Fire Management of

High Rise Buildings

(A Case Study of Delhi Area)
Dr. Neelam G. TIkkha
Book title: Fire Management of High Rise Buildings
(A Case Study of Delhi Area)
Author : Dr. Neelam G. TIkkha
ISBN -81-86067-12-4
Copyright @CFI 2013. Publishers: CF International, D903,Sarthak Tower , Ramdeo Cross
Road Satellite Road , Ahmadabad - 380015.
All legal Jurisdiction Nagpur.
Price INR 950/-
Face to Face
Disasters due to their scale and extent are devastating calamities. The disaster
aftermath is always sordid picture of large-scale loss of life property as well
as severe shortages of relief material and medical aid. While disasters appear
and sound horrific when they actually strike, the factors that are responsible
for occurrence of disasters are generally side lined. The dying infrastructure,
growing pressures of population growth, denuded forests, degraded
environment, faulty urban planning, non adherence to building codes and
land use zones are all symptomatic of a callous and short term approach to
development which has intensified the fury of disasters.
Among all disasters, building fires are perhaps the most commonplace but
take a disproportionately large toll of lives and property. It is said that fire
is a good servant but a bad master and once out of control spares none.
Furthermore, fire loss is an absolute loss because what burns never returns.
Most of the fires that take place are because of the neglect of norms and
illegal development. It is believed that, Vikas aisa ho jo aafat se bachaya
, vikas aisa na ho jo aafat ban jaaye. It is also true that disaster
management leads to new opportunities for development in a bid to avoid
future calamities.
While enormous amount of money is being spent on disaster aftermath, not
even a fraction of this goes toward disaster preparedness. The funds are
diverted towards response and reconstruction rather than disaster mitigation
and preparation.
This book deals with nature of fire and response to fire in high rise buildings.
For this as an illustration high rise buildings of Delhi area are considered.
Author
Dr. Neelam Tikkha
Founder Director and Editor ,
CFTRA- Global
(An international Platform for learning for Academicians
& Scholars)
Dedication
The book Fire Management of High Rise Buildings A Case Study
of Delhi Area has been dedicated to My parents, my brothers Nishith
Tikkha and Dr. Abhijeet Tikkha, my daughter Ishita , Mr. Shamim, Director,
National Fire Service College, Nagpur, who motivated me to write this book.
Mr. Narendra Modi, Chief Minister of Gujarat, who has been a great source
of inspiration and motivation
Special thanks to Mr. SK Sharma, Delhi Fire Service, without whose help
the work could not be completed.
CONTENTS
Chapter - I Introduction 01
Chapter II The Science of Fire 04
Chapter III High Rise Buildings and Fire Zones 07
Chapter IV GIS Technology and Applications
for the Fire Service 12
Chapter V Case Studies: Major Fires in Delhi 17
Chapter - VI Famous Case Studies
Inter National Case Studies 29
Chapter VII Conclusion 36
Bibliography 39
1
Fire Management of High Rise Buildings
A Case Study of Delhi Area
Chapter - I
Introduction
Fire is an integral part of our lives. There are few things that have done as much harm to humanity
as fire, and few things that have done as much good. It is certainly one of the most important forces
in human history. It is a boon without which life would be difficult. Fire is extraordinarily helpful.
It has given humans the first form of portable lightand heat. It has also given the ability to cook
food, forge metal tools, form pottery, harden bricks and drive power plants. Fire can be very
useful if it is in our control but if it goes unleashed can create tremendous damage to all living human
being, property and nature. We find some common hazards that take place because of fire. The
most common ones in the household are due to gas leakage, careless in throwing of cigarette and
bidi butts, crude heaters used in winter viz sigris or kangdis used in Kasmir , or short circuit due
to poor electric wire quality and more recently fire taking place because of malfunctioning of Air
conditioner and bursting of Chinese made cell phone batteries.
A number of fire prone public places are train bogies, cinema theatre, malls, car accidents (rare
kind) and Air crashes of Airplanes.
This study aims to study fire in High rise building and measures to mitigate fire.
Nature of Fire:
There are three essential components of Fire Oxygen, Fuel, and Ignition temperature to start.
If anyone is removed the fire will not start or continue. Refer to figure of Triangle of Fire :
Fire can never take place if one of the elements is removed from the triangle of fire as seen in figure
2 below in the Triangle of fire to Put it Off.
The nature of fire can be very well understood from the mundane household examples like matchstick.
It is surprising that to ignite a matchstick ignition temperature required is 400
0
C. The cigarettes
of butts to continue to burn requirement will be 460
0
C. The two examples are of controlled fire
but if it is not controlled and one gets careless it can change to unleashed fire causing damage to
human life and property.
Kinds of Fire:
There are three kinds of fire depending on the size of the fire: small, medium and huge. The third
kind is very serious, dangerous and devastating and requires great effort to control it.
Any fire is associated with Smoke and Heat. The Smoke rises very fast. It takes seconds for
smoke to rise whereas temperature or heat increases in minutes. Smoke is more dangerous than
Heat. Loss due to Fires are on the increase day by day due to combustible materials used in
buildings constructions and handling of flammable materials. The fire when comes in contact with
atmospheric oxygen occupies a mammoth size emitting great heat and light.
2
The front part of flame is a transition region that separates burnt gases from the un burnt gases.
The light that we see is given out from this region. The fuel when combines with atmospheric
oxygen leads to its oxidation which liberates enough energy on combustion and spreads the flame
vertically and horizontally . The non ignited region of the mixture is called flammable since gradually
it will also turn into flame.
Flame: A flame is a mixture of reacting gases and solids emitting visible and infrared light, the
frequency spectrum of which depends on the chemical composition of the burning material and
intermediate reaction of the products. In many cases, such as the burning of organic matter, for
example wood, or the complete combustion of gas, incandescent solid particles called soot.
It has long been recognized that exposure to toxic smoke products is one of the major hazard
confronting people in fires. Toxic chemical substances produced during fire results in the contamination
of environment, injuries to human beings and animals which may lead to loss of life. The buildings
may also get corroded and contaminated.
It has been observed in experimental studies on compartment fire that the fire smoke contains a
number of potentially toxic gases. Their quantity considerably depends upon the temperature and
oxygen supply to the compartment. Toxic gases are composed of asphyxiating gases such as
Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide that cause deficiency of Oxygen available for breathing. There
are certain other chemical gases that have been added because of modern synthetic materials like
hydrogen cyanide gases and irritants like acrolein and hydrogen chloride acid gas. The asphyxiating
gases and irritants, singly or in combination lead to difficulty in breathing which causes suffocation
and ultimately death of the person trapped in fire. Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most common
fire toxicant. More than half of the fire fatalities occur due to its inhalation. The exposure of one
hour to the Carbon monoxide concentrations as low as 4000 ppm (0.4% by volume) can be fatal.
The different levels of Carbon monoxide has been found in different percentage in full scale
compartment fires. A complete toxicity assessment should not only include the analysis of toxicity
of CO but also the synergistic effects of other combustion products such as increase in CO
2
and
deficiency in O
2
levels.
Now a day, there is tremendous increase in injuries and casualties due to smoke and toxic fumes.
It is probably due to:
1) The massive use of synthetic material like fiber in furniture and furnishings and upholstery
in buildings. These materials generate combustible products, which are toxic even in very
low concentration.
2) The rate of combustion is comparatively low of fire in the traditional materials such as
wood, brick and mortar than modern combustibles that are used in modern world.
It has become essential to mitigate toxic hazards in Fires to control modern day fire which is
caused because of the widespread use of synthetic modern material. Hence factors such as ignition,
spread of flame, and rate of smoke evolution need to be checked with more care and caution.
Significance of the Study: Fire service comes in the category of emergency services and plays
an important role in disaster preparedness and fire defense control. The study would highlight how
effectively Fire services perform the role of the fire department in disaster control side by side it
is consistent with its traditional role in the suppression of fire.
Although the fire department more commonly is perceived as a fire suppression and fire protection
3
force, it is nonetheless the logical organization to respond to other disasters as well. Many similarities
exist among disasters, fire situations, and other emergency responses of the fire department. In any
community the fire department is poised and ready to swing into immediate action at the sound
of an alarm. Its continual readiness makes it a logical organization to respond to emergencies other
than fires. It tackles two issues effectively:
Consequences of fire after outbreak (Postmortem of Fire).
Role of surveillance (Reason of Fire and take action) activities for early detection of fire outbreaks.
Objectives: To study the nature of fire and fuel so as to be prepared and limit disaster, by fire.
As case study high rise building in Delhi area would be considered.
Methodology & Data Source Collection
Fire department plays a vital role in preparing and responding a community to a disaster and
emergency situation. An effective planning can save valuable lives of people, and can promote the
culture of prevention and mitigation through various activities. Now with the paradigm shift in the
approach towards disaster, proactive approaches are gaining ground and more emphasis is being
laid on pre-disaster activities, rather than response and rehabilitation.
Methodology for data collection include visit to Delhi Fire Service to collect details of the actual
fires in high rise buildings that have taken place in Delhi area. An extensive study of literature that
is available on the website and blogs are referred. Reports of various fire departments in Nagpur,
Goa and Karnataka have been referred. NGOs survey reports have also been studied in detail.
Lectures at JNU on Disaster Management refresher course has also been considered for this
study. Various techniques of Disaster preparedness in a workshop by Mr. S.K. Sharma, Fire
officer Delhi Fire services at Confidence Spoken English Institute, Nagpur on 9
th
March, 2013
and workshop at National Civil Defense College Nagpur was useful in this study.
Data Source: Data was collected from internet, journals, publications, research papers, newspapers,
departmental reports, libraries, official records of various agencies (like National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA), Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), National Institute of
Disaster Management (NIDM), National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA). Consultations with
experts in the field of mental health, GIS, school administration, fire service were also carried out.
Chapter Scheme: The first chapter of this book is Introduction, the second Chapter is Science
of Fire and would deal with nature of fire and fuel. Chapter three deals with parameters that
determine a building to be considered as High Rise Building and would also deal with Fire zones.It
would be titled High Rise Buildings and Fire Zones
Chapter four is titled GIS Technology and Applications for the Fire Service. Chapter five would
deal with major fires in Delhi city and requirements of preparedness and action by fire service
department . It would be titled : Case Studies: Major Fires in Delhi
Sixth chapter would deal with famous Case studies. It would be titled : Famous Case Studies
-Inter National Case Studies. Last Chapter would be Conclusion followed by references and
Bibliography.
The time frame for data collection would be one month and one month for report writing.
Conclusion: It is very important to study the types of fire and different types of fuels to understand
to meter out fire, to control and to make it potable for maximum use of human beings advantage.
Step-1
Step2
4
Chapter II
The Science of Fire
It is very important to understand the nature of fire to make fire our slaves rather than becoming
its slaves. Fire can destroy houses and all possessions in less than an hour, and it can reduce an
entire forest to a pile of ash and charred wood. It is also a horrifying weapon, with nearly unlimited
destructive power. Fire kills more people every year than any other force of nature.
The ancient Greeks considered fire one of the major elements in the universe alongside water,
earth and air. This grouping was intuitively sensible: Fire can be felt, just like earth, water and air.
It can be seen and smelled and can be moved from one place to another. But, fire is absolutely
different. Earth, water and air are all forms of matter they are made up of millions and millions
ofatomscollected together. Fire cannot be considered a matter at all. Its a visible, tangible side
effect of matterchanging form it is one part of achemical reaction.
What exactly are those orange flames? Rolfo Rolf Brenner/Getty Images
The heat can come from lots of different things When the wood gets heated to a very high
temperature, from any source like -a match, focused light, friction,lightening, or something else
that is already burning. When the wood reaches about 300 degrees Fahrenheit (150 degrees
Celsius), the heat decomposes some of the cellulose material that makes up the wood. Some of
the decomposed material is released as volatile gases (commonly perceived as smoke).Smoke is
a compound of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. The rest of the material formschar, which is nearly
pure carbon, andash, which is all of the unburnable minerals in the wood (calcium, potassium,
and so on). The char is nothing else but the coal or the charcoal. Charcoal is wood that has been
heated to remove nearly all of the volatile gases and leave behind the carbon. Hence, a charcoal
fire burns with no smoke.
The actual burning of wood then happens in two separate reactions: Refer Plate: 4
The volatile gases get hot enough and when reach about 500 degrees F (260 degrees C for
wood), the compound molecules break apart, and the atoms recombine with the oxygen to form
water, carbon dioxide and other products. In other words, theyburn.
