Mission-I

Geological Survey of India

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR
NATIONAL GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING &
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Revised & updated
May, 2014
Revised & Updated SOP


































Mission-I : Baseline Geoscinces Data Generation
Geological Survey of India
May 2014
STANDARDOPERATINGPROCEDUREFOR
NATIONALGEOCHEMICALMAPPING
&QUALITYMANAGEMENT

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE

FOR NATIONAL GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING (NGCM) &
QUALITY MANAGEMENT


CONTENTS

Topics Page no.
Introduction 1
Pre-Field Preparations 2
Field Work 4
Work in Headquarters 9
Report Submission and Report Format 13
Data Uploading in GSI Portal 13
Annexure I- Report Format i - iii
Annexure II - Important Guidelines iv - vi
Annexure III - Sample Storage Plan vii - viii
Annexure IV - Quality Management Data Sheet ix
Annexure V - Geochemical Data Analysis x-xv
Plate I Sample Locations on a Drainage map
Plate II Geological Map
Plate III Correlation Matrix
Plate IV Maps showing Statistical distribution of elements


1

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE

FOR NATIONAL GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING (NGCM) &
QUALITY MANAGEMENT


INTRODUCTION
Geological Survey of India (GSI), a premiere and foremost Earth Science organisation of
the country, has always been in the vanguard to address the prime needs of the nation and to
protect the interest of the country. The ever increasing demands are in the domains of health,
environment, agriculture and industry and all these have a link with geology through the medium
of soil, water, etc.

GSI with its 163 years long illustrious existence has contributed enormously to the nation
building activities by discovering raw materials in the form of mineral resources for boosting the
countys economy. In the post-independence era, India has become self-sufficient in iron, coal,
limestone, copper, lead-zinc, etc. A very major part of credit for this goes to GSI.

The economy of a country is largely dependent on industrial development for which
mineral wealth provides the basic raw materials. On completion of the systematic geological
mapping on 1:50,000 scale, GSI has prioritized geochemical mapping a commitment of GSI in
its Vision 2020 document to identify new prospective areas for possible occurrences of
mineral deposits and to demarcate areas of potential geoenvironmental health hazards and to
specify the causes for such ailments. With these objectives in mind, GSI has embarked on the
ambitious programme of the National Geochemical Mapping Programme (NGCM) since the
2001 02 field season year to cover vast areas, mainly across the length and breadth of
peninsular India.

The main media of sampling for the NGCM work is fluvial (stream sediment) or slope
wash material in 1km x 1km cells (unit cell) across a terrain. All samples are to be analysed for
68 elements (presently 64 elements are being analysed) using Clarkes value as the lower level
of detection limit. In certain cases, the detection levels are even lower than Clarke.

The main objective of this programme is to create a seamless geochemical map of
different elements for the entire country and therefore a common denominator of sampling
technique has to be designed which should be valid statistically. To achieve this target and fulfil
the objective, a standard operating procedure (SOP) needs to have a uniform approach for the
geochemical mapping. GSI has adopted the first and second GCM guidelines based on
*FORGES and the GCM work carried out by China - from 1979 onwards - and other countries.

* Forum of European Geological Surveys: A forum of geochemists and geologists of 26
European countries



2

I. PRE-FIELD PREPARATIONS

Introduction
The National Geochemical Mapping (NGCM), an all India priority programme that commenced
in FS 2001-2002, will continue for more than 20-25 years till the entire surface area of the
country is covered by geochemical sampling. It will continue in a systematic manner and
progress from one toposheet to another on 1:50,000 scale. The main media of sampling will be
fluvial (stream sediment of fine silt-clayey) or slope wash material in 1 km x 1 km cell (unit
cell) area on the ground. The stream water (flowing) and soil (top-soil/Regolith & C horizon)
samples will be collected in 5' x 5' quadrants. Other media of sampling that have optional status
are humus (depending upon availability) and flood plain samples (as these reflect geogenic
composition of larger basins). All samples are to be analyzed for 68 elements using Clarkes
value as the lower level of detection limit. However, in certain cases, the detection levels may be
lower than Clarke.

Objective
The NGCM is aimed at generating a geochemical baseline database for multi-purpose uses like
managing and developing natural resources; and applications in environmental, agricultural,
human health and other societal concerns. The ultimate objective of this project is to create
seamless geochemical maps of different elements for the entire country.

Operational domain
1. Field Party: The field party, in general, comprises two field officers with one vehicle.
Generally, one field party will be assigned to cover 800 sq. km in a field season

2. Training: Completion of GSI orientation course with GCM field experience/computer
handling experience/any other GCM special module training.

3. Base Maps: Toposheet on 1:50,000 scale and soil survey map. The stream ordering should be
based on 1:50,000 scale toposheet. If 1:25,000 scale toposheet is available, it can be used for
better control of locations. A drainage map with tentative sample locations must be prepared
prior to field work (See Drainage map with sample locations).

4. Literature Survey: Survey of India toposheets, previous GSI reports/geological maps,
especially NGCM reports, NGCM quality management document and NGCM Standard
Operational Procedure (SOP) and any other NGCM related material including those available in
GSI portal or on the internet must be consulted to gain sufficient knowledge on the physiography
and geology of the area prior to leaving for field. During the study of literature/earlier work, all
the mineral occurrences and mineral indications along with their coordinates are to be noted and
produced in the report. This is very useful for the interpretation of geochemical anomalies.
Assessing the existing database with the help of (i) ascertaining the level of commonality, (ii)
establishing method of normalizing and (iii) followed up by collation and synthesis, thereby
creating geochemical data as demonstration product is a must. The grids parallel to the
geographic N-S, the tentative stream sediment sample points and water sample locations based
on the drainage configuration and soil sample locations based on predominant soil types to be
marked on the toposheet.
3

5. Sample Numbering Pattern: The sampling is normally to be carried in out a grid pattern
with 1 sample collected from 1 grid of 1 km x 1 km. The samples are numbered based on the
location of the grid from which these are collected. The sample gridding starts from SW corner
(runs west to east) and ends at NE corner of the toposheet. The composite samples representing
2 km x 2 km cells are to be numbered serially from left to right side and from bottom to top row.
Each composite grid comprises four cells of 1 km x 1 km cell, which are A, B, C and D
numbered with prefix of composite sample number (see NGCM sample storage plan Annexure-
III stage 1). On the northern end or eastern end if the last grid cell is more than 0.5 sq km area,
a separate cell has to be drawn. If the area is less than 0.5 sq km, that grid has to be merged with
the previous cell.

Example of Sampling Pattern :
* Stream sediment sample nos. on 1km x1km grids is 56D12/1A/S/14, 56D12/1B/S/14,
56D12/1C/S/14 and 56D12/1D/S/14 (56D: Degree sheet; 1A, 1B, 1C & 1D: Unit cell samples; S:
Stream sediment & 14: beginning year of FSP).

