iliopsoas
$%(
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ =B *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.3O 1he righL kidney seen lrom Lhe venLral aspecL.
1 Ventral surIace
2 Cranial pole
3 Branches oI the renal artery entering the kidney
4 Beginning oI the ureter
5 Caudal pole
$%(
$%)
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ =: *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.31 A dorsal secLion ol Lhe righL kidney seen lrom Lhe venLral aspecL.
1 Renal cortex
2 Lobar vessels seen in section
3 Mucosa lining the renal pelvis and ureter
4 Oblique section oI the terminal recess oI the cranial pole surrounded by the pale striated tissue
oI the inner medulla
5 Cranial pole
6 Renal hilus
7 Renal veins seen in section leaving the renal tissue
8 Fat lying in the renal sinus
9 Caudal pole
10 Terminal recess oI the caudal pole
11 Branch oI the renal artery entering the kidney
12 Renal medulla
13 Renal crest
14 Renal pelvis
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ =< *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.32 DeLail ol Lhe renal pelvis. 1he kidney is secLioned in dorsal plane and is seen
lrom Lhe dorsal side. 1his secLion passes |usL dorsal Lo Lhe renal cresL.
1 One oI the terminal recesses cut obliquely
2 Branches oI the renal vein in longitudinal section
3 Mucosa oI the renal pelvis
4 Opening into the ureter
5 Lobar vessels seen in section
6 Pale inner medulla
7 Dark outer medulla
8 Renal crest
9 Branches oI the renal artery
$%)
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ == *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.33 VenLral view ol Lhe adrenal glands. 1he lelL gland has been secLioned in a
dorsal plane and Lhe venLral hall ol Lhe gland has been rellecLed Lowards Lhe
animal's righL (Lhe lelL ol Lhe phoLograph) so LhaL boLh halves are shown.
Cranial is Lowards Lhe Lop.
1 Right renal vein
2 Right adrenal gland
3 Medial border oI the cranial part oI the right kidney
4 Ventral surIace oI the caudal vena cava
5 Medial border oI the cranial part oI the leIt kidney
6 Adrenal cortex
7 Adrenal medulla
8 LeIt renal vein
$%)
$%*
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ => *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.34 Cranial, laLeral and venLral view ol Lhe pelvic inleL in a sLallion. 1he recLum has
been ligaLed and largely removed.
1 M. rectus abdominis
2 Middle ligament oI the bladder
3 M. obliquus internus abdominis
4 The ductus deIerens together with the testicular vessels and nerves oI the right side entering
the vaginal process, and thence the deep inguinal ring
5 The cranial border oI the right lateral ligament oI the bladder containing the right round
ligament oI the bladder
6 Genital Iold
7 Apex oI the bladder
8 Rectum
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ =? *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
9 Fat-Iilled Iolds oI peritoneum containing the ureters
10 LeIt deIerent duct and the associated artery
11 Testicular vessels and nerves
12 Caudal epigastric vessels
13 Ventral surIace oI the leIt kidney
14 Peritoneal Iold Iorming the medial entrance to the vaginal process
$%*
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ =; *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.35 Endoscopic view ol Lhe deep inguinal region in a normal sLallion. 1he horse
was anesLheLized and placed on iLs back. 1he endoscope was inserLed inLo Lhe
periLoneal caviLy Lhrough Lhe righL llank and direcLed caudally. VenLral is
Lowards Lhe Lop. (lmage kindly supplied by Dr D. C. Wilson.)
1 M. transversus abdominis
2 Caudal edge oI the M. obliquus internus abdominis
3 Craniomedial border oI the deep inguinal ring
4 Testicular vessels
5 Ductus deIerens
6 Loops oI intestine
7 Pelvic Iat seen through the peritoneum
8 Bladder
10 M. rectus abdominis
$%*
$%"
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ =3 *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.36 1he lelL inguinal region ol a crypLorchid sLallion. 1he righL LesLis is abnormally
small and siLuaLed high in Lhe inguinal region, buL |usL ouLside Lhe superlicial
inguinal ring. lLs long axis runs dorsovenLrally unlike Lhe normally descended
LesLis in Lhe horse in which iL runs craniocaudally. LaLeral view.