The carbon in the char combines with oxygen as well, and this is a much slower reaction. That
is why charcoal in a BBQ (Barbecue) can stay hot for a long time.
A side effect of these chemical reactions is generation of a lot of heat. The fact that the chemical
reactions in a fire generate a lot of new heat is what sustains the fire. A number of fuel burn in one
step for example, Gasoline which is vaporized by gasoline and it all burns as a volatile gas and
leaves no char. Human being learned to meter out the fuel and control a fire for example; acandleis
a tool for slowly vaporizing and burning wax.
This heat produces light effect is called incandescence, and it is the similar to the light in alight
bulb and leads to the visibleflame. The color of the flame varies depending on what fuel is burning
and how hot it is. Color variation within in a flame is caused by uneven temperature. The hottest
part of a flame is the base and it glows blue, and the cooler parts at the top glow orange or yellow.
The rising carbon particles may collect on surrounding surfaces assoot in addition to emitting light.
Refer Plate: 5
5
The dangerous thing about the chemical reactions in fire is the fact that they areself-perpetuating.
The heat of the flame itself keeps the fuel at the ignition temperature, so it continues to burn as
long as there is fuel and oxygen around it. The flame heats any surrounding fuel so it releases gases
as well. When the flame ignites the gases, the fire spreads.
On Earth,gravitydetermines how the flame burns. All the hot gases in the flame are much hotter
(and less dense) than the surrounding air, so they move upward toward lower pressure. The fire
always spreads upward, and it is also why flames are always pointed at the top. If fire was to
be lighted in amicrogravity environment, say onboard thespace shuttle, it would form a sphere!
Plate : 6
Ignition Sources: There are two kinds of ignition sources viz. high energy ignition and low energy
ignition source. Fire retardant materials are being used to retard the speed of ignition when a
material is exposed to a low-energy ignition source. A material may burn slowly or self-extinguish
but does have capacity to burn in full fledge if exposed to high energy ignition source. The most
common example is that of the matchstick which when comes in contact with domestic gas burns
vibrantly. Similarly, any compartment fire also would vigorously develop when it comes in contact
with high energy ignition source. Another. Valid common example is plywood which exhibits the
ability to self-extinguish when exposed to a match flame, but it burns vigorously when exposed
to a larger ignition source.
Fire-retardant materials should not be confused with non-combustible materials. Fire retardants
may inhibit ignition, but, once ignited, a material treated with fire retardant may produce more
smoke and noxious gases. Fire retardant additives may lose their potency, be washed out, or
leached out over time, an attribute that is particularly true of lumber impregnated with fire-retardant
additive. The fire retardant wears out as the material ages and is exposed to the atmosphere.
Manufacturers usually provide instructions for the care and cleaning of fire-treated materials to
prolong the effectiveness of the fire retardant.
Heat and Ignition Source:
Heat required for ignition may come from several common sources. Any source of heat has the
potential to be a source of ignition. Ignition sources should not, however, be confused with causes
of fire. Frayed electrical wiring, a discarded cigarette butt, or a welders torch may be the source
of ignition, but the root cause of most fires is people. Most fire prevention efforts are aimed at
controlling the actions of the people responsible for controlling common sources of ignition. Heat
sources can be classified as electrical, chemical, or nuclear.
Electrical Heat Sources
Electric energy can be an ignition source in several ways, including electric resistance heating, short
circuiting in electrical wiring, induction, and electrical arcing.
Electrical Resistance Heating
Electric resistance heating is a common method of providing heat for a number of different processes.
As electric current passes through a conductor, a natural resistance to the flow of the electric
current occurs. This resistance to the flow of electric current generates heat and the amount of heat
generated depends on the conductivity of the material and the amount of current it carries. A
decrease in conductivity or an increase in current increases the heating.
6
Resistance heating has the capacity to easily create enough heat to ignite the insulation on wiring
or cables and to ignite nearby combustibles substance through radiant heating or direct contact.
Most hair dryers, for example, create heat through the use of the small resistance-heating coil.
Forced convention by way of a small fan is used to transfer much of the heat from the coil to the
air discharging from the nozzle on the hair dryer.
Short Circuit
A short circuit in electrical wiring can generate sufficient heat to ignite insulation or other combustible
material in contact with the wiring. Improperly, installed and poorly maintained electrical wiring and
appliances are the cause of many fires.
Induction
Electrical energy can also create heat through induction. Placing an electrical conductor close to
the field generated by a large electric current flowing in another conductor or set of conductors
causes an electric current to be induced in the conductor. This method of heating is used in some
types of commercial heat-treating furnaces.
Electrical Arcing, Arc flash and Arc faults: All of these can be defined as an uncontrolled
intense luminous discharge of electrical energy that occurs when electric current flows across an
insulating medium. In other words arcing occurs when electric current flows uncontrolled
accompanied by ionization of the surrounding air from phase to ground, phase to neutral, and/or
phase to phase. The intense light and heat energy at the point of the arc is called an arc flash.
An ARC builds up in milliseconds and releases a vast amount of energy.
Broad Classification Of Fire : Fire can be classified in four different types A, B, C, D
as shown in the table below:
Refer Plate 8
Types Of Fuel: Type of fire will determine the kind of fuel to be used to extinguish and it can
be very hazardous if wrong type of fuel is used. It is therefore essential to understand the four
different classifications of fuel.
Classification of Fuels
Refer Plate 9
D type of Fire can only be controlled by special extinguishing agents (Metal-X, foam) and such
fire takes place in industries and laboratory.
The in depth understanding of fire and fuel type helps in limiting fire and builds safety measures
to keep fire in check and avoid fire hazards.
Tom Harris, How Fire Works, http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/fire1.htm
http://www.sc.edu/ehs/modules/Fire/02_fuels.htm , Downloaded on 3rd May,2013.)
7
Chapter III
High Rise Buildings and Fire Zones
A number of high rise buildings are coming up because of the reduction in geographical space,
increase in the number of population and Globalization. A number of industries and organization
are being set up as part of Globalization movement. The safety of high rise building is a matter of
great concern since if there is any lapse in the fire safety measures of such buildings then there could
be major mishap which may lead to a number of deaths of the occupant and of the neighboring
areas will along with property.
Definition of High Rise Building:
Any building in Delhi which is above 15 meter but in Mumbai the building would qualify as high
rise building if it is above 22 meter height of the building will be high rise building in Mumbai in
Maharashtra.
Reasons of Susceptibility of Fire in High Rise Buildings: The high rise buildings catch fire
mostly due to the negligence due to following reasons:
Smoking 25%, Electric short-circuit 35%, cooking gas 25%, chemical reaction - 10% and
5% are other miscellaneous reasons.
It has become mandatory to have fire safety provisions for the safety of life and safety of the
property, vide Fire Safety Act of Delhi 2007. The building must be fully equipped with both
active and passive in-built systems of fire prevention and fire protection. The building will be thoroughly
examined for various essential parameters by an expert in fire force.
A series of Indian Standards covering fire safety of buildings in general principles of fire grading
details of construction, exit requirements and exposure hazards have been formulated. This Indian
Standard covers general principles of fire grading and classification, which has been adopted in
various Indian standards in respect to fire safety aspects. This standard was first issued in 1960.
Based on considerable research done on field of fire protection in the past 25 years in advanced
countries like USA, UK and Canada, the method of classification of building has been revised and
covered in this revision.
Number and Designation of Fire Zones: Every city is divided into fire zones.
The number of fire zones in a city or area under the jurisdiction of the fire authority depends upon
the existing layout, types of building construction, classification of existing buildings based on
occupancy and expected future development of the city or area. In large cities or areas, three fire
zones may be necessary, while in smaller ones, one or two may be adequate. The fire zones help
in demarcating land use development plan and shall be designated as follows:
a) Fire Zone No.1:This shall comprise areas having residential (Group A), educational (Group
B), institutional (Group C), and assembly (Group D), small business (Subdivisions E-I) and retail
mercantile (Group F) buildings, or areas which are under development for such occupancies.
b) Fire Zone No.2: This shall comprise business (Subdivisions B-2 to E-5) and industrial
buildings (Subdivisions G-1 and G-2), except high hazard industrial buildings (Sub-division G-3)
or areas which are under development for such occupancies.
8
c) Fire Zone No.3 : This shall, comprise areas having high hazard industrial buildings (Sub-
division G-3), storage buildings (Group H) and buildings for hazardous used (Group J) or areas
which are under development for such occupancies.
Background and objectives of the Fire Prevention & Life Safety:
The main protection and active measures in respect of Fire Prevention & Life Safety measures
are as under:
a) Fire Prevention Covering aspects of fire prevention pertaining to design and construction
of buildings on passive fire protection measures, also describing the various types of building
materials and their fire rating.
b) Life Safety Covering life safety provisions in the event of fire and similar emergencies,
also addressing construction and occupancy features that are necessary to minimize danger
to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic.
c) Fire Protection covering the significant appurtenances and their related components and
guidelines for selecting the correct type of equipment and installation meant for fire protection
of the building, depending upon the classification and type of the building.
Classification of Building based on Occupancy
Group A Residential Buildings
Buildings and structures under Group A shall be further sub-divided as follows:
Sub-division A-1 Lodging or rooming houses
Sub-division A-2 One or two Family private dwellings
Sub-division A-3 Dormitories
Sub-division A-4 Apartment houses (Flats)
Sub-division A-5 Hotels
Sub-division A-6 Hotels (Starred)
Group B Educational Buildings
These shall include any building used for school, college, other training institutions for day-care
purpose involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation for not less than 20 students.
Buildings and structures under Group B shall be further sub-divided as follows:
Sub-division B-1 Schools upto senior secondary level
Sub-division B-2 All others/ training institutions
a) Sub-division B-1 Schools up to senior secondary level This sub-division shall include
any building or a group of buildings under single management which is used for students
not less than 20 in number.
b) Sub-division B-2 All others/ training institutions This sub-division shall include any building
or a group of buildings under single management which is used for students not less than
100 in number.
Group C Institution Buildings
These shall include any building or part thereof, which is used for purposes, such as medical or
other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, disease or infirmity;
9
care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal or correctional detention in which the
liberty of the inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation
for the occupants.
Building and structures under Group C shall be further sub-divided as follows:
Sub-division C-1 Hospitals and sanatoria
Sub-division C-2 Custodial Institutions
Sub-division C-3 Penal and mental institutions
Group D Assembly Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building, where number of persons not less than 50
congregate or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel and similar
purposes, for example, theaters, motion picture houses, assembly halls, auditoria, exhibition halls,
museums, skating rings, gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worship, dance halls, club rooms,
passenger stations and terminals of air, surface and marine public transportation services, recreation
piers and stadia, etc.
Buildings under Group D shall be further sub-divided as follows:
Sub-division D-1 Buildings having a theatrical and motion picture or any other stage and fixed
seats for over 1000 persons.
Sub-division D-2 Buildings having a theatrical or motion picture or any other stage and fixed seats
upto 1000 persons.
Sub-division D-3 Buildings without a permanent stage having accommodation for 300 or more
persons but no permanent seating arrangement.
Sub-division D-4 Buildings without a permanent stage having accommodation for less than 300
persons with no permanent seating arrangements.
Sub-division D-5 All other structures including temporary structures designed for assembly of
people not covered by sub-divisions D-1 to D-4, at ground level.
Sub-division D-6 Buildings having mixed occupancies providing facilities such as shopping, cinema
theaters, and restaurants.
Sub-division D-7 All other structures, elevated or underground, for assembly of people not covered
by sub-divisions D-1 to D-6.
Group E Business Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for transaction of business (other
than that covered by Group F and part of buildings covered) for keeping of accounts and records
and similar purposes, professional establishments, services facilities, etc. City halls, town halls,
court houses and libraries shall be classified in this group so far as the principal function of these
is transaction of public business and keeping of books and records.
Business buildings shall be further sub-divided as follows:
Sub-divisions E-1 Offices, banks, professional establishments, like offices of architects, engineers,
doctors, lawyers and police stations.
Sub-division E-2 Laboratories, research establishments, libraries and test houses.
Sub-division E-3 Computer installations.
Sub-division E-4 Telephone Exchange.
Sub-division E-5 Broadcasting Stations and T.V. Stations.
10
Group F Mercantile Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building, which is used as shops, stores, market, for
display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail.
Mercantile buildings shall be further sub-divided as follows:
Sub-division F-1 Shops, stores, departmental stores markets with area upto 500 m
2
. Sub-division
F-2 Shops, stores, departmental stores markets with area more than 500 m
2
. Sub-division F-3
Underground Shopping centers. Storage and service facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise
and located in same building shall be included under this group.
