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Table of content :

1. History
2. Administration
3. Geography
4. Culture
. !conomic" go#ernance" and infrastructure
$. %ummary" conclusion" and recomendation
&eference
1. %uryodiningrat" 'eidyatama (2))*+)$+22,. -.a/arta: A city 0e learn to lo#e
but ne#er to li/e-. The Jakarta Post. Archi#ed from the original on 2))1+)2+
21.
2. -Tra#el 2ndonesia Guide 3 Ho0 to appreciate the 45ig 6urian4 .a/arta-.
7orldstepper+da0orldisntenough.blogspot.com. 1 April 2))1. &etrie#ed 2*
April 2)1).
3. -A 6ay in .+To0n-. .etstar 'aga8ine. April 2)12. &etrie#ed 2 .anuary 2)13.
4. -6emographia 7orld 9rban Areas :6; ('arch 2)13,-. 6emographia.
&etrie#ed 24 <o#ember 2)13.
. -.umlah :endudu/ :ro#insi 6=2 .a/arta-. 6inas =ependudu/an dan Catatan
%ipil. &etrie#ed 1> April 2)12.
$. -The 7orld According to Ga7C 2))1-. Globali8ation and 7orld Cities %tudy
Group and <et0or/ (Ga7C,. ?oughborough 9ni#ersity. &etrie#ed *
6ecember 2))>.
*. %ensus :endudu/ 2)1). 5iro :usat %tatisti/
1. -;o/e lebih ya/in lembaga sur#ei asing-. 24 April 2)12.
>. -%o@ourn 2n The 5ig 6urian-. ThingsAsian. &etrie#ed 14 'arch 2)11.
1). %unda/ala: cupli/an se@arah %unda berdasar/an nas/ah+nas/ah -:anitia
7angsa/erta- Cirebon. Aayasan :usta/a .aya" .a/arta. 2)).
11. 6rs. &. %oe/mono" (1>*3" th reprint edition in 1>11,. :engantar %e@arah
=ebudayaan 2ndonesia 2" 2nd ed. Aogya/arta: :enerbit =anisius. p. page
$).
12. %umber+sumber asli se@arah .a/arta" .ilid 2: 6o/umen+do/umen se@arah
.a/arta sampai dengan a/hir abad /e+1$. Cipta ?o/a Cara/a. 1>>>.
13. to: a b -History of .a/arta-. 5erita.a/arta.
14. &ic/lefs" '.C. (1>>3,. A History of 'odern 2ndonesia %ince c.13)) (2nd
ed.,. ?ondon: 'ac'illan. p. 2>. 2%5< )+333+*$1>+$.
1. Heu/en" Adolf (2))),. %umber+sumber asli se@arah .a/arta .ilid 22:
6o/umen+do/umen %e@arah .a/arta dari /edatangan /apal pertama
5elanda (1>$, sampai dengan tahun 1$1> (Authentic sources of History
of .a/arta part 22: 6ocuments of history of .a/arta from the Brst arri#al of
6utch ship (1>$, to year 1$1>,. .a/arta: Aayasan Cipta ?o/a Cara/a.
1$. to: a b c d 7itton" :atric/ (2))3,. 2ndonesia. 'elbourne: ?onely :lanet
:ublications. pp. 131313>. 2%5< 1+*4)>+14+2.
1*. 'enteng : :elopor =ota Taman" 3 <o#ember 2))*
11. Colonial !conomy and %ociety" 11*)31>4). %ource: 9.%. ?ibrary of
Congress.
1>. Go#ernance ;ailure: &ethin/ing the 2nstitutional 6imensions of 9rban
7ater %upply to :oor Households. %cience6irect.
2). 000.@a/arta.go.id
21. =usno" Abidin (2))),. 5ehind the :ostcolonial: Architecture" 9rban %pace
and :olitical Cultures. <e0 Aor/ City: &outledge. 2%5< )+41+23$1+).
22. %choppert" :.C 6amais" %. (1>>*,. .a#a %tyle. :aris: 6idier 'illet. 2%5< >$2+
>3+232+1.
23. -7hy ethnic Chinese are afraid-. 55C <e0s. 12 ;ebruary 1>>1.
24. -.a/arta-. !ncyclopDdia 5ritannica Enline. !ncyclopDdia 5ritannica" 2nc.
&etrie#ed 1* %eptember 2))*.
2. 6ouglas" '. (1>1>,. -The !n#ironmental %ustainability of 6e#elopment.
Coordination" 2ncenti#es and :olitical 7ill in ?and 9se :lanning for the
.a/arta 'etropolis-. Third 7orld :lanning &e#ie0 11 (2 pagesFpp. 2113
231,.
2$. 6ouglas" '. (1>>2,. -The :olitical !conomy of 9rban :o#erty and
!n#ironmental 'anagement in Asia: Access" !mpo0erment and
Community+based Alternati#es-. !n#ironment and 9rbani8ation 4 (2,: >332.
doi:1).11**G)>$24*1>2))4))2)3.
2*. Turner" :eter (1>>*,. .a#a (1st edition,. 'elbourne: ?onely :lanet. p. 31.
2%5< )+1$442+314+4.
21. %a@or" !dsel !. (2))3,. -Globali8ation and the 9rban :roperty 5oom in
'etro Cebu" :hilippines-. 6e#elopment and Change 34 (4,: *133*42.
doi:1).1111G14$*+*$$).))32.
2>. ;riend" Theodore (2))3,. 2ndonesian 6estinies. Har#ard 9ni#ersity :ress.
p. 32>. 2%5< )+$*4+)113*+$.
3). 7ages of Hatred. 'ichael %hari. 5usiness 7ee/.
31. ;riend" T. (2))3,. 2ndonesian 6estinies. Har#ard 9ni#ersity :ress. 2%5< )+
$*4+)113*+$.
32. 'inggu" 1> .uli 2))> 3 13:1$ 725. -6aftar %erangan 5om di .a/arta-.
:os/ota. &etrie#ed 2* April 2)1).
33. -.a/arta holds historic election-. 55C <e0s (55C,. 1 August 2))*.
34. -Central .a/arta :roBle-. The City .a/arta Administration. .a/arta.go.id.
&etrie#ed 1> 6ecember 2))>.
3. -7est .a/arta :roBle-. The City .a/arta Administration. .a/arta.go.id.
&etrie#ed 24 ;ebruary 2)1).
3$. -%outh .a/arta :roBle-. The City .a/arta Administration. .a/arta.go.id.
&etrie#ed 1> 6ecember 2))>.
3*. -!ast .a/arta :roBle-. The City .a/arta Administration. .a/arta.go.id.
&etrie#ed 1> 6ecember 2))>.
31. -<orth .a/arta :roBle-. The City .a/arta Administration. .a/arta.go.id.
&etrie#ed 1> 6ecember 2))>.
3>. --Thousand 2sland- :roBle-. The City .a/arta Administration. .a/arta.go.id.
&etrie#ed 1> 6ecember 2))>.
4). to: a b c d e f .a/arta in ;igures. %tatistics 6=2 .a/arta :ro#incial EHce"
.a/arta. 2))1.
41. %ita 7. 6e0i" 4Council appro#es city budget for 2)13" higher than
proposed4" The .a/arta :ost" 2> .anuary 2)13.
42. 4TaIpayer money for the city4" The .a/arta :ost" 1$ .uly 2)11.
43. Andreas 6. Arditya" 4-:rocurement failures- to blame for budget surplus4"
The .a/arta :ost" 4 'ay 2)12.
44. 5ased on Go#ernor 6ecree in 2))*" <o. 1*1. ta/en from %tatistics 6=2
.a/arta :ro#incial EHce" .a/arta in ;igures" 2))1" 5:%" :ro#ince of 6=2
.a/arta
4. -The Tides: !Jorts <e#er !nd to &epel an 2n#ading %ea-. .a/arta Globe.