1 Loose connective tissue lying over the body oI the penis
2 Cut adductor muscles
3 Acetabulum
4 Accessory ligament oI the hip joint lying cranioventral to the pubis
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ =@ *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
5 Cut iliopsoas muscle
6 M. obliquus internus abdominis visible through the aponeurosis oI M. obliquus externus
abdominis
7 The aponeurosis oI M. obliquus externus abdominis
8 Tunica Ilava abdominis (layer oI elastic Iascia)
9 Exposed preputial Iold
10 Hemiscrotum oI the leIt side containing the normally descended leIt testis
11 Cauda epididymis visible through the spermatic Iascia
12 Testis visible through the spermatic Iascia
13 Medial crus oI the aponeurosis oI M. obliquus externus abdominis Iorming the medial
boundary oI the superIicial inguinal ring
14 Cremaster muscle seen emerging Irom superIicial inguinal ring and inserting on the spermatic
Iascia
15 Lateral crus oI the aponeurosis oI M. obliquus externus abdominis (inguinal ligament)
Iorming the lateral boundary oI the superIicial inguinal ring
$%"
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ =A *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.37 1he lelL LesLis wiLhin Lhe spermaLic lascia, and relaLed sLrucLures. VenLral view.
1he LesLis and penis have been rellecLed Lowards Lhe righL giving a direcL view
ol Lhe exiL lrom Lhe inguinal canal.
1 Tunica Ilava abdominis overlying the aponeurosis oI M. obliquus externus abdominis
2 Medial crus oI the aponeurosis oI M. obliquus externus abdominis Iorming the medial
boundary oI the superIicial inguinal ring
3 Lateral crus oI the aponeurosis oI M. obliquus externus abdominis (inguinal ligament)
Iorming the lateral boundary oI the superIicial inguinal ring
4 Cremaster muscle inserting on the spermatic Iascia
5 Ischiocavenosus muscle covering the leIt crus oI the penis
6 Bulbospongiosus muscle
7 Body oI the penis enclosed in loose connective tissue
8 Part oI the extensive vasculature lying dorsal to the penis
9 Cauda epididymis beneath the spermatic Iascia
10 Testis beneath the spermatic Iascia
11 Caput epididymis beneath the spermatic Iascia
$%"
$%#
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ >B *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.38 LaLeral view ol Lhe lelL LesLis. Cranial is Lowards Lhe lelL.
1 Head oI the epididymis consisting mainly oI eIIerent ductules
2 Vascular cone oI the testis; individual vessels cannot be seen through the connective tissue
3 Beginning oI the straight part oI the deIerent duct
4 Mesorchium
5 Convoluted part oI the deIerent duct
6 Tail oI the epididymis
7 Lateral surIace oI the testis
8 Body oI the epididymis
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ >: *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.39 Medial view ol Lhe lelL LesLis. Cranial is Lowards Lhe righL.
1 Convoluted part oI the deIerent duct
2 Beginning oI the straight part oI the deIerent duct
4 Mesorchium
5 Head oI the epididymis consisting mainly oI eIIerent ductules
6 Medial surIace oI the testis
7 Ligament oI the tail oI the epididymis
8 Tail oI the epididymis
9 Body oI the epididymis seen through the mesorchium
$%#
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ >< *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.4O 1he lelL LesLis and Lhe body ol Lhe epididymis secLioned in a sagiLLal plane
passing Lhrough Lhe middle ol Lhe LesLis.
1 Testicular tissue
2 Mediastinum testis containing the rete testis
3 Head oI the epididymis
5 DeIerent duct
6 Body oI the epididymis in section
7 Mesorchium
8 Tail oI the epididymis in section showing the large diameter oI the epididymal tubule in this
region
$%#
$%!