Group G industrial Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building or structure, in which products or materials
of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled, manufactured or processed, for example,
assembly plants, industrial laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants, generating units, pumping
stations, fumigation chambers, laundries, buildings or structures in gas plants, refineries, dairies and
saw-mills, etc.
Buildings under Group G shall be further sub-divided as follows:
Sub-division G-1 Buildings used for low hazard industries.
Sub-division G-2 Buildings used for moderate hazard industries.
Sub-division G-3 Buildings used for high hazard industries.
Group H Storage Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building used primarily for storage or sheltering (including
services, processing or repairs incidental to storage) of goods, ware or merchandise (except those
that involve highly combustible or explosive products or materials) vehicles or animals, for example,
ware houses, cold storage, freight depots, transit sheds, storehouses, truck and marine terminals,
garages, hangers, grain elevators, barns and stables. Storage properties are characterized by the
presence of relatively small number of persons in proportion to the area. Any new use which
increases the number of occupants to a figure comparable with other classes of occupancy shall
change the classification of the building to that of the new use, for example, hangers used for
assembly purposes, warehouses used for office purposes, garages used for manufacturing.
Group J Hazardous Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for the storage, handling,
manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products which are
liable to burn with extreme rapidity and or which may produce poisonous fumes oe explosions for
storage, handling, manufacturing or processing which involve highly corrosive, toxic or noxious
alkalis, acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flame, fumes and explosive, poisonous, irritant
or corrosive gases; and for the storage, handling or processing of any material producing explosive
mixtures of dust which result in the division of matter into fine particles subject to spontaneous
ignition. Examples of buildings in this class are those buildings which are used for:
a) Storage, under pressure of more than 0.1 N/mm
2
and in quantities exceeding 70 m
3
, of
acetylene, hydrogen, illuminating and natural gases, ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, sulphur
dioxide, methyl oxide and all gases subject to explosion, fume or toxic hazard, cryogenic
gases, etc.
11
b) Storage and handling of hazardous and highly flammable liquids, liquefiable gases like
LPO, rocket propellants, etc.
c) Storage and handling of hazardous and highly flammable or explosive materials (other than
liquids); and
d) Manufacture of article flowers, synthetic leather, ammunition, explosives and fireworks.
Types of Construction
Type I Construction: Type I construction, which was known as fire-resistive construction for
many years, uses totally non-combustible materials, such as reinforced concrete, brick, stone,
concrete block, and structural steel that is protected with concrete and other material to provide
a specified fire resistance rating. The walls, roof, and all structural supports must meet established
fire resistance criteria. Type I construction provides the greatest fire resistance (from 2 to 4 hours)
of any of the construction types.
Type II Construction: Type II construction, formerly known as noncombustible construction,
makes use of noncombustible or limited-combustible materials in all walls, floor, roof, and ceiling
construction. It does not, however, meet the criteria for fire-resistive construction, usually because
steel structural members may be exposed or have not been protected to meet the same criteria
established for fire-resistive construction.
Type III Construction: Type III construction, formerly known as ordinary construction, has
noncombustible or limited-combustible walls with all or part of the interior structural elements
being of combustible materials. Because of the wooden structural elements in this type of construction,
the structural elements are subject to ignition during a fire.
Type IV Construction: Type IV construction, formerly known as heavy timber construction,
uses exterior walls of masonry. However, the other structural members are basically unprotected
wooden timbers that measure 8 in. by 8 in. (200 mm by 200 mm) or larger and thus have large
cross-sectional areas. The mass of these large timbers provides an inherent fire resistance, making
ignition and structural failure from fire less likely than is the case for other smaller wood construction
elements. Although the walls of this type of construction offer a high level of fire resistance, wooden
supporting columns, floors, and the roof can absorb heat and eventually burn and fail during a fire.
The wooden construction materials can also provide additional fuel for the fires growth and potential
avenues for fire spread.
The fire resistance of a building or its structural and non structural elements is expressed in hours
against a specified fuel load which is expressed in kcallm
2
, and against a certain intensity of fire.
The fire resistance test for structural element shall be done in accordance with good practice.
Once the type of building is assessed it is easy to follow the norms for building up safety of the
building and deciding the control measures.
12
Chapter IV
GIS Technology and Applications for the
Fire Service
ave taken on new importance with challenges facing the fire service today. Effective response
cannot be continually achieved without adequate planning and preparedness. One of the emerging
tools that helps the fire service optimize its emergency services delivery is geographic information
system (GIS) technology. GIS supports planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and incident
management. GIS extends the capability of mapsintelligent, interactive maps with access to all
types of information, analysis, and data. More important, GIS provides the required information
when, where, and how it is needed.
When a fire occurs, any delay of responding fire companies can make the difference between the
rescue of occupants versus serious injury or death. The critical time between fire containment and
flashover can be measured in seconds. Fast access to critical information is essential. Tools that
help firefighters pinpoint the emergency call location, assess the potential consequences, and
determine the most efficient strategy will minimize property damage and better protect the safety
of occupants and fire service personnel. Historically, first responders have relied on experience,
good equipment, communication, and teamwork to achieve successful emergency response.
However, with all the challenges confronting emergency crews today, effective response requires
good planning, risk management, comprehensive training, and intelligent deployment through
preparation. GIS technology has become a powerful tool for improving all aspects of fire service
delivery systems. As populations and building development increase, the role of the fire service
becomes more demanding and complex. As never before, fire departments are being called upon
to deliver services with greater efficiency and economy. Citizen tax-reduction initiatives, burgeoning
needs for different kinds of local government services, and a host of other factors have brought
new demands to the desks of fire chiefsmost notably, the demands to do more with less and
to do it better, faster, and cheaper. GIS technology brings additional power to the process
whereby hazards are evaluated, service demands are analyzed, and resources are deployed. In
addition, GIS contributes to the speed with which emergency responders are able to locate, respond,
size up, and deploy to an emergency.
The fire service mission is to protect life and property from fire and other natural or manmade
emergencies through planning and preparedness, incident response, public education, and code
enforcement. To accomplish this mission, GIS is rapidly becoming an essential tool to analyze,
define, clarify, and visualize community fire problems in the development and execution of fire
protection policy. GIS can model a community or landscape; analyze and display features important
to the fire service mission; and provide access to important documents, photographs, drawings,
data tables, and so forth, associated with features on the GIS map display. GIS can analyze and
measure response time capabilities; identify incident hot spots by time and day of week; and target
hazards, hydrants, and other information important for deployment analysis. First responders can
have immediate access to critical information for emergency incident locations or best route and
detailed information concerning the building or facility to which they are responding. Incident
commanders can maintain better scene control with detailed maps and imagery of the emergency
location as well as the exposures and features around the incident. GIS is essential for the management
of large-scale emergencies or disasters where large numbers of public safety resources are deployed,
13
with various resource assignments during a dynamic incident. Resource status, event prediction,
incident facility identification, public information dissemination, and incident status are all more
effectively and efficiently performed using GIS.
Use of GIS to reduce risk and vulnerability
The reason being simple: right information at the right time in the right form and GIS could be the
possible way in the absence of a comprehensive out of box GIS solution in place and faced with
realities, there can be no doubt on the need for a GIS based FMIS in place
GIS can be used quickly to locate the place of hazard, nearer to a given fire station and identifying
a hospital location on a GIS based map of Delhi City. GIS map based interface, a linkage of
database of the fire station and the base map of Delhi. Thereby creating a searchable interface for
fire affected area. It also showcases how clustering technique can be used along with GIS to
reduce the precious time lost in prioritizing, which fire station to connect.
The primary objective of this project is to develop a GIS & GPS based fire management system
for high rise building in Delhi and planning with spatial emphasis on the following
To highlight the need for the study by establishing the magnitude of life, property and effort
involved in fire safety and mitigation
To determine the risk zones based on the land use, building and activity in tune with the
National Building Code guidelines.
To come up with an Emergency Response Management System for the city using GIS as
a decision making tool.
Effective coordination and efficient utilization of resources in case of emergency
Maintain fire resources database of the city.
Maintain a detail geo socio- economic database of the district.
A user interactive modal broad based information retrieval and quarry on natural and a
spatial database.
Extraction of information based on user specifies criteria.
Providing the user interface to customize the package of different database.
Use of GIS in Fire Hazards
1:25,000 scale map of Delhi city used for creating the digital base map of the area. The point
feature (fire stations) that have been included in the base map have been geo positioned by locating
the number of the fire station and its position from the control room.
This is very much essential for accurately locating the position of fire station on the base map to
the possible extent, to route the study of networks and generation of shortest path for the Delhi
fire service as a mere demonstration of the efficiency of a Geographical Information system. The
emphasis was to display each and every building and street so as to create a database, which could
be used by the Delhi Fire service to plan for an emergency. Creating a spatial database for the
Delhi Fire service by using a GIS and RS techniques.
The list that has been included in the base map includes road railway, water bodies, railway
station, bus terminus, hospital, educational institution, all there along with the location of prospective
14
of fire stations. The other base map feature is essential to serve as landmarks and quickly locate
the fire stations.
To develop a database on:-
High rise buildings, Fire stations, Nearby hospitals, Water tanks ,Police stations.
Road network, Park / Open areas.(For rehabilitation)
Input layers:- Sports venues initially for C.P., Fire stations, Nearby hospitals. Water tanks, Police
stations, Road network, Park/Open areas, Above map shows all included layers and symbols.
Development of the model (Fire support system)
The model is able to analyze the following queries. Display information of various fire safety
parameters of the affected building. Calculating point to point distances.
Analyzing the nearest feature of interest with respect to the affected area.
Advantages of the system
Instant display of all the fire safety parameters of the concerned building.
Find the best path between locations, for the movements of resources.
Nearest fire station, hospitals, water tank etc.
Efficient management of resources available at the nearest fire stations.
Perform distance and cost-of-travel analysis, to determine the best course of action by
analyzing the alternatives
Perform statistical analysis, for decision making and documentation purposes.
Generate new data using simple image processing tool
This also helps to plan the safe routes and the escape routes for emergency planning.
This image shows the instant display of all details and parameters.
Response and Recovery
GIS Technology vastly improves the efficiency of fire operations, including response, planning, and
ground command, through a comprehensive understanding of the location of the fire, Successful
fire operations depend on obtaining information about the location of fire quickly, establishing
priorities and implementing a response plan.
GIS is used to rapidly locate and visually display incident locations. GIS selects the closest available
response units and with appropriate data, display transportation routes for responding equipment.
These feature become increasingly valuable when multiple incidents begin to occur or when mutual
aid units are utilized.
Valuable data about location can be gathered while responding to the incident through GIS Floor
plans, Hazardous materials, fire fighting equipment available, occupancy, and so on. Responding
units can also receive information on traffic congestion or best possible route.
Access to Library and to Internet website may help to collect information and related data as it
is proposed to rely upon the secondary data for preparation of dissertation. The study material
15
distributed by faculty in persuasion of the Post Graduate Diploma course in disaster preparedness
and rehabilitation would also be taken into consideration. The important data source would be
listed in the reference section at the end of the dissertation.
Preventive and safety measures for fire:
Many of the problems are attributable to the lack of awareness and knowledge about the
concept of safety:
Database and comprehensive evaluation of risks of each single area, its vulnerability to
particular Disaster and available equipment, personal and foolproof communication system
is not available.
Adequate resources for the services and coordination with the cities is not there.
It is recognized that problem of access inside the jhuggi clusters will take time to resolve,
and may be dependent on relocation in new settlement colonies, for which many of the
JJ residents may not be eligible. Also it may not be possible to provide in the master plan
for relocation of all jj colonies, and in the alternatives, it may be necessary for in situ up
gradation in many cases. It was therefore felt that provision for adequate water supply for
fire fighting vehicles should be made to all JJ colonies.
Very large number of fires in JJ cluster were caused due to electric short circuiting, and
in most cases such electric power supply was conveyed by overhead wires through theft
of electricity. In such cases it was decided that BSES and NDPL should identify the most
dangerous/ critical area in JJ clusters, and issue notices asking persons living in the JJ
clusters to take individual connection within a time frame, after which in case of defaulter,
existing electricity connection would be dismantled with police protection, and prosecution
launched under the concerned laws for theft of electricity and even obstruction of public
servants on duty, in the event of such a contingency.
Safety measure for industrial Unit
Use of top quality insulation material and heat resistant cables to reduce the propensity
to fire;
Use of electronic rodent repellants in the cable galleries.
Non-combustible substitute for the glass wool insulation for air-conditioners and wooden
partitions.
