Hydraulic Jet Pumps Mohamed Dewidar

Chapter 01

Hydraulic Jet Pumps


1.0 General

Jet Pumps are very important members in family of hydraulic pumps.
Production and power fluid rates in Jet Pumps are controlled by a nozzle/venturi
arrangement. Different geometry configurations are used for controlling the
clearance between the nozzle and mixing tube orifices, as specified by a
computer, to attain proper production rates.

2.0 Advantages

Jet Pumps have no moving parts, they are especially attractive because of
low maintenance costs, long runs, and either high or low volumes. Usually,
the main point of failure will be either a nozzle or mixing tube, either of which
may be easily replaced, even at the well site.
Jet Pumps are available in 2-inch, 2.5-inch, 3-inch and 4-inch sizes, in
standard materials or premium materials to fit almost every competitive
bottom-hole assembly.
Jet Pumps are of the free-pump concept, which incorporate all the
advantages previously listed for free pumps.
Capable of handling extremely high volumes.
Adjustable to varying production rates.
Low maintenance costs.
Pressure and temperature recording devices may be used as an integral
addition to the pump
Suitable for low gravity and high-pour-point crude oils.
Adaptable for use with a sliding sleeve.
Can be run in crooked holes.
Handles gassy production
Handles solids and corrosive fluids

3.0 Limitations

Producing Rate Relative to Bottomhole Pressure
Some Require Specific Bottomhole Assemblies
Lower Horsepower Efficiency





Hydraulic Jet Pumps Mohamed Dewidar



4.0 How it works

1. Power fluid is pumped at a given rate (Q
N
) to the down-hole jet pump
where it reaches a nozzle with a total pressure, designated as P
N
. This
high-pressure fluid (high potential energy) is then directed through the
nozzle, which converts the fluid stream to a high velocity (high kinetic
energy) and low static pressure.

2. The low pressure (P
S
) allows well fluids to flow into the well bore and
pump at the desired production rate (Q
S
). The high-momentum power fluid
is then mixed with the low-momentum production in a constant area
mixing tube. It is in this mixing process that energy is transferred from the
power fluid to the production. When the combined fluids reach the end of
the mixing tube, they are at a low pressure and high velocity.

3. The fluid then exits the pump through a diffuser section which converts the
fluid to a high-static-pressure, low velocity state. This high discharge
pressure (P
D
) must be sufficient to lift the combined fluid rate (Q
D
) to the
surface.


4. The key components of the jet pump are the nozzle and mixing tube
(throat). The area of the openings in these parts determines the
performance characteristics of the pump. These areas are designated as
A
N
and A
T
.

5. The ratio of these areas, A
N
/A
T
, is referred to as the area ratio. Pumps
with the same area ratio have the same performance curve.

6. The volume of power fluid used will be proportional to the size of the
nozzle.

7. The sizes of nozzles and throats determine the flow rate while the ratio of
their flow areas determines tradeoff between produced head and flow rate.
Hydraulic Jet Pumps Mohamed Dewidar


8. If, for example, a throat is selected such that the area of the nozzle is 60%
of the throat area, a relatively high head, low flow will result. There is a
small area around the jet for well fluids to enter, leading to low production
rates.
9.
10. If, on the other hand, a throat is selected such that the area of the nozzle
is 20% of the throat area, more production flow is possible, but, since the
nozzle energy is being transferred to a large amount of production, lower
head will be developed.

11. The cavitation characteristics of the pump must be considered, cavitation
will occur when the velocity of the produced fluids entering the throat
around the power fluid jet is high enough that static pressure in the fluid
falls to its vapor pressure. This will choke the flow and damage the throat.


5.0 Selecting a Pump

The Jet Pump selected to produce a well must have a capacity large enough to
obtain the rate of production the well is capable of producing. At the same time,
the required surface horsepower must be kept at a reasonable level.

The task of selecting the proper jet pump involves finding a pump geometry
capable of achieving the production rate, but capable of operating within given
horsepower requirements, or at an optimum horsepower.

The calculations on the following pages will provide the information necessary
to select the correct pump for any application.