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ >= *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.41 Dorsal view ol Lhe bladder, pelvic ureLhra and accessory geniLal glands in a
2-year-old sLallion.
1 Ureters
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ >> *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Bladder, partially Iilled
3 DeIerent ducts
4 Ampullae oI the deIerent ducts
5 Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
6 LeIt and right lobes oI the prostate gland
7 Pelvic part oI the urethra surrounded by the urethral muscle
8 LeIt and right bulbourethral glands; almost all oI the surrounding urethral muscle has been
removed
9 Bulbospongiosus muscle surrounding the bulb oI the penis
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ >? *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.42 1he bladder and pelvic ureLhra opened lrom Lhe venLral aspecL in a 2-year-old
sLallion. 1he Lip ol a probe can be seen emerging lrom Lhe opening ol Lhe
righL ureLer.
1 Mucosa oI the bladder
2 Openings oI the ureters
3 Neck oI the bladder (internal urethral oriIice)
4 Cut urethral muscle
5 Areas where the prostatic ducts open; the openings themselves are not readily visible in the
photograph
6 Openings oI the ejaculatory ducts on the summit oI the colliculus seminalis
7 Lateral and medial openings oI the bulbourethral ducts
8 Mucosa oI the pelvic urethra
9 Layer oI erectile tissue surrounding the pelvic urethra
$%!
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ >; *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.43 Caudal view ol Lhe rooL ol Lhe penis in a gelding.
1 Ventral surIaces oI the ischia
2 Ischial tuberosities
3 Ischiocavernosus muscles surrounding the crura oI the penis
4 Bulbospongiosus muscle surrounding the bulb oI the penis
5 Retractor penis muscle (severed just below the terminal part oI the rectum)
6 Body oI the penis composed oI the tunica albuginea enclosing the corpus cavernosum
$%!
$$%
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ >3 *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.44 VenLrolaLeral view ol Lhe rooL ol Lhe penis in a 2-year-old sLallion. 1he disLal
end ol Lhe penis is dellecLed Lo Lhe righL.
1 Adductor muscles (cut)
2 Ventral surIace oI the leIt ischium
3 LeIt ischial tuberosity
4 Origin oI the leIt ischiocavernosus muscle
5 Connective tissue surrounding the distal part oI the rectum
6 Skin overlying the external anal sphincter
7 Insertion oI the leIt ischiocavernosus muscle onto the body oI the penis
8 Right ischiocavernosus muscle
9 Retractor penis muscle
10 Bulbospongiosus muscle extending beneath the body oI the penis
11 Body oI the penis
12 Suspensory ligament oI the penis
13 Part oI the extensive vasculature lying dorsal to the penis
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ >@ *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.45 1he penis in a 2-year-old sLallion. 1he skin has been removed excepL aL Lhe
disLal end. LelL laLeral view.
1 Skin overlying the glans
2 Tunica albuginea covering the corpus cavernosum
3 Bulbospongiosus muscle; in horses this extends to the tip oI the penis
4 Ischiocavernosus muscle
5 Retractor penis muscle
$$%
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ >A *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.46 Dorsal secLion ol Lhe penis ol a sLallion aL Lhe level ol Lhe ischial arch. 1he
secLion is seen lrom Lhe dorsal aspecL and cranial is Lowards Lhe Lop. AL Lhis
level Lhe lelL and righL crura have |usL lused Lo lorm Lhe corpus cavernosum.
1 Ischiocavernosus muscle
2 Tunica albuginea
3 Corpus cavernosum
4 Fibrous trabeculae within the corpus cavernosum
6 Corpus spongiosum
7 Urethra
$$%
$$$
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ?B *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.47 1ransverse secLion ol Lhe body ol Lhe penis.
1 Tunica albuginea
2 Corpus cavernosum
4 Corpus spongiosum
5 Urethra
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ?: *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.48 LaLeral view ol Lhe disLal end ol Lhe penis when drawn ouL ol Lhe prepuce.
