1

WATER TREATMENT PROPOSAL

PROJECT



























2



Chapter 1

BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

This chapter presents the background of the study with related literature,
objective of the study, theoretical and conceptual frameworks, significant of the
study, assumptions, scope and limitations, and definition of terms.

Introduction
Rapid urbanization in our country has been accompanied by drastic
hydrologic changes. The detrimental effect of urbanization on hydrological cycle
such as infiltration and groundwater recharge decreases, pattern of surface and
river runoff is changed imposing high peak flows, large runoff volumes and
increased transport of pollutants and sediment from urban areas. Thus, the urban
area influences the runoff pattern and the state of the ecological systems not only
within the urban area but also in and around a whole river or lake system
downstream. The effect of the urbanization on runoff has resulted in producing
significantly more runoff volume than predevelopment, and flow peaks are
increased by a factor of 2 to more than 10 times.
Study by Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID, 2000) showed that 9%
of the country's land mass is prone to floods which affect about 12% of the
population. As a result, frequent occurrences of flash flood occur at downstream
of new development areas resulting in an average loss of 100 million annually.
1

3

Traditionally, the objective of stormwater management has been to
transport runoff as quickly as possible through the drainage in order to prevent
flooding and protect lives and property. This is referred to as quantity control.
Although public health and safety are still the most important goals, other
objectives must now be met as well, such as the preservation of water quality
and natural habitat. Historical flood and quantity control methods are not always
suitable under current conditions, because it can cause problems of flooding,
pollution or damage to the environment and are proving not to be sustainable.
Today it is necessary to balance both quantity and quality objectives
simultaneously. The concept of "integrated approach" to planning and designing
of urban stormwater is moving away from the conventional thinking of designing
for flooding to balancing the impact of urban drainage on flood control, quality
management and amenity.
The integrated approach is in-line with the sustainable development to
manage the balance between social, economic and environmental requirements
minimizing the conflict that can exist between economic development and the
protection of the environment.

Background of the Study
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface
water from an area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production
or to manage water supplies. In early history, the systems of sewerage and
drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the civilization were
4

far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites and even more
efficient than those in some modern areas today. All houses in the major
cities had access to water and drainage facilities. Waste water was directed to
covered drains, which lined the major streets.
Floods have been occurring throughout Earth history, and are expected so
long as the water cycle continues to run. The reasons resulting flood is that of
drainage problem or drainage failure of subsurface drains to perform as expected
and may be caused by (1) the soil physical conditions not permitting drainage, (2)
not determining the source of the water before the drains were installed, (3)
construction when soil too wet, (4) grade reversals in construction, (5) breakage,
or improper alignment of drain tile or damage to plastic tubing through careless
backfilling, (6) settlement of sections of drain because of an unstable foundation,
(7) excessive crack widths between drain tile, or excessively large slots in plastic
tubing, or perforations improperly cut, which allow soil to enter the drain pipe, (8)
erosion of soil into the drain pipe because of loose backfill, (9) ochre clogging,
(10) improper envelope material or application, that is, poor placement, tearing of
envelope material, sealing of envelope with soil or ochre, (11) collapse of drain
pipe because of excess surface load, weak pipe or improper backfilling methods,
(12) plugging of pipe by organic wastes, and roots, (13) certain types of plastic
may be adversely affected through brittleness and cracking by surfactant
chemicals, therefore, milk house wastes should not be permitted to enter a
corrugated plastic tubing.
2
5

Drain problems can be confirmed through simultaneously observing the
drain discharge and the height of the water table between drains.
Drainage and flood control are also very much related. In Bangladesh, on
average, 22 percent of the country is flooded every year and 50 percent of water
development expenditures are spent on flood control and drainage. In Myanmar,
in the Ayeyarwady Delta, drainage and flood control structures are also linked: in
2007 a total of 193 000 ha were reported to be equipped for surface drainage
which is considered as a form of flood protection. Drainage covers 1 million ha in
north and central Vietnam, mostly in the Red River Delta. Flood protected areas
in China represent 32.69 million ha. The extreme case of agriculture under flood
conditions is floating rice, which is reported in Cambodia, but can probably be
found in other countries of the sub-region.
Data on drainage infrastructure associated to irrigation in dry and semi-dry
areas concern mostly northern China, India and Mongolia. In China as a whole
(no distinction can be made between arid and humid areas), it was estimated in
2008 that 24.58 million ha were subject to water logging, of which 20.28 million
ha were equipped with drainage. In India, drainage works have been undertaken
on about 5.8 million ha (12 percent of the irrigated area), but investment in
drainage works associated with irrigation schemes has been widely neglected
and drainage systems are usually in very poor maintenance condition.
Although total water withdrawal remains limited compared to water
resources in Southeast Asia (about 5 percent), the large amounts of water
diverted, mostly for agriculture, in those countries, have an environmental impact
6

which may assume important proportions locally. Intrusion of saltwater in deltas
is a concern in Myanmar, Viet Nam and parts of India. Excessive groundwater
exploitation around Bangkok, in Thailand, creates land subsidence and
exacerbates already existing flood problems. In several countries, competition for
water is becoming increasingly important, with direct implications for agriculture.
3

The same problem we experienced here in our Country. Lack of drainage
systems exacerbated impact of deadly typhoon in the Philippines. Just like in
Cebu City, garbage and drainage problems lead to massive floods. Cebu's
Drainage System is clogged with garbage. Early this 2011, Cebu City
experienced one of the worst floods. Thousands of commuters were stranded for
hours as flood levels in various parts of the city reached knee-high levels.
Indeed, there are many reasons why the drainage pipes are not functioning
properly. Garbage is one such problem, and most of this comes from people who
have built temporary houses along rivers. These persons throw all their waste
indiscriminately into the water. Moreover, ordinary persons also have the habit of
throwing their trash just anywhere. This also leads to the clogging up of drainage
systems. It is also a fact that the current drainage pipes installed in Cebu's
underbelly are just too small for the rapidly growing city. There is just too much
waste passing through these pipes. It is a problem that needs to be solved soon.
4

Drainage problems typically require some diagnosis and evaluation in
order to propose treatments. Dumaguete City plagued with flooding, drainage
problems from heavy rains. Dumagete City, Negros Oriental, experiencing the
occurrence of excessive rainfall triggered by climate change, resulting in the
7

city's also experiencing a serious problem with its drainage system which, is not
designed to accommodate huge amounts of rain. According to the expert, the
major problem are the "too-small drainage canals in the city which can only
contain a certain volume of water, and it would cost millions of pesos for the city
to revamp its drainage system, Dumaguete only recorded some six or seven
inches of rain in a month's time, spread out with at least five to six millimeters on
a certain day. In comparison, the city now would experience rainfall of two to
three inches within an hour to two hours due to climate change. The city chief
executive said that apart from regular de-clogging of the city's canals, the local
government does not have other options at the moment to effectively address the
problem of flooding in the near future.
5

Some engineers thought of many solutions to this problem. One of the
solutions is the construction, modification, and innovation of new drainage
designs. Drainage is an intervention to control water logging aiming at soil
improvement of agricultural production in industrial and residential areas. It is
also a facility to dispose liquid waste.
For the current practices, modern drainage incorporates geotextile filters
that retain and prevent fine grains of soil from passing into and clogging the
drain. Geotextiles are synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured
for civil and environmental engineering applications. Geotextiles are designed to
retain fine soil particles while allowing water to pass through. In a typical
drainage system they would be laid along a trench which would then be filled with
coarse granular material: gravel, sea shells, stone or rock. The geotextile is then
8

folded over the top of the stone and the trench is then covered by
soil. Groundwater seeps through the geotextile and flows within the stone to an
outfall. In high groundwater conditions a perforated plastic (PVC or PE) pipe is
laid along the base of the drain to increase the volume of water transported in the
drain.
6

Alternatively, prefabricated plastic drainage systems made of HDPE called
SmartDitch, often incorporating geotextile, coco fiber or rag filters can be
considered. The use of these materials has become increasingly more common
due to their ease of use which eliminates the need for transporting and laying
stone drainage aggregate which is invariably more expensive than a synthetic
drain and concrete liners.
Over the past 30 years geotextile and PVC filters have become the most
commonly used soil filter media. They are cheap to produce and easy to lay, with
factory controlled properties that ensure long term filtration performance even in
fine silty soil conditions.
In connection to this, Seattle's Public Utilities created a pilot program
called Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project. The project focuses on
designing a system "to provide drainage that more closely mimics the natural
landscape prior to development than traditional piped systems. The streets are
characterized by ditches along the side of the roadway, with plantings designed
throughout the area. An emphasis on non curbed sidewalks allows water to flow
more freely into the areas of permeable surface on the side of the streets.
Because of the plantings the run off water from the urban area does not all
9

directly go into the ground but can also be absorbed into the surrounding
environment. According to the monitoring by Seattle Public Utilities, they report a
99 percent reduction of storm water leaving the drainage project.
7

