Segmentation and Location of Abnormality in

Brain MR Images using Distributed Estimation

A. Vithyavallipriya
1
, B. Sankaragomathi
2
, T. Ramakrishnan
3
I
,
2
,
3
Dept. of Electonics and Instumentation Engineering
1
,
2
,
3
National Engineering College
I
,
2
,
3
Kovilpatti, India
I
vithyapr56@gmail.com
Abstact- This paper presents a modern semi supervised
scheme for the detection and segmentation of abnormalities
present in the brain MR images. The high degree of automation
can be attained by using semi supervised learning, because it does
not require any pathology modeling. If the dimensionality of the
data is large then the estimation of the probability density
function is not possible. To overcome this every image is handled
as a network of locally coherent image partitions. Median flter is
used for preserving edges while removing noise. Contrast
enhancement automatically adjusts the intensity values of the
image to achieve a better quality.
The block wise separation is carried out by calculating the
parameter like principal component analysis (PCA), Eigen value,
Eigen vector, maximum likelihood function. The maximum
likelihood function which estimating the abnormality for each
partition is formulated. The likelihood function consists of a
model and a data term and is formulated as a quadratic
programming problem.
Keywords-distibuted estimaton; mamum lkelhood
function; semi supervised learing
I. INTRODUCTION
Brain tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in brain. Brain
tumor can be spread by local extension and rarely metastasize
(spread) outside of the brain. A benevolent brain tumor
consists of non-cancerous cells and does not metastasize
beyond the part of the brain where it originates.
One of the existing methods for the detection and
segmentation of brain tumor is supervised learing. The
supervised learing uses the pathology model. The pathology
model consists of the parameters for the both healthy and
unhealthy brain by comparing the given image with the
pathology model the tumor can be detected. The supervised
method includes several patter recognition techniques. Many
patter recogmtlOn methods are assuming particular
distibutions of the features, and are called parametic
methods. For example, the maximum likelihood (ML) method
commonly assumes multivariate Gaussian distibutions [6].
The means and covariant matices for each of the tissues
are estimated fom a user supplied pathology model, usually
initiated by drawing regions of interest (ROT) on the images.
The remaining pixels are then classifed by calculating the
likelihood of each block, and picking the block intensity with
the highest probability. Parametic methods are only usefl
when the feature distibutions for the different classes are well
known, which the case for MR images is not necessarily. The
semi supervised learing method is applied for automatically
segmenting pathologies in brain images, such as lesions, brain
infarction, or dysplasia.
The paper is organized as follows. Section IT is devoted to
methodology. The results are presented in Section ITI followed
by some concluding remarks in Section IV.
IT. METHODOLOGY
In this proposed method a new semi supervised scheme is
intoduced for detection and segmentation of tumor. The input
MRI image is obtained and it is converted into gray scale
image. The image will consist of noise, so the initial step is to
remove the noise and enhance the image by preprocessing.
Here, the image is de-noised by using the median flter.
Median fltering is very widely used here because, under
certain conditions, it preserves edges while removing noise.
Then the quality of the image can be adjusted by using the
contrast enhancement technique. The contast ehancement is
used to adjust image intensity values of the given image.
Contast ehancement increases the total contast of an image
by making light colors lighter and dark colors darker at the
same time. Fig. 1 shows the Flow chart of proposed
methodology.
Afer preprocessing the image, the block wise separation is
carried out. The image is separated into blocks. Because of the
different size of the given image, the image is resized to a
fxed size before preprocessing. The statistical parameters are
calculated afer this step, because the statistical parameters are
thee linear parameters which are used to show the signifcance
of the abnormality in the given MRI image. The statistical
parameters are Principal component analysis, Eigen vector,
Eigen value and Maximum likelihood for each block. The
parameters are classifed into two major categories they are
public variables and private variables. The public variables are
the variables which has the common value in the whole brain
that is they are the parameters of the healthy brain. Another
one is the private variables which have the parameters which
are different fom the public variables and they are the
parameters of the unhealthy brain.
978-1-4673-5301-4/13/$31.00 2013 IEE
Based on the calculated parameters the tumor is detected.