&etrie#ed 14 'arch 2)11.
4$. 6utch to study ne0 di/e for .a/arta 5ay K The .a/arta :ost
4*. to: a b -Climate: .a/arta + Climate graph" Temperature graph" Climate
table-. Climate+6ata.org. &etrie#ed 2) %eptember 2)13.
41. -7orld 7eather 2nformation %er#ice 3 .a/arta-. 7orld 'eteorological
Ergani8ation. &etrie#ed 3) %eptember 2)13.
4>. -7eather A#erages for .a/arta" .a#a" 2ndonesia Climate.htm-.
climatemps.com. &etrie#ed 2) %eptember 2)13.
). Cappelen" .ohnC .ensen" .ens. -2ndonesien + .a/arta" .a#a-. Climate 6ata
for %elected %tations (1>31+1>$), (in 6anish,. 6anish 'eteorological
2nstitute. p. 121. &etrie#ed 'arch >" 2)13. Ldead lin/M
1. The 5eta0i 3 due to their di#erse origins 3 play a ma@or role concerning
ethnic and national identity in contemporary .a/artaC see =nNrr" .acOueline:
=reolitPt und post/oloniale Gesellschaft. 2ntegration und 6iJeren8ierung in
.a/arta" Campus Qerlag: ;ran/furt a.'. R <e0 Aor/" 2))*" 2%5< >*1+3+>3+
31344+$
2. =nNrr" .acOueline (2))*,. =reolitPt und post/oloniale Gesellschaft.
2ntegration und 6iJeren8ierung in .a/arta. ;ran/furt: Campus Qerlag.
2%5< >*1+3+>3+31344+$.
3. .ohnston" Tim (3 'arch 2)),. -Chinese diaspora: 2ndonesia-. 55C <e0s
(55C,.
4. 5y A AahooS Contributor" 1* 'ay 2))>. -Ha#eli 2ndian Cuisine R 5ar"
.a/arta" 2ndonesia 3 AahooS Tra#el-. Tra#el.yahoo.com. &etrie#ed 2* April
2)1).
. to: a b -6engan &ahmat Tuhan Aang 'aha !%A-. !+
penyiaran./ominfo.go.id. &etrie#ed 2)13+12+1).
$. TQ 6igital 2ndonesia + %iaran TQ 6igital
*. http:GGne0s.bbc.co.u/G1GhiG0orldGasia+paciBcG$>1>211.stmC -Condemned
Communities: ;orced !#ictions in .a/arta- Human &ights 7atch %ep 2))$.
1. .a/arta4s Hayam 7uru/" Ga@ah 'ada to follo0 Erchard &oad model K The
.a/arta :ost
>. :A?A.A. -=ey ;igures-. &etrie#ed 2) <o#ember 2)11.
$). 20an" &enalia (<o#ember 2))1,. -Ten Aears of :ublic :ri#ate :artnership in
.a/arta 6rin/ing 7ater %er#ice (1>>132))*, !astern .a/arta 6rin/ing 7ater
%er#ice by Thames :A' .aya-. 'aster Thesis. %chool of Geography"
!n#ironment and !arth %ciences Qictoria 9ni#ersity of 7ellington" <e0
Tealand. pp. 42344. &etrie#ed 2) <o#ember 2)11.
$1. =aren 5a//er" 'ichelle =ooy" <ur !ndah %hoBani" and !rnst+.an 'arti@n
(2))$,. -6isconnected: :o#erty" 7ater %upply and 6e#elopment in .a/arta"
2ndonesia-. Human 6e#elopment &eport 2))$" Eccasional :aper. 9<6:.
&etrie#ed 2) <o#ember 2)11. -Ouoting a :ersonal Communication from
=ris Tutu/o" Technical 6irector :A' .AAA" .a/arta" 2ndonesia-
$2. =&uHA :eople4s coalition for the rights to 0ater (* .une 2)11,. -:oor
7ater %er#ice" 'ost of .a/arta :eople Threatened by !+Coli-. &etrie#ed 2)
<o#ember 2)11.
$3. 2ndonesia4s :opulation: !thnicity and &eligion in a Changing :olitical
?andscape. 2nstitute of %outheast Asian %tudies. 2))3. 2%5< >1123)2123
$4. -After census city plans for >. million-. .a/arta :os
$. 5&T 3 CA%! %T96A 3 AnneI Case %tudies and ?essons 3 'odule 2: 5us
&apid Transit (5&T,: Tool/it for ;easibility %tudies. %ti+india+
uttool/it.adb.org. &etrie#ed 12 .une 2)11.
$$. -:ubli/asi :ro#insi dan =abupaten Hasil %ementara %:2)1)-. 5ps.go.id.
&etrie#ed 14 'arch 2)11.
$*. -.a/arta builds for the future-. TTGmice. &etrie#ed 1 April 2)13.
$1. -.a/arta Great %ale declared roaring success-. The .a/arta :ost. 1 .uly
2)12. &etrie#ed 21 .uly 2)12. The city is Blled 0ith plenty of international
brands 0ith a #ery aJordable price.
$>. -.a/arta 'alls and %hopping Centers 3 luIury shopping in .a/arta"
2ndonesia-. !Ipat.or.id. &etrie#ed 2* April 2)1).
*). =ompas.com .alan %atrio 6i@adi/an -%hopping 5elt- .a/arta
*1. -Taman ?apangan 5anteng (2ndonesian,-. des/ominfomas.
.a/arta.go.id. Ldead lin/M
*2. -Taman %uropati (2ndonesian,-. des/ominfomas. .a/arta.go.id. Ldead lin/M
*3. -Taman 'edan 'erde/a (2ndonesian,-. 6artmouth des/ominfomas.
.a/arta.go.id. Ldead lin/M
*4. &uang Terbu/a Hi@au Terus 6itambah K :os/otane0s.com
*. -Elympic Council of Asia : Games-. Ecasia.org. &etrie#ed 2* April 2)1).
*$. -Asian Cup 2))* Host nations-. 11 %eptember 2))*.
**. -;ootball stadiums of the 0orld 3 %tadiums in 2ndonesia-.
;ussballtempel.net. &etrie#ed 2* April 2)1).
*1. -Car+;ree 6ay reduces air pollution: Tests-. 2 .une 2))1.
*>. to: a b .oe Cochrane (August 4" 2)13,. -Hours to Go" .ust to Get to 7or/:
2ndonesians Cope 7ith 2nfuriating TraHc and 2neHcient :ublic Transit-. The
<e0 Aor/ Times. &etrie#ed August " 2)13.
1). to: a b 7illiamson" ?ucy ($ .une 2))*,. -.a/arta begins ri#er boat ser#ice-.
55C <e0s.
11. -Transportation 2ssues and ;uture Condition in To/yo" .a/arta" 'anila and
Hiroshima- (:6;,. &etrie#ed 11 'ay 2)1).
12. LTechnical &eport Table 1.3.2 of the %tudy on 2ntegrated Transportation
'aster :lan for .abodetabe/ (%2T&A':," underta/en by :aciBc Consultants
2nternational and A?'!C Corporation on behalf of the 2ndonesian <ational
6e#elopment :lanning Agency (5A::!<A%, and the .apan 2nternational
Cooperation Agency (.2CA," 2))4M"
13. Technical &eport Tables 1.3.2 of the %tudy on 2ntegrated Transportation
'aster :lan for .abodetabe/ (%2T&A':," underta/en by :aciBc Consultants
2nternational and A?'!C Corporation on behalf of the 2ndonesian <ational
6e#elopment :lanning Agency (5A::!<A%, and the .apan 2nternational
Cooperation Agency (.2CA," 2))4.
14. L1MLdead lin/M
1. A8uma" Aoshifumi (2))3,. 9rban peasants: beca dri#ers in .a/arta.
.a/arta: :usta/a %inar Harapan.
