Bromadiolone WG

(Hama G rodents pesticide)

Description

Bromadiolone is a second-generation rodenticide, developed in response to
growing warfarin resistance in rats: it is used in and around buildings, inside
transport vehicles and sewers formulated as meal bait, paraffinized pellets, rat
and mouse bait ready-to-use place packs, and paraffin blocks. It acts as an
anticoagulant and disrupts recycling of Vitamin K by inhibiting the epoxide
reductase enzyme.
The technical material (97% pure) is an odourless, yellow-white powder,
melting at 200 -210 C. It has very low water solubility (less than 20 mg/litre at
20C); slightly soluble in ethanol and ethyl acetate, its fully soluble in
dimethylformamide. Stable below 200 C, flash-point temperature is 218C.
Bromadiolone is unlikely to enter the atmosphere, because of its low volatility,
but it is readily adsorbed on soils rich in clay and organic compounds, where it
degrades readily, with half-lives ranging from 1.8 to 7.4 days. Due to its fast
degradation due to soil microorganism metabolism and photolysis, combined
with the very low solubility in water, Bromadiolone poses no leaching risks.
(NPIC, 2013)

Side effects
Humans
Acute toxicity
Bromadiolone has an acute toxicity when ingested (less than 5 grams can
produce life threatening/permanent damage) or, via dermal contact, if it enters
the bloodstream via open wounds or bruises.
It causes internal and external bleeding blocking the synthesis of prothrombin by
antagonizing vitamin K. While not being an irritant, there is limited evidence
inhalation in people with already a respiratory trait illness and conditions might
worsen their condition under heavy inhalation exposure.

Routes: ingestion, open wounds
Ingestion: nosebleed, bleeding gut and pharynx, dark red bleeding spots,
widespread bruising, blood swelling, blood in the phlegm, vomitus, urine or
stools; bleeding into the organs, digestive tract, joints, abdomen can cause
localized pain.
Eye contact: transient redness, lacrimation.
(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 2008; ToxNet, 2014; USEPA, 1998)

Chronic toxicity
Chronic exposure to bromadiolone would produce the same symptoms
presented in acute toxicity: repeated exposure to some coumarin derivatives
may cause nosebleed, bleeding gut and pharynx, dark red bleeding spots,
widespread bruising, blood swelling, blood in the phlegm, vomitus, urine or
stools. Bleeding into the organs, digestive tract, joints, abdomen can cause
localized pain.
Sensitization to the compound is also linked to prolonged and repeated dermal
exposure and inhalation in certain population groups.
Bromadiolone, is non-carcinogenic, non teratogenic, non mutagenic and non
genotoxic. However, limited evidence suggests that repeated or long-term
occupational exposure may produce cumulative health effects involving organs
or biochemical systems. There is some evidence that human exposure to the
material may result in developmental toxicity. This evidence is based on animal
studies where effects have been observed in the absence of marked maternal
toxicity.
(NPIC, 2013; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 2008; ToxNet, 2014)
Animals
Acute toxicity
Bromadiolone is very highly toxic to small rodents, and moderately to highly
toxic to other mammals; moderately to highly toxic to birds; highly toxic to
aquatic invertebrates and moderately toxic to fish. There is no known toxicity for
terrestrial invertebrates. Non-target pet and wild animals poisoning have been
reported, with secondary toxicity in predators such as foxes and buzzards.
(ToxNet, 2014; USEPA, 1998)
Chronic toxicity
Chronic exposure to bromadiolone would produce the same symptoms
presented in acute toxicity in mammals and birds, in particular concerning
secondary poisoning. Symptoms of chronic exposure include lethargic and
anemic appearance, depression, weakness, anemia, bloody stool, pale mucous
membranes, difficulty breathing and profuse internal and external bleeding.
Bromadiolone, is non-carcinogenic, non teratogenic, non mutagenic, non
genotoxic, and non endocrine disrupting., although some developmental toxicity
has been reported. It has the potential to accumulate in aquatic ecosystems.
(NPIC, 2013; ToxNet, 2014; USEPA, 1998)
Food
Bromadiolone is non-phytotoxic and not easily absorbed by plants from the
roots, stems or leaves nor efficiently moved from there. It is nonetheless not
metabolized and very persistent. Therefore it should never be applied on food or
near it, nor be used on crops or feedstock produce, with the notable exception of
grain baits.
(NPIC, 2013)