Then the tumor is segmented by using the likelihood fnction.
By the segmentation, the abnormality in the brain is located.
M TLAB is the tool used for the detection segmentation and
location of abnormality in the given MR image.
Input MB Brain Image
Retrieving the data
Pre-proce s s ing of the data
Block wis e Sepaation
Caculating paaeters for each block
paraeters like PCJ Eigen value, Eigen Vector,
Entopy
Maimum likelihood function
Tumor Detecton Using Distibution function
Tumor Segentation
Fig. I. Flow chart of proposed methodology.
A. Retrieving the data
Initially the image is taken and resized into 255 X 255
because the obtained image is in different dimension. The
resized image is converted into gray scale image for frther
processing. RGB image is converted into gray scale by
eliminating the hue and saturation information while retaining
the luminance.
B. Preprocessing
Median fltering and contast ehancement is used in the
pre-processing to improve image data quality.
The median flter is a digital nonlinear fltering technique,
used to remove noise in the image. I image processing, it is
ofen desirable to be able to perform some kind of noise
reduction on an image. Here the median flter is used for
fltering the given image. The median flter is a nonlinear
digital fltering technique, ofen used to remove noise. Such
noise reduction is a typical pre-processing step to improve the
results of later processing. Median fltering is very broadly
used in digital image processing because, under certain
conditions, it conserves edges while removing noise.
Contast enhancement is used for enhancing the image.
Automatically brightens images that appear dark or unclear,
and applies suitable tone alteration to deliver improved quality
and clarity. Here by adjusting the intensity values of the image
the better quality is achieved.
C. Block wise separation
The given image is separated into blocks for calculating
the parameter in the block. lf the given image (A) consist of 'i'
rows and 'j' columns then the block (B (i, j)) will consist of
rows and columns such as
i = 2: (size of rows in the given image)/x
j = 2: (size of columns in the given image)/x
Where
x = a number for selecting the size of the block
The statistical parameter for each block can be calculated
by increment the separated block size. For example,
B (i, j) = A (((i-I )*x) + I: i*x, (((-I )*x) + I: j*x)
Then the parameters are calculated for each block.
D. Parameter estimation
The statistical parameter of each block is calculated. Based
on the statistical parameter the abnormality which is present in
the image can be determined. The parameters are entopy and
PCA.
1) Entrop
y
: Entopy is a statistical measure of
randomness that can be used to characterize the texture of the
input image. It is used to fnd the variation in the image
intensities.
2) Principal Component Anal
y
sis (PCA): A PCA is a way
of identifing patter in data, and convey the data in such a
way as to highlight their similarities and differences. Principal
component analysis is a quantitatively rigorous method for
achieving this simplifcation. The method creates a novel set
of variables, kown as principal components. Principal
components are known as the linear combination of the
original variables. Each and every principal component is
orthogonal to each other, so there is no unnecessary
information.
E. Semisupervised learning
Semi supervised anomaly detection offers a solution to this
problem by modelling normal data and then using a distance
measure and tresholding to determine abnormality. Without
using the pathology model the abnormality present in the
given image can be calculated. So the high degree of
automation can be obtained. The semi supervised learing can
be obtained by calculating the statistical parameters such as
entopy, PCA, Eigen value. PCA is the simplest of the
tue eigenvector based multivariate investigation. Ofen, its
operation can be thought of as revealing the interal stucture
of the data in a way that best explains the variance in the data.
If a multivariate dataset is viewed as a set of coordinates in a
towering-dimensional data space, PCA can deliver the user
with a lower-dimensional picture, a "shadow" of this object
when viewed fom its most usefl viewpoint. This is
completed by using only the frst few principal components so
that the dimensionality of the transformed data is reduced.
Entopy is a statistical measure of randomness that can be
used to characterize the texture of the input image.
F Distributed estimation
The distibuted estimation [6] is nothing but the
calculation of statistical parameter for each block in an image.
The distibution algorithm will calculate the private and public
parameters for each block. The public variables are the
common variables in the image they have the parameter of the
healthy brain which are common troughout the brain. The
private variables are the parameters which are different fom
the public variable and they are the parameters of the
unhealthy brain.