1$. -?o" &ia Hutabarat (2)1),. -The City as a 'irror: Transport" ?and 9se and
%ocial Change in .a/arta- 449rban %tudies44 4*(3,: 2>3-.
9s@.sagepub.com. &etrie#ed 14 'arch 2)11.
1*. -'eet TaIi@e/: 'otorcycle taIi 0ith a meter-. 22 ;ebruary 2)12.
11. -1) districts prepared for electronic road pricing policy trial run in
.a/arta-. 2 %eptember 2)11.
1>. -City teams up 0ith police for !&:-. The .a/arta :ost. 2)13+1)+1>.
&etrie#ed 2)13+12+1).
>). -'onorail can be en@oyed by .a/artans in 2)1$- (in 2ndonesian,.
=ompas.com. 1$ Ectober 2)13. &etrie#ed 1$ Ectober 2)13.
>1. :reparation 0or/ for '&T begins K The .a/arta :ost
>2. -City launches t0o bus0ay routes-. The .a/arta :ost. &etrie#ed 14 'arch
2)11.
>3. -&ail+based Transportation" 'ain Component of 'etropolitan City-. 5erita
.a/artaF1$ .une 2)11.
>4. -Tol 5andara-. :os/otane0sF12 .anuary 2)12.
>. Tender+2ndonesia.com + 1) 5andara di 0ilayah barat o#er capacity
>$. -.a/arta gets its Brst /long taIis-. 5ang/o/ :ost. The :ost :ublishing
:ublic Co.
>*. :ort of .a/arta facilities
>1. -:elabuhan 'uara Ang/e %iap 6iguna/an-. &etrie#ed > 6ecember 2)11.
>>. -:roBle K 9ni#ersitas 2ndonesia-. 9i.ac.id. &etrie#ed 2* April 2)1).
Jakarta
1. History
2t is de#ided by 3 ( three, era 0here 0e /no0
:re Colonial era
Colonial era
2ndependence era
A. :re Colonial era
The area in and around modern .a/arta 0as part of the
fourth century %undanese /ingdom of Tarumanagara"
one of the oldest Hindu /ingdoms in 2ndonesia.
;ollo0ing the decline of Tarumanagara" its territories"
including the .a/arta area" became part of the =ingdom
of %unda. ;rom *th to early 13th century port of %unda
is 0ithin the sphere of inUuence of %ri#i@aya maritime
empire. According to the Chinese source" Chu-fan-chi"
0ritten circa 12))" Chou .u+/ua reported in the early
13th century %ri#i@aya still ruled %umatra" the 'alay
peninsula" and 0estern .a#a (%unda,. The source reports
the port of %unda as strategic and thri#ing" pepper from
%unda being among the best in Ouality. The people
0or/ed in agriculture and their houses 0ere built on
0ooden piles. The harbour area became /no0n as
%unda =elapa and by the fourteenth century" it 0as a
ma@or trading port for %unda /ingdom.
The Brst !uropean Ueet" four :ortuguese ships from
'alacca" arri#ed in 113 0hen the :ortuguese 0ere
loo/ing for a route for spices. The =ingdom of %unda
made an alliance treaty 0ith :ortugal by allo0ing the
:ortuguese to build a port in 122 in order to defend
against the rising po0er of the %ultanate of 6ema/ from
central .a#a. 2n 12*" ;atahillah" a .a#anese general
from 6ema/ attac/ed and conOuered %unda =elapa"
dri#ing out the :ortuguese. %unda =elapa 0as renamed
.aya/arta" and became a Befdom of the %ultanate of
5anten 0hich became a ma@or %outheast Asia trading
centre.
Through the relationship 0ith :rince .aya0i/arta from
the %ultanate of 5anten" 6utch ships arri#ed in .aya/arta
in 1>$. 2n 1$)2" the !nglish !ast 2ndia Company4s Brst
#oyage" commanded by %ir .ames ?ancaster" arri#ed in
Aceh and sailed on to 5anten 0here they 0ere allo0ed
to build a trading post. This site became the centre of
!nglish trade in 2ndonesia until 1$12.L14M
.aya0i/arta is thought to ha#e made trading
connections 0ith the !nglish merchants" ri#als of the
6utch" by allo0ing them to build houses directly across
from the 6utch buildings in 1$1.L1MThere are in and
around .a/arta
5. Colonial era
7hen relations bet0een :rince .aya0i/arta and the
6utch deteriorated" .aya0i/arta4s soldiers attac/ed the
6utch fortress. :rince .aya/arta4s army and the !nglish
0ere defeated by the 6utch" in part o0ing to the timely
arri#al of .an :ieters8oon Coen (..:. Coen,. The 6utch
burned the !nglish fort" and forced the !nglish to retreat
on their ships. The #ictory consolidated 6utch po0er
and in 1$1> they renamed the city 5ata#ia.
Commercial opportunities in the capital of the 6utch
colony attracted 2ndonesian and especially Chinese
immigrants. This sudden population increase created
burdens on the city. Tensions gre0 as the colonial
go#ernment tried to restrict Chinese migration through
deportations. ;ollo0ing a re#olt" "))) Chinese 0ere
massacred by the 6utch and nati#es on > Ectober 1*4)
and the follo0ing year" Chinese inhabitants 0ere mo#ed
to Glodo/ outside the city 0alls.The city began to mo#e
further south as epidemics in 113 and 11*)
encouraged more people to mo#e far south of the port.
The =oningsplein" no0 'erde/a %Ouare 0as completed
in 1111" the housing par/ of 'enteng 0as started in
1>13" and =ebayoran 5aru 0as the last 6utch+built
residential area. 5y 1>3) 5ata#ia had more than
))"))) inhabitants"including 3*")$* !uropeans.
6uring 7orld 7ar 22" the city 0as renamed from 5ata#ia
to -.a/arta- (short form of .aya/arta, by the 2ndonesian
nationalists after conOuering the city from the 6utch in
1>42 0ith the help of the .apanese forces.
C. 2ndependence era
;ollo0ing 7orld 7ar 22" 2ndonesian &epublicans 0ithdre0
from Allied+occupied .a/arta during their Bght for
2ndonesian independence and established their capital
in Aogya/arta. 2n 1>)" once independence 0as secured"
.a/arta 0as once again made the national capital.
2ndonesia4s founding president" %u/arno" en#isaged
.a/arta as a great international city" and instigated large
go#ernment+funded pro@ects 0ith openly nationalistic
and modernist architecture. :ro@ects included a clo#er+
leaf high0ay" a ma@or boule#ard (.alan 'H Thamrin+
%udirman," monuments such as The <ational 'onument"
Hotel 2ndonesia" a shopping centre" and a ne0
parliament building. 2n Ectober 1>$" .a/arta 0as the
site of an aborti#e coup attempt in 0hich $ top generals
0ere /illed" precipitating a #iolent anti+communist purge
in 0hich half+a million people 0ere /illed" including
many ethnic Chinese" and the beginning of %uharto4s
<e0 Erder. A monument stands 0here the generals4
bodies 0ere dumped.
2n 1>$$" .a/arta 0as declared a -special capital city
district- (daerah /husus ibu/ota," thus gaining a status
approIimately eOui#alent to that of a state or pro#ince.
?ieutenant General Ali %adi/in ser#ed as Go#ernor from
the mid+$)4s commencement of the -<e0 Erder-
through to 1>**C he rehabilitated roads and bridges"
encouraged the arts" built se#eral hospitals" and a large
number of ne0 schools. He also cleared out slum
d0ellers for ne0 de#elopment pro@ectsVsome for the
beneBt of the %uharto familyVand tried to eliminate
ric/sha0s and ban street #endors. He began control of
migration to the city in order to stem o#ercro0ding and
po#erty. ;oreign in#estment contributed to a real estate
boom 0hich changed the face of the city.L21M
The boom ended 0ith the 1>>*G>1 !ast Asian !conomic
crisis putting .a/arta at the centre of #iolence" protest"
and political maneu#ering. After 32 years in po0er"
support for :resident %uharto began to 0ane. Tensions
reached a pea/ in 0hen four students 0ere shot dead at
Trisa/ti 9ni#ersity by security forcesC four days of riots
and #iolence ensued that /illed an estimated 1"2))" and
destroyed or damaged $"))) buildings. 'uch of the
rioting targeted Chinese 2ndonesians.%uharto resigned
as president" and .a/arta has remained the focal point of
democratic change in 2ndonesia. .emaah 2slamiah+
connected bombings occurred almost annually in the
city bet0een 2))) and 2))"0ith another bombing in
2))>.