Provision for smoke and heat sensors and other modern electronic aids in the sensitive and
fire prone areas;
Ban on entry of match boxes, lighters and such other inflammable items into installations
handling oil/gas;
Provision for a dedicated communication system for fire-fighting/fire station;
Installation of an integrated CCTV system to monitor and untoward happening in the cable
gallery and other fire prone areas;
Periodical inspections of electrical wiring and equipment by an independent and qualified
body of electrical engineers.
16
Regular checking of fire headers and fire alarms.
Provisions of portable fire extinguishers at fire prone places.
Periodic review of the firefighting arrangements by an independent and qualified authority
to plug loopholes, if any;
Identification and display of escape routes
Provision of proper forced ventilation in the fire area.
Safety measures for chemical disaster
The chemical markets at Tilak Bazar and Lal Kuan are concerned, it was recommended
that DDA would arrange for allotment of land as alternate location.
The vacated area actually leads to decongestion and not to fresh unauthorized occupation.
Chawadi Bazar and Sadar Bazar markets, the alternate sites had been identified and were
being developed at Gazipur.
Vacated land should be safe and prevent misuse of the same and also take steps for their
redevelopment and authorize their proper use.
Near about 685 chemicals considered hazardous figured in the concerned scheduled of
the rules framed under the Delhi Municiple Corporation Act. In view of this, it was stated
that there were difficulties in inspecting such a large number of godowns and determining
wheather particular chemicals were stored in the same , and a suitable site for shifting of
many godowns had been identified at holambi Kalan.
Emergency light with battery back up: Lights provided in the common areas in the building
to come into operation in case of failure of electric supply to keep the escape routes
illuminated.
Electric wiring: type of layout, current carrying capacity, metarial of conductor and safety
devices such as miniature circuit breaker as prescribed by Indian Electricity Rules for the
specific premises depending upon the voltage.
Means of escape: Means such as doors, corridors, staircase provided in the building for
use by the occupants to walk/run away from the fire area.
Smoke venting: A mechanical system comprising of exhaust fans connected to the smoke
ducts that runs on the ceiling through the area under protection and automatically operated
with the operation of the automatic detection system to remove smoke and hot gases from
the to facilitate evacuation of the occupants.
Sprinkler system : If covered area is more than 1500m2 or seating capacity more than
1000 persons.
Illuminated Exit sign., Underground water tank: 150000 litrs, Terrace Tank : 5000 litres
for hose reel & 10,000 litre if sprinkler is provided, Access in case there is a boundary
wall in the plot
17
Chapter V
Case Studies: Major Fires in Delhi
1- Punjab Kesri Press and Wazirpur Depot, Delhi.
On 13/10/2008 at 0715 hrs. fire call was received at Delhi Fire Service Control Room through
Mr Tazid Khan from Mb. No. 65515312 on EFT 101 stating that there is a fire in a factory at
above mentioned address. Immediately, at 0716 hrs 02 Water Tenders and 01 Water Bousers
with Station Officer as In-charge were responded. On reaching the site and assessing the situation,
the Officer-in-charge started fire-fighting operations.
At 0725 hrs. Officer-in-charge upgraded the fire as of Make 4 Category and accordingly at
0726 hrs, additional 03 Water Tenders with Assistant Divisional Officer was responded. At 0730
hrs. Officer-in-charge upgraded the fire as of Make 6 Category and accordingly at 0731 hrs,
additional 01 Water Tenders, 02 Water Bouser and 01 Motor pump with Divisional Officer was
responded. At 0732 hrs. category was upgraded as Medium and accordingly at 0733 hrs,
additional 03 Water Tenders, 03 Water Bousers, 02 Motor pumps and 01 Hose Tender were sent
to the fire scene along with 01 Divisional Officer and 02 Asstt. Divisional Officers. At 0733 hrs
Dy. C.F.O.-III also rushed to the scene of fire.At 0750 hrs. category was upgraded as Serious
and accordingly at 0751 hrs, additional 04 Water Tenders, 01 Water Bousers and 01 CCL Van
were sent to the fire scene alongwith 02 Asstt. Divisional Officers.
At 0751hrs; Chief Fire Officer, Dy. C.F.O.-I and Dy. C.F.O.-II also rushed to the scene of fire.
Informative message of fire Surrounded was received at 0900 hrs The fire was brought Under
Control at 09.35 hrs. Stop Message was received at 1010 hrs with cooling operation to continue.
The fire was in the Print Man Pvt. Ltd factory at Plot No. 08, Printing Press Area, near Wazirpur
Bus Depot, comprising of ground, First Floor and second floors in an area approx. 1000 Sq. Yard,
involving paper, packing and plastic material used in calendar making. One Charred Body recovered
and handed over to PCR and S T O Bhoop Singh got injured and removed to Babu Jagjeevan
Ram Hospital and admitted in emergency Ward.
2- The Grand Hotel, Vasant Kunj II, Nelson Mandela Marg, New Delhi.
On 26/1/2008 at 1251 Hrs, a fire call was received at Delhi Fire Service Control Room through
Mr Vijay from telephone No. 41668430 stating that there is a fire in Restaurant at above mentioned
address. Immediately, at 1252 Hrs 04 Water Tenders, 01 Water Bousers, 01 Motor Pump and
01 Bronto Skylift with Divisional Officer as In-charge were responded. On receiving several calls,
at 1255 Hrs, 02 Water Bousers, 01 Motor Pump with additional B A Set and Thermal Image
Camera were also responded.
At 1315 Hrs, Officer-in-charge informed that fire is in basement of the hotel. At 1331 Hrs, Dy
Chief Fire Officer III rushed to the fire scene.
At 1340 hrs. category was upgraded as Medium Fire and accordingly at 1341 hrs, additional
06 Water Tenders, 05 Water Bousers, 02 Foam Tenders, 02 Hose Tender, 01 Motor Pump and
01 Rescue Tender were sent to the fire scene alongwith 01 Divisional Officers and 2 Asstt. Divisional
Officers and Dy Chief Fire Officer II as In-Charge also rushed to the scene of fire. At 1341
hrs, The CATS Ambulance was also informed for further action. At 1345 Hrs, Officer-in-charge
further upgraded the fire to Serious Category and accordingly at 1346 Hrs, additional 06 Water
18
Tenders, 03 Water Bousers, 01, Bronto Skylift & 01 Motor pumps, were sent to the fire scene
alongwith Asstt. Divisional Officer & Divisional Officer as In Charge. At 1346 Hrs, Chief Fire
Officer also rushed to the scene of fire. At, 1515 Hrs Dy Chief Fire Office-I also rushed to the
scene of fire. At 1540 hrs, Stop Message was received in DFS Control Room from the
Officer-in-Charge.
Fire was in basement, ground, & first floor the building involving restaurant, kitchen and banquet
hall. The Hotel was evacuated at the initial stage as a preventive measure to avoid life loss. The
fire was controlled and extinguished at the place of its origin and not allowed to spread to guest
floor. One guest was rescued using Bronto Skylift. 01 Station Officer and 01 Fireman & Chief
Fire Officer sustained minor injuries and removed to hospital by CATS for treatment. Last fire
unit returned from fire at 2220 hrs.
3- Huts at Geeta Colony, Shamshan Ghat, Delhi
On. 05/04/2006 at 1915 hrs a fire call was received in Delhi Fire Service Control Room through
Mr. Ram Chander from PCO Telephone stating that there is a fire in huts at above address.
Immediately at 1916 hrs. 07 Water Tenders, 03 Water Bouser with Asstt. Divisional Officer as
In charge was responded. On reaching the site and assessing the situation, the Officer In charge
started fire-fighting operations.
At 1920 hours. Officer-In charge upgraded the fire as of Medium Category & accordingly
at 1921 hrs, additional 10 Water Tenders, 06 Water Bousers, 04 Motor pump, 01 Hose tender
were sent to the fire scene. Deputy Chief Fire Officer-II also rushed to the scene of fire. At 1955
hrs. Informative Message was received in control room from the officer-in-charge that fire is
Surrounded. At 2015 hours. Informative Message was received in control room from the officer-
in-charge that fire is Under-Control and Stop Message received at 2020 hours. Fire was in
about 250 Huts and gutted resulting one woman, which was unconscious, removed to hospital.
There is no direct access for the fire engines to the scene of fire. Fire units were delayed for
approaching the fire scene due to heavy traffic congestion at Vikas Marg. One DFS personal
sustained injuries and given treatment in the hospital. Last unit returned at 2355 hrs.
4- Deep Mahal, Bhagirath Palace, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.
On 11/10/2005 at 01:25 hrs. a call of fire was received in Delhi Fire Service Control Room
through S.I. Mahender from P C R Hot line informing about a fire at the above said premises..
Immediately 02 Water Tenders from nearby fire stations were responded with Asstt. Div. Officer
as in-charge. The fire was upgraded to Make Four category at 02:00 hrs. Additional turnout
of 03 Water tenders, 02 Water bousers, 01 Motor pump responded with Sub Officer as in-
charge. The fire was declared as make six at 02:35 hrs and accordingly 03 Water Tenders, 03
Water bousers and 01 Motor pump were responded with. Divisional Officer as in-charge..
At 02:45 hours. Officer-In-charge declared the Fire as of Medium Category & Simultaneously
at 02:46 hrs, additional 03 Water Tenders, 01 Water Bousers, 01 Motor pump with Deputy Chief
Fire Officer-I and Divisional Officer(BCP) were also rushed to the fire scene.
At 03:55 hrs. Fire was declared of Serious Category and accordingly additional turn out of
five water tenders, two water bousers, one Hose Tender, one light van and one control van were
made. Chief Fire Officer also rushed to the fire scene. Informative message of fire surrounded
was received at 05:10 hrs The fire was brought under Control at 05:25 hrs. Stop message
was received at 05:35 hours.
19
The fire was in cinematography films stored in the temporary structure made of tin-roof with
wood/Iron supports at the terrace of the third floor of the building in an area of approximately 500
square meters. These films being highly inflammable in nature, the fire spread very quickly and
started burning furiously. The water was discharged from fire hose positioned at adjacent buildings
and lines were taken up using the available staircases of building. Though the burning material was
falling down, the fire was not allowed to spread to other floors of the same building or to adjoining
buildings. Approach to the premises was difficult and water was required to be released from the
main road. There was initial delay in fighting fire due to electric current in the total steel structure
and Firemen getting shock as and when water was used.
5- Huts at Near SDM Office, Shastri Nagar, Krishan Kunj, (Near Yamuna
Pusta), Delhi
On. 23/05/2007 at 1427 hours, a fire call was received at Fire Control Room through Mr. Ramesh
from Telephone No. 27312055 stating that there is a fire in the huts at above mentioned address.
Immediately, at 1428 hours, 04 Water Tenders, 02 Water Bouser with Station Officers on duty
responded. On reaching the site and assessing the situation, the Officer in charge started fire-
fighting operations.
At 1432 hours. Officer-Incharge upgraded the Fire as of Make-6 Category & accordingly
at 1433 hrs, additional 02 Water Tenders, 01 Motor pump, with 01 Divisional Officer and 02
Assistant Divisional officers were sent. At 1435 hours. Officer-Incharge upgraded the fire as of
Medium Category & accordingly at 1436 hrs, additional 06 Water Tenders, 02 Water Bousers,
02 Motor pump, 01 Hose Tender and other units were sent with 02 Divisional Officer and 01
Assistant Divisional Officer. 01 Rescue Responder and Police team / Disaster team from Laxmi
Nagar Fire Station also responded to the fire scene. CATS Ambulance and MCD was also informed
to take necessary action.
At 1436 hours, Deputy Chief Fire Officer - I & Deputy Chief Fire Officer - III also rushed to
the scene of fire. At 1440 hours. Officer-Incharge upgraded the fire as of Serious Category &
accordingly at 1441 hours, additional 02 Water Tenders, 02 Water Bousers, 02 Motor pumps
were sent to the fire scene. Dy. Chief Fire Officer II and 01 Assistant Divisional Officer also
rushed to the scene of fire. At 1441 hrs, the Officer in charge demanded the additional police force
which was informed to Police Control Room.
At 1510 hrs, Dy. Chief Fire Officer I informed to control to send the police force immediately
for crowd control and the same was informed to Police Control Room. At 1540 hours. informative
Message was received in control room from the officer-in-charge that fire is Under-Control and
Stop Message received at 1615 hrs. Fire was in approximately 350 400 huts. Three persons
sustain burn injuries and removed to LNJP Hospital by CATS Ambulance.