In this present study, the researchers came up to the principle based upon
the concept known as the perched water table, which is also known as an
inverted filter design. In which a layer of grass turfing, soils and pervious
concrete are use as an alternative drainage cover as well as preventive means to
garbage clogging. Creating a sample layering of those mentioned above
specimen and testing the acceptable absorption rate will result to what the
researchers proposed design, the Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design.
The proposed new ecological drainage system contributes to the
achievement of sustainable development in urban water resources and brings
numerous benefits including prevention of flooding, water pollution problems,
loss of habitat, soil erosion and sedimentation, improved aesthetics of urban
environments. These systems are more sustainable than conventional drainage
methods because they manage runoff flow rates, reducing the impact of
urbanization on flooding, protect or enhance water quality, sympathetic to the
environmental setting and the needs of the local community, provide a habitat for
wildlife in urban watercourses and encourage natural groundwater recharge. The
mechanism to achieve the above target is to deal with runoff close to where the
rain falls (control-at-source), managing potential pollution at its source now and in
the future and finally protecting water resources from point pollution and diffuse
sources.
10

Research has shown that grass turfing can improved the quality of
stormwater especially removing the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and nutrients
such as Total Phosphorus (TP). Besides that the grass turfing can also attenuate
the peak flow if designed properly. The primary mechanisms for pollutant
removal in drainage are filtration by vegetation, settling of particulates, and
infiltration into the subsurface zone. As runoff travels through the drainage, the
vegetation reduces peak velocity while infiltration reduces flow volume.
Attenuation of runoff flow promotes pollutant removal refers to a series of
vegetated, open channel practices that are designed specifically to treat and
attenuate stormwater runoff for a specified water quality volume. As stormwater
runoff flows through the channels, it is treated through filtering by the vegetation
in the channel, filtering through a subsoil matrix, and/or infiltration into the
underlying soils. There are many design variations of the grass turfing, including
the grassed channel, dry swale and wet swale. The specific design features and
treatment methods differ in each design, but all are improvements on the
traditional drainage ditch. In general, grass turfing show good performance for
removal of large particles, such as suspended solids (TSS).
8

U.S. experience with swales which offered mixed performance in removal
of suspended solids and attached pollutants, and low removal of soluble.
However, it showed that the swale biofilter improved the pollutant removal
performance. While it is difficult to distinguish performance removal between
different designs based on the small amount of available data, grassed channels
generally have poorer removal rates than wet and dry swales, although wet
11

swales appear to export soluble phosphorous. Therefore more data is needed to
conclude the performance of swale under both temperate and tropical climate.
9

In a recent design in Germany, the stormwater swale is underlain by a
gravel infiltration trench with a throttle drain pipe (the so called MR system). The
stormwater infiltrating through an active soil layer is 'pretreated' before entering a
gravel trench, and drains via a drain pipe discharging into a manhole with a flow
throttle. The system shows a good performance in removing stormwater
pollutants.
10

Ulang (2010) conducted study entitled The Effectiveness of Pervious
Concrete as Environment-Friendly Paving Material for Sidewalks and Pathways
in which he found out that pervious concrete could reduce the quantity of
imperviousness surface that the present day is demanding as the rural areas
become highly urbanized.
11

In this present study, the researchers utilized pervious concrete in the
design of the bio-ecological planter box drainage as one of the design medium
for the cover and for filtration process.


Objectives of the Study
Generally, the main objective of the study was to design a Planter Box
Drainage that could provide achievement of sustainable development in urban
water resources that brings numerous benefits including prevention of flooding,
water pollution problems, loss of habitat, soil erosion and sedimentation,
improved aesthetics of urban environments, to improve the quality of stormwater
12

especially, removing the solid waste through the filtration of turfing, layer of soil
and pervious concrete.
Specifically, it aims to:
1. To determine the most effective mix proportion of the pervious concrete.
2. To determine the performance of the Bio-Ecological Planter Box Design in
terms of,
2.1 Absorption Rate
2.2 Drainage Cover Area
2.3 Discharge of Drainage Cover
3. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the Bio-Ecological Planter Box
Drainage Design.

Theoretical Framework
As the researchers found out the causes and factors of drainage problems
especially when it comes to the design, the researchers provide and proposed a
new design of drainage. Drainage appropriate for todays problem to flood,
providing a variety of drainage functions, and one that could give a much more
reliable alternative solution of design.
For this study, the researchers considered and adopted the U. S. Golf
Association "(USGA) root zone" as one of the most utilized designs for high-use
sports turf and golf courses. This design is based largely on the results of
research performed by the USGA. The current USGA system, utilizes a 12-inch,
sand-based root zone layer placed over a 4-inch gravel layer. The gravel layer is
13

on top of a drainage system that is placed in the sub grade. These sand-based
turf systems are popular because they provide an excellent medium for sports-
turf growth, superior water-management capabilities and because they resist
compaction even under high-use situations.
The USGA system provides maximum removal of water during heavy rain,
but it also stores water above the gravel during periods when the ground is not
saturated. The system is based upon a concept known as the perched water
table or inverted filter design. It is referred to as an inverted filter because of the
presence of fine sand particles over the more coarse gravel. This design uses
water's affinity for more finely textured materials to hold ("perch") it in the root-
zone layer. (This effect occurs because of the capillary effect, whereby water is
attracted to the surface of soil particles. Finer-textured materials offer greater
surface area for attraction. That's why a fine-textured soil overlaying a coarser
material like gravel will tend to hold onto the water rather than allowing it to pass
through to the coarser material below.) Large voids of gravel offer little capillary
effect. Thus, at the sand/gravel interface, these larger voids effectively create a
barrier to downward water movement as long as the soil has not yet reached the
point of saturation. As saturation is approached, additional pressure from
gravity is applied, allowing water to move into the larger voids of the gravel
layer and further down through the sub-surface drainage system.



14
















Figure 1

Perched Water Table Concept


The expected performance of the design depends not only on having the
right amount of sand, but the right kind of sand as well. Thus, when selecting
sand it must be careful to ensure that the sand consists mostly of medium-sized
sand particles (0.15 to 1.0 mm). It also must make sure that the sand selected
consists of minimal amounts of silt, clay, very fine sand and gravel.
It's worthwhile to prepare and test the various blends of sand and peat that
have been chosen to determine if it can achieve the proper water retention and
drainage rate from the blend. Once it determined the best blending ratio,
15

routinely monitor the blend for organic matter and particle size to verify
consistency.
The advantages of constructing a perched water table include:
greater resistance to compaction
improved aeration, providing air for plant growth
favorable water infiltration and percolation rates
increased effective precipitation rates due to decreased surface run-off
a water supply at an even depth under the entire turf surface.

For a perched water table to work properly the level of the sub grade,
drainage and root zone layers must mirror each other across the entire turf
surface. If one layer is thinner than another then water logging or dry spots may
occur.
12









Figure 2

Effect of Incorrect Contour Mirroring on a Perched Water Table
16


The above mentioned article and information prompted the researchers to
design and construct a new kind of drainage adopting the concept known as the
perched water table or inverted filter design.

Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework adopted for this study is based on Coombs
System Approach. It is generally consists of input, process, output and feedback.
The conceptual framework shows the interrelationship of each other. This will
serve as the researchers guide in performing the research.
First is the input, which includes the identification of the problem, human
resources, financial resources, materials and equipments.
Second is the process, which represents the overall accomplishment of
the system, and it is abstraction from the input in which input resources have
been processed. The process includes gathering of data, planning,
experimentation, interpretation, design, lay outing and construction.
The last is the representation of result or the output, which is the
proposed and evaluated drainage design, the Planter Box Drainage. See Figure
3. for the Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design Conceptual Framework.
The feedback shows the relationship of the first frame to the third frame.