2. Administration
EHcially" .a/arta is not a city" but a pro#ince 0ith special
status as the capital of 2ndonesia. 2t has a go#ernor (instead of
a mayor," and is di#ided into se#eral sub+regions 0ith their
o0n administrati#e systems. As a pro#ince" the oHcial name
of .a/arta is 6aerah =husus 2bu/ota .a/arta (-%pecial Capital
City 6istrict of .a/arta-," 0hich in 2ndonesian is abbre#iated to
6=2 .a/arta.
.a/arta is di#ided into B#e /ota or /otamadya (-cities- 3
formerly municipalities," each headed by a mayor 3 and one
regency (/abupaten, headed by a regent. 2n August 2))*"
.a/arta held its Brst e#er election to choose a go#ernor"
0hereas pre#iously the city4s go#ernors 0ere appointed by the
local house of representati#es. The poll is part of a country+
0ide decentrali8ation dri#e" allo0ing for direct local elections
in se#eral areas.
The citiesGmunicipalities of .a/arta are:
Central .a/arta (.a/arta :usat, is .a/arta4s smallest city
and home to most of .a/arta4s administrati#e and
political centre. 2t is characteri8ed by large par/s and
6utch colonial buildings. ?andmar/s include the <ational
'onument ('onas," the 2stiOlal 'osOue" .a/arta" the
.a/arta Cathedral" and museums.
7est .a/arta (.a/arta 5arat, has the highest
concentration of small+scale industries in .a/arta. The
area includes .a/arta4s Chinato0n and 6utch colonial
landmar/s such as the Chinese ?anggam building and
To/o 'erah. 7est .a/arta contains part of .a/arta Eld
To0n.
%outh .a/arta (.a/arta %elatan," originally planned as a
satellite city" is no0 the location of large upscale
shopping centres and aWuent residential areas. .a/arta
%elatan functions as .a/arta4s ground 0ater buJer"but
recently the green belt areas are threatened by ne0
de#elopments. 'uch of the C56 area of .a/arta is
concentrated in %etia 5udi" %outh .a/arta" bordering the
Tanah AbangG%udirman area of Central .a/arta.
!ast .a/arta (.a/arta Timur, territory is characteri8ed by
se#eral industrial sectors erected in this city. Also
located in !ast .a/arta are Taman 'ini 2ndonesia 2ndah
and Halim :erdana/usuma 2nternational Airport.
<orth .a/arta (.a/arta 9tara, is the only city in .a/arta
that is bounded by the sea (.a#a %ea,. 2t is the location
of the Tan@ung :rio/ :ort. ?arge+scale and medium+scale
industries are concentrated in <orth .a/arta. <orth
.a/arta contains part of .a/arta Eld To0n" formerly
/no0n as 5ata#ia since the 1*th century" and 0as a
centre of QEC trade acti#ity in 6utch !ast 2ndies. Also
located in <orth .a/arta is Ancol 6reamland (Taman
2mpian .aya Ancol," currently the largest integrated
tourism area in %outh !ast Asia.L31M
The only regency (/abupaten, of .a/arta is:
Thousand 2slands (=epulauan %eribu," formerly a
subdistrict of <orth .a/arta" is a collection of 1) small
islands located on .a#a %ea. 2t has a high conser#ation
#alue because of its uniOue and special ecosystems.
'arine tourism" such as di#ing" 0ater bicycle" and 0ind
surBng" is the most important touristic acti#ity in this
territory. The main transportation bet0een these islands
are speed boat or small ferries.
3. Geography
2n %eptember 1>4" the go#ernment of .a/arta City 0as
changed from the .apanese 6@a/arta To/u+5etsu %hi into the
.a/arta <ational Administration. This Brst go#ernment 0as
held by a 'ayor until the end of 1>$) 0hen the oHce 0as
changed to that of a Go#ernor. The last mayor of .a/arta 0as
%udiro" until he 0as replaced by 6r %umarno as Go#ernor of
the pro#ince (as the city had no0 become,.
2n 1>*4" 5ased on the Act <o. of 1>*4 relating to the
;undamentals of &egional Go#ernment" .a/arta 0as conBrmed
as the capital of 2ndonesia and one of 2ndonesia4s then 2$
pro#inces.
4. Culture
As the economic and political capital of 2ndonesia" .a/arta
attracts many domestic immigrants 0ho bring their #arious
languages" dialects" foods and customs.
The -5eta0i- (Erang 5eta0i" or -people of 5ata#ia-, are the
descendants of the people li#ing in and around 5ata#ia and
recogni8ed as an ethnic group from around the 11th31>th
century. The 5eta0i people are mostly descended from
#arious %outheast+Asian ethnic groups brought or attracted to
5ata#ia to meet labor needs" and include people from diJerent
parts of 2ndonesia. The language and 5eta0i culture are
distinct from those of the %undanese or .a#anese" forming
itself as a language island in the surrounding area. The
language is mostly based on the !ast 'alay dialect and
enriched by loan 0ords from 6utch" :ortuguese" %undanese"
.a#anese" Chinese" and Arabic. <o0adays" the .a/arta dialect
(5ahasa .a/arta," used as a street language by people in
.a/arta" is loosely based on the 5eta0i language. 5eta0i arts
ha#e a lo0 proBle in .a/arta" and most 5eta0i ha#e mo#ed to
the suburbs of .a/arta" displaced by ne0 migrants. 2t is easier
to Bnd .a#a+ or 'inang+based 0edding ceremonies rather than
5eta0i 0eddings in .a/arta. 2t is easier to Bnd .a#anese
Gamelan instead of Gambang =romong (a miIture bet0een
5eta0i and Chinese music, or Tan@idor (a miIture bet0een
5eta0i and :ortuguese music, or 'ara0is (a miIture bet0een
5eta0i and Aaman music,. Ho0e#er" some festi#als such as
the .alan .a/sa ;esti#al or =emang ;esti#al include eJorts to
preser#e 5eta0i arts by in#iting artists to gi#e performances.
There has been a signiBcant Chinese community in .a/arta for
many centuries. The Chinese in .a/arta traditionally reside
around old urban areas" such as :inangsia" :luit and Glodo/
(.a/arta Chinato0n, areas. They also can be found in old
chinato0ns of %enen and .atinegara. EHcially" they ma/e up
$X of the .a/artan population" although this number may be
under+reported. Chinese culture also had inUuenced 5eta0i
culture" such as the popularity of Chinese ca/es and s0eets"
Brecrac/ers" to 5eta0i 0edding attire that demonstrates
Chinese and Arab inUuences.
.a/arta has se#eral performing art centres" such as the
classical concert hall Aula %imfonia .a/arta in =emayoran"
Taman 2smail 'ar8u/i (T2', art centre in Ci/ini" Gedung
=esenian .a/arta near :asar 5aru" 5alai %arbini in :la8a
%emanggi area" 5entara 5udaya .a/arta in :almerah area"
:asar %eni (Art 'ar/et, in Ancol" and traditional 2ndonesian art
performances at the pa#ilions of some pro#inces in Taman
'ini 2ndonesia 2ndah. Traditional music is often found at high+
class hotels" including 7ayang and Gamelan performances.