Delhi Fire Service Official, Sh. Manik Chand, Sub Officer posted at Connaught Place Fire Station
had sustain burn injury at fire scene and sent to LNJP Hospital by CATS Ambulance. Last unit
returned at 20.05 hours.
7- M- 15, Badli Industrial Area, Delhi.
On 28/04/2008 at 2355 hrs. a fire call was received at Delhi Fire Service Control Room through
Mr. Sunil from Mb. No. 9810977660 on EFT 101 stating that there is a fire in a factory at above
mentioned address. Immediately, at 2356 hrs 02 Water Tenders and 02 Water Bousers with Sub
Officer as In-charge were responded. On reaching the site and assessing the situation, the Officer-
20
turnout of 07 water tenders, 06 water bousers, 02 rescue responder, 03 motor pumps, 01 light
van, 01 ambulance, 01 control van was made. DCFO-II and DCFO-III also rushed to the
scene. The fire was declared Serious at 22:00 hours and accordingly additional turnout of 02
water tenders, 03 water bousers, 01 motor pump, 01 hose tender was made. Chief Fire Officer
also rushed to the scene Informative message of fire Under Control was received at 22:40 hrs;
and Stop message at 22:45 hrs. The last fire engine was withdrawn at 03:25 hrs on 16/04/05.
The fire was in approximately 175 temporary khokha / shops involving prasad, gift items, food
items, and petromax that spread in an area of 5000 square meters approx.. One charred body
was found, which could not be identified and was handed over to Delhi Police.
Guide lines for Fire Safety in High Rise Buildings
Fire Safety Requirements for Buildings :
A. For the time being, all buildings with a height of over 1 5m should be termed high-rise buildings.
The height of high-rise buildings may be reviewed after building bye- laws have been revised and
fire services have been properly equipped.
Local Authorities should immediately take up revision of their building bye-laws, to cover fire
safety requirements of all buildings in their respective jurisdiction particularly the buildings which
are more than 15 m high. The revision should take into account the National Building Code of India
and local conditions and should include the following compulsory provisions.
a. Consultations with the local Fire Chief at the Planning stages of the building;
b. Approval of the local Fire Chief before grant of occupancy certificate;
(iii) Annual inspection by local Fire Chief or his representative and withdrawal of licence
for occupation of building in case of any alterations seriously affecting fire safety;
c. Prohibition in the use of high rise buildings for hazardous occupancies, unless such buildings
are located away from populated areas and extra fire safety measures are taken;
d. Provision of safe refuge areas and aggress routes in all buildings which are over 24m high;
e. Provision of automatic fire detection system, with facility for simultaneous alerting the fire
services;
f. Provision of emergency communication facilities for contacting occupants of all floors;
g. Provision of sprinklers in the entire building (height to be determined according to
occupancy). except in places where water should not be used. In such places, other
automatic fixed fire extinguishing installations should be provided;
h. Provision of adequate stored water supply for fire service use and installation of wet
risers, internal, hydrants, fire hoses and hose reels at every landing;
i. Provision of first aid fire fighting appliances in the form fo fire extinguishers;
j. Provision of automatic escapes and rope ladders mail buildings upto 24 m high;
k. Provision for using the roof of all building over 30m in height for carrying out rescue by
helicopters;
l. Provision of adequate number of lifts for fire service use;
21
m. Alternative source of power, which should take over automatically in case of failure of
normal power supply in all buildings exceeding 24 m in height. consideration should be
given for this provision to be made common for groups of buildings in the interest of
economy.
A. All existing high rise buildings (over 15m high) should be surveyed and the owners should
be required to provide reasonable fire safety measures within a specified time.
B. l.S.l. should take up the formulation of National Fire codes which should be enforced by
law.
The Fire Department Response to Disasters
If we weigh the similarities and differences between fire situations and disasters the similarity factor
does seem to dominate. Fires and disasters, although separate events, are related because the fire
department is the logical agency to respond to both.
In recent years, as the hazardous materials problem has grown more complex, many fire and
disaster situations have become interwoven. This provides yet another reason why the fire department
is the logical agency to respond first to disasters.
Disasters often include fires, hazardous materials, and other components of the fire fighters job
description. Sometimes, fires and explosions escalate to include all of the standard components
of a disaster. Consider what the Cincinnati Fire Division faced when a fire and explosion suddenly
became a hazmat incident, a mass-casualty incident, a major EMS triage operation, and a widespread
evacuation operation: The CFDs high degree of professionalism would be put to the test on July
19, 1990, when and explosion and fire at the BASF plant (in the Evanston residential neighborhood)
reverberated throughout the City. (9) The source of the explosion was a reactor vessel that was
being cleaned with a solvent. When a pressure relief disc ruptured, releasing a cloud of flammable
vapors, it took only a source of ignition to produce an explosion that could be seen over 25 miles
away, and heard over 10 miles distant. Although 83 persons were injured, only two were killed.
A four-story building was demolished, and some of the other 17 were damaged on the 9.5 acre
site where resins were manufactured for can and paper coatings. Exploding drums in the storage
yard and collapsed stairways complicated the rescue of injured employees, but the hospital disaster
plan proved very helpful. The area was evacuated for a half mile downwind, and some of the fire
fighters required hospitalization for heat exhaustion. Although preplanning discussions had been
held with most of the responding agencies, it was found that the coordination and communications
among them could be improved.
It is not just luck or accident when a fire department operates efficiently during a major disaster.
It is the result of effective planning, training, and cooperative coordination with supporting agencies.
These activities are prerequisites of a successful disaster response.
Civilian and Military Roles in Disaster Control
What is meant by the term disaster control it may have various meanings in the different emergency
services, but for this book we will assume that disaster control is the use of all available measures
to prevent casualties and damage, to minimize the effects of disaster, and to recover from it as soon
as possible.
What is the role of the emergency services in disaster control? Ordinarily, the departments of fire
law enforcement, engineering, public health, plus medical people, are the principal first-in response
22
forces in a major emergency or disaster. They are sometimes assisted by similarly trained personnel
from the state or nearby communities, but they are the front-line troops who must make the
rescues and save lives and property.
Civil defense refers to the collective activities of all emergency forces, professional and volunteer,
and those who help to evacuate the casualties, care for the wounded and dispossessed, bury the
dead, feed the hungry, shelter the refugees, and restore things to normalcy.
What is the military role in disaster control? If the disaster happens to be a war, then military force
will repulse an enemy attack and provide military defense; in other disasters it may also have
limited responsibility. Military forces are often called to assist in coping with major disasters, in
deploying helicopters and boats in search and rescue operations, but the overall directions and
directions of disaster control and relief in peacetime is a civilian responsibility.
Freight Trains Emergency Action
As with truck accidents, until the nature of the cargo is ascertained, a highly defensive posture
should be maintained in freight train accidents. Manifests or waybills, usually carried in the locomotive
(previously in cabooses when they were widely used) should indicate whether hazardous materials
are being transported. Not all hazardous materials require a warning placard; not all placards are
indicative of every dangerous reaction that a product can create, and such placards are often
difficult to locate in twisted wreckage and dense smoke.
If the name of the chemical can be determined, but your hazardous materials references do not
list it, do not assume it is harmless. Have your dispatcher call CHEMTREC at 800-424-9300 (toll
free) if there is any doubt about its toxicity or instability and try to obtain more information before
you commit fire fighters to a close attack. Due to the large volumes of hazardous materials that
can be carried by train, and possib1 vapor clouds of corresponding large magnitude, a railroad
incident provides an ideal application for a CAMEO program.
If the accident has occurred in a non populated area where no buildings are exposed, withdraw
all personnel and notify the railroad that you will standby a half-mile away until given assurance
by its safety personnel (not the brakeman, conductor, or engineer) that the materials involved do
not present an unusual hazard to your fire fighters. Do not ever risk lives of personnel merely to
protect cargo and railroad equipment.
If the accident occurs in a business district, such as derailment of tank cars and box cars piled on
top of one another, and one of the ruptured tank cars is releasing a large volume of liquefied gas,
do not assume that it is nontoxic or nonflammable. Have everyone responding to the emergency
don self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing while laying lines to protect
exposures and getting occupants of nearby structures evacuated to a distance of at least 2,000
feet. Where such defense action is taken promptly, a disaster can be averted, as was the case in
a Dow Chemical Plant in Freeport, Texas. About ten minutes before the tank car of ethylene oxide
exploded. Employees saw the tank venting and immediately had the plant evacuation alarm sounded;
plant personnel were able to clear out of the area and find protection behind remote buildings and
structures.
It is not safe to assume that you will have time to prepare for an explosion. The box car of bagged
ammonium nitrate did not detonate in the Traskwood, Arkansas, train derailment until 40 minutes
after the accident, but the tank car of propane at Kingman, Arizona, exploded about 15 to 20
minutes after vapors escaping from its relief valve became ignited, Thirteen fire fighters were within
23
150 feet of the tank car when it let go. Twelve died from thermal burns-their turnout coats and
whatever street clothes they had been wearing burned off their bodies. A thirteenth man died and
95 spectators who had gathered along the highway about 1,000 feet from the explosion were
injured.
In this instance, the fire department was attempting to keep the tank car cool with a one-inch
booster line until larger backup lines could be laid from a water supply 1,200 feet away; as
demonstrated here, a small hose stream is apt to be insufficient to prevent a BLEVE (Boiling
Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion). Even 500 gpm directed from portable or fixed turrets cannot
prevent such an explosion unless the streams are able to bathe the area where impinging flames
are causing the metal shell to heat and weaken from internal pressure of the heated product.
You cannot rely upon suddenly increased sound intensity or flare-up of the burning product to give
sufficient warning to withdraw your forces prior to the explosion. Therefore, unless it is necessary
to take a calculated risk to save lives, do not attack such fires at all where flames are impinging
upon the shell of any tank car; even if the product is nontoxic and nonflammable, a violent rupture
can take place from vapor expansion that relief valves cannot handle, especially if the car is inverted,
and the valves are in the liquid space.
If cars are piled up, and you cannot see if flames are impinging on tank car shells, assume they
are, and do not allow anyone but your reconnaissance team to approach the wreck until the
product is identified and you realized that you have the personnel and resources available to handle
the situation. While making this determination, keep all fire companies and everyone else clear of
the fire to a distance of at least 2,000 feet.
If nursing homes or similar institutions are nearby that will take considerable time to evacuate, it
may be possible to set up portable monitors, left unattended, with large tips to direct heavy streams
on the exposed tank shells. If a good water supply is not readily available, even by relaying from
distant hydrants or ponds, the railroad may be able to bring in tank cars of water along with cranes
and other emergency equipment.
If the disaster consists of exploding bombs, as was the case in the railroad yards at Antelope,
California, you may have to protect homes that are not heavily involved in fire, and disregard
buildings that are beyond help. In this incident, almost two million pounds of bombs exploded over
a period of several hours, leveling the town of Antelope, destroying a Citrus Heights fire station
and 205 railroad cars, injuring about fifty, and causing millions of dollars in damage to buildings
within a wide radius. Thousands of residents in a two-mile area in western Citrus Heights and
Roseville were evacuated. Some of the fire fighting forces, not learning until after the emergency
was over that the county sheriff was legally in charge of the disaster, disregarded orders of his
deputies to stay out of the area where exploding bomb fragments were igniting homes. It took
about two hours to get the Emergency Operations Center functioning following the initial explosion
at 7:52 A.M. Unexploded bombs which flew through the air, along with great quantities of flying
shrapnel, landed great distances from the railroad yards. It was considered a miracle that no one
was killed.
The fire chief of Wenatchee, Washington, learned the value of having a mutual aid plan when a
tank car of monomethylamine nitrate solution detonated in the railroad yard, obliterating 75 railroad
cars, demolishing buildings in a three block radius, killing two persons and injuring 77 others. His
request for aid brought 182 fire fighters on twenty-three pumpers nine brush fire rigs, eight tankers,
plus several ambulances and rescue rigs. One of the major problems that occurred at the explosion
24
was communications between the time (Fire Chief) Harris found out about the box cars of ammonium
nitrate and the time it took fire officials to locate the proper railroad personnel.
Duties of various ranks in the fire services as recommended by s.a.f.c.
The standardization of duties of various ranks in the Fire Services was first taken up at the fifth
meeting, but was deferred for want of full information regarding the prevalent duties in various
State fire services.
This was considered again at the ninth meeting and the following duties were recommended: -
General duties of an officer in-charge of station (station officer/sub-officer).