17




Identification of the problem
Materials
Human and Financial
Resources
Equipment










Planning
Experimentation
Testing
Gathering of Data
Interpretation









Bio-Ecological Planter Box
Drainage Design






18




Significance of the Study

Proper drainage design is significantly important not only in the entire
community, to the environment but also to the health and welfare of the society.
As a new drainage design the Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage, the results of
the study would greatly contribute to the solution of todays problem, the flood it
is used to treat, filter and control water flow into the drainage, that will prevent
drainage problem and will serve for the long term future.
The research will benefit the following:
To the Environment, the Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage will filter
water flow into the drainage that would prevent drainage clogging and would
provide and discharge somehow more clean water.
To the Local Government, DPWH and other public works will be
benefited for having this drainage design which can be adopted and developed
to:
Prevent pollution (quality) by purification of the storm water by
ecological/biological processes thus reduce the water contamination;
Control flooding (quantity) by attenuation of flood discharge/zero peak
flow contribution.
Recharge groundwater by recharging and stabilizing the fluctuation of
the water.
Enhance the environment (amenity)
Maintenance is simple and cheap
19

To the Community, the results of this study will be significant to them
because aside from it can reduce the amount of urban runoff during heavy rain,
systematically, it will prevent drainage problem of the entire drainage system and
secure residents health and also they will have:
Visual amenity
Social opportunity for wetland appreciation
Understanding of how drainage works
To the students and future researchers, who will be particularly,
interested to take and conduct similar study, this research will be useful and
serve as their basis of idea and information.
To the professors, as a response to their assistance to the researchesr,
they will also gain knowledge from the study and will be able to share it to the
other students of the college.
To the researchers, the study will be significantly important, allowing
exposing the researchers to practice and apply knowledge and theory acquired in
the field of civil engineering.

Assumption
The researchers assumed a drainage design functional enough to
minimize the amount of water flowing directly to the affected area with more or
less, waste water will be filter to prevent drainage problem. The principles of
hydraulics and construction are applicable to attain an economical design.
Analysis of theories, ideas and data are needed to make a best improvement.
20

Scope and Limitation of the Study
The research study entitled Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design
will be a great help to the researchers to explore their field and to have a greater
perspective in their future job.
This research is pursued by the Civil Engineering student taking up
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering during the school year 2011-2012 at the
University of Rizal System Morong Rizal.
This research is limited for designing and improving drainage system
specifically to school and residential areas only. The used of theories, application
of ideas, gathered information from technical experts are applicable to this
research.
The researchers recommend some possible measure to mitigate the
problem. This covers only the analysis for the rectangular cross-section of
drainage and estimation of materials needed for the project to be built but
excluding the construction of the proposed design.

Definition of Terms
For better understanding of this study, the researchers hereby presented
the following terms which were defined conceptually and operationally.
Absorption Rate. The ratio of the weight of water absorbed by a material,
to the weight of the dry materials.
Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage. It is drainage designed to provide
sustainable development in urban water resources to prevent flood, water
21

pollution problems, loss of habitat, soil erosion and sedimentation, improve
aesthetics of urban environments.
Cost-effective. It is efficient enough to attain the desired function of a
conventional drainage.
Discharge. It is defined conceptually as the volume of water flowing as a
section of a water wall. It is usually expressed in cubic feet per second or cubic
meter per second.
Drain. This refers to the pipe or duct for conveying surface of subsoil
water or sewage.
Drainage. Is defined as the means of collecting, transporting and
disposing of surface water originating in or near the right of way, or flowing in
stream crossings or bordering the right of way.
13
Drainage Area. It is the land area from mean see level to some point on
Earths surface.
Environmental-friendly. (Also eco-friendly, nature friendly,
and green) are terms used to refer to goods and services, laws, guidelines and
policies claimed to inflict minimal or no harm on the environment.
Flood Control. This refers to practice of attempting to prevent or lessen
drainage caused by floods especially by the use of dam, levees, dikes and extra
outlet by reforestation.
14

Overland Flow and Surface Run Off. It defines conceptually as water,
which travels over the ground surface to a channel.
22

Rainfall Intensity. The intensity of rainfall is a measure of the amount of
rain that falls over time. The intensity of rain is measured in the height of the
water layer covering the ground in a period of time.
Sample Failure Load. The specified mixtures of samples of pervious
concrete that could have the tendency to fail.
Slope. This is an inclined line or surfaces.
Stormwater. It is water that originates during precipitation events.
Velocity. It defines to the rate of change of position of any object.
Volume. This refers to the amount of space, measured in cubic units.














23

NOTES
1.
www.water.gov.my/
2.
www.wikepedia.com
3.
www.hammerco.org/drainage.htm
4.
www.philippinesorbust.com/tag/drainage/
5.
findarticles.com/p/news-articles/manila-
bulletin/mi_7968/is_2011_July_21/dumaguete-city-plagued-flooding-
drainage/ai_n57879309/
6.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage
7.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_system_(agriculture)
8.
idswater.com/Common/Paper/Paper_179/Stormwater%20Quality%20Doc
umentation1.htm
9.
www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-8.html
10.
www.iwaponline.com/wst/03810/wst038100091.htm
11.
Ulang, Ronald Ryan A. (2010). The Effectiveness of Pervious Concrete as
Environment-Friendly Paving Material for Sidewalks and Pathways.
12.
www.usga.org/course
13.
www.wikipilipinas.com

14.
www.wikepedia.com




24

Chapter 2

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research technical design, setting of the study,
research instrument, procedure and method of the study, and the project design
model.

Research Technical Design
For this study, the researchers applied the different theories, method and
principle of hydraulics, hydrology, irrigation and watershed management,
estimate, steel and concrete design and even soil mechanics in order to come up
on the proper drainage design.
In connection to this study, the researchers applied the technical
developmental type of research.
Developmental research design is one in which a researcher purposely
and thoroughly manipulates controls one or more independent variables and
observes how the dependent variables are affected. It is considered as the most
powerful method for establishing cause-and effect relationship.
1

The concept is based on perched water table design, using the high
absorption and infiltration rate mixture of pervious concrete, cement, water and
3/8 inch gravel layered and then put in together on the drainage basin as the
cover. Laying also the other mediums like coconut husk, geotextile, carabao
grass and the soil less potting medium to complete the absorption and infiltration
rate of the drainage.
25

Preparation of
Materials and
Instruments Needed
Construction of
Drainage Basin.
Preparing and Mixing of
Proportioned Materials for
the Pervious Concrete.
Molding and Curing
of Pervious Concrete.
Laying of Pervious
Concrete together with
Geotextile, Coconut husk,
Soil, Soil otting Medium
and Carabao Grass
Final Testing and
Evaluation of the
Absorption and
Infiltration Rate
to the whole
Research
Completion
Test the
Absorption
and
Infiltration
If High?
If
If High?
I
f

Modification and changes of the medium used on the design, together with
the appropriate thickness, will be after the result test of absorption and infiltration
rate of the drainage.
Figure 4 shows the flowchart for the study of Bio-Ecological Planter Box
Drainage Design.

















Figure 4

Flowchart of the Study in Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design
26

Research Instrument
In this study, the researchers used recorded data of rainfall intensity
classification which includes different categories used as basis for inferences in
solving problems especially in determining the volume of precipitation and also
recognizing several factors that may affect the structure and features of the
design.

Research Procedure or Methods of Design
Conduct of the Study
The following were the procedures and method of the study employed by
the researchers.
This showed the planning and scheduling of activities using a Gantt chart.
It was a timetable of every activity that will take place during the study
2
. See
Appendix A for Gantt Chart of Activities.
The research was formally started on the 3
rd
week of October for the
conceptualization of the research title that would best solution for todays
problem to global warming or climate changing and environmental-friendly one.
After the approval of the title of the research, entitled Planter Box
Drainage Design on the 4
th
week of October, the researchers asked for a thesis
adviser, critic reader, expert and panel chairman that would best give the
researchers good advice and suggestions during 2
nd
week of November.
Without any time wasting, the researchers started conducting research,
searching for articles, and related literatures about drainage designs. After
27

providing the appropriate articles, it then followed the construction of needed
data in Chapter 1 & 2, consulted to the researchers adviser and then passed it to
the researchers research instructor for checking. Revision of both chapters wee
made right after.
4
th
week of March when the researchers conducted their colloquium. Then
right after the vacation, as the second semester started, 1
st
week of June was for
the revision of Chapter 1 & 2. After finalizing the two chapters, the researchers
focused on the development of Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage model,
preparing samples of pervious concrete and taking the one with high absorption
rate, selecting and taking appropriate soil for layering, adding of grass for turfing
at the top and last is the testing of the whole planter box drainage model for the
final absorption rate test.
The researchers recorded and tabulated the data gathered from the
conducted experiments and finalized Chapter 3 & 4 in preparation for final
defense.