1 Preputial skin lining the part oI the preputial cavity outside the preputial Iold; it is Irequently
associated with large amounts oI smegma
2 Skin Iorming the edge oI the preputial Iold that becomes evident when the penis is retracted; it
bears the vestigial nipples oI the male
3 Edge oI the corona (crown) oI the glans
4 Position oI the urethral opening
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ?< *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.49 1he glans penis seen lrom Lhe venLral aspecL.
1 Preputial skin lining the part oI the preputial cavity inside the preputial Iold
2 Corona (crown) oI the glans
3 Fossa glandis
4 Urethral process
5 Urethral opening
$$$
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ?= *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.5O Dorsal view ol Lhe lemale reproducLive LracL. 1he vagina and vesLibule have
been opened lrom Lhe dorsal side.
1 Ovary
$$$
$$&
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ?> *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
2 Tip oI the leIt uterine horn
3 LeIt uterine horn
4 Broad ligament
5 Body oI the uterus
6 Position oI the cervix
7 External opening oI the cervix
8 Vagina
9 Urethral opening
10 Vestibule
11 Clitoris
12 Vulva
$$&
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ?? *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.51 1he venLral commissure ol Lhe vulva ol a mare everLed Lo show Lhe cliLoris.
1he rim ol Lhe cliLoridal lossa surrounds Lhe glans ol Lhe cliLoris. 1he cliLoris is
incompleLely exLruded lrom Lhe lossa so LhaL only Lhe disLal surlace ol Lhe
glans is revealed.
1 Glans oI the clitoris
2 Skin oI the vulva
3 Mucosa oI the vestibule
4 Position oI the opening oI the clitoridal sinus
5 Ventral part oI the clitoridal Iossa
$$&
$$'
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ?; *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.52 VenLral view ol Lhe uLerus and relaLed sLrucLures.
1 Ovary
3 Para-ovarian cyst, a common and innocuous abnormality
4 Right horn oI the uterus
6 Broad ligament
7 Round ligament oI the uterus
8 Fimbria oI the uterine tube (oviduct)
9 Position oI the cervix
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ?3 *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.53 Dorsal view ol Lhe uLerus opened lrom Lhe dorsal side.
1 Ovary
2 Tip oI the leIt uterine horn
3 Mucosa oI the leIt uterine horn
4 Mucosa oI the body oI the uterus
5 Para-ovarian cyst, a common and innocuous abnormality
6 Cervix
7 Vagina
$$'
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ?@ *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.54 UlLrasound image ol Lhe uLerus showing a Lransverse secLion ol one ol Lhe
horns. (1he 7 MHz probe lies aL Lhe Lop ol Lhe image, Lhe scale on Lhe lelL
shows cenLimeLers. lmage kindly supplied by Dr C. P. Adams.)
1 Myometrium
2 Endometrial Iolds
3 Uterine lumen
$$'
$$(
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ?A *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.55 UlLrasound image ol Lhe cervix showing a median secLion in which Lhe uLerine
end is Lowards Lhe lelL. (1he image was produced by combining Lwo lixed
lrames. 1he 7 MHz probe lies aL Lhe Lop ol Lhe image, Lhe scale on Lhe lelL
shows cenLimeLers. lmage kindly supplied by Dr C. P. Adams.)
1 Body oI the uterus sectioned longitudinally
2 Internal end oI the cervical canal
3 Cervical canal
4 External end oI the cervical canal protruding into the vagina
5 Lumen oI the vagina
6 Dorsal surIace oI the cervix
7 Ventral surIace oI the cervix
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ;B *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.56 1he lelL ovary roLaLed Lo show Lhe enLrance Lo Lhe ovarian bursa.
VenLromedial view. Cranial is Lowards Lhe righL.