.a#anese 7ayang Erang performances can be found at
7ayang Erang 5harata theater near %enen bus terminal. As
the nation4s largest city and capital" .a/arta has lured much
national and regional talent 0ho hope to Bnd a greater
audience and more opportunities for success.
.a/arta hosts se#eral prestigious art and culture festi#als" and
eIhibitions" such as the annual .a/arta 2nternational ;ilm
;esti#al (.i;;est," .a/arta 2nternational .a#a .a88 ;esti#al"
.a/arta ;ashion 7ee/" .a/arta ;ashion R ;ood ;esti#al (.;;;,"
.a/arta ;air" 2ndonesia Creati#e :roducts and .a/arta Arts and
Crafts eIhibition. ;lona .a/arta is a Uora+and+fauna eIhibition"
held annually in August at ?apangan 5anteng :ar/" featuring
Uo0ers" plant nurseries" and pets. The .a/arta ;air is held
annually from mid+.une to mid+.uly to celebrate the
anni#ersary of the city and is largely centred around a trade
fair. Ho0e#er this month+long fair also features entertainment"
including arts and music performances by local bands and
musicians.
%e#eral foreign art and culture centres are also established in
.a/arta" and mainly ser#e to promote culture and language
through learning centres" libraries" and art galleries. Among
these foreign art and cultural centres are China Confucius
2nstitute" <etherlands !rasmus Huis" 9= 5ritish Council" ;rance
Centre Culturel ;ranYais" Germany Goethe+2nstitut" .apan
;oundation" and the .a0aharlal <ehru 2ndian Cultural Centre.
'useums
The museums in .a/arta cluster around the Central .a/arta
'erde/a %Ouare area" .a/arta Eld To0n" and Taman 'ini
2ndonesia 2ndah.
The .a/arta Eld To0n contains museums that are former
institutional buildings of Colonial 5ata#ia. %ome of these
museums are: .a/arta History 'useum (former City Hall of
5ata#ia," 7ayang 'useum (:uppet 'useum, (former Church
of 5ata#ia," the ;ine Art and Ceramic 'useum (former Court
House of .ustice of 5ata#ia," the 'aritime 'useum (former
%unda =elapa 0arehouse," 5an/ 2ndonesia 'useum (former
.a#asche 5an/," and 5an/ 'andiri 'useum (former
<ederlandsche Handels 'aatschappi@,. %e#eral museums
clustered in central .a/arta around the 'erde/a %Ouare area
include: <ational 'useum of 2ndonesia (also /no0n as Gedung
Ga@ah (-the !lephant 5uilding-," 'onas (<ational 'onument,"
2stiOlal 2slamic 'useum in 2stiOlal 'osOue" .a/arta" and .a/arta
Cathedral 'useum on the second Uoor of .a/arta Cathedral.
Also in the central .a/arta area is the Taman :rasasti 'useum
(former cemetery of 5ata#ia," and TeItile 'useum in Tanah
Abang area. The recreational area of Taman 'ini 2ndonesia
2ndah in !ast .a/arta contains fourteen museums" such as
2ndonesia 'useum" :urna 5ha/ti :erti0i 'useum" Asmat
'useum" 5ayt al+Zur4an 2slamic 'useum" :usa/a (heirloom,
'useum" and other science+based museum such as &esearch
R Technology 2nformation Centre" =omodo 2ndonesian ;auna
'useum" 2nsect 'useum" :etrol and Gas 'useum" plus the
Transportation 'useum.
Ether museums are %atria 'andala 'ilitary 'useum" 'useum
%umpah :emuda" and ?ubang 5uaya.
Cuisine
.a/arta has a #ast range of food a#ailable at hundreds of
eating compleIes located all o#er the city" from modest street+
side foodstalls and tra#eling #endors to the high+class
eIpensi#e restaurants. Ene of the most popular local dishes in
.a/arta is %oto 5eta0i" 0hich is a co0 mil/ or coconut mil/
broth 0ith beef tendons" intestines" tripe. Ho0e#er since
.a/arta is regarded as the 4melting+pot4 and a miniature of
2ndonesia" many traditional food from other regions of
2ndonesia can be easily found in .a/arta. ;or eIample"
traditional :adang restaurants and lo0+budget .a#anese
7arteg (7arung Tegal, foodstalls are ubiOuitous in the capital.
<eIt to a myriad of selections of 2ndonesian food and regional
specialties from all o#er 2ndonesia" there is also international
food" especially Chinese" .apanese" =orean" Thai" 2ndian"
American" ;rench" 'iddle !astern" and modern fusion food.
L4M The other popular foods include: /era/ telor" gado+gado"
sate" nasi goreng and /ue cucur.
. !conomic" go#ernance" and infrastructure
A. !conomy
The economic gro0th of .a/arta in 2))* 0as $.44X up from
.>X the pre#ious year" 0ith the gro0th in the
transportation and communication (1.2X," construction
(*.11X, and trade" hotel and restaurant sectors ($.11X,.
L4)M 2n 2))*" G&: (Gross &egional 6omestic :roduct, 0as
&p. $$ trillion (around [9% $ billion,. The largest
contributions to G6&: 0ere by Bnance" o0nership and
business ser#ices (2>X,C trade" hotel and restaurant sector
(2)X," and manufacturing industry sector (1$X,. 2n 2))*"
the increase in per capita G&6: of 6=2 .a/arta inhabitants
0as 11.$X compared to the pre#ious year
5oth G&6: by at current mar/et price and G&6: by at 2)))
constant price in 2))* for the 'unicipality of Central
.a/arta (.a/arta :usat," 0hich 0as &p 14$ million and &p
11 million" 0as higher than other municipalities in 6=2
.a/arta.
5. Go#ernance
A ne0 la0 in 2))* forbids the gi#ing of money to beggars"
bus/ers and ha0/ers" bans sOuatter settlements on ri#er
ban/s and high0ays" and prohibits spitting and smo/ing on
public transportation. 9nauthori8ed people cleaning car
0indscreens and ta/ing tips for directing traHc at
intersections 0ill also be penali8ed. Critics of the ne0
legislation claim that such la0s 0ill be diHcult to enforce
and it tends to ignore the desperate po#erty of many of the
capital4s inhabitants.
Copying an idea implemented in %ingapore4s Erchard &oad"
in 2)11" the .a/arta administration said that it 0ould
restrict on+street par/ing on .l Hayam 7uru/ (Haram 7uru/
%t, and .l Ga@ah 'ada in Central .a/arta. 2t said it 0ould also
remo#e illegal #endors and beggars from pa#ements and
streets in the area. 2n practice" these measures ha#e only
been partially successful.
C. 7ater supply
;or more details on this topic" see 7ater pri#ati8ation in
.a/arta.
T0o pri#ate companies" :A?A.A and Aetra" pro#ide piped
0ater supply in the 0estern and eastern half of .a/arta
respecti#ely under 2+year concession contracts signed in
1>>1. A public asset holding company called :A' .aya
o0ns the infrastructure. 1)X of the 0ater distributed in
.a/arta comes through the 7est Tarum Canal system from
.atiluhur reser#oir on the Citarum &i#er *) /m (43 mi,
southeast of the city. 7ater supply had been pri#ati8ed by
go#ernment of then :resident %uharto in 1>>1 to the
;rench company %ue8 !n#ironnement and the 5ritish
company Thames 7ater 2nternational. 5oth foreign
companies subseOuently sold their concessions to
2ndonesian companies. Customer gro0th in the * Brst years
of the concessions had been lo0er than before" despite
substantial inUation+ad@usted tariJ increases during this
period. 2n 2)) tariJs 0ere fro8en" leading the pri#ate
0ater companies to cut do0n on in#estments.