* Composite stream sediment sample nos. on 2 km x 2 km grids is 56D12/001/S/14 for
analytical purpose (56D: Degree sheet; 001: Composite sample cell; S: Stream sediment & 14:
beginning year of FSP).

*Regolith and C-horizon samples on 5' x 5' quadrants are 56D12/A1/R/14 & 56D12/A1/C/14
respectively (56D: Degree sheet; A1: quadrant/ 5 x 5grids; R:Top/Regolith, C:C horizon/soil &
14 : beginning year of FSP).

6. Data Handling manual or Computer-aided back up: The field officers must be equipped
with the standard NGCM guidelines and requisite software programmes for processing and
interpretation of elemental distribution maps/geochemical maps. These are to be done prior to
setting off for the field.

7. Implement/equipments to be collected prior to moving to the field are:
* Field data sheets for recording field data at sample sites.
* Global Positioning System (GPS) A hand-held GPS receiver for locating latitude, longitude
& elevation for navigation and for locating the sample points. (Garmin 12 channels GPS or
any other good brand).
* Digital camera.
* Laptop loaded with software for statistical processing and preparation of maps (SURFER, etc.).
* Marker pens - for labelling.
* Stainless steel sieve of 120 mesh
* Food grade Pearl pet/Sun pet bottles for permanent storage of samples (250 ml/500ml).
* Plastic trays/sheets for spreading and covering wet samples for drying.
* Plastic scoop for scooping sediments.
* Plastic trays and sieves for sieving samples in the field.
* Plastic/ Polyethylene bags of 5-7 kg capacity for carrying samples from field to camp.
* Scintillometer- for measuring U, Th and K count and UV Lamp (Preferably).
* Stickers for numbering.
* Wooden picks - for taking dried mud from the dry streambed.
* Wooden pestle and mortar for de-lumping mud lumps.
* Weighing machine for weighing samples.
4

(All white or colourless plastic equipments have to be used during the sample collection
and sample processing at field camp to avoid metal contamination). The final product of stream
sediments should pass through stainless steel sieves of 120 ASTM mesh.
Officer-in-charge of the respective projects should check all the above details and procure
implements/equipments mentioned above, before field parties proceed to the field.

II. FIELD WORK
Various sample media to be collected during Geochemical Mapping

Stream sediment sample (SS)/slope wash (SW)
Duplicate stream sediment sample (DSS)
Regolith (R): Upper horizon/ topsoil
Soil (C): C horizon
Stream water (W)
Humus (H)
Flood plain sediment (F)
Bedrock samples (BR)

Note: The area coverage and sample numbers of each media will be proposed by state
units/regions while formulating the FSP items and DG, GSI is the authority to approve the
specific targets.

1. How to reach the sample site
After settling at field camp one has to use degree/toposheet and GPS to reach the tentative
sample points marked on the map. After reaching the sample site, the sample to be collected
from suitable sample point.

*Stream sediment sample / slope wash sample (S): Reflects the average geogenic composition of
the catchment area.

Sample collection: After identifying the sample point in 1km x 1km grid on toposheet, stream
sediment samples have to be collected at 3 to 5 places along the stream bed of 50 to 200 m length
from the 1st, 2nd and 3rdorder streams. Stream sediments are represented by fine material (silt-
clay) transported by running water. For the total basin area or influence area of 1st, 2nd and 3rd
order streams, overlap up to 25% of the neighbouring unit cells is allowed and this should be
explained in the remarks column. In case drainage is absent in a cell, slope wash material
generated by gully erosion has to be collected considering it to be 'zero' order stream. Such
samples are usually collected from 3 to 5 places of the slope to make a most representative
sample of the cell. Stream sediment samples are to be sieved with the ordinary plastic sieves at
sample site and 5 to 7 kg of sample thus collected to be brought to the camp in thick polythene
bags with proper labelling.

5

If all the 4 samples are silt-clay of stream sediment or slope wash it is good, if 1 to 3 samples are
silt-clay and 1 to 3 are slope wash samples; try to collect silt-clay in slope wash also; so that the
samples can yield good analytical results. The field datasheet of 17 components has to be filled
properly with latitude, longitude and elevation values available from GPS. Two photographs
- one a close view and another across the landscape - have to be taken in good resolution. For
constraining factors, see the important guidelines.

Sample Processing: In the camp, unit cell wet samples must be sun-dried on transparent plastic
sheets and sieved through -120 mesh using standard stainless steel sieve of ASTM standard after
de-lumping with a wooden-mortar and pestle, if needed, and at least 500 grams sample should be
collected after homogenization and coning and quartering. Each sample is to be divided into two
parts of 250 gm each. One part is to be stored as the original sample for the unit cell. The
remaining 250 gm is to be used to mix with other 3 such samples from the unit cells forming
2 km x 2 km grid. All the four unit cell samples from each 2 km x 2 km grid are mixed together,
homogenized thoroughly and split into two samples of 500 gm each through sample divider or
proper coning and quartering. These samples are called composite samples, the location of which
will be at the centre of the 2 Km x 2 Km grid. One part of it is to be stored as original sample for
future reference and the other part is to be sent to geochemical laboratory for chemical analysis
(see NGCM sample storage plan Annexure-III, stage IV).

* Duplicate stream sediment sample (DSS): Duplicate stream sediment samples have to be
collected (3-5% of the stream sediment samples collected during the Field Season) at the same
time of stream sediment sample collection at 3 to 5 different places in the same area for the
comparative analysis. The methodology of sample collection and sample processing will be the
same.

*Regolith (R): Regolith to be collected from the upper horizon/ topsoil (0-25 cm) avoiding the
top organic layer. It reflects variations in geogenic compositions of the uppermost layer of the
earth's crust.

*Soil (C): Soil sample to be collected from the 25 cm layer within a depth range of 50 to 200 cm.
Comparison of the soil and regolith would give information about elemental behaviour in
weathering or pedogenic process, environmental changes affecting the layers and anthropogenic
contamination of the top layer (R).

Sample collection: Soil development in an area is to be observed in relation to its in situ and
residual nature and sites are to be selected so as to cover the dominant soil and rock types in the
area. Initially it is essential to study the soil profile to understand the nature of various soil
horizons and the very nature of concentration of elements through the process of illuviation and
eluviation etc. Normally one each top (Regolith) and C-horizon (soil) samples are to be collected
from suitable sites within 5' x 5' grids. A suitable site has to be selected after a careful study
within the residual soil developed in the area. During sample collection due care has to be taken
to avoid transported material and emphasis has to be been given for collecting in situ residual
soil. Soil sample collection should be avoided from the agricultural lands due to contamination
of fertilizers. These samples may be collected from fresh road cuttings or excavations, if such
sections are not available make fresh pit of 1.0 sq metre width and of 2.0 metre depth. The pits
should be planned on dominant lithological formation of each quadrant. Locales where
weathered bed rock is available within 2 metre depth, are ideal sites for soil/regolith collection..
Two good resolution photographs of close view and long view have to be taken.
6

Sample processing: These samples must be de-lumped and sieved with 120 mesh ASTM
standard stainless steel sieve. One set of processed Regolith and C-horizon soil sample weighing
500 grams each is to be sent for chemical analysis and other set of samples to be stored in
headquarters for future reference.

