Design of T-Coils Using Agilent Genesys PDF

Agilent
How to Design T-Coils using Agilent Genesys

Presented by:
Allen Hollister
Author of Wideband Amplifier Design
textbook
VP Engineering at:
Besser Associate
How to Design T-Coils
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 2
Overview
T-Coils
Bandwidth Improvement
factor of 2.72
Good step response
50 Ohm input impedance
2007 Allen Hollister
This Webinar will
prove these assertions
and show you how to
create and use these
circuits to solve your
problem
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 3
The ProblemMust Drive a Load Capacitor
Through a Source ResistorCreates a LPF
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 4
We Use Peaking Circuits to Get As Much
Bandwidth as Possible
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 5
I
1
V
out
R
1
C
1
V
1
V
out
R
1
C
1
Simple RC
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 6
Assume that R
1
= 50
and C
1
= 1pF
Choose 1 pF because it is a
nice number for scaling
Choose 50 because it is
commonly used as a
transmission line termination
Bandwidth
Theoretical Bandwidth of an RC Single Pole
Filter
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 7
I
1
L
13
R
1
C
1
V
out
L
23
C
b
M
Z
in
1
2
3
L
s
=L
13
L
r
=L
23
If the values of L
s
, L
r
, M, and C
b
are
selected appropriately for the values
of R
1
and C
1
then:
The Bandwidth Improvement
Factor will be 2.72
The filter will be two pole and have
an MFED step response
Z
in
will equal R
1
for all frequencies
(until the parts no longer look like
Rs, Ls and Cs)
Can be used as a transmission
line termination
Other kinds of filters (MFA, etc)
can also be created with this
same input impedance property
T-Coil Peaking
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 8
Symmetric T-Coil Parameters
Definitions are shown in
the yellow box
After a lot of algebra
(not shown in this
webinar) we will find that
if the values for L
s
, L
r
, and
C
b
are defined by the
equations shown in the
pink boxes, then the
equations at the bottom
of the page shown in
green will be true!
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 9
Standard Forms for Second Order Systems
Shown is a standard form for second order systems that we will use
heavily
This form will allow us to develop a generalized theory that can then be
applied to specific circuits
The damping factor , is a parameter that we will use heavily
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 10
Compare Standard Form To T-Coil
This exercise will allow us to derive the T-Coil parameters in terms of ,R
1
,andC
1
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 11
T-Coil Parameters as a function of , R1, C1
The equations in the pink boxes give us the complete set of T-Coil parameters
as a Function of R
1
, C
1
, and
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 12
Solving for bandwidth in this way gives:
For the MFED case
(=Sqrt(3)/2),f
3dB
is:
Bandwidth
Improvement
Factor
One can find the bandwidth of any
second order system using this equation
Solving for Bandwidth
We can solve for the bandwidth of the normal equation by substituting j2f for s,
Then finding the magnitude by taking the square root of the sum of the real part squared
and the imaginary part squared
And then solving this equation for the point it is 0.707 as a function of f (frequency)
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 13
What is MFED Anyway
Maximally Flat Envelope Delay (MFED) is the kind of filter
required if the desire is to have good step response in the
time domain. By good, it is meant that there will be little to no
overshoot when a unit step function is applied at the input,
while achieving maximum possible bandwidth under that
constraint.
We will very shortly show that this requires a value of =
Sqrt(3)/2 = 0.8666 for a second order Low Pass Filter
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 14
The Ideal Time Delay Function
It is acceptable in almost all circumstances to trade delay time
for more bandwidth.
However, we must delay all frequencies the exact same
amount to prevent overshoot and ring in a time domain step
response.
The time domain expression for an ideal time delay is given
by the DiracDelta function:
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 15
Transforming the time domain function into the
frequency domain gives:
Not a rational function so it cannot be realized with standard RLC
components
However, a realization can be approximated
Ideal Time Delay
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 16
Phase & Phase Delay of the Ideal Time Delay
Function
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 17
Standard Form 2 Pole Low Pass
Solve for phase, phase delay, and envelope delay of the
normalized two pole filter gives
Substitute
s=j
Find real part
And Imaginary part
Definition of Phase
Definition of Phase Delay
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 18
Phase Delay, Simple RC
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 19
The Meaning of Phase & Envelope Delay
Phase Delay
Phase delay ties frequency response to the step response.
It is the time corresponding to the phase lag, i.e. a phase lag of 45 degrees at
100 MHz corresponds to 1/8 of the period of 10 ns or 1.25 ns.
Phase delay gives some idea as to what happens to the high-frequency
components of a step response.