(a) To be available and to hold himself in readiness for any duties at any time he may be called
upon by his superiors to perform, and to keep his superiors acquainted with all matters
coming to his knowledge, affecting either his own station or general business of the Fire
Service Department.
(b) To obey implicitly all orders of his superiors and exact the strictest obedience and civility
from those serving under him; to devote the whole of his time and attention to the Fire
Service Department; to set an example to his many sobriety, cleanliness, promptitude,
civility and general attention to his duties.
(c) To take charge of and be responsible for all appliances, stores, equipments, etc. issued
to his station and submit a report to his superior as to the correctness or otherwise of such
articles taken charges of. He should submit a requisition to his superiors of the requirements
of his station as necessary.
(d) To see that all appliances and equipments are kept clean and in thorough working order,
stowing them properly for immediate use at fires and other emergencies without loss of
time.
(e) To instruct and drill all men under his charge in the use and maintenance of fire appliances
and equipments.
(f) To hold a muster parade for the inspection of uniforms, clothing, books, and equipments
at least once a month to see that the men keep themselves and their clothing in a clean
and good condition and to report shortages, if an, to his superiors. The inspection of
uniforms and equipments should be carried out periodically.
(g) To ensure that the rule is called at such times as he considers most suitable.
(h) To ensure prompt attendance of fire appliances and men. He should carry out surprise turn
outs at odd hours at least once a month .
(i) To ensure that his station time clock is checked with time clock or time signal at least twice
a day at proper intervals.
(j) To see that the main placed on station duty is properly dressed and is acquainted with his
duties.
(k) To see that the communication system is in proper working order and to send an immediate
report to appropriate authority when it is not so.
(l) To keep himself and men at all times in readiness, to receive any superior officer and to
25
give if required an accurate account of all matters connected with the station under his
charge.
(m) To see that the fire pump under his charge have water passed through their pumps at least
one every week. This only refers to cases where a fire pump has not otherwise worked
during the above period.
(n) To report at once to his superior Officer-in-charge of his Section and/or the Police, any
damage or casualty that may have occurred as a result of accident.
(o) To keep himself and his staff acquainted with the water supply within the area under his
charge. In cases where fire hydrants are provided, it shall be his duty to see that he and
his staff examine all the hydrants falling within his jurisdiction periodically as may be fixed
from time to time.
(p) To make himself and his staff acquainted with the network of communication system as
may be existing in the service.
(q) To make himself and his staff acquainted as far as possible wit the topography of his and
adjoining areas, as well as fire risks in such areas.
(r) To maintain all registers, log books, occurrence books, attendance rolls, etc. up-to-date
and to submit all returns and statements including pay rolls of his staff to his superiors every
month. All Fire and Special Services reports shall be submitted by him within 48 hours
of the occurrence. Sundays and Holidays being excepted.
Duties of Leading Fireman
(a) To be available at the station to which he is posted, while on duty.
(b) To obey implicitly all orders of his superiors and exact the strictest obedience and civility
from those serving under him.
(c) To see that the men placed under him on duty are properly dressed and are assigned duties
pertaining to the station, and fire appliances and such other duties that may be incidental
to the efficient working of the station. He shall also be responsible for maintaining the
station premises clean and tidy and appliances and equipments in neat and efficient working
condition, and ready for immediate use.
(d) To see that all equipments, gears, etc. are properly accounted for and be responsible for
the same when in-charge of fire appliances or equipments. In case of any loss or damage
of articles or equipments, uniform clothing, etc. he shall immediately report to his next
senior officer about the same.
(e) To keep his superiors acquainted with all matters coming to his knowledge affecting the
Fire Station staff or the general business of the Fire Service Department.
Duties of Driver/Operator
(a) To be available at the station to which he is posted, while on duty.
(b) To obey implicitly all orders of his superiors and exact the strictest obedience and civility
from those serving under him if any.
(c) To be responsible for the proper upkeep and mechanical condition, maintenance and
26
movements of the vehicles and pumps under his charge. He shall also be jointly responsible
with the Leading fireman for the proper maintenance and stowing of equipments and gears
that are carried on the fire appliances or kept at the fire Station.
(d) To test at least twice a day, the fire appliances in his charge to make sure that the same
are in serviceable condition and to record the dame with the man on station duty. To report
any defects immediately that he may come across to the Leading fireman in-charge and
to the man on station duty.
(e) To keep an inventory of all articles and equipments under his charge and to maintain a
record of time at work, mileage, petrol and oil consumption etc.
Duties of Fireman
(b) To be available at the station to which he is posted, while on duty.
(c) To obey implicitly all orders of his superiors and hold himself in readiness to carry out al
duties as may be assigned to him by his superiors obediently, smartly and efficiently.
(d) To keep himself and his quarters, if provided, neat and clean.
(e) To devote whole of his time and attention to the fire Service Department while on duty.
(f) To set example to others by sobriety, cleanliness, promptitude, civility and general attention
to his duty.
(g) To be responsible for keeping the station premises. Such as appliance room, offices, drill
yard, watch room, workshop, dormitory, drill tower, hose drying tower, and neat and
clean by washing when necessary and appliances, equipments, gears, etc. clean and tidy.
(h) To keep himself alert to attend to fires, special services, fire drills, etc. the shortest possible
time on the alarm being sounded.
(i) To carry out duties that may be assigned to him from time to time, to time, and be responsible
jointly and severally to the Leading fireman of the fire Units for the care, appearance,
scrupulous cleanliness of the unit and all equipments therewith correct, upkeep, storage
and maintenance thereof.
(j) To carry out duties that may be assigned to him from time to time, and be responsible
jointly and severally to the Leading fireman of the Fire Units for the care, appearance,
scrupulous cleanliness of the unit and all equipments the with, correct, upkeep, storage and
maintenance thereof.
(k) To assist Driver/Operator in the proper maintenance of equipments and gears of the vehicles,
perform guard duties, workshop duties, control room and watch room duties, duties of
office.
Medical Standards for Firemen
1. Personnel of the Fire Services including officer should have a high degree of physical
efficiency and fitness in view of their arduous duties under adverse conditions. For this
purpose, fire service personnel may be classified into operational and non-operational
categories.
2. The non-operational categories are those whose duties are supervisory and organizational,
27
and as such are not required to have the same physical efficiency standards as the operational
category. Directors. Chief Fire Officer. Deputy Chief Fire Officers and Divisional Fire
Officers would be classed into this category.
3. The operational categories would be those who are actively involved in fire-fighting duties
and would comprise of Station Officers/Supervisors/Foremen. Sub Officers, Leading
Firemen, Firemen fire Operators and such-like equivalent categories.
4. Certain other categories of staff in the fire service like Drives. Mechanics and similar
personnel. Who are normally employed on duties like control room-operators drives of
fire tenders, workshops and such like duties are like control room-operators, drivers of
fire tenders, workshops and such like duties are not fundamentally involved in actual fire
fighting duties like climbing to high-rise buildings rescue operations and such-like highly
strenuous duties and therefore may not require stringent physical efficiency standards.
They however do constitute an active component of the fire-fighting teak and will have to
take a hand in fire fighting operations.
5. All fire services personnel must be physically active. Senior officers even though normally
non- operational must be in a position to set a good example to their firemen. To this
extent, they should all be subjected to an annual medical examination, to check for organic
disease and physical disabilities. To ensure that they remain physically fit. They should be
subjected to the age-height-weight norms accepted as standards.
6. It is assumed that during recruitment to the fire services only those who do not have any
organic disease congenital defects and physical disabilities are accepted into the service.
Their height standards should be at least 5 3 to 5 8, depending upon the area of
recruitment. Their chest easements should be 3235 with a minimum expansion of 2 %
3. Their eye-sight should be normally 6/6 and they should be tested for color blindness.
A standard of 6/9 with glasses may be accepted for older hands who are already in service.
They may however, have to be relegated to maintenance tasks as opposed to actual fire-
fighting and rescue operations, because spectacles are an impediment to active operations.
7. Certain data has been evolved as a result of live studies by the Defense Institute of Fire
Research and are summarized as under: -
(a) The fire fighting staff may not be fit for strenuous duties after 50 years of age.
(b) When the crew are composed of all aged personnel i.e. above 47 years, their
efficiency for fire- fighting operations, is at least 25 per cent below that of the crew
composed of a lower age-group.
(c) The crew up to the age-group of 40 years, are able to perform fire-drills efficiently.
In fact, crew composed of age-group 25-26 years took slightly more time than
the crew of higher average of 2 years of service to their credit and therefore; lesser
experience and practice than the older group.
(d) After 40 years of age, clinical abnormalities occur. This was recorded as 3 percent
of the age group upto 50 years and rose to 13 percent between 51-55 years and
33 per cent beyond 55 years. In other words, lI3 of the fire-fighting staff beyond
55 years, suffer from some form of clinical abnormality.
8. The Fire Service would therefore, have to evolve a system for early retirement and alternative
28
employment, as a result of deterioration in the physical standards for firemen, applicable
primarily, for classes of Station Officers and below. It would be the responsibility of the
Director of Fire Service to ensure that only those who are physically fit are employed in
fire fighting and rescue operations and maintain their firemen in a fit condition by devising
suitable physical activities and training, during their service career.
29
Chapter - VI
Famous Case Studies
Inter National Case Studies
1-MGM Grand fire
The MGM Grand fire occurred on November 21, 1980 at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino
(now Ballys Las Vegas) in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The fire killed 85 people, most through
smoke inhalation.
[1]
The tragedy remains the worst disaster in Nevada history, and the third-worst
hotel fire in modern U.S. history, after the 1946 Winecoff Hotel fire in Atlanta that killed 119
people and the Dupont Plaza Hotel, San Juan, Puerto Rico fire on December 31, 1986, in which
97 perished.
Ballys, previously called the MGM Grand at the time of the fire. The current MGM Grand is at
a different location. At the time of the fire, approximately 5,000 people were in the hotel and
casino, a 26-story luxury resort with more than 2,000 hotel rooms. Just after 7:00 on the morning
of November 21, 1980, a fire broke out in a restaurant known as The Deli. The Clark County
Fire Department was the first agency to respond. Other agencies that responded included the
North Las Vegas Fire Department, Las Vegas Fire & Rescue and the Henderson Fire Department.
UH-1N (Huey) and CH-3E (Jolly Green Giant) helicopters from the 1st Special Operations Wing
out of Hurlburt Field, FL (which were deployed to Nellis AFB to participate in Red Flag 80) were
the main part of a helicopter rescue effort that pulled 1000 people from the roof of the MGM
Grand. Smoke and fire spread through the building, killing 84 people and injuring 650, including
guests, employees and 14 firefighters. While the fire primarily damaged the second floor casino
and adjacent restaurants, most of the deaths were on the upper floors of the hotel, and were
caused by smoke inhalation. Openings in vertical shafts (elevators and stairwells) and seismic
joints allowed toxic smoke to spread to the top floor.
The disaster led to the general publicizing of the fact that during a building fire, smoke inhalation
is a more serious threat than flames. Seventy-five people died from smoke inhalation and carbon
monoxide poisoning, four from smoke inhalation alone, three from burns and smoke inhalation,
only one one person died from burns alone, and one person died from massive skull trauma,
caused by jumping from a high window.
[1]
Cause
The fire was caused by an electrical ground fault inside a wall soffit. The wiring inside the wall was
used to power a refrigeration unit for a food display cabinet in the deli. The vibration of the machine
caused the wires to rub against each other, and the friction-damaged wires arced and caused a
fire, which was detected hours later by a hotel employee. The fire spread to the lobby, fed by
wallpaper, PVC piping, glue, and plastic mirrors, racing through the casino floor at a rate of 15
19 ft (4.65.8 m) per second until a massive fireball blew out the main entrance along The Strip.
Seven people died in the casino. The burning material created toxic fumes and smoke, which
caused the majority of the deaths.
Due to faulty smoke dampers within the ventilation duct network, the toxic fumes circulated throughout
the hotels air circulation system, accelerating the spread of the poisonous air.
Most deaths occurred in the stairwells, where the doors locked behind each person as the only
30
open doors in the stairwell were on the roof and on the ground floor. Most of the victims died from
smoke inhalation, many of them in their sleep.
The fire was confined to the casino and restaurant areas. The hotel was equipped with a fire
sprinkler system that performed properly by keeping the fire out of that section of the building.
The area with the most fire prevention was in the money counting area, not in individual rooms
or on the casino floor. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) studies show that in this fire
the hotel occupants did not exhibit panic behavior. Instead, many took rational steps to preserve
their lives. Examples of this include putting towels around doors (to block out smoke), notifying
other occupants, offering refuge in their rooms, and using wet towels for their faces.