*Stream water (W): Stream water reflects interplay between the geosphere and hydrosphere. At
the same time it is the main source of drinking water.

Sample collection: Stream water samples are to be collected from flowing streams in 5' x 5'
grids to represent the elemental distribution of that particular drainage basin. Normally 4 separate
samples of different volumes are to be collected which are as follows: (i) 500 ml for IC ion
analysis, (ii) 100 ml for ICP-MS and ICP-AES analysis, (iii) 60 ml for DOC (Dissolved Organic
Carbon) analysis and (iv) 100 ml for mercury analysis.

These water samples are to be collected by a chemist in the presence of the concerned
geologist/s. While collecting water samples the following procedures are to be followed.

1. All bottles are to be numbered as per guidelines.
2. The sample location is to be marked in the map and data sheet completed.
3. The polythene decanter is to be rinsed twice with stream water before filling up with the
same, and pH and conductivity of water are to be measured by placing the electrodes in
decanter water.
4. The 100 ml sample bottle is to be filled up with filtered water, after rinsing it twice with
filtered water sample.
5. The 60 ml bottle is to be filled with filtered water in the same way as above.
6. The 500 ml sample bottle is to be rinsed with sample water twice before filling it up by
submerging the bottle completely under water so that no air bubbles are left in the bottle.
Once the bottle is full, it has to be closed tightly below the water level.
7. The bottle marked to collect Hg sample is to be rinsed with sample water and to be filled
up to its neck, and the bottle is to be closed tightly.
8. Soon after the collection (at least on the same day) of the 100 ml filtered water sample for
ICP-MS and ICP-AES analyses, 1.0 ml of conc. HNO
3
is to be added to the water sample
from a droplet bottle. The tightly closed bottle is to be shaken well in order to get the acid
mixed well with the water.
9. No acid to be added to the 60 ml bottle containing water sample for determination of
DOC.
10. 5 ml of HNO
3
and potassium dichromate (K
2
Cr
2
O
7
) are to be added to 100 ml of water
sample collected for determination of Hg.
11. Total alkalinity measurement is defined as the concentration of ions such as CO
3
2-
,
HCO
3
, OH
-
, HSiO
3
-
, H
2
BO
3
-
, HPO
4
2-
and H
2
PO
4
-
present in water that will neutralize
hydrogen ion. However, in most waters HCO
3
-
is the dominant ion between pH 4.5 and
7

8.3. The alkalinity is often expressed as milligram per litre of CaCO

3
. This is to be
determined by Titration.
12. Rest of the analysis are to be carried out as per the directions of the chemical laboratory.
Two good resolution photographs of water sample collection are to be taken, one for close view
and the other for distant view.

*Humus (H): Humus is collected to understand the interaction between the vegetation and
environment.
The sample collection depends on its availability in the area of study.

Sample collection: Humus develops on soils in thickly forested areas of tropical humid regions.
Humus can be used to determine the atmospheric input of elements to the ecosystem. The
uppermost decomposed black colour organic material (humus) should be collected as near as
sampling sites. Sample points should be 5 metres away from the nearest tree and 3 metres from
the nearest bushes. One kg of sample from the upper 3 cm of humus is to be collected over an
area of 50 m x 50 m areas. From the same sample site, one kg of top soil below humus about 20
cm depth and 1 kg of sub-soil below 50 cm may be collected. Samples have to be air-dried at
room temperature. Temperature more than 40C may cause Hg loss. After drying, the material
has to be transferred to a new polythene bag, sealed and sent to chemical laboratory (250 grams).
250 grams of sample should be preserved as original sample. Two soil samples collected are to
be processed in the same fashion as the soil sample processing described earlier and sent to the
laboratory for analysis and duplicates are to be stored as usual. Two photographs have to be
captured in good resolution, one depicting the general topography, another to show the closer
view of the organic layer.

*Flood plain sediment (F): Reflects geogenic composition of the catchment (basin) area. To be
collected in a river basin having a catchment area of 500 to 1000 sq. km. The sample collection
is subject to the development of flood plain deposit.

Sample collection: This sample reflects geogenic composition of catchment (basin) area (whole
drainage basin upstream) and sample is to be collected in case of a basin having an aerial extent
of 500 to 1000 sq km. The samples to be collected will be of about 500 to 1000 grams. Two
samples - one from the top and another from the bottom of a flood plain cycle are to be
collected. The top sample is from 0-25 cm depth, collected after clearing surface organic layer.
Two fractions are to be collected from the top separately: (i) <2mm and another <0.125mm.
Similarly, the bottom sample is also to be collected in two separate fractions - one <2 mm and
another <0.125mm fraction. Another sample should be collected from just above the water level
of the flood plain. Two good resolution photographs for close and long views at different levels
of flood plain sample have to be taken.

* Bed Rock Samples (BRS): Need-based BRS to be collected from the rocks showing indication
of mineralisation.



8

2. Field Notes
Data sheet contains 17 columns (see data sheet) for recording various information available at
the sample site. These are: i. Degree sheet and toposheet nos., ii. Sample no., iii. Stream order,
iv. Stream length, v. Basin area, vi. Sample condition, vii. Channel character, viii. Stream bed,
ix. Lithology, x. Land use, xi. Mineralization, xii. Contamination, xiii. Date of collection, xiv.
Officers name etc. xv. Latitude, xvi. Longitude and xvii. Elevations (recorded through GPS).

The officers should plot the unit sample locations (with latitude & longitude from the GPS ) on
the toposheet /drainage map (base map). Land use pattern with different symbols should be
depicted in the base map. This will serve two purposes (i) to check whether the coordinates of
the unit sample locations are falling in correct locations and (ii) checking of the land use map
prepared from satellite imagery or other sources with the field data. This helps in avoiding the
errors introduced during the data entry.

Note: When the GPS coordinates are recorded, the officers should record the datum used in the
GPS receiver. In case defence series toposheets (with Polyconic projection and Everest
spheroid/datum), Indo-Bangladesh datum has to be selected. When Open Series Map (OSM) is
used, WGS-84 datum should be selected. All the GPS data collected should be with the same
datum and should not be changed in the middle of FS. The datum information should be stored in
the data sheets, Excel sheet and report.

Any other interesting details can be recorded in the remarks column including the elemental
deficiency or toxicity related medical problems in local population. Local Primary Health
Centres may be visited, if necessary. Two photographs of close view and long view of SS sample
location have to be taken in good resolution.

All the 17 components of data, photographs and other field data have to be entered in the
computer at the end of the day in the field camp.

3. Field Photographs
Each photograph should be properly captioned for all the sample media and is to be stored as a
soft copy. The photograph should be edited by putting Sample No. on it.