If the phase delay peaks (exceeds the low-frequency value) you can expect to
see high-frequency components late in the step response. This causes ringing.
Envelope Delay
Envelope delay (also known as group delay) is not as intuitive, but it is easier to
understand mathematically.
It is a more sensitive measure of aberrations than phase delay.
If envelope delay is flat with increasing frequency, then the phase delay will be
also.
It is the envelope delay that is used as the prime measure to approximate a
constant delay.
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 20
Envelope Delay
Phase Delay
Envelope Delay
Envelope Delay & Phase Delay =0.866, T=1
Observe that there is no peaking in the response as becomes
large
Low Frequency delay is 2 T = 1.732
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 21
Envelope Delay
Phase Delay
Envelope Delay and Phase Delay =0.5, T=1
Now there is peaking in the response as becomes large
Causes Ring in the time domain Step Response
Low Frequency delay is 2 T = 1.0
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 22
Maximally Flat Envelope Delay (MFED)
Functions
A class of transfer functions called Maximally Flat Envelope
Delay (MFED) has been determined:
When low-pass filters are implemented to match the MFED response, they
will provide maximum bandwidth with minimum overshoot and ring
They are an attempt to make the envelope delay completely flat, with no
variation with respect to frequency, so that an input step response will be
delayed in time but not distorted in shape
Filters implemented to these criteria are not perfect, but they are the best
that can be achieved
The derivation of these filters is quite complex, involving Bessel
polynomials, but the results are easily used
The step response of these functions is good, with overshoot of less than
0.76%
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 23
Suppose a low-pass filter exists as defined in the
equations below
Then the resulting filter will be MFED
Low Frequency Phase Delay is the phase delay when =0
The MFED Function
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 24
n a
0
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a
5
1 1 1
2 3 3 1
3 15 15 6 1
4 105 105 45 10 1
5 945 945 420 105 15 1
MFED Table of Coefficients
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 25
To be MFED requires =
MFED Second Order Filter
Using the previous table, a second order MFED filter is F(s)
shown below
Comparing this against the standard form for a two pole filter
and solving for gives
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 26
Determines the Kind of Filter (MFED, MFA)
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 27
Let R
1
= 50 and C
1
= 1 pF, then
Bandwidth should equal 8.66 GHz (2.72 times the
bandwidth for just the RC3.18 GHz)
Input impedance should equal 50
Step response should be MFED
Example Using Agilent Genesys
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 28
L=0.833nH [Lrr]
Lr
L=0.833nH [Lss]
Ls
C=1pF [CL]
C1
PORT=3
ZO=5000000000000
Port_3
F0=200MHz
TF=0ns
PW=2.5ns
TR=0ns
TD=0ns
I2=20mA
I1=0mA
R=50
PORT=1
INP_IPULSE_INPUT_1
PORT=2
ZO=50e6M
Port_2
C=0.083pF [Cb]
C2
R=50 [RL]
R4
MUTIND
K=0.5 [k8]
L2='Lr
L1='Ls
MUTIND_MUTUAL_INDUCTOR_1
Component
values calculated
in equation
editor
Design Example Schematic in Agilent Genesys
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 29
The tune button
allows a variable
to be changed
dynamically while
you watch.
Component values
calculated in
equation editor
Design Example Schematic in Agilent Genesys
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 30
Equations to calculate the component
values automatically
Resultant values calculated by the
equations
Setup Design Formulas Using the Equation
Editor in Agilent Genesys
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 31
Genesys Frequency Response for T-Coil
Peaked Circuit
Observe: Genesys simulated bandwidth is 8.66 GHz vs.