According to :A?A.A in its 0estern half of the concession the
ser#ice co#erage ratio increased substantially from 34X in
1>>1 to >X in 2))* and $X in 2)1). According to data
by the .a/arta 7ater %upply &egulatory 5ody" access in the
eastern half of the city ser#ed by :T. increased from about
*X in 1>>1 to about $*X in 2))4" but stagnated after
that. Ho0e#er" other sources cite much lo0er access
Bgures for piped 0ater supply to houses" eIcluding access
pro#ided through public hydrants: Ene study estimated
access as lo0 as 2X in 2))" 0hile another source
estimates it to be as lo0 as 11.X in 2)11. Those 0ithout
access to piped 0ater supply get 0ater mostly from 0ells
that are often salty and polluted 0ith bacteria.
6. 6emography
The 2)1) census counted some >.1 million people" 0ell
abo#e all go#ernment estimates. The area of 6=2 .a/arta is
$$2.33 /m2" suggesting a population density of 14"4$4
peopleG/m2 as the ninth largest urban population density in
the 0orld. 2n0ards immigration tended to negate the eJect
of family planning programs. The population has risen from
1.2 million in 1>$) to 1.1 million in 2))4" counting only its
legal residents.
The population of Greater .a/arta is 21")1>"4.
!. ?andmar/s
2stiOlal 'osOue" .a/arta 0ith Cathedral in the bac/ground.
'ost of .a/arta4s landmar/s" monuments and statues 0ere
built during %u/arno era around the 1>$)s and completed
in %uharto era" 0hile some are the colonial 6utch !ast
2ndies heritage. <ear the national monument stands a
'ahabharata themed Ar@una 7i@aya chariot statue and
fountain. ;urther south through .alan Thamrin" the main
a#enue of .a/arta" the %elamat 6atang monument stands
on the fountain in the centre of Hotel 2ndonesia
roundabout. Ether landmar/s include the 2stiOlal 'osOue"
.a/arta" the .a/arta Cathedral and 2mmanuel Church. The
former 5ata#ia %tadhuis in .a/arta Eld To0n is also the
city4s landmar/. The 7isma 4$ building in Central .a/arta is
currently the highest building in .a/arta and 2ndonesia.
%ome of statues and monuments in .a/arta are nationalist"
such as the 7est 2rian ?iberation monument. %e#eral
2ndonesian national heroes are commemorated in statues"
such as 6iponegoro and =artini statues in 'erde/a %Ouare"
%udirman and Thamrin statues located in each respectable
a#enues" also %u/arno and Hatta statues in :roclamation
'onument also on the entrance of %oe/arno3Hatta
2nternational Airport.
;. Tourism
'ost of the #isitors attracted to .a/arta are domestic
tourists from all o#er 2ndonesia. As the gate0ay of
2ndonesia" .a/arta often ser#es as the stop+o#er for foreign
#isitors on their 0ay to 2ndonesian popular tourist
destinations such as 5ali and Aogya/arta. Ether than
attracted to monuments" landmar/s" and museums around
'erde/a sOuare and .a/arta Eld To0n" tourist attractions
include Taman 'ini 2ndonesia 2ndah" &agunan Too" %unda
=elapa old port and the Ancol 6reamland compleI on
.a/arta 5ay" including 6unia ;antasi theme par/" %ea 7orld"
Atlantis 7ater Ad#enture" and Gelanggang %amudra.
Tourism is contributing a gro0ing amount of income to the
city. 2n 2)12" the tourism sector contributed 2.$ trillion
rupiah (9%[2$1. million, to the city\s total direct income
of 1*.13 trillion rupiah" a 1*.> per cent increase o#er 2)11.
Tourism sta/eholders are eIpecting greater mar/eting of
the .a/arta as a tourism destination.
G. %hopping
.a/arta is a shopping hub in the nation also one of the best
places to shop in %outh !ast Asia. The city has numerous
shopping malls and traditional mar/ets. The annual -.a/arta
Great %ale- is held e#ery year on .une and .uly to celebrate
.a/arta4s anni#ersary 0ith about *3 participating shopping
centres in 2)12.
'alls such as :la8a 2ndonesia" :la8a %enayan and %enayan
City pro#ides numerous selections of luIury brands. 'all
Taman Anggre/" :ondo/ 2ndah 'all" 'al =elapa Gading" and
Central :ar/ .a/arta cater high+street brands such as 9=4s
Topshop and !urope4s Tara
9nited =ingdom4s number one department store"
6ebenhams has 3 outlets in the city" the Brst one on
%enayan City" %upermall =ara0aci and ?ippo 'all =emang
Qillage. .apan4s international %ogo department store has
about $ department stores 0hich spread around shopping
malls in the city. %eibu Uagship store is located on Grand
2ndonesia %hopping To0n. And ;rench luIury department
store" Galeries ?afayette 0ill open its doors for the Brst
time on %outh !ast Asia in :aciBc :lace .a/arta.
2nternationally /no0n luIury brands such as ?ouis Quitton"
5ulgari" Chanel" Gucci" Christian ?ouboutin" 5alenciaga"
and Giorgio Armani can be easily found on .a/arta4s luIury
shopping malls.
%atrio+Casablanca corridor" 3. /ilometre+long street that is
a ne0 shopping belt in .a/arta. 'any multistorey shopping
centres are located here" such as =uningan City" 'al
Ambassador" and =ota =asablan/a. And %atrio+Casablanca4s
largest shopping centre" Ciputra 7orld .a/arta" 0ill open in
2)13.
Traditional mar/ets include 5lo/ '" Tanah Abang" %enen"
:asar 5aru" Glodo/" 'angga 6ua" Cempa/a 'as" and
.atinegara. 2n .a/arta there are also mar/ets that sells
speciBed collectable items" such as antiOue goods in
%urabaya %treet and gemstones in &a0abening 'ar/et.
H. :ar/s
:la8a 2ndonesia" the high end shopping centre in .a/arta
Taman ?apangan 5anteng (5uJalo ;ield :ar/, is located in
Central .a/arta near the 2stiOlal 'osOue" .a/arta" .a/arta
Cathedral" and the .a/arta Central :ost EHce. 2t is about
4. hectares. 2nitially it 0as called 7aterlooplein of 5ata#ia
and functioned as the ceremonial sOuare during the
<etherlands 2ndies colonial period. A number of colonial
monuments and memorials erected on the sOuare during
the colonial period 0ere demolished during the %u/arno
era. The most notable monument in the sOuare is the
'onumen :embebasan 2rian 5arat ('onument of the
?iberation of 7est 2rian,. 6uring the 1>*)s and 1>1)s the
par/ 0as used as a bus terminal. 2n 1>>3 the par/ 0as
turned into a public space again. 2t has become a
recreation place for people and is occasionally also used as
an eIhibition place or for other e#ents. The .a/arta ;lona
(;lora dan ;auna," the Uo0er and decoration plants and pet
eIhibition" is held in this par/ around August annually.
Taman 'ini 2ndonesia 2ndah ('iniature :ar/ of 2ndonesia,"
in !ast .a/arta" has 1) mini par/s. 5ut the most popular is
The 5ird :ar/ or A#iary
%pherical cage 5ird :ar/ in Taman 'ini 2ndonesia 2ndah.
Taman %uropati is located in 'enteng city subdistrict in
Central .a/arta. The par/ is surrounded by se#eral 6utch
colonial buildings. Taman %uropati 0as /no0n as
5urgemeester 5isschopplein during the 6utch colonial
time. The par/ is circular shaped 0ith a surface area of
1$"322 m2. There are se#eral modern statues in the par/
made by artists of the A%!A< countries" 0hich contributes
to the nic/name of the par/ -Taman persahabatan seniman
A%!A<- (-:ar/ of the A%!A< artists friendship-,.L*2M Also
located in the 'enteng area are the Taman 'enteng and
%itu ?embang pond par/s. The Taman 'enteng 0as built on
the former :ersi@a soccer %tadium.