4. Communications with Lab
The processed samples of various sampling media need to be properly labelled and numbered
and different samples, along with the filled up Standard Excel Sheet, are to be dispatched to the
designated laboratories for chemical analyses. The communication must be simple, direct and
given only by designated personnel. The officers name, mobile number and e-mail address
should also to be given.




9

III. WORK IN HEADQUARTERS

1. Analytical package details: The following table details the different analytical methods used
for different packages. Procedural details are given in the chemical part in the same SOP of
different chemical laboratories including the ANOVA for splitting the variance component being
contributed by the operator, individual laboratory, batches of consumables, instrumental methods
etc. Quality control efforts are always on to minimize the variance components at appropriate
levels.

Analysis methods for various Elemental Packages
Packages Methods Elements
Package A XRF Major, Minor oxides and some trace elements (see
package details)
Package B GF-AAS Au
Package C F-AAS Li (from FS: 2013-14)
Package D HG-AAS As, Sb, Bi, Se and Te (from FS: 2013-14)
Package E ISE F
Package F GF-AAS Cd and Ag
Package G GF-AAS Hg
Package H ICP-MS REE and some trace elements (see the package
details)
Package I AAS/ICP Pt, Pd
Package J ICP-MS Cs, Sn, Mo, In & Tl (from FS: 2013-14)
Package W:(A) +W(B) +W(C) Major, Minor and trace elements in water
samples, Bicarbonates, salinity, PH, etc.

2. Analytical data results: From the Stream sediment, duplicate stream sediment, Regolith, C
horizon samples, repeat or standards samples quality of analytical data, any abnormal / routine
values, entry mistakes etc. should be followed by request for re-analysis when in doubt and then
the results to be compared with the check analysis. "Missing" or "Insufficient sample" should be
sent again for analysis.

3. Data entry: All the analytical results to be entered in the designated Excel format before
processing of the data. This data will be used for report writing and also for uploading to the GSI
Portal. Before processing, the data have to be treated properly for final use for generating
elemental maps and generation of statistical parameters (see Portal data upload details in NGCM
package-GSI portal/in Geodata divisions/NGCM projects).

1. The supplied Excel sheet is meant for creation of National Geospatial Database on National
Geochemical Mapping. Any sort of change in the structure like merging of cells, addition of new
column is forbidden.
2. Copy/Paste is forbidden as it destroys the validation of the database.
10

3. Whenever drop-down values are available, the cell should only be filled up by choosing value
from the list.
4. Non-submission of the Standard Excel data sheet within the FSP will be treated as shortfall in
Target.

4. Basic statistics: Basic statistics of each element i.e., details of statistical parameters calculated
including mean, median, mode, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness, minimum, maximum and
sample total count and no. of samples above detection limit have to be provided along with the
anomaly map. The detection limits and crustal abundance of each element are also to be provided
with descriptive statistics table (see statistical parameters). The mean is the most common
measure of central tendency. Summing all the scores in the distribution and dividing that sum by
the total numbers of score. Median is the score that divides the distribution into halves. It is the
middle score. The mode of a distribution is the most frequent or common score in the
distribution. The variance is a measure based on the deviations of individual scores from the
mean. It is the average of the sum of the squared deviations. The standard deviation is the square
root of the variance. The skewness is the degree of asymmetry in a distribution. A distribution is
positively skewed when more number of data towards right side. In a negatively skewed
distribution, more number of data is towards left side. Kurtosis reflects the concentration of
scores in the centre of the distribution, the upper and lower tails and the shoulders of a
distribution.

5. Correlation matrix: Total elemental correlation matrix, REE and HREE-LREE correlation
matrices have to be generated and discussed in the report. The significance of the correlation
coefficients is to be ascertained from the correlation table (at the 5% and 1% level of significance
based on the degrees of freedom) from any standard book of statistics and due interpretations
made in the text of the report.

6. Data handling: The NGCM data will be generated in three basic tabulated forms, (i) Unit
cell data sheet (field details), (ii) Composite stream sediment sample data and (iii) soil/regolith
sample data. In other optional cases the data sheets of (a) water, (b) humus, and (c) flood plain
sample analysis will also be generated. All the data sheets will be filled in Excel sheets and will
bear the unique sample ID as well as its coordinates from GPS. While feeding the data in Excel,
utmost care has to be taken (see portal data upload details in NGCM package-GSI portal/in
Geodata divisions/NGCM projects).

7. Data integrity and validation: 1. 'Autofilter' function of Excel should be used to check
whether the coordinate values are within the bound latitude and longitude of the toposheet
concerned. Similarly for analytical results, particularly the keyed in values for any typing error
like "," for "." or capital "O" for zero or omission of decimal etc.
2. 'Post' function of the SURFER software should be used to check, whether the composite
sample follows a grid pattern or not. While gridding with SURFER, particularly examine the grid
report for existence of any duplicate value.

8. Interpretation of Analytical Data: In order to serve the basic objective of the NGCM
programme, each elemental distribution map (contour map) must be interpreted. The elemental
data interpretation has to be attempted in the report, which is mandatory.
* Geochemical classified/ post-classified maps to be interpreted in terms of the geology of the
area with the help of overlay of geological maps.
11

* Geochemical maps to be interpreted in terms of mineralized zones and spurious or

anthropogenic anomalies separated out.
* Agriculture related geochemical maps in terms of copper, zinc, chromium, manganese and
phosphorous to be generated and interpreted, if significant.
* Environment related geochemical maps in terms of lead, cadmium, mercury, selenium, arsenic
and fluorine to be generated, if relevant.
* Geological provinces by STATISTICA programme or Factor analysis (see the Factor analysis
maps).
Besides the maps, the elemental data has to be presented in a tabulated format along with basic
statistics and at least with one multivariate analysis, viz. correlation matrix. It is mandatory to
test the normality of data set and adopt normalization (logtransformation) in case of
positively skewed data.

9. Data processing and creation of statistical parameters: Various steps to follow for data
checking are
* Visual Inspection of the data for obvious outliers, typing mistakes and missing values.
*Order the data in ascending or descending order.
*Determine the data range, the maximum value and the minimum value.
*Determine the number of valid data entries and calculate the number of required histogram
classes.
*Calculate the class intervals.
*Determine the number of data entries in each class interval and plot the frequencies in a
histogram.
*Determine from the shape of the histogram curve if adaptation of the class intervals is required,
for example conversion of normal to log-normal data.
*Convert the number of data entries in each class into a percentage frequency.
*Calculate the cumulative frequency percent in each class.