Conduct of Experiment
The steps done during the entire preparation of the drainage design
model are as follows:
For this study, the first thing that the researchers do is the preparation of
materials needed for bio-ecological planter box drainage design. This comprises
the cement, water, 3/8 inch gravel, for the pervious concrete, the equipment
used, and the medium for the alternative drainage cover.
28
































Figure 5
Materials Needed for Making the Pervious Concrete Samples
and Drainage Basin.











29








































Figure 6

Materials for the Drainage Cover



SOI
L
COCONUT HUSK
SOIL LESS POTTING
MEDIUM
CARABAO
GRASS
GEOTEXTILE
30

Second, is the construction of the drainage basin according to the design
dimension of the researchers.



















Figure 7

Construction of drainage basin

31

Third, is the preparation of pervious concrete. After determining the
appropriate mixture for pervious concrete through conducting trials of
absorption and infiltration on samples of it, then it is now ready to mix the
proportioned and weighted materials (cement, gravel and water). Then after a
thorough mixing, prepare the mixture for moulding and curing.



















Figure 8

Pervious Concrete Samples



32

















Figure 9 Figure 10
Preparation of Pervious Mixing of Pervious Concrete






















Figure 11

Moulding and Preparing for Curing
33

The third step is the testing of absorption and infiltration rate of the finish
pervious concrte together with the other design mediums ( geotextile, coconut
husk, soil and the soi less potting medium).








































34






















Figure 12
Testing the Absorption and
Infiltration Rate

After testing the absorption and infiltration rate of the pervious concrete
together with the layered mediums, then finally add the turfing grass on the
upper most layer of the design and wait for about two weeks for the grass to
grow and hold the roots in the soil.













35







Figure 13
Laying of Grass Turf
The next step is the final evaluation of whole drainage design by testing
the absorption and infiltration rate in this kind of mediums considering also
each thickness layer.


















Figure 14
Final Testing of Absorption and Infiltration Rate
Finally, the result of the test and evaluation made by the researchers was
made the design final and used in preparation for the final presentation of the
bio-ecological planter box drainage design.






36












Figure 15
Evaluated and Tested Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design
Project Design Models (Equation and Mathematical Models)
For the new drainage design, the researchers used the different models
and equation from the technical books like Hydraulics, Hydrology, Steel and
Reinforced Concrete Design, Irrigation and Watershed Management and Soil
Mechanics books in the calculation of the design drainage. Also to determine the
total volume of the design drainage can carry. The three main variables are the
discharge, area and mean velocity of the water; current velocity can be
calculated by Mannings Equation that is best applied to the solutions of the
channel flow.
For the computation of the square section of the drainage used, compute
the area the researcher applied the formula from Hydraulics, the most efficient
section which is applicable to the design properly.
For the computation of volume of the water the rain produces, rainfall
intensity data from PAGASA and other legal government units are needed for
this study. To determine the volume of precipitation that the drainage will carry
multiply the areas of lot concerned by the rainfall intensity.
37

For the design of slab of the drainage, the researchers adopted the
principles for one way slab.
Engineering design defends on formulas provided in the code. The design
was not being called design if the formulas never exist in the study of
Engineering. The following formulas were derived to guide the researchers in the
analysis for the design of the drainage.
1

Determining of Discharge:

Where:
Q = is the discharge in m
3
/s or ft
3
/s
A = is the cross-sectional area of the flow in m
2
or ft
2

V = mean velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s

Determining the Absorption Rate:

Where:
Ar = is the absorption rate
h = is the height of water
t = time
Determining the Drainage Actual Water Capacity:

Where:
Q = is the drainage water capacity
38

Ac = is the cover area of drainage
Ar = is the absorption rate

Determining the Volume of Precipitation:










NOTES
1.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki
2.
Microsoft Office Project 2007







39

Chapter 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULT

This chapter presents the findings of the study. It includes the Project
Design and Computations, Design Result and Analysis and Interpretation of
Result. Tables, Figures and Design Computations will be presented with the
accompanying textual presentation that gives the information and analysis of
data presented.

Project Design Computations
The project design includes application of pervious concrete,
determination of the design section of the drainage, calculation of the total land
area and drainage cover area, calculation for the actual capacity of the drainage
cover, determining the volume of precipitation, design of reinforced concrete slab
and the design results.

Application of Pervious Concrete
This section shows the conventional concrete mix proportions, cross-
section of pervious concrete used in drainage sample, and pervious concrete
sample failure load (KN) tested by UTM.
Ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregate are the common method of
expressing the proportion of ingredients of concrete mixture. For example, the
conventional mixture shows a concrete mix proportion 1:2:4 means that for every
part of cement used in the mixture, a corresponding two parts fine aggregate and
40

four parts coarse aggregates should also be added. But for the applying the
proportions developed by the researcher of the pervious concrete, as they
treated this as a special type of concrete (pervious concrete) with no sand as fine
aggregate and only use 3/8 in pea size of coarse aggregate and certain amount
of cement, we come up to use the pervious concrete mix proportioned by
conventional method.
Table 1
Pervious Concrete Mix Proportioned by Conventional Method
CLASS MIXTURE CEMENT (40 KG/ BAG) GRAVEL (cu.m.)
A 1: 4 1/3 1 4 1/3 box
B 1: 4 1 4 1/2box
Table 1 shows the pervious concrete mix proportioned by mass and it
explained that for every part of cement used in the mixture, a corresponding four
and one third parts to four and a half coarse aggregate should also be added.
The water cement ratio is usually expressed in mass. The cement and aggregate
ratio are still the same, the amount of the cement is changed and corresponding
amount of aggregate follows.
Table 2
Pervious Concrete Mix Proportioned by Mass (kg/m
3
)
MATERIAL MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4
Cement (kg/m
3
) 356 360 362 366
Coarse Aggregate,
3/8 (kg/m
3
)
1547 1560 1573 1587
Water (kg/m
3
) 96 97 96 101
w/cm 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28
41

Table 2 explained that the mixture of pervious concrete is in mass (kg)
and for every 1 cubic meter of pervious concrete it should have a 360 kg of
cement plus 1547 kg of 3/8 (inch) pea size gravel and 96 kg of water.
The table 3 shows the pervious concrete sample failure load in Kilo
Newton (KN) tested by the Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
Table 3
Pervious Concrete Sample Failure Load (KN)
DAYS MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4
7 - - - 200
14 173 222 150 -
28 205 335 110 295

The figure below shows the detail of said sample of pervious concrete.















Figure 16

Pervious Concrete




42

The estimated cement water and aggregates for the sample of pervious
concrete are shown below.
For Cement (Class A Mixture)


TOTAL VOLUME = 0.38 m x 1.2 m x 0.08 m = 0.0365 m
3
= 1.2885ft
3

Cement used = (1.2885 ft
3
) = 11.894Kg
For Gravel;
Gravel used = total volume
= 0.35 m x 1.2 m x 0.08 m = 0.0365 m
3
= 1.2885 ft
3


For Water;

Water used = x 0.0365 m
3
= 3.504 Kg.
=

= 3.504 x 10
-3
m
3
x
= 3.504 liters of water


Summary;
Cement = 11.894 Kg
3/8 Gravel = 1.2885 ft
3

Water = 3.504 Kg (mass) = 3.504 liters (volume)


43

Determination of the Design Section of the Drainage
The researcher provides the design section of the Bio-Ecological Planter
Box Drainage Design which can suit to the discharge capacity of the drainage
cover.









Figure 17
Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage

The top cover area of the Planter Box Drainage Design with a sample
width (0.35m) and length (L) will used in determining the discharge capacity of
the drainage cover.
The analysis of the velocity on common drainage refers to the total
distance traveled over the period of time. This by applying the concept of Dr.
Apostol an expert on the water studies. Determining the velocity of water through
a simple experiment by putting the small piece of paper on the drainage and then
record the time such paper passes over the length of the drainage. But the
researchers conduct the special type of drainage (Planter Box Drainage Design)
Grass Turfing
Soil Less Potting Medium
Soil
Coconut Husk
Geotextile / Used Clothes
Pervious Concrete
44

which has its critical velocity or absorption rate flows on its drainage cover
(pervious concrete with soil and plants).
For further understanding, the researcher conducted the experiments on
calculating the absorption rate of the drainage cover with respect to the different
mediums and its thickness.




















