Hydraulics Prof. B.S.

Thandaveswara










Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Normal Hydraulic Jumps NHJ
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28.1 Introduction
When the depth of flow changes rapidly from a low stage to a high stage, it results in an
abrupt rise of water surface. This local phenomenon is known as 'hydraulic jump'. It
occurs in a canal below a regulating sluice, at the toe of a spillway or at the place where
a steep channel slope suddenly turns flat. It is well known that a large amount of
air entrains in the roller portion of the jump due to the breaking of the water surface.
Consequently a large amount of energy loss occurs in the jump through dissipation in
the turbulent body of water. A considerable amount of investigations, both theoretical
and experimental, have been carried out on the jump (See box - History).
Sluice
Gate
1
Hydraulic
jump
2
3
Fig. 28.1 - Rapidly varied flow with Hydraulic jump (1 and 3 subcritical flows,
2 Super critical flow)


Fig. 28.2 - Formation of Hydraulic jump at the toe of the spillway
Hydraulic jump
Toe


Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara










Indian Institute of Technology Madras

History

The earliest description of the hydraulic jump appears to be by Leonardo da Vinci
in 1452- 1519. Bidone was the pioneer to conduct investigations on the hydraulic
jump in 1818 -1819. Belanger in 1828 developed the momentum equation
connecting the sequent depths. Then onwards innumerable contributions have
been made towards the understanding of the basic mechanism of the hydraulic
jump. The following are some of the significant contributors amongst several
investigators responsible for present state of knowledge of the jump: Bresse (
1860 ), Darcy and Bazin ( 1865 ), Uniwin ( 1875 ), Ferriday and Merriman ( 1894
), Gibson ( 1913 ), Kennison ( 1916 ), Woodward and Riegel Beebe ( 1917 ),
Koch and Cartstanjen ( 1926 ), Lindquist ( 1927 ), Safranez ( 1917 ), Einwachter
( 1933 ), Smetana ( 1934 ), Bakhmeteff and Matzke ( 1936 ) , Escande ( 1938 ),
Citrini ( 1939 ), Nebbia ( 1940 ), Kindsvater (1944 ) , Blaisdell (1948 ), Forster
and Skrinde (1950 ), Moore and Morgan ( 1957 ), and Rouse et al. (1958 ). A
detailed mathematical treatment of hydraulic jump was made by Flores (1954 ) .
Rajaratnam's contributions to the knowledge of hydraulic jumps during 1960s are
outstanding. For a comprehensive bibliography on the jump, reference may be
made to the following references: 'The standing wave or hydraulic jump ( 1950 ),
(Central Board of Irrigation and Power)' ; ' A bibliography on hydraulic jump
(Central Board of Irrigation and Power) ( 1955 )'; ' Hydraulic energy dissipators (
1959 )' ( Elevatorski - The Hydraulic jump, May 1955); Hydraulic Energy
dissipators Elevatorski - Mcgraw Hill, 1959) 'Open Channel Hydraulics Chow
V.T., McGraw Hill ( 1959 )';'Advances in Hydroscience (Hydraulic jump by
Rajaratnam.N edited by Chow.V.T. Vol. - 4 , Academic Press New york and
London, Page 197 to 280 ( 1967 )' ; Self Aerated flow characteristics in
developing zones and in Hydraulic jumps, (Thandaveswara Phd Thesis, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore, J une- 1974).

Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara










Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Hydraulic J ump has many practical applications, for example (a) to dissipate the high
kinetic energy of water near the toe of the spillway and to protect the bed and banks of
a river near a hydraulic structure (b) to increase the head in the power channel (c) to
remove air pockets from pipes (d) for mixing of chemical in water supply system.
Figure below shows a schematic view of the classical hydraulic jump on a horizontal
floor. The details in this unit are confined to the case of the hydraulic jumps on level
floors in rectangular channels and this type of jump is referred to as the Normal
Hydraulic J ump (NHJ ). The supercritical Froude number of the approach flow is the
major parameter that influences the characteristics of the hydraulic jump.
L
j
L
rj
Toe
1
2
y
2
V
2
F
1
y
1 V
1
y
28.3 SCHEMATIC VIEW OF THE HYDRAULIC J UMP
1
2
x
Hydrostatic pressure distribution
Roller zone
y
r
Super critical to sub critical