10. Histogram: Histogram indicates the type of distribution, range and data homogeneity in a
dataset.
*Number of populations in the data if there is only little overlap.
*Mode (most frequent occurring value).
*Magnitude of the Standard Deviation (s) in case of one population.
*Skewness and kurtosis.
Further details of statistical parameters and statistical data processing are described in Annexure-
IV under Geochemical Data Analysis
11. Elemental maps: Elemental classified/post-classified maps may be generated through
SURFER programme
* Determine the data range, the minimum and the maximum values.
* Calculate the class intervals i.e. minimum 5 to maximum 10 classes, depending upon the
value range.
* The lowest value will be blue and highest value will be red; the intermittent values may be
yellow or green colours. Grey colour (average to dark) maps can also be prepared. The classified
maps also may be prepared based on various options available with SURFER packages. Generate
maps for all the elements including K, U and Th and only the significant ones should be included
12

in the report. Contour maps need not be prepared for the elements where most of the samples
(say about 70-80%) are analysed below the detection limits. These elements can be represented
as a point map with its value on the background of geology or contour maps of other associated
elements. For example in case of gold where most of the values are below DL, it can be plotted
over an arsenic map, or over geology to understand the distribution.
Factor analysis: Factor analysis is a generic term that discusses a variety of mathematical
procedures applicable to the analysis, of data matrix. The primary aim of factor analysis is to
achieve a sample description of such a data matrix. It compresses the total information content of
the multivariate data in terms of a few factors. This is useful in larger set of multivariate data in
recognising relation among variables and removing the effect of unwanted or irrelevant process
on the composition of the samples. The basic idea that factor analysis helps to visualise the n -
number of variables in an imaginary n-dimensional space and the axis can be rotated to align in
such a way that there is maximum loading along a few axes which may be orthogonal or oblique
which help in a big way to interpret the natural processes. These axes having maximum loading
are interpreted in terms of geological processes operative in the area (magmatism, hydrothermal
alteration, metamorphism, metasomatism, etc). Once these are interpreted in terms of geological
processes, the specific variables forming part of the high loading on the factor are tracked back
to the map domain to interpret the maximum contributor samples which serve as the future
domain of follow up (see the factor analysis maps).
11. Interpretation of elemental maps with geological maps: All elemental classified/post-
classified maps of each element distribution are to be summarized with the underlying geological
maps (see the geology map). Discussions are to be provided with groups of elemental relations
and their geological provinces and the possibilities of mineral search in the area to be
highlighted. The geological province and other elemental relationship with the factor analysis to
be interpreted critically. Recommendations on type of work to be followed up in future are to be
included in the report. The example for classes to fix the legend is as follows:
If values in ppb If values in ppm %
0.0-5 1.0-10 0.1-1.0
5.1-10 11-20 1.1-2.0
10.1-15 21-30 2.1-3.0
15.1-20 31-40 3.1-4.0
So on So on 4.1-5.0 so on
The classified /post-classified maps may be generated from 5 -10 classes of equal interval,
depending upon the range of the anomalous values. The lower level of the map will be the
(benchmark) threshold or background value of each element or the median value of standard
global soil composition (see the table - global standard soil composition).
* ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials, an International standards organisation,
BSS: British Standard Sieve series.
12. Geochemical sample room: All the sample bottles of original 250gms and 500gms of
stream sediment/slope wash, duplicate stream sediment, regolith and C-horizon sample etc., have
to be stored separately in the geochemical sample room. The samples should be arranged on
wooden/steel racks. Each toposheet samples in one rack (see the sample storage annexure).
Storage of hard copies of all the field data (17 components) sheets, analytical datasheets, and
13

photographs (in soft copy) is mandatory in NGCM data repository project at State Unit offices
for the future reference.

13. Storage and Back up: After the completion of the field work, the copies of the duly filled
Excel data sheets of all the analytical data will be sent to Regional Geodata Division and to Dy.
DG & Head, Mission-I and Dy. DG, PSS-P&M for storage and back-up.

IV. REPORT SUBMISSION AND REPORT FORMAT

The NGCM report has been classified in to three categories:
i. Report comprising less than 40 elemental results is a progress report.
ii. Report comprising more than 40 and less than 68 elemental results is an interim report.
iii. Report comprising 68 elemental data is the final report. Three new elemental data will be
available from FSP: 2014-15 onwards.

The authors should submit the report within the prescribed time schedule. However if the results
are received later, the analytical part has to be submitted as a part of annexure of the report by
the same author/s through proper channel wherever he/they is /are posted, even on promotion.
The final report will be cleared only when the accepting authority/committee accepts the report
in all respects.

V. DATA UPLOADING IN GSI PORTAL
General instructions
The NGCM data entry structure has been adopted following the draft NGCM guidelines. This
data entry format will be used for all the data generated before the GSI PORTAL goes online.
All the field and laboratory data will be entered in this format toposheet-wise and for each
toposheet a single MS Excel file will be stored. The MS Excel file "NGCM Data entry
format.xls" contains 18 worksheets as described below.

Do not modify or populate the original file. Keep the original file intact in a separate folder and
copy the file to a new folder. Rename the file reflecting the Toposheet number on which the
project is executed (For example NGCMdata45K01.xls). The field geologist should enter the
information collected in the field, along with the latitude longitude information, i.e. the three
worksheets i. Sample Desc, ii. Field photo and iii. Composite Desc (and the worksheets
containing information regarding water sample analysis done at the field).

All the remaining sheets are to be filled by the respective chemical laboratory personnel
depending upon the packages. Once the above-mentioned three worksheets are filled up, copies
should be sent to the concerned laboratories along with the samples for necessary data entry
work. Chemical laboratories in charge of different packages should fill up the respective
worksheets and return the file to the field geologist. The field geologist in turn would verify and
integrate all the worksheets received from the laboratories and preserve the final file with all
worksheets duly filled up.

Note: Please keep a back-up at every stage (There are 18 work sheets from A-R)

14

A). Sample Desc: This worksheet will be used for entering the general information and field
data. Most of the fields are lexicon controlled and user has to select the values from an existing
standardized list. The fields are listed below:
1. Worker's name: Enter the name of geoscientists involved in the project; for each sample enter
only one name. If more than one officer is involved, distribute the names judiciously among the
total collected samples.
2. Designation: Choose from list
3. Operation: Choose from list
4. Region: Choose from list
5. FSP Year: Choose from list
6. FSP Item No.: Enter the FSP Item Number as approved
7. District: Choose from list
8. Toposheet No.: Choose from list
9. Composite Cell: Enter a number between 1 and 300, ~180 cells (2 km x 2 km) will be there
per toposheet - rest of the numbers can be chosen for the duplicate samples
10. Unit Cell: Choose from list
11. Date of Collection: enter the date in the format mm/dd/yy
12. Latitude Deg: enter a value between 4-37
13. Latitude Min: enter a value between 1-59
14. Latitude Sec: enter a value between 1-59.99
15. In deg/min/sec: will be automatically populated based on the values entered in 12, 13
& 14
16. In Decimal: will be automatically populated based on the values entered in 12, 13 & 14
17. Longitude Deg: enter a value between 68-98
18. Longitude Min: enter a value between 1-59
19. Longitude Sec: enter a value between 1-59.99
20. In deg/min/sec: will be automatically populated based on the values entered in 17, 18
& 19
21. In Decimal: will be automatically populated based on the values entered 17, 18 & 19
22. Elevation: enter (a value between 0 to 10000) elevation of the point of sample collection
in metres
23. Sample Type: choose from List
24. Sample Code: will be automatically populated based on the values entered in column W or
23
25. Unit Cell Sample No.: will be automatically populated based on the values entered in
8, 9, 10, 24 and 11
26. Quantity: amount of sample collected in grams (value between 0 & 5000)
27. Mesh: choose from list
28. Rock Type: choose from list
29. Rock: choose from list (If no rock is detected, select the value 'no rock detected in 25m
radius')
30. Formation: choose from list
31. Group: choose from list
32. Structure: choose from list
33. Structural Measurement: refer the draft guideline
34. Metamorphic Minerals: choose from list
35. Stream Order: choose from list
36. Upstream length: enter the value in metres
37. Basin Area: enter the value in square metres
15