6.0 Jet pump design step by step

1. From well data for production, Q
S
, and pump intake pressure, P
S
and GOR,
calculate the minimum annular area to avoid cavitations.


2. From the table of annular area, select nozzle and throat combination which
has an annular area greater than A
SM

3. Calculate the pressure at the nozzle, P
N
, which is the sum of the operating
pressure (known from the available Pump [triplex or horizontal pump]) plus
the hydrostatic pressure in the tubing minus friction losses in the tubing.


4. The friction in the annular or tubing can be determined from.

Hydraulic Jet Pumps Mohamed Dewidar




Annular flow Tubing flow
D
1
Casing I.D Tubing I.D
D
2
Tubing O.D 0


5. Determine the power fluid rate, Q
N
from,

6. Determine the returned flow rate, Q
D,


7. Determine the production gradient (pump suction),

8. Determine the returned flow fluid gradient, G
D,
from,

9. Calculate the returned flow WC, WC
D


10. Calculate the returned flow gas liquid ratio, GLR,

11. Determine the returned flow liquid viscosity for calculating friction loss,
D

from,
Hydraulic Jet Pumps Mohamed Dewidar


12. Calculate the pump discharge pressur P
D
pressur which is the sum of
hydrostatic pressure in the reurn conduit, the friction losses, and the well
head back pressure,

13. Calculate N (dimensionless pressure recover ratio) from,

14. Calculate M (dimensionless mass flow ratio) from,

15. Calculate N (dimensionless pressure recover ratio), for the value of R
selected, using of M from step 11

16. Compare the current value of N with the N value from step 13. if the
difference is less than 0.5%, iteration is completed go to step 19 otherwise
go to step 17.
17. If the required is power fluid pressure, calculate new nozzle pressure from
equation,

Then go to step 5

18. If the required is PIP, calculate it from the equation,

Then go to step 3
19. Determine the new surface operating pressure (triples) from equation,

20. Calculate the maximum non-cavitating flow from equation,
Hydraulic Jet Pumps Mohamed Dewidar


21. Calculate triplex HP assuming 90% efficiency from the equation,

7.0 Glossary

A
N
= Nozzle flow area in2
A
S
= Throat annulus area (A
T
-A
N
) in2
A
SM
= Minimum throat annulus area to avoid cavitation in2
A
T
= Throat flow area in
2

D = Vertical depth of well ft
D
1
= ID of tubing or casing in
D
2
= OD of inner tubing in annular flow in
G
D
= Gradient of returned mixed power fluid and producing fluid psi/ft
GLR = Returned flow gas liquid ratio scf/bbl
G
N
= Power fluid gradient at nozzle psi/ft


G
O
= Produced oil gradient psi/ft
GOR = Gas oil ratio scf/bbl
G
S
= Water gradient psi/ft
KN = Nozzle loss coefficient
KTD = Throat-diffuser loss coefficient
L = Tubing length ft
M = Dimensionless mass flow rate
N = Dimensionless pressure recovery ratio
P
D
= Pump discharge pressure psi
P
F
= Friction loss in tubing psi/ft
P
FN
= friction loss in power fluid tubing psi/ft
P
FD
= Friction loss in returned conduit psi/ft
P
N
= pressure at nozzle interance psi
P
S
= pump suction pressure (Pwf) psi
P
T
= Surface operating pressure (triplex pressure) psi
P
WH
= Well head pressure psi
Q
D
= Flow rate from pump discharge bpd
Q
G
= Flow rate of gas through pump bpd
Q
N
= Flow rate through the nozzle bpd
Q
S
= Producing flow rate bpd
Q
SC
= Minimum non-cavitating pump suction flow rate bpd
R = Nozzle throat areas ration (A
N
/A
T
)
WC = Water cut (decimal)
Hydraulic Jet Pumps Mohamed Dewidar

