Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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TEMARIO BASE
OBJETIVOS DEL SEMINARIO
1) CONCEPTOS BASICOS.
A) INTRODUCCIN A LA TRIBOLOGIA
B) ACEITES LUBRICANTES FUNDAMENTOS
C) GRASAS LUBRICANTES - FUNDAMENTOS
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Planta de
proceso
Materias primas y
empaques
Energa
Recursos humanos
Produccin y
Ventas
Tiempo de produccin
Defectos de material
Reproceso
Activos - equipos
Eficiencia de equipos
Recursos
Financieros
Energa.
Seguridad
Recursos
Ddministrativos
Cuidado ambiental
Inversiones
Impuestos
Fuentes de trabajo
Utilidades
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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Proteccin
Ambiental
ALTERNATIVAS DE DISEO:
Economa de materiales
Economa de Energticos
Satisfaccin
de clientes
Confiables
Emisiones
Seguridad
Regulaciones
Ambientales
Costo
FABRICANTES
Tecnologa de Maquinaria
Tecnologa de Lubricantes
Tecnologa de Combustibles
Tecnologa de materiales
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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CONSERVACION DE LA ENERGA
Energa
de
entrada
Energa
de salida
Prdidas
Energa no aprovechada
Friccin
Desgaste ( materia)
Energa (Calor)
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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LA TRIBOLOGIA
Friccin
Desgaste
Lubricacin
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TRIBOLOGIA
TRIBOLOGIA
TriboInvestigacin
Tribo
Tribo- Investigacin
Fenmenosde
defriccin
friccin- Fenmenos
desgaste
desgaste
Ingeniera Mecnica
( Diseo)
Fisicoqumica
Ciencia de la Lubricacin
Ciencia de materiales
TriboIngeniera
Tribo
Tribo- Ingeniera
Ingenierade
deLubricacin
Lubricacin
Ingeniera
Economa Aplicada
Normas Internacionales
Organizacin STLE
Ecologa
Mtodos de Trabajo,
mantenimiento y Confiabilidad
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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Porqu se
desgastan las
mquinas?
Qu es el
desgaste?
Que es la
friccin?
Qu es la
lubricacin?
Cmo se
selecciona un
lubricante?
Qu cuidados
debemos tener al aplicar
un lubricante?
Qu elementos
mecnicos requieren
lubricacin?
Que estrategias de
mantenimiento
incrementan la
confiabilidad?
Qu es un
lubricante?
Qu costos se asocian
a una deficiente
lubricacin?
Cmo se lubrica
adecuadamente?
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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10
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11
1.2 LA FRICCIN
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12
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13
(a)
(b)
y
y
Lisa- no plana
(c)
(d)
(e)
Plana- rugosa
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14
a>b
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15
FATIGA SUPERFICIAL
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16
<1%
SUPERFICIE 1
w
S1
S2
S3
w
S4
SUPERFICIE 1
SUPERFICIE REAL DE CONTACTO = SUMA DE (S1 + S2 + S3 + S4)
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
17
MECANISMO FRICCINFRICCIN-DESGASTE
El choque de asperezas microscpicasLo que a su vez genera:
producen:
Partculas de desgaste
Desgarramiento y corte.
Calor
Deformacin plstica
Desperdicio de energa
Microsoldadura
Microsoldadura
Partculas de
desgaste
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18
TIPOS DE FRICCIN
Deslizamiento
Fuerza aplicada
Fuerza de friccin
Rodadura
Fuerza aplicada
Fuerza de friccin
19
FRICCION FLUIDA
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20
COEFICIENTE DE FRICCIN
Coeficiente de friccin =
Fuerza de friccin
Fuerza aplicada
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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21
FRICCION FLUIDA
Velocidad
Carga
Carga
Estructura
molecular
Temperatura
Lubricante
Viscosidad
Propiedades de los
materiales, forma y
diseo
Condiciones de
operacin
Agua, polvo, qumicos, etc
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22
FRICCION-DESGASTE
Friccin
Causa
Desgaste
Efecto
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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ESTADISTICAS INDUSTRIALES
9Ms de un 30% de la reas productivas y de mantenimiento ignoran los
costos generados por la friccin, el desgaste no controlado y por una
deficiente lubricacin.