Figure 18
Cylindrical Sample


Below are the procedures of the experiment
1. Make a sample cover of the planter box drainage design.
2. Calculate the volume of water to use in attaining the water height of 0.1 m.
3. Pour the water to the sample cover and record the time it will take for the
water to have a zero value of height (H).
45

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 up to five trials.
5. Calculate the average velocity.
Table 4

Trials for Absorption Rate

Trials Height of water Time(s) Rate(m/s)
1 0.010 m 9.36 0.001068
2 0.010 m 9.12 0.001096
3 0.010 m 9.40 0.001064
4 0.010 m 9.45 0.001058
5 0.010 m 9.34 0.001071

Trial 1 comes up with a rate of 0.001068m/sec by dividing the measured
0.01m height to the conducted time measured 9.36sec. Trial 2 comes up with a
rate of 0.001096m/sec by dividing the measured 0.01m height and the conducted
time measured 9.12sec. Trial 3 comes up with a rate of 0.001064m/sec by
dividing the measured 0.01m height and the conducted time measured 9.40sec.
Trial 4 comes up with a rate of 0.001058m/sec by dividing the measured 0.01m
height and the conducted time measured 9.45sec. Trial 5 comes up with a rate of
0.00107m/sec by dividing the measured 0.01m height and the conducted time
measured 9.34sec.
After accomplishing the trial and errors for the absorption rate, the
researchers compute the average rate with respect to the five trials and use the
computed average as the top cover absorption rate of the Planter Box Drainage
46

Design. From the computation done by the researchers, the computed mean
absorption rate is 0.0010714m/sec.

Calculate the Total Land Area and Drainage Cover Area
The total land area refers to the areas of lots concerned for the purpose of
calculating the volume of precipitation while drainage cover area is for computing
the covers capacity and their comparison. The researchers provide sample
areas as shown in the table.
Table 5

Average Land Area and Drainage Cover Area

Classification
Average Lot
Area
Drainage
Width
Drainage
Length
Total
Drainage
Cover Area
Residential 400 sq.m 0.35 m 10 m 3.5 sq.m
School 5,000 sq.m 0.4 m 25 m 10.0 sq.m
Barangay 500,000 sq.m 0.5 m 750 m 375 sq.m

Table 5 shows the average lot area in each different classification with the
specified drainage cover area. Average lot area is specified by the researchers
as assumed to be the average in different classifications. The total drainage
cover areas were computed by multiplying the width of the drainage to its actual
length.

47

Calculate for the Actual Capacity of the drainage cover
The researchers calculated the actual capacity of the drainage cover
design by using same formula from hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Thus, to
determine the capacity (Q), it will be equal to the product of the mean Absorption
rate (Ar) and top cover area (Ac). Using this formula, the researchers can now
compute for the discharge capacity of the drainage cover design.
The average Absorption rate (Ar) was calculated through the experiment
of the researchers which happens to be equal to 0.0010714m/sec. The area of
the top cover drainage design (see Figure 16) on the other hand was determined
through direct measurements that have a width of 0.35 m with the drainage
length (L), the drainage cover area will then be equal to 0.35 x L (m
2
) for
residential and so on.
For Residential For School
Q = Ac Ar Q = Ac Ar
Q = 0.35m (10m) (0.0010714m/sec)
Q=0.40m(25m)(0.0010714m/sec)
Q = 0.00375m
3
/s Q = 0.010714m
3
/s
For Barangay
Q = Ac Ar
Q = 0.50m (750m) (0.0010714m/sec) Q = 0.401775m
3
/s

Therefore the amount of the discharge that the planter box drainage
design can hold is 0.00375m
3
/s for residential area, 0.010714m
3
/s for school
48

area, and 0.401775m
3
/s for barangay. This magnitude will serve as reference to
see if the drainage could carry the volume of precipitation in particular areas. If
the computed actual discharge of the drainage cover is lower than the volume of
precipitation in different classification, the drainage needs to have improvement.

Determining the Volume of Precipitation
In determining intensity duration of the rainfall and frequency data the
researchers gathered data from the Philippine Atmospherical Geophysical
Astronomical and Service Administration (PAGASA). The said office conducted
studies about the classification of rainfall intensity in specified time as shown in
the table below.

Table 6

Rainfall Intensity Classification

Category 6-Hour 12-Hour 24-Hour
Light <15mm <30mm <60mm
Moderate 15 45mm 30 - 90mm 60 - 180mm
Heavy >45mm >90mm >180mm


The table shows the classification of a different rainfall intensity based on
PAGASA.

49

Table 7

Equivalent Average Intensity (mm/Hr) Of Computed Extreme Values

Category Light Moderate Heavy
Intensity <2.5 2.5-7.5 >7.5

This table shows the corresponding Intensity in mm/hr of rainfall
classifications. Light rain comes up with the intensity of 2.5 mm/hr by dividing
15mm to corresponding 6hrs. Moderate rain comes up with the intensity of 2.5-
7.5 mm/hr by dividing 15-45 mm to corresponding 6hrs. Heavy rain comes up
with the intensity of 7.5mm/hr by dividing 45mm to corresponding 6hrs.
To determine the volume of precipitation the researchers used the
illustrated data. The table contains rainfall intensity in every gauging period and
also the projected time (return period) when rain intensity is in different category.
For further understanding the researchers computed the volume of precipitation
in different land classification as shown in the table below.

Table 8

Comparison of Volume of Precipitation to the Actual Discharge of Drainage
Cover

Category Light Moderate Heavy Actual Discharge
Residential
0.000267
m
3
/s
0.00056
m
3
/s
0.000844
m
3
/s
0.00375 m
3
/s
School
0.00333
m
3
/s
0.006944
m
3
/s
0.01056
m
3
/s
0.010714 m
3
/s
Barangay
0.333
m
3
/s
0.694
m
3
/s
1.0556
m
3
/s
0.401775 m
3
/s
50

Therefore the drainage design is applicable in residential and school area
since the resulted volume of precipitation which classified as light, moderate and
heavy rain are less than its actual capacity. But for barangay area, the drainage
failed to hold the heavy and moderate rainfall intensity, therefore the drainage
needs to have improvement for this area since it could only holds light rainfall
intensity. See computations below.

Computing the volume of precipitation in residential;
1. Vp(light rain) = Rainfall Intensity (light rain) x Land Area
= (2.4mm/hr x 1m/1000mm x 1hr/3600sec) x 400 sq.m
Vp(light rain) = 0.0002667 m
3
/s
2. Vp(moderate rain) = Rainfall Intensity (moderate rain) x Land Area
= (5.0 mm/hr x 1m/1000mm x 1hr/3600sec) x 400 sq.m
Vp(moderate rain) = 0.0005556 m
3
/s
3. Vp(heavy rain) = Rainfall Intensity (heavy rain) x Land Area
= (7.6 mm/hr x 1m/1000mm x 1hr/3600sec) x 400 sq.m
Vp(heavy rain) = 0.000844 m
3
/s

Computing the volume of precipitation in schools;
1. Vp(light rain) = Rainfall Intensity (light rain) x Land Area
= (2.4mm/hr x 1m/1000mm x 1hr/3600sec) x 5,000 sq.m
Vp(light rain) = 0.00333 m
3
/s
2. Vp(moderate rain) = Rainfall Intensity (moderate rain) x Land Area
= (5.0 mm/hr x 1m/1000mm x 1hr/3600sec) x 5,000 sq.m
51

Vp(moderate rain) = 0.006944 m
3
/s
3. Vp(heavy rain) = Rainfall Intensity (heavy rain) x Land Area
= (7.6 mm/hr x 1m/1000mm x 1hr/3600sec) x 5,000 sq.m
Vp(heavy rain) = 0.01056 m
3
/s

Computing the volume of precipitation in Barangay;
1. Vp(light rain) = Rainfall Intensity (light) x Land Area
= (2.4 mm/hr x 1m/1000mm x 1hr/3600sec) x 500,000 sq.m
Vp(light rain) = 0.333 m
3
/s
2. Vp(moderate rain) = Rainfall Intensity (moderate) x Land Area
= (5 mm/hr x 1m/1000mm x 1hr/3600sec) x 500,000 sq.m
Vp(moderate rain) = 0.694 m
3
/s
3. Vp(heavy rain) = Rainfall Intensity (heavy rain) x Land Area
= (7.6 mm/hr x 1m/1000mm x 1hr/3600sec) x 500,000 sq.m
Vp(heavy rain) = 1.0556 m
3
/s

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slab
In designing of slab, the researchers adopted the design of reinforced
concrete one way slab through satisfying its condition (the ratio of short span to
long span which is less than 0.5). The researchers 80mm thick and used section
7.6.5(ACI Code 388-77) says In wall and slabs other than concrete joist
construction, primarily flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart
than 3 times the wall/slab thickness, nor 18 in.
The reinforcement is summarized in the table below.
52