Environment
Bromadiolone is readily degraded by photolysis; in soils under aerobic
conditions; it has a low leaching potential and soil mobility in soil with clay and
organic components, it is virtually immobile in sandy soils. In addition to that it
has a low solubility in water and is not readily absorbed by plants.
As such, it poses limited threat to the environment.
It has nonetheless the potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic ecosystems if
deliberately dumped in surface water bodies, and it can threaten predatory
species through secondary poisoning if dead animals carcasses are not collected.
As such, careful consideration should be taken in relation to the use of
bromadiolone outdoor in rural areas, near water sources and surface water
bodies, or in areas where endangered predators bird and mammal species are
present.
(NPIC, 2013; USEPA, 1998)

Use

PPE
Protective PVC gloves. Handling of technical material or powder concentrates
will require full airfed protection and an impervious suit, suitable for wash-
down. Operations with liquid concentrations will require PVC or nitrile-rubber
gloves, armlets and apron with a face shield and rubber boots. Impermeable
gloves must be worn at all times during the handling of these formulations.
Additionally eye protection should be worn when handling liquid formulations

Transport & storage
Use original containers (lined metal can/drum; or plastic pall); store separate
from food and feedstuff and far from open flames or oxidizing agents in locked,
well-ventilated, dry areas, away from frost, direct sunlight, and sources of heat
and ignition. Keep products out of reach of children and unauthorized personnel.
Disposal of empties
Do not reuse containers for other purposes, but either burn in high temperature
incinerator or dispose as hazardous waste in dedicated landfills sections.
Puncture empty containers to prevent reuse.
Residual dust in empty containers is still flammable: do no drill, wield, cut or
wield such containers: risk of explosion
Never pour untreated waste or surplus products into public sewers or where
there is any danger of run-off or seepage to streams, watercourses, open
waterways, ditches, fields with drainage systems, or to the catchment areas of
boreholes, wells, springs, or ponds.

SPILLAGE DISPOSAL

Personal protection: wear protective clothing, gloves, safety glasses and dust
respirator filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the
airborne concentration of the substance.

Clean-up procedure: Transfer any product remaining in damaged or leaking
containers into a clean, empty drum, and label the drum. Clean up waste
regularly and abnormal spills immediately. Avoid breathing dust and contact
with skin and eyes. Use dry clean up procedures and avoid generating dust.
Vacuum up or sweep up. Vacuum cleaner must be fitted with an exhaust micro
filter (HEPA type). If liquid spillage adsorb with vermiculite or other inert
adsorbent; prevent major spillages from reaching drainage and water bodies
with barriers or sandbags.
Contaminated areas should be washed down with cold water containing
surfactant; the washings must be prevented from entering surface-water drains.

Spillage waste disposal: all residual material and bromadiolone contaminated
waste should be disposed of in a high temperature incinerator or, alternatively,
treated as hazardous waste and disposed in the dedicated section of an
engineered landfill, according to national regulations.


TYPES OF HAZARD /
EXPOSURE FIRE
ACUTE
ACUTE HAZARDS / SYMPTOMS PREVENTION FIRST AID / FIRE FIGHTING
FIRE Combustible solid which burns but
propagates flame with difficulty. Carbon
oxides, hydrogen bromide gas.
No open flames Use alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon
dioxide. Wear self contained breathing apparatus for
fire fighting if necessary.
EXPLOSION Indoor aeration; no
open flames


EXPOSURE EXPOSURE
STRICT HYGIENE!
AVOID EXPOSURE
OF ADOLESCENTS
AND CHILDREN!
IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!
Inhalation Respiratory tract irritation. Wear protective face
mask;
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Skin Skin irritation Wear protective
gloves / clothing
Gently wash with plenty of soap and water..
Eyes Redness Wear face shield or
protective glasses
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes
Ingestion Nosebleed, bleeding gut and pharynx,
dark red bleeding spots, widespread
bruising, blood swelling, blood in the
phlegm, vomitus, urine or stools;
bleeding into the organs, digestive
tract, joints, abdomen.
Do not eat/drink
while handling
materials; do not
store with food
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. Give slurry of activated charcoal (at least 3
table spoons). Consult a physician.
Table 1: OH&S recap table for bromadiolone (adapted from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 2008)
Bibliography and further readings

FAO; WHO, 1996. WHO/FAO Data Sheets on Pesticides No. 88 - Bromadiolone,
Available at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest88_e.htm.
NPIC, 2013. Technical Fact Sheet - Bromadiolone, Available at:
http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/bromadtech.html.
Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 2008. Material Safety Data Sheet - Bromadiolon,
Available at: http://datasheets.scbt.com/sc-234207.pdf.
ToxNet, 2014. HSDB: Bromadiolone, Available at: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-
bin/sis/search2/f?./temp/~JvVhZd:3.
USEPA, 1998. Reregistration Eligibility Decision ( RED ) Rodenticide Cluster,
Available at: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/2100red.pdf.
WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety;, 1995. Health and Safety
Guidelines no. 94 - Bromadiolone, Available at:
http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg094.htm.