38. Stream condition: choose from list

39. Channel character: choose from list
40. Stream Bed material: choose from list
41. Land use: choose from list
42. Landscape: choose from list
43.Contamination: Any visible sign of contamination present around the area of sample
collection; mention distance from the site of sample collection and if possible the area
affected in sq. metres
44. Soil horizon: choose from list
45. Soil depth: depth in metres (value between 0 & 10) at which sample is collected
46. Slope: choose from list
47. Remarks on geological set-up: brief description on surrounding geology
48. Remarks on soil, if any: brief description on soil type, condition etc.

B). Field Photo:
1. Unit Cell No: choose from List
2. File name of the Photograph: Store the photograph in the same folder and put the file name in
this column. Optionally the entry may be hyperlinked also.
3. Caption: Brief description of the photograph

C). Composite Desc: This worksheet will be used for entering details about the composite
samples. Most of the fields are validated and user has to select the values from an existing
standardized list. The fields are discussed below:
1. Composite sample No.: choose from list. This list will be generated based on the values
entered in the Sample Desc worksheet.
2. The latitude longitude values are to be entered in the same way as in the Sample Desc
worksheet
3. Quantity: amount of sample collected in grams (values between 0 - 10000)
4. Duplicate: choose Yes / No based on whether any duplicate sample has been collected and
sent for analysis.
5. Repeat: choose Yes / No based on whether any sample / radical / element has been sent for
repeat analysis.
6. Remarks on geological set-up: brief description on surrounding geology.
7. Remarks on soil, if any: brief description on soil type, condition etc.

The following worksheets are to be used for entering solid / water sample analysis data. The
worksheets have been formatted as per the NGCM Analytical Package List. All the worksheets
that have some common fields apart from the respective list of determinants as per the package.
The common fields are as follows:
1. Composite sample No.: choose from list. This list will be generated based on the values
entered in the Sample Desc worksheet.
2. Date of receipt at Lab: enter the value in mm/dd/yy
3. Laboratory: Name of the laboratory
4. Batch No.: Batch no. of the samples
5. Lab. No.: Lab No. of the samples as assigned by the lab
6. Analyzed by: Name and designation of the analyst
7. Analysis date: enter the value in mm/dd/yy
16

D). XRF Package (A): To be used for analysis of samples using XRF following the Sample
Package A. The fields are described below:
1. SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, TiO
2
, CaO, MgO, MnO, Na
2
O, K
2
O, and P2O5: Data for these oxides are
to be entered in percentage (enter any value between -10 to 100). The minimum detection limit
for each oxide is mentioned in the parentheses. Values below the detection limit should be
entered as '-10' (Do not use the less than sign '<'). In this way determinants having a value '-10'
would be readily recognized as below detection limit.
2. Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sc, Sr, Th, U, V, Y, Zn, and Zr: Data for these elements
are to be entered in ppm (enter any value between -10 to 1000000). The minimum detection limit
for each element is mentioned in the parentheses. Values below the detection limit should be
entered as '-10' (Do not use the less than sign '<'). In this way elements having a value '-10'
would be readily recognized as below detection limit.

E). GF Package (B): This worksheet is to be used only for entering Au values in ppb (any value
between -10 to 100000; '-10' for values below detection limit).

F). F-AAS Package (C): This worksheet is to be used only for entering Li values in ppm (any
value between 10-100000 and -10' for values below detection limit).

G). HG-AAS Package (D): This worksheet is to be used only for entering As, Sb, Bi and Se &
Te started from 2013-14 values in ppm (any value between -10 to 100000; '-10' for values below
detection limit).

H). ISE Package (E): This worksheet is to be used only for entering F values in ppm (any value
between -10 to 100000; '-10' for values below detection limit).

I). GF-AAS Package (F): This worksheet is to be used only for entering Cd and Ag values in
ppm (any value between -10 to 100000; '-10' for values below detection limit).

J ). CV-AAS Package (G): This worksheet is to be used only for entering Hg values in ppm (any
value between -10 to 100000; '-10' for values below detection limit).

K). ICP-MS Package (H): This worksheet (from FS 2013-14 onwards) is to be used for entering
La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu and U, Ta, Ge, Be and Hf values in
ppm (any value between -10 to 100000; '-10' for values below detection limit).

L). FA-GFAAS Package (I): This worksheet is to be used only for entering Pt and Pd values in
ppb (any value between -10 to 100000; '-10' for values below detection limit).

M). ICP-MS Package (J ): This worksheet is to be used only for entering Cs, Sn, Mo, In and Tl
values in ppm.
Stream water analysis
N). W (A): This worksheet is to be used only for entering pH, EC, HCO
3
-, Cl-, SO4=, NO3-,
Ca+2, Na+1, K+1, PO4-, SiO2 values in water samples.

17

O). W (B): This worksheet is to be used only for entering the trace elements in water samples
analyzed by ICP-MS (See ICP-MS (H) for the list of elements).

P). W(C): This worksheet is to be used only for entering the values of As, F and B in ppb in
water samples.

Q). W (D): This worksheet is to be used only for entering the values of Hg in ppb in water
samples.

R). REPEAT: This worksheet will be used for entering values of determinant for samples sent /
used for repeat analysis. Select the analysis method, determinant, Op (the default value is =) and
unit from the list. Value is a free field. All other fields are common fields. Samples for which
repeat analysis has been done should be marked 'Yes' in the 'Repeat' field of Composite Desc
worksheet.