Table 9

Schedule of Reinforcement for Slab

Description Thickness Dimension Location Short Span Long Span
Slab 80mm 0.5m x 1.2m
Bottom
Bars
12mm dia @
240mm
-
Top
Bars
-
10mm dia @
240mm


Estimate of Costs
In accordance to the book Simplified Construction Estimate published by
Max B. Fajardo Jr., one method in proportioning the concrete into its components
is called the Volume Method. It is the most common and convenient method that
had been practiced in estimating then cost of concrete construction.
The table below is vital in estimating concrete proportion by using volume
method.
Table 10

Concrete Proportions

Class Mixture
Cement Sand Gravel
40kg/bag 50kg/bag cu.m cu.m
AA 1 : 1 : 3 12.0 9.5 0.50 1.0
A 1 : 2 : 4 9.0 7.0 0.50 1.0
B 1 : 2 : 5 7.5 6.0 0.50 1.0
C 1 : 3 : 6 6.0 5.0 0.50 1.0

53

By following the procedures in Volume Method, the researchers needed to
calculate the total volume of concrete used. To do so, they determined the total
length of the drainage, the cross-sectional width and thickness of the cover.
The volume of concrete subtracted by the volume of reinforcement
assumed to be 25% of the volume of concrete computed will show the way to the
gross volume of concrete.
Setting for a 40 kg bag of cement, the researchers used table 10 to
determine the multiplier needed for calculating the fractions of cement, sand, and
gravel.
After determining the amount or quantity of each material used, the
researchers determined the cost of each quantities. The proceeding table
presents the cost of the materials used in the construction of drainage system.
To be able to estimate the total costs of each material, the researchers
multiply the total quantity of materials to their corresponding costs; the results
were tabulated as follows:
Table 11

Material Cost for Conventional Drainage

Materials Unit Qty. Price Cost
Cement (PORTLAND) 1 bag 1.762 bags 230.00 405.26
Gravel 1 cu.m 0.098 cu.m 700.00 68.60
Sand 1 cu.m 0.196 cu.m 650.00 127.40
G.I. (tie wire) 1 kilo 0.032 80.00 2.56
12mm 1 piece 1.8 180.00 324.00
10mm 1 piece 2 128.00 256.00
Total Cost = Php. 1183.82


54

Table 12

Material Cost for Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage

Materials Unit Qty. Price Cost
Cement
(PORTLAND)
1 bag 1.3302 bags 230.00 305.946
Gravel 1 cu.m 0.0739 cu.m 700.00 51.73
Sand 1 cu.m 0.1478 cu.m 650.00 96.07
10mm 1 piece 1.4 pcs 128.00 179.20
12mm 1 piece 1.4 pcs 180.00 252.00
Cement 1 kg 10.955 Kg 7.00 76.685
3/8 Gravel 1 balde(1 ft
3
) 1.1867 ft
3
40.00 47.468
Geotextile / Used Clothes 1 m
2
0.456 m
2
40.00 18.24

Total Cost = Php. 1027.339


Planter Box Drainage Design costs Php. 1027.339 which is less than the
cost of Conventional Drainage Design, Php.1,183.82. This means that it is more
economical to construct the Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage.











55

Chapter 4

SUMMARY OF DESIGN RESULT, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter includes the summary of design result, conclusions and
recommendations.


Summary of Design Result
Based from the results of analysis and computations done for the design
of the drainage, the following findings were finalized and adopted:
1. The most effective mix proportion of the pervious concrete applicable for
Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design, considering 0.38 m width,
120 m length and 0.08 m thick is composed of 11.894 kg of cement,
1.2885

of 3/8 gravel and 3.504 kg or 3.504 liter of water.

2. Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design could give a mean absorption
rate of 0.0010714m/s and the amount of discharge of the drainage cover
design which is applicable for residential and school area can hold a
volume of precipitation of 0.00375m
3
/s and 0.010714m
3
/s respectively.
3. Based on the design adopted by the researchers, the estimated value of
the Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design cost P1027.339,
sufficiently enough to consider its cost-effectiveness comparing to the
conventional drainage design.



56

Conclusions
After the Analysis, Computations and Findings, the researchers came up
with the following conclusions:
1. Pervious Concrete and its effective proportion can be utilized to design a
Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design that is viable for the water
quantity and quality treatment.
2. The drainage design is limited only to the expected volume of discharge
water in residential and school area.
3. The Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design adopted an integrated
approach to obtain both practical and cost effective solutions to minimize
the impact of urbanization on the environment.

Recommendations
1. Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design may be utilized in residential
and school areas.
2. Further study may be made on the proper mixture of pervious concrete
and design thickness of mediums as well.
3. Other alternative and indigenous materials should be scrupulously studied
in Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage Design to provide a much more
economical cost.
4. Further improvement of the design and providing alternative cover
plants/grass turf should be conducted to make it utilize not only for
residential and school areas but also for barangay areas.

57

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
Besavilla, Venacio I., Jr., Reinforced Concrete Design, Cebu City, Philippines., VIB
Publisher, 2009

Building Code Requirements for Reinforced concrete (ACI 318-77) Max B. Fajardo, Jr.
Simplified Construction and Estimate Edition 2000


Ulang, Ronald Ryan A. (2010). The Effectiveness of Pervious Concrete as
Environment-Friendly Paving Material for Sidewalks and Pathways.


Vicente A. Tagayun Estimating Bill of Materials 2002

B. ELECTRONIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
Microsoft Encarta 2007 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. Britannica 2008
Ultimate

C. INTERNET

www.yahoo.com/perviousconcrete
www.progressiveconcrete.com
www.youtube.com/perviousconcrete
www.perviouspavement.org
www.drainscape.com
www.nrmca.org
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_system
www.idswater.com/Common/Paper/Stormwater
www.wikipilipinas.com


58


























APPENDIX A
59

Gantt Chart

















































APPENDIX B
60

Letters















































61

















































62

















































63

















































64














































APPENDIX C
65

Design Computations

Hydraulics

Absorption rate in each trial
A
r (1)
= 0.010/9.36 = 0.001068
A
r (2)
= 0.010/9.12 = 0.001096
A
r (3)
= 0.010/9.40 = 0.001064
A
r (4)
= 0.010/9.45 = 0.001058
A
r (5)
= 0.010/9.34 = 0.001071
A
r (average)
= (0.001068+0.001096+0.001064+0.001058+0.001071)/5
= 0.0010714 m/s

Design of Slab
For Ec:
Ec = Wc(1.5)(0.043)
= (2400)(1.5)(0.043)
Ec = 23,168.34 MPa
For n:
n = =
n = 8.68 say 9

For fc:
fc = 0.45fc
= 0.45(21)
fc = 9.45MPa
For fs:
fs = 0.60fy
= 0.60(275)
fs = 165MPa
For k:
k =
=
k = 0.340
For j:
j = 1 -
= 1
J = 0.887
For R:
66


R = fc k j
=(9.45)(0.340)(0.887)
R =1.425MPa

a.) Minimum required depth (Both end continuous)
L = 1200mm
tmin = L/28 = 42.85714286 mm
TRY: d = 80mm

Dead Load: 0.08(2400)(9.81) = 1883.52
Live Load: 2.4 kPa = 2400
Waterproofing: 1.2 kPa = 1200
W = 5483.52
Consider 1m Strip = W = 5483.52

b.) Moment:
M = WL2/12 (Continuous Beam)
M = 658022.4N.m
d = (M/Rb)^1/2 = 21.49mm < 80mm (o.k.)
d = 80 mm

c.) Steel Requirement
As = M/fsjd = 56.20088142 mm2
No. of Steel Bars Needed = 1000/S
Using 12mm bars
1000/S x P*122/4 = 56.2mm
2

S = 2012.38125mm
Smax = 3(80) = 240mm
Use 12mm bars spaced @ 240mm O.C.

Check for Shearing Stress :

V = ( WL/2) - Wd = (5483.52*1.2/2) - (5483.52*0.08)
V = 2851.4304N
v = V/ bd 0.036 < 0.4 MPa (safe)

Check for Bond Stress:

M = v/So jd
So = (1000*p*12)/240
So = 157.08
M = 3290.112/(157.08*0.887*80)
M = 0.295 < 1.4MPa (safe)

Temperature Bars:
67


As = 0.002bt
As = 0.002(1000)(80)
As = 160mm
2

Using 10mm bar
S = 490.875mm
Smax = 3(80) = 240mm

Use 10mm temp. bars @ 240mm O.C.