1 Ovarian surIace covered by peritoneum
2 Ovarian (ovulation) Iossa
3 Everted inIundibulum oI the uterine tube edged by the Iimbriae
4 Entrance to the ampulla oI the uterine tube
5 Ovarian bursa
7 Mesosalpinx
8 Proper ligament oI the ovary
9 Medial surIace oI the broad ligament
10 Suspensory ligament oI the ovary (Iree border oI the broad ligament)
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ;: *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.57 1he lemale reproducLive LracL, and relaLed sLrucLures, suspended lrom Lhe
abdominal and pelvic rool. 1he animal is in Lhe sLanding posiLion. 1he
inLesLines have been removed wiLh Lhe excepLion ol Lhe Lerminal parL ol Lhe
descending colon. 1he observer is looking caudally and a liLLle Lo Lhe lelL.
1 Fat lying in the ventral ligament oI the bladder
2 M. rectus abdominis seen through the transverse Iascia
5 Round ligament oI the bladder lying in the cranial border oI the lateral ligament oI the bladder
8 Right ovary
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ;< *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
12 Tip oI the right uterine horn
13 Mesocolon
14 Cut descending colon
15 Base oI the leIt uterine horn
16 LeIt broad ligament oI the uterus
17 Transverse Iascia
$$(
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ;= *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.58 1he caudal abdomen and pelvis ol a mare held in Lhe sLanding posiLion. 1he
inLesLines have been removed wiLh Lhe excepLion ol Lhe Lerminal parL ol Lhe
descending colon. 1he observer is looking caudally and Lo Lhe lelL.
2 Right broad ligament oI the uterus
4 Lateral ligament oI the bladder
5 Location oI the deep inguinal ring
8 Mesocolon
9 Right ovary
10 InIundibular part oI the uterine tube (oviduct)
11 LeIt broad ligament oI the uterus
13 Uterine artery
$$(
$$)
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ;> *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.59 An equine ovary secLioned lrom Lhe convex mesovarial border Lo Lhe lree
concave border bearing Lhe ovarian (ovulaLion) lossa.
1 Interstitial tissue oI the ovary
2 Luteal tissue
3 Central clot in a recently Iormed corpus luteum
4 Tongue oI luteal tissue extending towards the ovarian Iossa indicating the route Iollowed at
ovulation
5 Ovarian Iossa (ovulation) Iossa
6 Small ovarian Iollicles
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ;? *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.6O UlLrasound image ol Lhe ovary showing an oblique secLion including boLh a
young corpus luLeum and Lwo medium-sized lollicles. (1he 7 MHz probe lies aL
Lhe Lop ol Lhe image, Lhe scale on Lhe lelL is in cenLimeLers. lmage kindly
supplied by Dr C. P. Adams.)
1 The position oI the cranial pole oI the ovary
2 Luteal tissue
3 Central blood clot beginning to organize
4 Tongue oI the corpus luteum extending towards the ovarian Iossa indicating the path Iollowed
at ovulation
6 Medium-sized Iollicles
7 Depression in the ovarian surIace close to the ovarian (ovulation) Iossa
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ;; *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.61 UlLrasound image ol Lhe ovary showing a plane passing Lhrough boLh poles
and perpendicular Lo Lhe plane exLending lrom Lhe aLLachmenL ol Lhe
mesovarium Lo Lhe ovulaLion lossa. ln Lhis case neiLher pole is wiLhin Lhe
conlines ol Lhe image. (1he 7 MHz probe lies aL Lhe Lop ol Lhe image, Lhe scale
on Lhe lelL is in cenLimeLers. lmage kindly supplied by Dr C. P. Adams.)
1 Tissue oI a regressing corpus luteum
2 Large Iollicles with their points converging on the ovarian (ovulation) Iossa
3 Dense ovarian tissue adjacent to the ovarian (ovulation) Iossa
4 SurIace oI the ovary closest to the probe
5 SurIace oI the ovary Iarthest Irom the probe
$$)
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ;3 *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.62 Dorsal view ol Lhe uLerus ol a pregnanL mare 13 days alLer ovulaLion. lL has
been opened lrom Lhe dorsal side.