S). Duplicate Details: This worksheet will be maintained as a reference for the duplicate samples.
Samples for which duplicate has been sent should be marked 'Yes' in the 'Duplicate' field of
Composite Desc worksheet. This worksheet has to be separated before sending the file to the
Chemical laboratory. The concerned Geologist should maintain this worksheet for his reference.
1.Original sample No.: Select the Actual composite sample number from the list,
2.Duplicate sample No.: Enter the Duplicate sample number for the same sampl,e
3.Standard Reference Material (SRM): To enter the results for the SRM samples, which are
simultaneously analyzed along with stream sediment / soil / water / regolith samples, use the
respective package worksheets. 300 rows are reserved for entering analysis results for actual
samples. From row no 301 onwards, SRM analyzed data can be entered.
i
ANNEXURE - I
FORMAT OF REPORT STRUCTURE



FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
(The above captions should be in bilingual form with Hindi caption first followed by English
caption)


REPORT ON NATIONAL GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING IN PARTS OF TOPOSHEET
NOS. 56 D/12 & D/16 in RAICHUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA
(Field Seasons: 2002-03 & 2003-04)
(Title of the report should be in Bilingual form with the Hindi title first followed by that in
English.)








Author/s
(in Bilingual form in Hindi first followed by that in English.)












SU: Karnataka and Goa
Southern Region
(Bilingual with Hindi first)

2004
A design of the cover page of the report to be submitted by the geologist
ii

Structure of Geochemical mapping report

ABSTRACT (bilingual)
Introduction
Previous literature
General Geology
Thematic maps to be generated
Sampling methodology and procedure
Statistical analysis and Geochemical maps
Conclusions & Recommendations
References

Introduction (should include)
General introduction
Communication
Physiography
Climate
Water supply
Soil erosion
Fauna and Flora
Acknowledgement
Previous literature
Should include references of all the earlier geochemical studies and mineral investigations assess
the existing database and establish method of normalising (1)

General Geology
A concise account of regional geological set up, stratigraphic succession, structural geology,
mineral deposits and any mining activities, etc.
Thematic maps
Geological map (digitised map from Geodata Division).
The elemental distribution maps should be generated by SURFER 10 or any other new version.
Human health and environmental factor data (drawn from Environmental Geology Division and
local authorities like Primary health centre and PHED etc). Airborne geophysical map (digitised
Map from AMSE)*
Drainage map (from Geoinformatics programme of Geodata Division)
Slope map (to be generated with Geodata Division help)*
Mineral map (from Geoinformatics programme of Geodata Division)
Landuse and land-cover map (to be generated at GCM divisions but digitised with the help of
Geodata Division) ** and Soil Map (from NBSS & LUP) **
Sampling methodology and procedure
Details about the media of sampling, quantity of samples, spatial distribution of samples, mesh
size of the samples, storing of samples, routing of the samples for analysis etc., are to be dealt.
Statistical analysis & geochemical maps
Basic statistics of the elements analysed, geochemical maps of all the elements generated with
SURFER, interpretation of elements/group-wise with factor analysis maps related with geology
are to be included.
iii

Conclusion & Recommendations
Conclusions based on collation and synthesis of all the data generated in this spatial domain is to
be provided here.

Report should include copies of the field data sheets (entered in the 'Sample description' Sheet)
in Standard Excel format for permanent storage. Follow up actions need to be mentioned
including specific instructions whether further analysis of samples on a large scale grid is
required. If the composite samples show anomalous distribution worth following up, immediate
analysis should be taken up for the unit cell samples covering the upstream of the basins showing
anomaly.

References
All the references consulted and relevant are to be included, References should be as per the
format of Indian Journal of Geosciences Points to be ensured Reports to be made available in
soft copy (CD)



CD should contain:
Text part of report, Digital data pertaining to thematic maps, Standard Excel sheet on field
sampling details and Data sheets on chemical analysis. The Soft copies (CD) should be accessed
through competent authority.
* At present kept as optional, ** Optional but could be generated by SURFER Levelling and
Normalization of Existing Data Sets Parametric, linear or non-linear levelling may be used where
it is possible to reanalyze some samples or recollect samples from some of the same sites or if
reference materials were analyzed in both data sets; In other situations it is necessary to apply
non-parametric normalization, using the fractal method or Clarkes normalization.

Report submission: Draft report will be received by expert/committee through proper channel:
1. First draft report should be submitted as on date with all the contents as per the guidelines.
2. Second draft report should contain all the format/contents, as on date i.e. at least with ICP-
MS or XRF results from authors (wherever they are posted). Concerned officers are responsible
till they are in the department.
3. After receiving 68 elemental analysis, the pending elemental data appendix with interpretation
should be incorporated as an appendix/part of the report to the main report.
4. The 1,2,3 (partly) reports may be accepted only after modifications attended by authors. The
expert/committee should scrutinize the report in all the above stages and should accept only after
the necessary modifications are attended by the authors.
Time schedule available in GSI portal.

iv
ANNEXURE-II
SOME IMPORTANT GUIDELINES:
1. Basic guidelines for sampling in the Peninsular India
The important aspect of the NGCM is to create a geochemical landscape of the country for
knowing its present baseline geochemistry. In order to do this a representative sample of
(with GPS coordinates) unit cell with a dimension of 1 km x 1 km has been selected as the
basic building block. Fluvial sediments have been selected as the backbone of the sampling
media as this media of samples carry the signatures of a larger area as compared to in-situ
soils.
The constraining factors are:
*The stream should originate in the same cell and the sample at its collection point,
(generally fine sediments/silt-clay) should represent the maximum area of the unit cell. The
total basin area or influence area of 1
st
, 2
nd
or 3
rd
order streams overlap allowed upto to a
maximum of 25% of the neighbouring unit cells. This should be explained in the remarks
column.
*In case a proper/ representative stream is absent then the general slope direction of water
flow has to be determined and slope wash material from 3 - 5 appropriate locations has to
be collected. Try to collect fine sediments/silt-clayey material - so that the fluvial and slope
wash material having the same grain size range may yield good analytical results.

The most difficult part of sample location in Peninsular India is posed by large cultivated
areas, particularly in irrigated areas. In all such cases the suitable sample point has to be
located after reaching the tentative sample location point. The material thus collected will be
equivalent to slope wash material.

2. Instructions for sampling in Himalayan Mountains and inaccessible regions
In this domain since enough stream sediment sample material is not available in 1
st
, 2nd or 3
rd

order streams at 1 km x 1 km cell level, one sample in a grid of 2 km x 2 km or even more, is
to be collected and submitted with thorough homogenization. Search for samples is to be
made at points of break in slope, margins of streams or below the obstructions in the stream
bed. Wet sample collection and wet sieving in active streams is recommended.

3. Instructions for sampling in alluvial areas
In this terrain, two sets of sample have to be collected. The first set would be collected in a
grid of 4 sq km following the soil sampling procedure in Peninsular India. The only
difference in such sampling would be that no composite samples are required and the samples
would be submitted to the chemical laboratory, as it is, retaining the other set of samples. The
second set of samples in a 4 x 4 grid is not a set of two samples. The 4 x 4 grid consists of 4
nos. of 2 x 2 grids. It was suggested that on one of the four locations, a bottom sample will be
collected below 50 cm depth. The design of the data sheet in this case would be simple and
would omit many of the inputs pertaining to streams but should have information on soil and
slope.