Estimated Material Cost for Concrete by Volume Method

(Conventional Drainage)

a) Top Slab
t = 0.08m ; L = 1.2 ; w = 0.5m
V
1
= 0.08(1.2)(0.5)
V
1
= 0.048m
3

b) Rectangular Section

b = 0.08m ; y = 0.6m ; L = 1.2m
A = 0.08(0.6)(2) + 0.08(0.34) = 0.1232
V
2
= 0.1232(1.2)
V
2
= 0.1478m
3

For 12mm diameter RSB

a. slab
W / s = 0.5 / 0.24
= 2.08 + 1 = 3 pcs
W / s = 0.5 / 0.24
= 2.08 + 1 = 3 pcs

b. wall
W / s = 0.6 / 0.3
= 2 x 2sides = 4 pcs
total

=3 + 3 + 4 = 10 pcs
L = 10 pcs x 1.2m = 12m
Use 12m length of 10m diam RSB



For 10mm diameter RSB
68

a. slab
W / s = 1.2 / 0.24
= 5 + 1 = 6 pcs
W / s = 1.2 / 0.24
= 5 + 1 = 6 pcs
Total = 6 + 6 = 12 pcs
L = 12pcs x 0.5m = 6m

b. wall
W / s = 1.2 / 0.3 = 4
= 4 x 2sides = 8 pcs
= 8 pcs x 0.6m = 4.8m
Total = 6m + 4.8m = 10.8m
Use 10.8m length of 10mm RSB

(Note: use 6 Length RSB)
For 12mm diameter RSB =

12m / 6m

=

2 pcs
For 10mm diameter RSB) = 10.8 / 6m

= 1.8 pcs

Total Volume

V
T
= V
1
+ V
2
= 0.048m
3
+ 0.1478m
3


V
T
= 0.1958 m
3

See Table 10 and by volume method using 40kg/bag of Portland cement
using Class A 1 : 2 : 4
Cement: 0.1958 x 9.0 = 1.762 bags
Sand: 0.1958 x 0.5 = 0.098 cu.m
Gravel: 0.1958 x 1 = 0.196 cu.m
(See Table 11)

Estimated Material Cost for Concrete by Volume Method

(Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage)

a. Pervious Concrete
Cement = 10.955 Kg
3/8 Gravel = 1.1867 ft
3

Water = 3.2256 Kg (mass) = 3.2256 liters (volume)


b.) Rectangular Section
69

b = 0.08m ; y = 0.6m ; L = 1.2m
A = 0.08(0.6)(2) + 0.08(0.34) = 0.1232
V
1
= 0.1232(1.2)
V
1
= 0.1478m
3

For 12mm diameter RSB

b. slab
W / s = 0.5 / 0.24
= 2.08 + 1 = 3 pcs
wall
W / s = 0.6 / 0.3
= 2 x 2sides = 4 pcs
total

= 3 + 4 = 7 pcs
L = 7 pcs x 1.2m = 8.4m
Use 8.4m length of 12m diam RSB

For 10mm diameter RSB

b. slab
W / s = 1.2 / 0.24
= 5 + 1 = 6 pcs
wall
W / s = 1.2 / 0.3 = 4
= 4 x 2sides = 8 pcs
= (6 pcs + 8 pcs) x 0.6m = 8.4m
Use 8.4m length of 10mm RSB

(`Note: use 6 Length RSB)
For 12mm diameter RSB =

8.4m / 6m

=

1.4 pcs
For 10mm diameter RSB) = 8.4 / 6m

= 1.4 pcs
Total Volume
V
T
= V
1



V
T
= 0.1478 m
3


See table 10 and by volume method using 40kg/bag of Portland cement
using Class A 1 : 2 : 4
Cement: 0.1478 x 9.0 = 1.3302 bags
Sand: 0.1478 x 0.5 = 0.0739 cu.m
Gravel: 0.1478 x 1 = 0.1478 cu.m
(See Table 12)


70



























0.220m
0.025m
0.355m
10mm spaced @ 300mm
10mm spaced @ 240mm
0.600m
12mm spaced @ 240mm

Figure 19
Details for Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage



71













Figure 20
Front View of Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage




`













Figure 21

Top View of Bio-Ecological Planter Box Drainage







APPENDIX D
Picture Documentation

72


















































MANUSCRIPT MAKING

MANUSCRIPT MAKING
73

















































74

















































ACTUAL THESIS
MAKING
75

















































FINAL DEFENSE
76













































CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA
77

Name : JERRY LYN GOMEZ DE GRACIA
Date of Birth : OCTOBER 20, 1991
Place of Birth : BINANGONAN RIZAL
Address : 228 NATIONAL ROAD BILIBIRAN BINANGONAN RIZAL
Telephone : 213-4138
Email : degracia_jerrylyn@yahoo.com
Civil Status : SINGLE
Religion : PROTESTANT - METHODIST
Mother : DOLORES GOMEZ DE GRACIA
Father : JERRY DE TORRES DE GRACIA SR.()



Educational Background:

LEVEL SCHOOL YEAR ATTENDED

Elementary : BILIBIRAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (1997-2003)
Bilibiran Binangonan Rizal

Secondary : DON JOSE M. YNARES MEMORIAL (2003-2007)
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San Carlos Binangonan Rizal

Tertiary : UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM (2007-PRESENT)
Morong, Rizal

Organization:
PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM STUDENT CHAPTER
(PICE-URS-SC)

Board Member 2009 - 2010
Member 2007 Present
Peace Officer 2011 Present

FUTURES ENGINEERS CLUB

Member 2007 Present


STUDENT RESEACHERS ORGANIZATION

Member 2011 Present

78

Seminars and Training Attended:

6
th
National CE TALK 2011
UP, Diliman Quezon City
July 23, 2011

Work Attitude Seminar Workshop 2011
AVEC, University of Rizal System Morong
April 7, 2011
Career Orientation Program
EARTS, University of Rizal System - Morong
November 18, 2011

On Job Training:
LRM Construction
Lot 1 Block 5 Phase 1, Grandvalley Subdivision Angono, Rizal
April 02 May 28, 2011
Cost Engineer
Estimator
AutoCAD Operator
Encoder
Portal Assistant





____________________________
JERRY LYN G. DE GRACIA


















CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA
79

Name : MARK SYMON DIMALALUAN DELA CRUZ
Date of Birth : NOVEMBER 11, 1990
Place of Birth : BINANGONAN, RIZAL
Address : J. SUMULONG ST. SAUDI VILLAGE LUNSAD,
BINANGONAN, RIZAL
Mobile : +639064598860
Email : marksymondelacruz@yahoo.com
Civil Status : SINGLE
Religion : ROMAN CATHOLIC
Mother : RESTY DIMALALUAN DELA CRUZ
Father : DOMINGO AGRAVIO DELA CRUZ


Educational Background

LEVEL SCHOOL YEAR ATTENDED

Elementary : LUNSAD ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (1997-2003)
Lunsad Binangonan, Rizal

Secondary : BINANGONAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE (2003-2007)
Libis Binangonan, Rizal

Tertiary : UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM (2007-2012)
Morong, Rizal

Organizational Affiliated:

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM STUDENT CHAPTER
(PICE-URS-SC)

Board Member 2009 2010
Member 2007 Present
Business Manager 2011 Present

FUTURES ENGINEERS CLUB

5
th
Year Representative 2011 Present
Member 2007 Present


STUDENT RESEACHERS ORGANIZATION

President 2011 Present

80

URSM COLLEGE ENGLISH CLUB

2
nd
Year Representative 2008 2009

NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (NSTP) CWTS

Vice President 2007 2008

SANGGUNIAANG KABATAAN KAGAWAD 2007 2010

CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN ACTION FOR
SUSTAINABLE FUTURE (CYASF) AREA ANIMATOR 2007 Present

Achievements:
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Award for Outstanding Achievement in
Technology and Entrepreneurship


Seminars and Training Attended:

Career Orientation Program
EARTS, University of Rizal System - Morong
November 18, 2011

6
th
National CE TALK 2011
UP, Diliman Quezon City
July 23, 2011

Work Attitude Seminar Workshop 2011
AVEC, University of Rizal System Morong
April 7, 2011

A Phenomenological Reflection by Dr. Mina M. Ramirez on the Vanishing
Youth and the Philippine Reality: Some Insights into the Meaning and
Significance of Youth Participation towards Social Transformation.
Bay View Park Hotel, Manila
February 5, 2011