Sprinkler rule exceptions
The casino and restaurants were not protected by a fire sprinkler system because they were 0=
he fire broke out in The Deli the restaurant, no longer open 24 hours per day, was closed and
unoccupied.
[2]
Aftermath
The hotel was repaired and improved, including the addition of fire sprinklers and an automatic
fire alarm system throughout the property, and sold to Ballys Entertainment, which changed the
name to Ballys Las Vegas. Similar upgrades were also made to the nearly identical property (now
the Grand Sierra Resort) in Reno, Nevada. The tower in which 85 people died is still operating
as part of the hotel today. A second tower, unaffected by the fire, opened in 1981. The present
MGM Grand hotel-casino was built just to the south, near the northeast corner of Las Vegas
Boulevard and Tropicana Avenue
On February 10, 1981, just 90 days after the MGM fire, another fire broke out at the Las Vegas
Hilton.
[3]
Because of the two incidents, there was a major reformation of fire safety guidelines and
codes.
National Case Studies
2-Fire breaks out in Ahmedabads hotel Courtyard Marriott, fire NOC canceled,
Ahmedabad, 31 March, 2011
A five- star hotel Courtyard Marriott in Ahmedabad caught fire and the fire could not be controlled
since its fire safety system was not working properly. Gravitational water flow was available; the
water lifting system was not available. If the sprinkler system worked then the fire could be controlled
and limited to a place in minutes.
3-Mumbai Terrorist Attack
Mumbai, the commercial capital of India, came under a heinous terrorist attack on November 26,
2008. The terrorist attacks took place at many locations, especially at CST Railway Station, the
leopard caf, Taj hotel, Oberoi Trident Hotel, and Nariman House. 165 persons lost their lives
and 304 were injured. Among the civilian killed were 26 from the other countries.
This paper consists, of details about the journey of the terrorists to Mumbai, India, how they plan,
how they attacked, where they targeted, what are the evidence gathered so far, how they are
connected, how they have prepared themselves, and what latest technology they used etc. What
India has learned the lessons of that attack.Where Indias security forces may still lack the equipment
and training to fend off a similar attack. Where is a gap between what Indias government promises
31
about beefed-up security and what it is actually able to deliver? This paper offer many valuable
lessons for public safety and security leaders. We tread lightly to avoid any notion of opportunism,
however, as dedicated public safety communications professionals, the Mumbai attacks reveal the
fundamental importance that a real time, community-wide incident based emergency communications
sharing platform can play in effective emergency preparedness and response.
Ten terrorist were involved in the attack. Nine were killed in the operations one was captured
alive. Initially the group consisted of 32 persons. They were also learned to imparted basic
knowledge of firearms. Ammunition, grenades and explosives, later they were taught to handle
different devices and also how to fabricate explosive devices. They were also trained In techniques
to counter interrogation and tolerate pain, besides they were indoctrinated to become suicide
attackers. They were equipped by GPS phone and satellite phone. The satellite phone has yielded
several telephone numbers that links the terrorists to top functionaries.
Targets
CST railway station,
CST railway station is the headquarters of Central Railways. More than 3.5 million passengers
pass through the station every day.
Leopold caf and bar,
The Leopold caf and Bar, established in 1871, is a popular watering hole and is frequented by
foreigners as well as Indians. Ten persons were killed and many injured.
Taj Mahal Hotel,
The Taj Mahal hotel, constructed in 1903, is a heritage building and an icon in Mumbai. It Has
two wings, the heritage wing with 290 rooms and the Taj Towers with 275 rooms.
The Oberoi- Trident Hotel, The hotel has two wings, one named Oberoi and other Trident,
together they have 877 rooms. In this attack on the Oberoi- Trident, 33 persons were killed.
CST Railway Station
Nariman house is a five storied building, which had been purchased two years ago by an orthodox
Jewish organization called Chabad Liberation Movement of Hasidic Jews. It was renamed as
Chabad House. A powerful IED explosion blew away the wall at the rear of Nariman House.
During the operations, the police rescued 14 persons from Chabad House. The NSG pressed
helicopters into service and landed commandoes on the terrace of Chabad house.
The Indian governments response to the Mumbai attacks highlighted several key weaknesses in
the countrys general counterterrorism and threat-mitigation structure
Role of fire Services
On November 26, 2008, the Mumbai Fire Brigade faced its greatest challenge, as terrorists attacked
multiple high-visibility targets within the south city centre. The attacks took place in buildings which
were frequented by foreign tourists, especially American and British citizens. In a well-planned
series of simultaneous attacks, the terrorists used automatic weapons, hand grenades and C4
explosive with the intention of murdering as many as possible, taking hostages and igniting fires
within the structures. The largest blaze was determined to be the one at the Taj Mahal Hotel,
32
whose upper floors were well-inflamed.
With no sprinkler systems or interior standpipes, the fire-suppression effort was limited to a master
stream attack from aerial devices such as the Bronto Skylift. Firefighting efforts were hampered
by gunfire aimed at firefighters, who bravely remained at their posts both atop the aerial platforms
and at the ground level. Many dozens of rescues and removals took place using additional aerial
devices.
They [the terrorists] kept setting the rooms on fire while fighting the commandos. Fire fighters
would wait for an assurance from the commandos before going in,However, the sound of firing
did not make it easy for them, It was not easy to work in such conditions. There is a risk while
fighting fires but in this case there was the added risk of bullets,.
Role of Media
Media was very active from the beginning and they were providing live telecast of the incident.
It was realized after a long time that the possibility of outside information being conveyed to terrorist
by there mentors outside was possible. An element of dialogue in telecast was introduced
subsequently.
Actual quantum of damage by this process may not be easy to estimate. But lesson were learnt
from media to be kept under control and not to allow terrorist the added of external information
to them.
Use of Surveillance Camera
The surveillance camera mounted at strategic location can certainly provide vital clues. There is
a dire need to now mega cities adequately equipped with such facilities to help investigation,
crimes/theft etc. Need of surveillance, CCTV, recording etc for public transport, main traffic signal
crossings, supervision of building become essential.
Tatkane Deputy CFO mentioned 40 m ladder with a bullet proof jacket to reach, terrorist were
noted to fight and look for survivors waiting to be rescued. Deputy CFO Kargujrikars was also
similar supportively on other process 1200 men were rescued, 200 fire participated in rescue/
fire fighting, two bullet proof jackets were used by fire service men. 6 ALPS used in the operation.
Building had fire alarm system compartment and wet wiser protection. The building did not have
sprinkler system. The top floors was set on fire flours could be seen belong from roof. The roof
impact was having story lights and floor below had a cut out and corridors rectangular assured
it.
The top floors were set on fire, flames which could be seen belong fire proof. The roof impact
was having stay lights and floor below had a cut out and rectangular corridors around it. The light
filling got involved in fire and burned off allowing heat and smoke to escapes in to atmosphere.
Thin partition prevented spread of smoke to slot of the building through corridors.
Limitations of Municipal Fire and Emergency Services.
Firemen were slow to respond. They failed to coordinate their actions with both the local police
and national paramilitary forces and suffered from inadequate equipment. These limitations
underscore the poor quality of Indias municipal services even in a major, bustling, economically
vibrant city such as Mumbai.
33
Intelligence Failures.
Indian intelligence officials received prior warnings both from their own sources and from the
United States that a major attack was probable, but lack of speci-ficity and uncertainty about the
threat windows seemed to have prevented specific responses.
There appears to have been little coordination between the central security agenciesthe Research
and Analysis Wing (R&AW) and the Intelligence Bureau (IB)and the local police in Bombay.
Although the former are known to have intercepted chatter about a possible LeT seaborne
attack on Mumbai, it is not clear whether the Mumbai police (or the Indian coast guard) received
the information. At any rate, they did not act upon it. This issue highlights theuniversal problem of
rapidly disseminating covert intelligence for actionable purposes.
Gaps in Coastal Surveillance.
The attacks highlighted Indias inability to effectively monitor its coastlinea condition that is
common to many littoral states in both the developing and the developed world. Although R&AW
had information (apparently secured from intercepts) about a possible terrorist landing by sea,
whatever measures were taken proved insuf- ficient to monitor maritime traffic in and around
Mumbai. This failure would seem to reflect the coast guards shortage of equipment for coastal
surveillance: fewer than 100 boats for more than 5,000 miles of shoreline and minimal aviation
assets.
Inadequate Target Hardening.
The metal detectors at the CRT were of questionable reliability, and, although the Railway Protection
Force (RPF) officers were armed, their weapons were relatively antiquated and in short supply
(one for every two officers). The attack on the railway terminus also underscored the limitations
of the RPF in terms of concerted counterterrorism: Although the force has the ability to fend off
common criminals, it is completely lacking in training to deal with a well-orchestrated terrorist
attack.
Incomplete Execution of Response Protocols.
Although local police contingents (including the Anti-Terrorism Squad, or ATS) responded relatively
quickly, they lacked both the training to set up appropriate command posts and dragnets for
sealing off the attack sites. In particular, they failed to cordon off the attack sites along a wide
perimeter to contain the terrorists. Because the attacks were at multiple locations, police did not
have the ability to cordon the area. It was the terrorists purpose, based on previous experience,
not to give the police a containable eventa key lesson learned from what the terrorists did.
Response Timing Problems.
Local contingents of the army arrived at the scene of the attacks at 02:50 hours, a full five hours
after the first shots had been fired. The first special response team, the Marine Commandos
(Marcos), arrived a little later, but the unit was pulled out before engaging any of the terrorists.
It was not until 08:50 hours that the elite National Security Guard (NSG, or Black Cat Commandos,
which are modeled on the pattern arrived. Initial search-and-rescue operations were mounted
some 30 minutes later, and it is only at that point that the terrorists could seriously be considered
engaged. The slow response of the NSG is especially noteworthy given its mandate to act as the
countrys premier rapid-reaction force. This underscores two main organizational and logistical
problems. First, the unit is headquartered south of Delhi and lacks bases anywhere else in the
34
country;6 second, the NSG has no aircraft of its own and cannot count on dedicated access to
Indian Air Force aircraft in an emergency. The only plane that was available to transport the 200
commandos to Mumbai was a Russian IL-76 transport carrier; however, it was in Chandigarh,
which is 165 miles north of Delhi. The pilot had to be awakened, a crew assembled, and the plane
fueled. The aircraft did not reach Delhi until 02:00 hours (five hours after the attacks began and
most of the killing had been done) and took roughly 3.5 hours to reach Mumbai (compared to
just two hours for a commercial jet). According to various counterterrorism experts, any rapid-
reaction force must reach the scene of a terrorist incident no later than 3060 minutes after it has
commenced. In Mumbai, nearly 10 hours elapsed.
Inadequate Counterterrorism Training and Equipment for the Local Police.
To effectively manage a terrorist incident, first responders need to have appropriate equipment and
training to neutralize or at least contain the terrorists. However, the Mumbai attacks graphically
illustrated how ill prepared the Maharashtra police were to handle a major terrorist incident. Many
police officers remained passive, seemingly because they were outgunned by the terrorists. The
bulletproof vests that were available could not withstand AK-47 or AK-56 rounds (two batches
had failed tests in 2001 and 2004, and the head of the ATS, Chief Karkare, died after bullets
penetrated the vest he was wearing). Many officers had only been issued 5-mm-thick plastic
protectors that were suitable for riot control but not for engaging terrorists. Helmets were of World
War II vintage and not designed for modern combat, and most of the responding detachments
involved in the incidents were carrying .303 bolt-action rifles of the sort used by the British Army
in the 1950s.8
Flawed Hostage-Rescue Plan.
In several respects, the NSG hostage rescue plans for the Taj Mahal and Trident-Oberoi Hotels
suffered from serious defects. The units senior command failed to set up an operational command
center to coordinate the mission, and the storm teams went in blind with no understanding of
the basic layout of either of the two buildings. Both hotels were designated clear when terrorists
were still alive; room-to-room sweeps were hampered by insufficient intelligence on the numbers
of hostages being held and the profile of the militants involved; and the possibility for a surprise
raid under cover of darkness was effectively negated by the absence of suitable equipment, such
as night-vision goggles and thermal imaging systems.
Poor Strategic Communications and Information Management.