Taman 'onas ('onas :ar/, or Taman 'edan 'erde/a
('edan 'erde/a :ar/, is a huge sOuare 0here the symbol
of .a/arta" 'onas or 'onumen <asional (<ational
'onument, is located. The enormous space 0as created by
6utch Go#ernor General Herman 7illem 6aendels (111),
and 0as originally named =oningsplein (=ings %Ouare,. En
1) .anuary 1>>3" :resident %oeharto initiated action for the
beautiBcation of the sOuare. %e#eral features in the sOuare
are a deer par/ and 33 trees that represents the 33
pro#inces of 2ndonesia.L*3M
2n .une 2)11" .a/arta has only 1). percent &uang Terbu/a
Hi@au (Green Epen %pace, and 0ill be added to 13.>4
percent :ublic Green Epen %pace. :ublic :ar/s are include
in :ublic Green Epen %pace. 5y 2)3)" the administration
also hope there are 1$ percent :ri#ate Green Epen %pace.
2. %ports
The 5ung =arno %tadium during soccer match bet0een
2ndonesia #s %outh =orea in 2))* A;C Asian Cup
.a/arta 0as host to the Asian Games in 1>$2" host of the
Asian Cup 2))* beside 'alaysia" Thailand and Qietnam"
and has hosted the regional+scale %outheast Asian Games
in 1>*>" 1>1* and 1>>*. 2n 2)11" .a/arta again hosted the
%outheast Asian Games" but this time as co+hosts 0ith
:alembang.
.a/arta4s most popular home football club is :ersi@a" 0hich
plays its matches in their home stadium at 5ung =arno
%tadium. The home match of :ersi@a often dra0s its large
fan 3 cladded 0ith :ersi@a4s typical orange /it 3 to 0atch the
match in the main stadium. The large spectators Uoc/ing to
the main stadium usually 0orsen the traHc congestion in
.a/arta. Another premiere di#ision team is :ersitara 0hich
plays its matches in the =amal 'uara %tadium in =amal
area.
The biggest stadium in .a/arta is the Gelora 5ung =arno
%tadium 0ith a capacity of 11")13 seats. The %enayan
sports compleI has se#eral sport #enues" including the
5ung =arno soccer stadium" 'adya %tadium" 2stora
%enayan" aOuatic arena" baseball Beld" bas/etball court"
badminton court" a shooting range" se#eral indoor and
outdoor tennis court and a golf dri#ing range. The %enayan
compleI 0as built in 1>> to accommodate the Asian
Games in 1>$2. ;or bas/etball" the =elapa Gading %port
'all in =elapa Gading" <orth .a/arta" 0ith a capacity of
*"))) seats" is the home arena of the 2ndonesian national
bas/etball team.
The .a/arta Car+;ree 6ays are held 0ee/ly on %unday on
the main a#enues of the city" .alan %udirman and .alan
Thamrin" from $ am to 11 am. The briefer Car+;ree 6ay
0hich lasts from only $ am to > am is held on e#ery other
%unday. The e#ent in#ites local pedestrians to do sports
and eIercise and ha#e their acti#ities on the streets that
are normally full of cars and traHc. Along the road from the
%enayan traHc circle on .alan %udirman" %outh .a/arta" to
the -%elamat 6atang- 'onument at the Hotel 2ndonesia
traHc circle on .alan Thamrin" all the 0ay north to the
<ational 'onument in Central .a/arta" cars are cleared out
for pedestrians. 'orning gymnastics" calisthenics and
aerobic eIercises" futsal games" @ogging" bicycling"
s/ateboarding" badminton" /arate" and on+street library
and musical performances ta/e o#er the roads and the
main par/s in .a/arta.
.. Transportation
7ith 21 million people in the metropolitan area" nearly 1)
million #ehicles in daily use" and no rapid transit
systemL*>M .a/arta is strained by transportation problems.
L1)M The city suJers a lac/ of urban public transport
ser#ices due to prioriti8ed de#elopment of road net0or/s"
0hich 0ere mostly designed to accommodate pri#ate
#ehicles. 'ost trips" ho0e#er" are underta/en by non+
motori8ed transportation (particularly 0al/ing, and
numerous modes of public or demand+responsi#e
transportation ser#ices.
=. &oad
%ome ma@or roads in .a/arta are implementing 3
passengers in a car regulation during rush hours.
A structured road net0or/ had been de#eloped in the early
1>th century as a part of the .a#a Great :ost &oad by
former Go#ernor+General 6aendels" 0hich connects most
ma@or cities throughout .a#a. 6uring the follo0ing decades"
the road net0or/ 0as eIpanded to a great eItent" although
it could not /eep up 0ith the rapidly increasing numbers of
motori8ed #ehicles" resulting in highly congested traHc.
A notable feature of .a/arta4s present road system is the
toll road net0or/. Composed of an inner and outer ring
road and B#e toll roads radiating out0ards" the net0or/
pro#ides inner as 0ell as outer city connections. The outer
ring road is under construction" but it is largely in use. %iI
ele#ated toll roads are in tender progress.
The B#e radiating toll roads are the:
:rof. 6r. %edyatmo Toll &oad lin/ing to %oe/arno+Hatta
2nternational Airport
.a/arta+Tangerang Toll &oad lin/ing to Tangerang and
further to 'era/ in the 0est
.a/arta+%erpong Toll &oad lin/ing to %erpong
.agora0i Toll &oad lin/ing to 5ogor and Cia0i in the south
.a/arta+Ci/ampe/ Toll &oad lin/ing to 5e/asi and Ci/ampe/
in the east
Throughout the years" se#eral attempts ha#e been made to
reduce traHc congestion on .a/arta\s main arteries.
2mplemented solutions include a 4three+in+one4 rush+hour
la0" during 0hich cars 0ith fe0er than three passengers
are prohibited from dri#ing on the main a#enues. Another
eIample is the ban on truc/s passing main a#enues during
the day.
?. :ublic road transportation
2n 1>$$" an estimated 1$) thousand pedicabs (beca/,
operated in the cityC as much as 1X of .a/arta4s total
0or/force 0as engaged in beca/ dri#ing. 2n 1>*1" beca/
0ere banned from ma@or roads" and shortly thereafter the
go#ernment attempted a total ban" 0hich substantially
reduced their numbers but did not eliminate them. A
campaign to eliminate them succeeded in 1>>) and 1>>1"
but during the economic crisis of 1>>1" some returned
amid less eJecti#e go#ernment attempts to control them.
-Auto ric/sha0s-" called ba@a@" pro#ide local transportation
in the bac/ streets of some parts of the city. ;rom the early
1>4)s to 1>>1 they 0ere a common form of local
transportation in the city.
'. A Trans.a/arta bus
The Trans.a/arta bus rapid transit ser#ice (/no0n as
5us0ay, 0as de#eloped in the conteIt of de#elopment
reforms (or reformasi, and used 5ogota4s Trans'ilenio
system as a model. .a/arta4s Brst bus0ay line" from 5lo/ '
to .a/arta =ota opened in .anuary 2))4 and as of 14
;ebruary 2)13" t0el#e out of Bfteen corridors are in use.
The =opa@a and 'etro'ini economy minibus systems also
pro#ide important ser#ices for .a/arta commuters 0ith
numerous routes throughout the city.
Although o@e/s are not an oHcial form of public transport"
they can be found throughout 2ndonesia and in .a/arta.
They are especially useful on the cro0ded urban roads and
narro0 alley0ays" 0hich other #ehicles cannot reach. 2n
<o#ember 2)11" TaIi@e/ 0as launched in .a/arta. 2t is
essentially a taIi" but 0ith a motorcycle instead of an
automobile. 5esides a taIimeter and the company4s dri#er
identity card" the passenger has access to a helmet"
disposable sho0er caps to use underneath the helmet and
an eItra raincoat. Contrary to common o@e/s" TaIi@e/s are
allo0ed to enter gated communities and they usually
charge a lo0er fare.
