Ladder diagram

The metering sensor has six

light sensors arranged as shown in Fig. 22.21. Signal conditioning is used to obtain
the average value of Cl, C2, C3 and C! the ", # and average C value are then
anal$sed to %nd the re&uired ex'osure value. This, for exam'le, reveals whether the
scene is a scene with a relativel$ constant luminosit$ or 'erha's a close u' of a
'erson so that there is a bright central (one surrounded b$ a dar) bac)ground., The
t$'e of 'rogram that is used is*
if# is e&ual to " and C minus # is less than + then ex'osure set on value of "
if# is e&ual to " and C minus # is +
then ex'osure set on value of C
For the main microcontroller
send start command to lens microcontroller ta)e in'ut from range sensor
calculate lens movement re&uired,
send lens movement data to lens microcontroller
wait for veri%cation of lens movement from microcontroller send in-focus signal to
view%nder dis'la$
For the lens microcontroller
wait for start command from main microcontroller determine initial lens 'osition
wait for lens movement data from main .microcontroller read lens movement data
calculate new lens 'osition
while lens is not in new 'osition drive the motor
send veri%cation signal of in-focus to main microcontroller
22.3. Car engine management
The modern car is li)el$ to include man$ electronic control s$stems involving
microcontrollers, the engine control s$stem being one. Figure 22.2. shows a
generalised bloc) diagram of such a s$stem, its aim being to ensure that the engine
is o'erated at its o'timum settings.
The s$stem consists of sensors su''l$ing, after suitable signal conditioning, the
in'ut signals to the microcontroller and it 'roviding out'ut signals via drivers to
actuate actuators. Figure 22.2/ shows some of these elements in relation to an
engine, onl$ one c$linder being shown.
The engine s'eed sensor is an inductive sensor and consists of a coil for which the
inductance changes as the teeth of the sensor wheel 'ass it and so results in an
oscillating voltage. The tem'erature sensor is usuall$ a thermistor. The mass air
0ow sensor ma$ be a hot wire sensor. "s air 'asses over a heated wire it will be
cooled, the amount of cooling de'ending on the mass rate of 0ow. The ox$gen
sensor is generall$ a closed-end tube made of (irconium oxide with 'orous 'latinum
electrodes on the inner and outer surfaces. "bove about 3++1C the sensor becomes
'ermeable to ox$gen ions with the result that a voltage is 'roduced between the
electrodes.