1 Unopened part oI the uterine horn
2 Endometrium
3 Encapsulated embryo lying on the endometrium (2 cm in diameter)
$$)
$$*
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ;@ *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.63 A 34-day-old concepLus seen lrom Lhe mesomeLrial aspecL. lL is abouL 8 cm in
diameLer.
1 UndiIIerentiated allantochorion
2 Chorionic girdle
3 Margin oI the yolk sac
4 Sinus terminalis
5 Remnant oI the bilaminar omphalopleure
6 Allantoic vessels
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ ;A *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.64 A 39-day-old concepLus wiLh Lhe yolk sac uppermosL. 1he embryo proper is 2
cm in lengLh.
1 UndiIIerentiated allantochorion
2 Position oI the chorionic girdle; the girdle cells have now invaded the endometrium
3 Sinus terminalis
4 Yolk sac
5 Embryo proper
6 Amnion
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ 3B *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.65 A 98-day-old concepLus wiLh Lhe yolk sac uppermosL. 1he leLus is 2O cm in
lengLh.
1 Part oI the allantochorion occupying the body oI the uterus
2 Part oI the allantochorion occupying the horn oI the uterus in which the conceptus originally
attached
3 Parts oI the allantochorion lacking microvilli because oI their proximity to the endometrial
cups
4 Part oI the allantochorion occupying the horn oI the uterus in which the conceptus did not
originally attach
5 Amniotic portion oI the umbilical cord visible through the Ietal membranes
6 Allantoic portion oI the umbilical cord visible through the allantochorion
$$*
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ 3: *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.66 A near-Lerm loal and iLs membranes. 1he allanLochorion has been opened Lo
show Lhe leLus wiLhin Lhe amnion.
1 Inner surIace oI the allantochorion
2 Amnion overlying the Ietus
3 Branches oI the allantoic vessels supplying the amnion
4 Part oI the amnion containing amniotic Iluid
5 Allantoic part oI the umbilical cord
$$*
$$"
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ 3< *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.67 1he gravid horn ol Lhe uLerus ol a 63-day-pregnanL mare opened Lo show Lhe
endomeLrial cups. 1he leLus and iLs membranes have been removed. 1he line
ol endomeLrial cups would have lormed an almosL compleLe circle belore Lhe
uLerus was opened. (PhoLo kindly supplied by Prolessor W. k. Allen.)
2 Non-gravid horn oI the uterus
3 Endometrium oI the gravid horn
4 Endometrial cups Iorming an arc
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ 3= *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.68 DeLail ol Lhe endomeLrial cups and relaLed sLrucLures aL 84 days' gesLaLion. 1he
allanLochorion has been lilLed away lrom Lhe cups and Lowards Lhe Lop ol Lhe
phoLograph Lo reveal Lhe cups. (PhoLo kindly supplied by Prolessor W. k. Allen.)
1 Endometrial surIace
2 Allantochorion
3 Endometrial cups
$$"
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ 3> *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.69 1he udder ol a lacLaLing mare seen lrom a venLral, caudal and laLeral viewpoinL.
1 LeIt teat: the openings oI both papillary ducts are visible at its tip
2 Cranial extremity oI the udder
3 Caudal extremity oI the udder
$$"
$$#
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ 3? *- 3;
!"#$#%&" ($&)*+, *- )./ 0*12/
7.7O 1he lelL LeaL and Lhe ad|acenL parL ol Lhe udder ol a lacLaLing mare cuL in
sagiLLal secLion.
1 Subcutaneous connective tissue; it is somewhat edematous in this case
2 Papillary part oI the more cranial oI the two lactiIerous sinuses; the much narrower teat canal
can be seen at the tip oI the teat
3 Glandular part oI the more cranial oI the two lactiIerous sinuses
4 Secretory tissue
5 LactiIerous ducts
3 (45*+#$&" &$5 6/"7#% 8#2%/1& 6&9/ 3; *- 3;

Clinical Anatomy of The Horse

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Clinical Anatomy of The Horse

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