theoretical value of 8.66 GHz
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 32
Genesys Step Response for T-Coil Circuit
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 33
Z
in
& S
11
for T-Coil Circuit (Z
in
is 50 Ohms)
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 34
VSWR for T-Coil Circuit
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 35
Group Delay for T-Coil Peaked Circuit
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 36
What about other values for
Sofar,wehavelookedatthespecialcaseofanMFEDfilterresponse
Itisusefultoconsiderothervaluesof thatwillproducedifferentkindsoftwo
polefilters
Comparethefollowingkindsoffilters:
StraightRCfilternopeaking
MFED =SQRT(3)/2
MFA(MaximallyFlatAmplitude)otherwiseknownasaButterworth
=SQRT(2)/2
Elliptic
=0.5
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 37
PORT=5
ZO=50M
Port_5
L=0.833nH [Lrr]
Lr
L=0.833nH [Lss]
Ls
C=1pF [CL]
C1
PORT=3
ZO=5000000000000
Port_3
F0=200MHz
TF=0ns
PW=2.5ns
TR=0ns
TD=0ns
I2=20mA
I1=0mA
R=50
PORT=1
INP_IPULSE_INPUT_1
PORT=2
ZO=50e6M
Port_2
PORT=11
ZO=5000000000
Port_11
C=1pF [CL]
C8
R=50 [RL]
R1
F0=200MHz
TF=0ns
PW=2.5ns
TR=0ns
TD=0ns
V2=.5V
V1=0V
R=.00050
PORT=10
INP_VPULSE_INPUT_10
C=1pF [CL]
C4
R=50 [RL]
R2
PORT=6
ZO=50000000
Port_6
PORT=8
ZO=50M
Port_8
C=1pF [CL]
C6
R=50 [RL]
R3
PORT=9
ZO=50000000
Port_9
C=0.125pF [Cb7]
C3
L=0.938nH [Lss7]
Ls1
L=0.938nH [Lrr7]
Lr1
C=0.083pF [Cb]
C2
R=50 [RL]
R4
C=0.25pF [Cb5]
C5
L=1.25nH [Lss5]
Ls2
L=1.25nH [Lrr5]
Lr2
MUTIND
K=0.5 [k8]
L2='Lr
L1='Ls
MUTIND
K=0.333 [k7]
L2='Lr1
L1='Ls1
MUTIND
K=0 [k5]
L2='Lr1
L1='Ls1
F0=200MHz
PW=2.5ns
TD=0ns
I2=.02A
I1=0A
R=50
PORT=7
TF=0ns
TR=0ns
INP_IPULSE_INPUT_12
F0=200MHz
PW=2.5ns
TD=0ns
I2=.02A
I1=0A
R=50
PORT=4
TF=0ns
TR=0ns
INP_IPULSE_INPUT_4
Four Circuits with Different
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 38
Equations for the Four Circuits
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 39
Frequency Response of the Four Circuits
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 40
Take the Derivative of
f
3dB_T-Coil
with respect to
, set it equal to 0 and
solve for gives a
maximum at
=1/SQRT(2)
Maximum Bandwidth
occurs here
Graph of Bandwidth vs. for the Example
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 41
Step Response of the Four Circuits
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 42
Z
in
for the three T-coil cases
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 43
Z
out
for the three T-Coil Circuits
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 44
Group Delay for the four cases
Monte Carlo Transient Response with 5% part
Variation
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 45
Monte Carlo Frequency Response with 5% Part
Variation
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 46
Monte Carlo Analysis for Group Delay with 5%
Component Variation
From this graph, we see
that the parameter
variation mainly affects
the low frequency delay
At high frequencies, there
is little peaking above the
low frequency delay
This is why the step
response continues to look
good while there is
significant variation in
bandwidth
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 47
Monte Carlo Analysis for Input Impedance with
5% Component Variation
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 48
Monte Carlo Analysis for VSWR with 5%
Component Variation
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 49
Monte Carlo Analysis for S
11
with 5% Component
Variation
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 50
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 51
Physical Design of T-Coils Components: Spiral
Inductors
All inductors have some stray
capacitance between windings.
This capacitance shows up in
parallel with the bridging
capacitance C
b
If you know the self resonant
frequency of the inductors, you
can estimate the stray
capacitance using the formula
below
Once you know the capacitance,
subtract it from C
b
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 52
Momentum GX: 3D-Planar Electromagnetic
Simulation for Genesys
Sub
Eddy Currents
Displaceme
nt Currents
Use Momentum GX to accurately
model:
Self & mutual inductance
Self-resonance frequency
Displacement currents from spiral to
substrate thru oxide capacitance
Eddy Currents in substrate due time
varying magnetic fields Spiral to
Substrate Insulation
Skin effects
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 53
A Bond Wire T-Coil
April 3
rd
, 2008 Page 54
Additional Resources
For a copy of this presentation and to
download the T-Coils Genesys design
workspace template, go to:
www.allenhollister.com or email
Allen@AllenHollister.com
Interested in learning more about
wideband amplifier design, see Allens
course on Wideband/HF Amplifier
Design Techniques offered through
Besser Associates
You can order your copy of Wideband
Amplifier Design from Amazon or
SciTech Publishing
To download your Free evaluation
copy of Agilent Genesys and
Momentum GX software, please
follow this link:
http://eesof.tm.agilent.com/prod
ucts/genesys/

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