W
CD
= Returned flow water cut

D
= Returned fluid viscosity cp

O
= Viscosity of oil cp

W
= Viscosity of water cp

Guiberson A
N
, A
T
, A
S
, and R as Example:
Nozzle

A
Throat 1 2 3
1

R 0.38 0.29 0.23

AS 0.0088 0.0134 0.0186

A+
Throat 1 2 3 4 5
2

R 0.52 0.4 0.31 0.24 0.2

AS 0.0068 0.0114 0.0166 0.0239 0.0305

B
Throat 1 2 3 4 5 6
3

R 0.66 0.5 0.39 0.3 0.25 0.21

AS 0.0048 0.0094 0.0146 0.0219 0.0285 0.0357

B+
Throat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.04

R 0.76 0.58 0.45 0.35 0.29 0.24 0.21

AS 0.0034 0.008 0.0132 0.0205 0.0271 0.0343 0.0422

C
Throat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5

R 0.86 0.65 0.51 0.39 0.32 0.27 0.23

AS 0.002 0.0066 0.0118 0.0191 0.0257 0.0329 0.0408

C+
Throat 2 3 4 0.05 6 7 8
6

R 0.79 0.62 0.48 0.39 0.33 0.28 0.23

AS 0.0039 0.0091 0.0164 0.023 0.0302 0.0381 0.0511

D
Throat 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
7

R 0.73 0.56 0.47 0.39 0.33 0.27 0.22

AS 0.0064 0.0137 0.0203 0.0275 0.0354 0.0484 0.0627

E
Throat 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
8 R 0.77 0.63 0.53 0.45 0.36 0.3 0.25 0.2
AS 0.0073 0.0139 0.0211 0.029 0.042 0.0563 0.0721 0.0954
F
Throat 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
9

R 0.69 0.59 0.48 0.39 0.33 0.26 0.22

AS 0.0138 0.0217 0.0347 0.049 0.0648 0.0881 0.1138

G
Throat 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
10

R 0.68 0.56 0.47 0.38 0.31 0.26 0.21

AS 0.0209 0.0352 0.051 0.0743 0.1 0.132 0.1713

H
Throat 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
11

R 0.69 0.55 0.46 0.37 0.31 0.25 0.21

AS 0.0301 0.0534 0.0791 0.1111 0.1504 0.1945 0.2466

Hydraulic Jet Pumps Mohamed Dewidar

I
Throat 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
12

R 0.72 0.59 0.48 0.39 0.33 0.27 0.23

AS 0.034 0.0597 0.0917 0.131 0.1751 0.2272 0.2895

J
Throat 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
13

R 0.71 0.58 0.48 0.4 0.34 0.28 0.23

AS 0.0515 0.0908 0.1349 0.187 0.2493 0.3256 0.4167

K
Throat 15 16 17 18 19 20
14

R 0.61 0.51 0.42 0.35 0.29 0.24

AS 0.1016 0.1537 0.216 0.2923 0.3834 0.4928

L
Throat 16 17 18 19 20
15

R 0.63 0.52 0.43 0.36 0.3

AS 0.1164 0.1787 0.255 0.3461 0.4555

M
Throat 17 18 19 20
16

R 0.66 0.55 0.45 0.38

AS 0.1287 0.205 0.2961 0.4055

N
Throat 18 19 20
17

R 0.69 0.57 0.48

AS 0.1396 0.2307 0.3401

P
Throat 19 20
18

R 0.71 0.59

AS 0.1576 0.267


Throat Nozzle
No. Area Nom. Area
1 0.0143 A 0.0055
2 0.0189 A+ 0.0075
3 0.0241 B 0.0095
4 0.0314 B+ 0.0109
5 0.038 C 0.0123
6 0.0452 C+ 0.015
7 0.0531 D 0.0177
8 0.0661 E 0.0241
9 0.0804 F 0.0314
10 0.0962 G 0.0452
11 0.1195 H 0.0661
12 0.1452 I 0.0855
13 0.1772 J 0.1257
14 0.2165 K 0.159
15 0.2606 L 0.1963
Hydraulic Jet Pumps Mohamed Dewidar

16 0.3127 M 0.2463
17 0.375 N 0.3117
18 0.4513 P 0.3848
19 0.5424

20 0.6518