9Mas del 50% del personal encargado de las labores de lubricacin no est
entrenado ni capacitado adecuadamente.
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1.3 EL DESGASTE
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25
DEFINICION DE DESGASTE
El desgaste es la prdida progresiva de material resultante de la
interaccin mecnica de dos superficies o en contacto.
Todas superficies en movimiento son fuentes potenciales de desgaste,
generalmente se presentan movimientos relativos como deslizamiento,
rodadura y vibracin en combinacin con carga.
El desgaste ocurre fundamentalmente por un falla puntual de las
propiedades mecnicas del material.
El desgaste superficial, es provocado por un alto esfuerzo o por
repeticin cclica de cargas y generalmente se ve influenciado por el
medio ambiente del sistema.
El deterioro superficial genera partculas de desgaste, que se
transfieren entre la superficies en contacto o al sistema, la cuales lo
modifican y aceleran la fatiga o falla del material.
26
Reparacin y control: $
300 USD
Reparacin y control: $
500 USD
Reparacin y
control:
$
5,000 USD
Estos costo incluyen: (1) Reemplazo de las piezas desgastadas. (2) Costos
de programados de mantenimiento. (3) Costos no programados de
produccin y mantenimiento.
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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27
TIPOS DE
DESGASTE
Desgaste
adhesivo
Diseo
Materiales
Desgaste
abrasivo
Medio ambiente
Lubricacin
Desgaste por
fatiga
Calidad del
mantenimiento
Desgaste por
corrosin
ENERGA
Ignorancia
Mecnica
Humana
Financiera
CONFIABILIDAD
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28
Adhesivo
Abrasivo
Temperatura
Medio Ambiente
Fatiga
Erosivo
Corrosivo
Desgaste Qumico
60 %
15 %
Electroerosivo
Remocin de material de
las superficies en
contacto
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DESGASTE ADHESIVO
Tiene su origen en el contacto superficial de metal metal, provocado por alta
presin superficial, el desgaste se presenta siguiendo tres pasos:
Toque de asperezas Adhesin -Transferencia de material.
Este mecanismo de desgaste se presenta cuando existe escasez o una pelcula lubricante nula limitada;
los aditivos se han agotado, el aceite esta degradado y fuera de servicio: En este punto, la proteccin
superficial se minimiza permitiendo que las rugosidades superficiales se toquen., los aditivos del aceite
juegan un papel importante en el control de este tipo de desgaste.
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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DESGASTE ABRASIVO
Es producido cuando las asperezas de las rugosidades de una superficie
partculas duras extraas, deslizan sobre una superficie suave. Lo anterior
genera rayado, flujo plstico de material, corte y fracturas superficial.
Huella en microscopio de
desgaste abrasivo por
partculas extraas
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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DESGASTE CORROSIVO
Es producido por reaccin electroqumica entre los tomos superficiales del
material y el medio ambiente. La corrosin se genera con o sin movimiento, sin
embargo el desgaste qumico se acelera por accin mecnica (deslizamiento de
las asperezas) y accin qumica (oxidacin) .
M +2
nodo
+ -
Solucin cida H
2H +
2 e-
Cl
H2
Ctodo
Superficie metlica
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FATIGA SUPERFICIAL
Desgaste por
fatiga
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33
Identificacindel
del::
Identificacin
1)Tipo
Tipoyy
1)
mecanismode
de
mecanismo
desgaste.
desgaste.
2)Su
Sucausa
causa
2)
Mtodode
de
Mtodo
control
control
1)Tecnologa
Tecnologade
de
1)
lubricacin.
lubricacin.
2)Sustitucin
Sustitucindel
del
2)
material.
material.
3)Reduccin
Reduccinde
dela
la
3)
carga.
carga.
4)Control
Controlde
delas
las
4)
condiciones
e
impacto
condiciones e impacto
deservicio.
servicio.
de
Comentarios: La fatiga
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34
1.3 LA LUBRICACIN
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35
QUE SE LUBRICA?