The image is divided into fve clusters for calculating the
likelihood fnction. The clusters are based on the intensities.
They are white matter, gray matter, skull, CSF and tumor.
The likelihood fnction is used for fnding the difference
between the pixel intensities. Log likelihood fnction is
estimated for the process. The logaritm is a monotonically
increasing task, the logarithm of a task achieves
its maximum value at the same points as the fnction itself
and thus the log-likelihood be able to used in place of the
likelihood in maximum likelihood estimation. By calculating
the distibution fnction for the parameters the tumor can be
detected.
G. Tumor segmentation and location
The color map is used to segment the tumor in the given
brain MR image. Finally the tumor in the MR image can be
located by using the appropriate mask.
m. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. 2 shows the location of tumor in the MR image. The
Fig. 2(a) shows the input image for the process which is
resized and converted into gray scale. The preprocessing of
the image is shown in the Fig. 2(b). The median flter and
contrast ehancement is used for pre-processing. The Fig.
2( c) shows the segmentation of tumor in the image. The Fig.
2( d) shows the tumor location.
(a)The resized image (b) The pre processed image
( c) The segmented tumor (d) The location of tumor
Fig. 2. The Location of Tumor in the MR image
IV. CONCLUSION
Image segmentation is the most challenging and active
research area in the feld of image processing for the last
decade. Tn this project, semi-supervised learing and
distibuted estimation are used for the detection, segmentation
and location of abnormality (tumor) in the given brain image
which in tm leads to high degree of automation.
Prominent features can be estimated and the type of tumor
can be classifed for making improvement in brain
segmentation methods. Because of the ongoing research in
biological world, increasing new knowledge about the
relationship between different disorders with anatomical
deviation is coming up. So, brain segmentation is gaining
importance in using as the frst stage in tools for detection and
analyzing anatomical deviation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thak the management of National
Engineering College for their support and motivation.
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A.VithyavaJlipriya was born in Tirunelveli, India in 1990. He
received his Bachelors of Engineering degree fom the depmiment of
Electronics and Communication fom Anna University, Tirunelveli,
India in 2011 and currently pursuing Masters Degree in Control and
Instrumentation fom National Engineering College, Anna
University, Tirunelveli. Her research interests include Image
processing applications in various felds and control systems.
Dr. B.Sankaragomathi was born on December 26
th
1963 in
Sankarankovil. Tirunelveli District. Tamil Nadu. India. Currently she
has been working as Dean (Academic) in National Engineering
College. K.R.Nagar. Kovilpatti since 1987. She has received her B.Sc
degree in Applied Sciences fom Thiyagarajar College of
Engineering. Madurai. Madurai Kamaraj University in April 1984.
B.Tech degree in Electronics Engineering fom Madras Institute of
Technology. Chromepet. Anna University Chennai in May 1987 and
M. Tech degree in Instrumentation and Control Systems fom Calicut
Regional Engineering College. Calicut University in December
1992. She has obtained her Ph.D degree in the area of Image
Processing fom MS University in June 2010. She has published
eight papers in International Journals. Her research interests include
Biomedical Signal/Image Processing. Process control. VLSI etc. She
is the recognized supervisor fr Ph.D. programme at Ana
University, Chennai. Presently she is guiding ten Ph.D. Scholars in
different disciplines. She has been a reviewer of Inder Science
Journals, World Scientifc Journals and Advancement of Modelling
and Simulation Techniques in Enterprises (AMSE-France) Journals.
T.Ramakrishnan was bor on July 23, 1978 in Tirunelveli,
Tamilnadu. India. He received B.E in Electronics & Instrumentation
engineering fom Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli,
Tamilnadu,India in 1999 and M. Tech in Biomedical Engineering
,fom IITM, Chennai,Tamilnadu.India in 2008 and doing his research
work in Anna University, Thiruchirappalli. India. He is currently
pursuing Ph.D Degree in medical image processing at IIT Madras. He
is working as Assistant professor (Senior Grade) in , Departmentof
Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, National Engineering
College K.R Nagar,Kovilpatti, TamilNadu .India. He had published 3
papers in conferences. His research interests include Medical Image
Processing, Measurements&Instrumentation.