Throughout the crisis,the central government and security forces failed to project an image of
control, with the words chaos and paralysis used repeatedly to describe events as they
unfolded.11 So badly did officials handle communications that an unprecedented public interest
lawsuit has been filed against the government charging that it failed to discharge its constitutional
duty to protect the countrys citizenry and uphold their right to life. More seriously, breaches of
basic information security protocols provided the terrorists with vital operational intelligence. Major
criticism was directed at a cabinet minister on the first day of the crisis, after he announced that
200 NSG commandos were to be deployed in the area in two hours. Not only did this alert the
terrorists as to when a hostage rescue mission might occur, it also effectively confirmed that no
forward operating units had yet been mobilized. Since the attack, the Indian government has
announced a number of reforms aimed at addressing these various shortcomings. Indias parliament
has taken steps to make some of these reforms a reality. On December 17, Indias lower house
(Lok Sabha) approved new anti-terror legislation; it was approved by the upper house (Rajya
Photos of Disaster Management Workshop at Confidence Foundation
35
Sabha) the next day. The new Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act provides new powers to the
security services, including the ability to hold suspects for six months without charges. It also
makes provisions to establish a National Investigative Agency that will be responsible for investigating
terrorism and gathering and processing intelligence. Some of these provisions (such as lengthy
detentions without charge) have drawn domestic criticism.Following the 1999 incursion by Pakistani
paramilitary forces in the Kargil-Dras sectors of Kashmir, the Indian government vowed to institute
reforms intended to make future incursions less likely. Many of these changes were proposed in
the Kargil Review Commission
The evidences gathered so far
Rifles, pistols, ammunition, grenades. Mobile telephones, GPS sets etc recovered from the terrorists
from the scenes of the crimes.
Ten improvised explosive devices were given to the terrorist. Seven had exploded and three were
recovered and defused later. The three devices are similar and bear the unmistakable signature of
having been made by the same individual or same team at the same time. Each IED weighed
approximately eight kilogram and each contained 4-5 kilogram tightly packed black greasy RDX.
9 mm pistols that were recovered from different scenes of the crimes. The hand grenades that
were denoted and that were found unexploded. The satellite phone recovered from the fishing
trawler was used to call a number of telephones. GPS set was recovered from the fishing trawler.
A email claiming responsibility for the Mumbai attack was sent to the media by a hitherto unknown
organization styled as Deccan Mujahideen.
Even while the terrorists had occupied the target building and the security forces were engaging
them, the terrorists were in contact with their controllers/ handlers over mobile telephones.
Each terrorist carried pickle, diesel container, Match box, detergent powder, tissue paper, wheat
paper, Mountain dew bottle, Dental cream, shaving cream, spray paint, milk powder packet, floor
cleaning brush, towel, jacket and many small other things.
Conclusion
In the wake of the late November 2008 events, it was revealed that Mumbais firefighters
have poor personal protective gear.
Security and Police official were poorly trained. They need to trained with latest technology
and equipment.
Communication system should improved
36
Chapter VII
Conclusion
Unwanted fires pose major risk to the safety to life and property in a built environment. India
suffers a colossal loss of over Rs 5000 million per annum on account of property alone. In addition
to this several thousand lives are lost due to fires. Combined with the introduction of advanced
systems of fire detection and suppression, there is a need to develop predictive tools for estimating
the environment and for measuring the performance of the fire safety systems.
Fire engineering, or fire safety engineering, is the application of the engineering principles to all
aspects of fire safety. In much the same way as a structural engineer wOill design a building to
withstand various loads and conditions a fire engineer will look at hazard, risk and the performance
of materials, buildings and the behavior of people. The result of a fire engineering approach will
often lead to flexible alternatives to the code or prescriptive route, especially when designing unusual
or difficult buildings. Fire engineering can successfully remove obstacles to innovative building
design and provide an opportunity for the architect to create the fire safe environment by introducing
new systems or developing a better understanding of existing systems. The performance based
code allows fire engineering design to be used. Often the engineer himself finds difficulties in the
application of the available science. Engineers are using fire models as part of the engineering
design process. The engineer certainly has no storage of models that can be used to assist him with
his design and the problems are often how to decide which model to use? It is the absence of such
facts that often leaves the designer more confused than confident in fire modeling. This lack of
understanding, but more importantly the lack of understanding by regulators and enforcement
authorities represents a significant obstacle to the acceptance of modeling, which is so fundamental
to fire safety engineers. Greater acceptability of fire safety engineering requires investment in
education of all parties involved in the design, construction, maintenance and approval of buildings.
Since a most important principle of successful fire extinction is to attack and out break immediately,
in incipient stage it is imperative that any device which can detect a fire automatically and then help
to extinguish it with a minimum of fire loss or keep it under control & prevent further spreading
will prove great value. Automatic sprinkler systems, using water as the extinguishing medium have
been universally adopted for this purpose. This type of apparatus has been in use for over a
hundred years basically and automatic sprinkler installation comprises a system of pipes erected
at or near the ceiling of each floor of a building and connected through controlling valves to one
or more water supplies. At intervals in the pipe work, at varying distances according to the
classification of the premises, are sealed outlets called sprinkler heads. These contain a device
whereby a rise in temperature to a predetermined limit causes the sprinkler to open and water to
be discharged in the form of a spray over an area of the floor below the sprinkler. The sprinklers
are so spaced that, in the event of two or more heads operative simultaneously, the area sprayed
by each sprinkler overlaps that sprayed by its neighbor, thus leaving no part of the floor unprotected.
The Operation of the head leads to the opening of a valve and causes and alarm bell to ring( and
in some installations a direct call to fire brigade), so drawing attention to the outbreak of fire.
Recommendation
a) Foreseeability of Fire: Fire is a foreseeable occurrence. It must be dealt with on the
37
same terms and with the same resources that are committed to production, marketing, or
any other business activity. The fire problem can not be ignored. To do so is a gamble,
and gamblers eventually come up losers.
b) Insurance: Insurance is not a solution to the fire problem. It financial Band-Aid intended
to help heal the wounds to the bottom line of a company after a fire loss. It cannot be used
to recover all of the direct and indirect losses from a fire, such as lost customers.
c) Building and Fire Codes: Building codes and National Building codes are absolute
minimums and do not reflect the special fire protection needs of a specific industrial facility.
Reliance solely on a code or standard to determine the level of protection for a facility is
the same as entrusting the future of the company to a stranger who has no vested interest
in the continued profitability of the operation.
d) Effect of Fire:Industrial and commercial fires damage more than the bottom line of a
facility. Beyond the physical damage incurred and the loss of profits and customers, a
major fire can have a devastating effect on the employees and the neighboring community.
e) Fire Protection Features and Procedures: Money invested in the fire protection
features is an investment intended to ensure the continued operation and profitability of the
company. A company cannot produce anything, if the building burns down.
f) Automatic Sprinkler Protection: The best protection available for any type of building
or occupancy is a properly designed, installed, and maintained automatic sprinkler system.
Automatic sprinkler protection must be matched to the hazard it is expected to protect.
Most importantly, an improperly designed sprinkler system is the same as no sprinkler
system at all.
g) Procedure for Handling Impairments: Fire protection equipment, such as automatic
sprinklers, are of no value if they are impaired (out of service) when the fire occurs. Facilities
must have a comprehensive impairment handling procedure for tracking and handling
impairments to fire protection equipment. The procedure should include the provision of
a fire watch, the shutting down of hazardous operations in the affected areas, and even
shutting down the facility if the impairment affects a large portion of the facilitys fire protection.
h) Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls: Large un-divided areas are an invitation to disaster.
Properly designed fire walls and fire barrier walls or other forms of fire cutoffs should be
used to sub-divide a facility into manageable fire areas or to halt the potential spread of
fire from the area of origin.
i) Employee Training: Buildings equipped with automatic sprinkler protection and other
protection features burn down on a regular basis because the effectiveness of the protection
is comprised by the actions or inactions of the people in the facility. Every employee should
be instructed to immediately sound the alarm when there are indications of a fire. Big fires
always start out small; therefore, summoning assistance immediately is important.
j) Planning : Every industrial facility must have an effectively trained fire brigade that operates
under a comprehensive pre-emergency plan. Emergency planning must also include the
public fire department, so that fire fighters are familiar with the features of the facility and
how to utilize them most effectively.
38
k) Automatic Fire Detection: Automatic fire detection is not a substitute for automatic
sprinkler protection. Fire detectors do nothing to suppress a fire. If they are not installed
in conjunction with automatic sprinklers or some other type of fire suppression system,
they only guarantee an audience for the fire.
l) Building Materials: Combustible construction materials should be avoided in industrial
and commercial buildings. The fire load in an industrial or commercial setting is usually
substantial without the additional fire loading contributed by combustible building materials.
m) Housekeeping : Good housekeeping practices are essential for a fire-safe facility.
n) Hazard Analysis : Industrial and commercial facilities must have some type of hazard
analysis process to determine the effect that new or revised operations will have on the
protection of the facility.
An operating sprinkler system should never be shut down until it has been positively determined
that the fire has been extinguished. Even then, charged hose lines should be maintained in the area
to protect against a potential rekindle, and personnel should be stationed at each shut sprinkler
valve to quickly re-open the valve should a rekindle occur.
39
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42
Profile
Professor Dr. Neelam Tikkha
MA( English), MBA, Team Building ( XLRI), Ph.D ( American Literature ), TEFL (US Florida Tampa),
MMV, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, India.
Supervisor for PhD (English)
Winner of British Council International Anecdote Writing Competition.
Certified by Cambridge University as an English Expert
President CFTRA- Global, an interactive platform for teachers and trainers.
Editor- Multidisciplinary International Journal
Director, Confidence Foundation an NGO working for education of deprived and adults.
Corporate trainer for MNCs like World Trade Centre, ONGC, HPCL, Mercedez , HUL, CIPLA,
Visaka Industries, Acer, Space wood , PEE VEE TEX, HPCL, Blow Plast , and a number of
organizations.
Examiner for Cambridge ESOL Exams. Writer of 28 e- books on Communication Skills, Soft
Skills and Essays for International Exams and Disaster Management. Taught at UK.
Key Note presenter for a number of international Conferences and seminars around the globe.
Won several awards for best paper presentation.
Conducted Soft Skills and Communication training at various engineering, medical and management
institutes like YCCE , DMIMS, RKNEC, PCE , Aravali , IILM, IBS, Magnus, GH Raisoni,
Bharat Petroleum Ltd.
Interviewed on All India Radio and TV.
Written a number of books and participated in over 55 international conferences.
Ph.D.American Literature( Received United States Information Services grant for studying ). MBA(
XLRI)M.A. (English )Post graduate Diploma in Journalism and Mass Media Communication
(Delhi)Diploma in Creative Writing in English (Delhi)
American Civilization Course Sponsored by United States Information Services.
Certified trainer for teaching Communication by TESOL (US)
Impressions
The Leadership and Team Excellence workshop was highly interactive. The faculty was
very much focused and effective. Her delivery was excellent and she was able to involve
each participant. Course contents were very excellent meeting our job requirement.
The communication workshop was very enriching. Now onwards I will be very confident
and expressive while making presentations and writing e- mails
Shashi Vaidya
HR Unilever
43
I remember everything of what you had taught me 10 years ago.
Gopal Bisa
Unilever
It was a very good experience . Communication workshop was excellent . Very interactive
and highly learning experience. Thanks for the effort taken by you.
Dilip Joshi
Space Wood
Communication workshop was extremely good .
Dr. Sanjay Thakur
ESCORTS
I liked the workshop because the way of training is very different.
Sheel Ghule
IIPL
The workshop was interactive and done in a very creative way.
Dr. Neelam Tikkha is an excellent trainer.
Dr. M L Goel
Univ. of Florida, US
Training Areas
1. Business Communication Skills (Written, Spoken and Behavior)
2. Intercultural communication
3. NLP to improve efficiency at work place
4. Emotional intelligence
5. Coping with Night Shifts
6. Voice and Accent
7. Presentation Skills
8. Leadership
9. Body Language
10. E-mail Etiquettes
11. Public Speaking
12. Group Discussion
44
13. Customer Effectiveness
14. Negotiation Skills Leadership
15. Transactional Analysis
16. Stress Management (includes Healthy Living)
17. Building Positive attitude
18. Interview and Interviewing Techniques
19. Change management
20. Dinner table and Cocktail Etiquettes
21. Time Management
22. Memory Improvement
23. Inculcating Values
24. Professional Dressing
25. Creativity
26. Team Building
Contact Details:
Confidence Foundation
3A-1 & 42 A-1,Vrindavan,
Crorepati Lane,
173, Civil Lines, Nagpur-440001, INDIA
e-mail: confidencefoundation@yahoo.com
neelam.tikkha@gmail.com
Tel:0712 -2520741, 2521796
Cell: 09422145467