I) Rodamientos
II) Engranajes
III) Pistones
Planos
Antifriccin
IV) Cadenas y Cables
V) Guas y Correderas
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Coeficiente de friccin
TIPOS DE LUBRICACIN
0.15
Lmite-molecular
h : 1 a 3 micras
Mixto
Elastohidrodinmico
Hidrodinmico
h : 0.25 -- 5 micras
h : 0.25 -- 5 micras
Mximo
desgaste
La viscosidad evita el
desgaste
0.001
(Velocidad X Viscosidad)
Carga
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LUBRICACIN HIDRODINAMICA
Donde se presenta
Motores de combustin
Turbinas y compresores
Transmisiones Automticas.
Chumaceras
Rodamientos Axiales
Chumaceras Autolubricadas
( porosas)
Caracteristicas
1) No se forma el filme lubricante
en bajas velocidades y en muy
altas velocidades.
2) Dependen de la condicin del
lubricante utilizado, su
resistencia a la oxidacin y la
contaminacin afectan la vida til
del filme lubricante.
Costos asociados
Los costos globales de
mantenimiento son
bajos, los principales
costos estn asociados
a:
A) Un inadecuado
monitoreo del sistema.
B) Un inadecuado
mantenimiento del
lubricante.
4) Se requieren sistemas de
filtracin y limpieza del equipo.
C) Contaminacin en el
sistema.
D) Una inadecuada
seleccin del lubricante
(Calidad vs. precio)
Anillos de pistones
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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LUBRICACIN ELASTOHIDRODINAMICA
Donde se presenta
Caracteristicas
Cilindros (*CAMS)
4) Se requiere un ajuste y
balance muy preciso de los ejes
* Se disean para equipos donde el de carga
torque de arranque debe de ser
5) Las temperaturas de trabajo
bajo o controlado.
estn e funcin de las
Se requieren espesores de
propiedades del lubricante.
pelculas muy delgados 0.1 a 1 m.
Se requieren durezas en
rodamientos entre 58 y 64 Rc
Costos asociados
A) Los costos de
mantenimiento son menores
que en los casos anteriores.
B) Con los lubricantes
propiamente seleccionados,
los costos de reemplazo de
piezas son bajos, se
minimiza el desgaste
promedio.
C) Se requiere seleccionar
lubricantes con los mejores
aditivos de extrema presin
(EP) y con bases sintticas.
D) Se recomienda la
seleccin de rodamientos
especiales o materiales
autolubricados.
Comentarios:
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39
LUBRICACIN LIMITELIMITE-MIXTA
Donde se presenta
Diferenciales automotrices
hipoidales.
Caractersticas
1) Generan gran cantidad de
calor por friccin
2) Requieren lubricantes con alta
resistencia a la oxidacin.
Engranajes abiertos
6) No requieren de sistemas
Sellos de contacto ( Face Seals). mecnicos complejos en la
Bombas de paletas (vane pumps) alimentacin del lubricante
Maquinaria de construccin
Costos asociados
Los costos globales de
mantenimiento son
bajos, los principales
costos estn asociados
a:
A) Un inadecuado
monitoreo del sistema.
B) Un inadecuado
mantenimiento del
lubricante.
C) Contaminacin en el
sistema.
D) Una inadecuada
seleccin del lubricante
(Calidad vs. precio)
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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FUNCIONES DE UN LUBRICANTE
Controlar la friccin
Controlar el desgaste
Controlar la corrosin
Controlar la temperatura
Controlar la contaminacin
Transmitir potencia
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LUBRICACIN - LUBRICANTE
LUBRICACIN
Es la ciencia-arte de lubricacin,
implica la estrategia y la tctica de
la lubricacin, implica:
Objetivos
Planificacin
Recursos y medios
Tcnica
Evaluacin
LUBRICANTE
9 Propiedades y Caractersticas.
9 Tipos y calidades ( documentacin)
9 Criterios de seleccin y limitaciones.
9 Forma Tecnologa de aplicacin
9 Beneficios tcnicos y econmicos
9 Ecologa.
Derechos Reservados, Mxico 2003
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