Paglilinang ng Kasanayan sa Mapaglingkod na Pamumuno
CSBCom - CYASF Ecological Resource and Training Center
San Juan Ext.,Brgy. Darangan, Binangonan Rizal
August 28 29, 2010


YOUTH IN ACTION FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE: Upholding Human
Dignity and the Integrity of Creation (with Preferential Option for the Poor)
Francis Senden Memorial Hall, Asian Social Institute
15188 Leon Guinto St., Malate, Manila
May 19, 2010

81

8
th
youth for Environmental Summer Camp and Training
Teachers Camp, Baguio City
April 20 24, 2010

Binangonan Sangguniang Kabataan Leadership Camp
Pranjetto Hills, Tanay, Rizal
June 5 6, 2009

Integrated Sangguniang Kabataan (Sk) Orientation Leadership
and Reorganization Basic Orientation Seminar (ISKOLAR - BOS)
GMD, Compound
Brgy. Batingan, Binangonan, Rizal
June 6, 2008

PHOTOVOICE Project for Community Youth
Brgy. Dalig, Cardona, Rizal
September October, 2008
Holistic Environmental Education (Module 1 and 2 Integrity of Creation and
Personhood)
Avelinas Lakeview Resort
Brgy. Dalig Cardona, Rizal
March 8 9, 2008

Holistic Environmental Education (Module 3, 4, 5 and Basic Ecology)
Villa Mari Resort, Baltao Subdivision
Brgy. Sta Cruz, Taktak Road, Antipolo City
May 7 9, 2008

Holistic Environmental Education (Module 6, 7 and R.A. 9003, The
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)
Villa Mari Resort, Baltao Subdivision
Brgy. Sta Cruz, Taktak Road, Antipolo City
June 14 - 15, 2008

Holistic Environmental Education (Module 8: Water for Life and R.A. 9275,
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004)
San Francisco Parish School
Pauna St., Brgy. Del Remedio, Cardona, Rizal
August 10, 2008




Holistic Environmental Education (Module 9: Community Trees
for Life and Tree Planting Activity)
Eves Hill Resort
Brgy. Calahan, Cardona, Rizal
October 12, 2008



82

On the Job Training:
LRM Construction
Lot 1 Block 5 Phase 1, Grandvalley Subdivision Angono, Rizal
April 02 May 31, 2011

Quality Engineer
Estimator
Material Coordinator Assistant
AutoCAD Operator







___________________________
MARK SYMON D. DELA CRUZ





























CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA
83

Name : LIZA MIA VILDOSOLA DIAMANTE
Date of Birth : MAY 26, 1990
Place of Birth : MANILA
Address : P5 BRGY. SAN ISIDRO TAYTAY, RIZAL
Mobile : +639352869178
Email : lizamia.diamante@yahoo.com
Civil Status : SINGLE
Religion : ROMAN CATHOLIC
Mother : ELIZABETH VILDOSOLA DIAMANTE
Father : JERRY PANGANIBAN DIAMANTE




Educational Background:

LEVEL SCHOOL YEAR ATTENDED

Elementary : BAUTISTA TAYKO MEM. SDA ELEM. SCHOOL (1997-2003)
Maitom Siaton Negros, Oriental


Secondary : FRANCISCO P. FELIX MEMORIAL (2003-2007)
NATL HIGH SCHOOL
Sto. Nio Cainta, Rizal

Tertiary : UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM (2007-Present)
Morong, Rizal

Organization:
PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM STUDENT CHAPTER
(PICE-URS-SC)

Member 2007 Present

FUTURES ENGINEERS CLUB

Member 2007 Present


STUDENT RESEACHERS ORGANIZATION

Member 2011 Present


84

Seminars and Training Attended:
Career Orientation Program
EARTS, University of Rizal System - Morong
November 18, 2011

6
th
National CE TALK 2011
UP, Diliman Quezon City
July 23, 2011

Work Attitude Seminar Workshop 2011
AVEC, University of Rizal System Morong
April 7, 2011

On Job Training:

LRM Construction
Lot 1 Block 5 Phase 1, Grandvalley Subdivision Angono, Rizal
April 02 May 31, 2011
Cost Engineer
Estimator
Material Coordinator Assistant
AutoCAD Operator
Encoder

____________________________
LIZA MIA V. DIAMANTE



















CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA
Name : BELITA ENTERO LAZARRA
85

Date of Birth : SEPTEMBER 18, 1990
Place of Birth : BINANGONAN RIZAL
Address : 0609 TUAZON COMP. TAYUMAN BINANGONAN RIZAL
Mobile : +639176921333
Email : bhel18_ce@yahoo.com
Civil Status : SINGLE
Religion : ROMAN CATHOLIC
Mother : AMELITA ENTERO LAZARRA
Father : BEN MONTALLANA LAZARRA



Educational Background:

LEVEL SCHOOL YEAR ATTENDED

Elementary : TAYUMAN ELEM. SCHOOL (1997-2003)
Tayuman, Binangonan, Rizal

Secondary : DON JOSE M. YNARES MEMORIAL
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL (2003-2007)
San Carlos Binangonan, Rizal

Tertiary : UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM (2007-Present)
Morong, Rizal

Organization:
PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM STUDENT CHAPTER
(PICE-URS-SC)

Member 2007 Present

FUTURES ENGINEERS CLUB

Member 2007 Present



STUDENT RESEACHERS ORGANIZATION

Assistant Secretary 2011 Present

URSM DANCE TROUPE
Member 2007 2009
86

CoEng Representative 2009 2010

Seminars and Training Attended:
Career Orientation Program
EARTS, University of Rizal System - Morong
November 18, 2011

6
th
National CE TALK 2011
UP, Diliman Quezon City
July 23, 2011

Work Attitude Seminar Workshop 2011
AVEC, University of Rizal System Morong
April 7, 2011

Achievements:

Second Honorable Mention
Don Jose Ynares Memorial National High School
S.Y. 2006-2007

On Job Training:

ECPC (Ernesto C. Paulino Construction) Co., Inc.
No.1 Policy Street, GSIS Village, Project 8, Quezon City
April 04 May 21, 2011
AutoCAD Operator
Encoder





____________________________
BELITA E. LAZARRA










CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA
Name : ARSENIO P. MESA JR.
87

Date of Birth : FEBRUARY 23, 1991
Place of Birth : BINANGONAN, RIZAL
Address : 0765 ATIS STA URSULA SUBDIVISION BATINGAN
BINANGONAN, RIZAL
Mobile : +639157678982
Email : arsenmesa@yahoo.com
Civil Status : SINGLE
Religion : ROMAN CATHOLIC
Mother : MAE MONA MESA
Father : ARSENIO MESA SR.


Educational Background:

LEVEL SCHOOL YEAR ATTENDED

Elementary : BINANGONAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (1997-2003)
Layunan Binangonan Rizal

Secondary : Vicente Madrigal NATL SCHOOL (2003-2007)
Pantok Palangoy Binangonan Rizal

Tertiary : UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM (2007-2PRESENT)
Morong, Rizal

Organization:

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM STUDENT CHAPTER
(PICE-URS-SC)

Member 2007 Present
Auditor 2011 Present

FUTURES ENGINEERS CLUB

Member 2007 Present



STUDENT RESEACHERS ORGANIZATION

Member 2011 Present


Seminars and Training Attended:
88


6
th
National CE TALK 2011
UP, Diliman Quezon City
July 23, 2011

Work Attitude Seminar Workshop 2011
AVEC, University of Rizal System Morong
April 7, 2011

13
th
NATIONAL STUDENT CONFERENCE
Cebu City
November 25-27, 2010

14
th
NATIONAL STUDENT CONFERENCE
Cagayan De Oro City
November 17-19, 2011


Achievements:

11
th
REGIONAL BRIDGE BUILDING COMPETITION
1
st
PLACE
Antipolo City
October 01, 2010

12
th
REGIONAL BRIDGE BUILDING COMPETITION
2
nd
PLACE
UP Los Banos, Laguna
October 27,2011

13
th
NATIONAL BRIDGE BUILDING COMPETITION
4
th
PLACE
Cebu City
November 25-27, 2010

14
th
NATIONAL BRIDGE BUILDING COMPETITION
5
th
PLACE
Cagayan De Oro City
November 17-19, 2011






On Job Training:

LRM Construction
Lot 1 Block 5 Phase 1, Grandvalley Subdivision Angono, Rizal
April 02 May 31, 2011
Cost Engineer
89

Estimator
Material Coordinator Assistant
AutoCAD Operator
Encoder





____________________________
ARSENIO P. MESA JR.








































90



















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O
X

D
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A
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N
A
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E

D
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