<. !lectronic &oad :ricing
6ue to the city4s acute gridloc/" the .a/arta administration
0ill implement !lectronic &oad :ricing (!&:, in 1) districts:
Tanah Abang" 'enteng" %etiabudi" Tebet" 'atraman" %enen"
Gambir" Tambora" %a0ah 5esar and Taman %ari. The
pro@ects 0ill initiate once appro#ed by the ;inance 'inistry.
The !&: 0ill be implemented in the three+in+one 8one and
along .l. &asuna %aid in =uningan by the Brst Ouarter of
2)14. Qehicles passing through the !&: areas 0ill be
charged &p 21")*2.
E. &ail0ays
A =&? .abotabe/ commuter train
As of 2)13 plans 0ere under0ay to in#est [4 billion in
mass transit o#er the neIt fe0 years including
commencement of a sub0ay.
?ong+distance rail0ays and local tram ser#ices 0ere Brst
introduced during the 6utch colonial era. 7hile the trams
0ere replaced 0ith buses in the post+colonial era" long+
distance rail0ays continued to connect the city to its
neighbouring regions as 0ell as cities throughout .a#a. The
surrounding cities of .a/arta are ser#ed by =&? .abotabe/" a
mass rapid transit system 0hich ser#es commuters both in
and around .a/arta. The ma@or rail stations are Gambir"
.a/arta =ota" .atinegara" :asar %enen" 'anggarai" and
Tanah Abang. 6uring rush hours" the number of passengers
greatly eIceeds the system4s capacity" and cro0ding is
common.
There had been plans for a monorail and part of it 0as
already under construction" but the pro@ect stalled in 2))4
and 0as oHcially abandoned as of 2))1" mostly due to a
lac/ of in#estors to fund it all. The monorail pro@ect 0as
relaunched in 2)13 and the groundbrea/ing 0as done in
Ectober 2)13
A t0o+line metro ('&T, system is under construction" 0ith a
north+south line bet0een =ota and ?eba/ 5ulusC and an
east+0est line" 0hich 0ill connect to the north+south line at
%a0ah 5esar %tation. 2n the end the .'&T 0ill be a
combination of both sub0ays and ele#ated rails.
:reparation 0or/s started in April 2)12" 0ith the Brst"
1.2 /m+long line bet0een Hotel 2ndonesia and ?eba/
5ulus" and the north+south line '&T net0or/ is scheduled
to be operational by 2)1$. The .a/arta Capital City
Go#ernment had decided to build rail+based mass transits
because this type of transport is capable of carrying
passengers in large Ouantities Ouic/ly and cheaply.
:. Air
;ront #ie0 of %oe/arno+Hatta 2nternational Airport Terminal
3.
%oe/arno3Hatta 2nternational Airport (CG=, is the main
airport ser#ing the greater .a/arta area. The airport is
named after the Brst :resident of 2ndonesia" %oe/arno" and
the Brst #ice+president" 'ohammad Hatta. The airport is
often called Ceng/areng or %oetta by 2ndonesians. The
airport4s 2ATA code" CG=" originates from the name of the
Ceng/areng locality"L>4M a district situated to the north0est
of the city. 2t is 2ndonesia4s busiest airport handling o#er )
million passengers annually.L>M A second airport" Halim
:erdana/usuma Airport (H?:, ser#es mostly pri#ate and
Q2:Gpresidential Uights. Ether airports in the .abotabe/
metropolitan area include :ondo/ Cabe Airport and an
airBeld on :ulau :an@ang" part of the Thousand 2sland
archipelago.
Z. 7ater0ay
En $ .une 2))*" the city administration introduced the
7ater0ay (oHcially Ang/utan %ungai," a ne0 ri#er boat
ser#ice along the Cili0ung &i#er. Ho0e#er" because of the
large amount of Uoating garbage 0hich /ept @amming the
propeller" it is no longer in ser#ice. The #arying 0ater le#els
during the dry and 0et seasons 0ere also a contributing
factor to the close+do0n.
&. %ea
.a/arta4s main seaport Tan@ung :rio/ ser#es many ferry
connections to diJerent parts of 2ndonesia. Tan@ung :rio/ is
the largest seaport in 2ndonesia" 0ith an annual traHc
capacity of around 4 million tonnes of cargo and
4")))"))) T!94s. The port is also an important employer in
the area" 0ith more than 11"))) employees 0ho pro#ide
ser#ices to more than 11"))) ships e#ery year. The :ort of
.a/arta has 2) terminals: general cargo" multipurpose
terminal" scraps terminal" passenger terminal" dry bul/
terminal" liOuid bul/ terminal" oil terminal" chemicals
terminal and three container terminals" *$ berths" a Ouay
length of 1$"13 metres" a total storage area of $$1"122
m2 and a storage capacity of 4)1"4$1 tonnes.
2n 6ecember 2)11" 'uara Ang/e :ort has been reno#ated
yet 0ith cost &p13) billion ([14.4 million, in 3 hectares
area. <eIt" 'uara Ang/e :ort 0ill be used for public
transport port to Thousand 2slands" 0hile 'arina Ancol :ort
0ill be used as tourist ship port.
%. !ducation
.a/arta is home to a number of uni#ersities" of 0hich the
9ni#ersity of 2ndonesia is the largest. 2t is a state+o0ned
uni#ersity 0ith campuses in %alemba and 6epo/. .a/arta is
also home to t0o other state uni#ersities: the %yarif
Hidayatullah %tate 2slamic 9ni#ersity .a/arta and the %tate
9ni#ersity of .a/arta. %ome ma@or pri#ate uni#ersities
located in .a/arta are: Trisa/ti 9ni#ersity" Tarumanagara
9ni#ersity" Atma .aya 9ni#ersity" :elita Harapan 9ni#ersity
and 5ina <usantara 9ni#ersity.
%TEQ2A (%chool tot Epleiding #an 2ndische Artsen, 0as the
Brst high school in .a/arta" established in 111. As the
largest city and the capital" .a/arta houses a large number
of students from #arious parts of 2ndonesia" many of 0hom
reside in dormitories or home+stay residences. ;or basic
education" there are a #ariety of primary and secondary
schools" tagged 0ith public (national," pri#ate (national and
bi+lingual national plus, and international schools. ;our of
the ma@or international schools located in .a/arta are the
Gandhi 'emorial 2nternational %chool" 2:!=A 2nternational
Christian %chool" .a/arta 2nternational %chool and the
5ritish 2nternational %chool (52%,. Ether international
schools include the .a/arta 2nternational =orean %chool"
5ina 5angsa %chool" .a/arta 2nternational 'ulticultural
%chool" Australian 2nternational %chool" <e0 Tealand
2nternational %chool" %ingapore 2nternational %chool" and
%e/olah :elita Harapan.
T. 2nternational relations
.a/arta signed sister city agreement 0ith other cities" one
of them is Casablanca" 'orocco4s largest city" that ha#e
signed sister city agreement on %ept. 21" 1>>). To promote
friendship bet0een t0o cities" .alan Casablanca" a main
a#enue famous for its shopping and business centers in
%outh .a/arta" 0as named after .a/arta4s 'oroccan sister
city. Currently there is no street in Casablanca named after
.a/arta" ho0e#er on the other hand in &abat" 'orocco4s
capital city" an a#enue 0as named after %u/arno"
2ndonesia4s Brst president" to commemorate his #isit in
1>$) also as a to/en of friendship.
$. %ummary" conclusion" and recomendation
;rom history" administration" geography" culture" 2t can
getting summary that true .a/arta is same 0ith other famous
capital city in the 0orld. 2t is @ust made good rule of la0 and
good go#ernment. And that the people in the city shall be
follo0 the rule" not only afraid of the police" but conscious for
its o0n sa/e.
;or foreigner" principally .a/arta is safe city" although it has
many crime in the city" but it can be controlled. 2n Eriginally
people in .a/arta is #ery friendly and forgi#ing. 2t is sho0n in
public facilities such as rail0ay station al0ays heard ]we are
sorry for train delay^ and the passanger not complain about
that

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