4. Instructions for sampling in desert areas
Sampling should be avoided in active sand dune areas. Stream sediments are to be sampled in
stabilized dune areas at a grid interval of 4 sq km. The size fraction should be either +10 or +
20 or -120 mesh. It is advisable to carry out granulometric studies to fix the required grain

v
size and 2 to 4 cm top layer has to be removed before sampling. In loess areas normal
stream sediment sampling method, (i.e., mesh -120) is to be followed.

5. Bedrock samples
Geologist while carrying GCM, is advised to record shear zones/gossan zones indicating
local enrichment of base metals or any other economic minerals. Bed rock samples, as
required. to be collected from these zones.

6. Stream sediment for heavies *
Samples are to be collected in streams for the study of heavy mineral concentrates,
particularly for identifying indicator minerals in search of diamond, tin, tungsten, gold, etc.

7. Report containing the analysis up to 40 elements is progress report, Report containing the
analysis of 41 to 67 elements is interim report and report containing the analysis of 68
elements is final report. As and when the results pour in after circulation of the Interim report,
the subsequent report will be termed as vol. 1, 2,3 etc and to be uploaded in GSI Portal.
8. Unit Quality Management cell for GCM data repository at state units and regions
i. Director of Geodata Division, one of the directors of NGCM project and one part time
officer of Geodata Division may be entrusted for doing this job.
ii. Whenever an officer sends samples to chemical lab, a copy of the details may be submitted
to Geodata Division and also to the Quality Management Cell.
iii. A copy of the analytical results from chemical labs should be forwarded to Geodata
Division by the labs. (This may be required till the LMS module is operational).
iv. As and when the data are received (at least on a monthly basis), the Regional Geochemical
Division is to generate integrated maps of all the existing and newly received data. Existence
of any bias or outliers in the data are to be identified and reported.
9. Abbreviations for sample media
Sample type: Stream sediment/Slope wash/Tank sediment (SS), Regolith (R)-Soil (C);
Water: Stream water (W), Spring water (SP), Well (WW), Stream order: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th,
5th etc; Stream condition: Wet (Wet), Dry (Dry), Channel Character: Natural (N),
Reinforced (RF), Manmade (MM), etc. Stream Bed: Gravel (Gr), Sand (Sd), Silt-silty (St),
Clay (CL), Rocky (Rk), Landscape: Plain (Pl), Undulation (Un), Rugged (Ru), Land use:
Agriculture (Ag), Pasture Land (Pa), Forest (Fo), Barren (Ba), Others-specify;
Contamination: Old working (OW), Mine Dump (MD), Others specify

vi
12. Medical Geology
Field geologist should give attention/record the medical problems of local human health i.e.
people suffering by (from) diseases due (owing) to excess (toxic) or deficiency of elemental
intake in the area, if any.
Average abundance of some important elements in crust, soil and
their toxic presence in ppm










This table taken from the THE MEDICAL GEOLOGY editor, Olle Selinus et. al.
2005, Elsevier publication.

Agricultural soil Toxic Element Crustal
abundance
Soil
abundance Average Range Agri. Industrial
Cu 70 30 13-24 1-205 63 100
Zn 80 90 64 17-125 200 360
Pb 16 35 32 3-189 70 600
As 5 6 5.8 <1-95 12 12
Sb 0.2 1 - - 20 40
Cd 0.2 0.35 0.06-1.1 0.01-2.5 1.4 27
Cr 100 70 54 14-1300 64 87
Co 20 8 10 0.1-70 40 300
Ni 80 50 20 0.2-450 50 50
Mo 1.5 1.2 1.8 0.013-17 5 40
Hg 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.05-0.3 6.6 50
Se 0.05 0.4 0.33 0.005-3.5 1 3.9
V 100 90 58 18-115 130 130
F 950 200 329 10-1360 200 2000
I 0.14 5 2.8 0.1-10
ANNEXURE-III

NGCM Sample Storage plan in the Operational /Project level
Nati onal Geochemi cal Mappi ng
SAMPLE PRESERVATION ROAD MAP
Stage-I
A B
C D
001
002
Unit Cell
Composite Cell
Left corner of
Toposheet
Toposheet No. 45K/ 1
1. Uni t cel l No : 45K1/ 1A/ S/ 03 to 45K1/ 1D/ S/ 03
2. Composi t e cel l No : 45K1/ 001/ S/ 03
Geological survey of India
Sample numbering scheme
Sample numbering starts from SW corner of toposheet
Dimension of unit cell 1 km x 1km
Dimesion of composite cell 2 km x 2 km
Sample codes
S - Stream sediments
C/ R - Soil ('C' horizon, 'R' Regolith)
W - Water
T.S. No/ Compsite sample No/ Medium of sampling/ year
Stage-II Unit cell sampling
500 gm sample is collected from unit cell
Stage-III
Preparation of composite sample
1A 1B 1C 1D
Samples
500 gm 500 gm 500 gm 500gm
Weight
250 gm 250 gm
( Stored )
250 gm 250 gm
( Stored )
250 gm 250 gm
( Stored )
250 gm 250 gm
( Stored )
Mixed & homoginised
Coning and quartering
Stored i n GCM Proj ect
Sent t o the Chemi cal Lab.
( 500 gm )
( 500 gm )
Sample details from one toposheet
Total unit cell samples - 700 No (1 km grid)
Total composite samples - 182 No (4 km grid)
Total soil samples - 9 "C"+9 "R" =18 (5' grid)
Total water samples - 36 No (4 form each 5')
Splitting


vii
Stage-IV
Sample storage at GCM project level
The unit cell samples weighing 250 gms are stored in air tight non-contaminating
transparent high quality plastic jars.
The comosite samples and soil and regolith samples weighing 500 gms are
also presrved in similar plastic jars
All the samples are kept in specially designed racks in a dustfree room.
Rack for toposheet 45 K/1
T
o
p
m
o
s
t

r
a
c
k
O
t
h
e
r

r
a
c
k
s
Composite stream sample weighing
500 gms each and soil and regolith
samples of same weight
Unit cell stream sample weighing
250 gms each
( PLAN VIEW)
The rack is usually made of slotted steel frame in which individual trays containg
sample jars can be adjusted for height clearance.
001 002 003 004 005
Sream sed,
Regolith
'C' horizon
Sream sed,
Stage-V Plan of sample storage room at GCM project level (MODULAR DESIGN)
45k/1
45k/2
45k/3
45k/4
45k/5
45k/6
45k/7
45k/8
45k/9
45k/10
45k/11
45k/12
45k/13
45k/14
45k/15
45k/16
The location plan of samples should not alter and should be given as a plate
in the report
Stage-VI Retrival of samples for further studies at a later date
There will a regular mechanism of issue of NGM samples for further studies and
analysis by an issueing authority aginst a prescribed format (see later)
Number increment
Space for
movement



viii
ANNEXURE-IV
QUALITY MANAGEMENT (MONITORING)

DATA SHEET FOR FIELD ITEMS
Part I (to be filled in by the field officer month-wise)
1. Field Season: . 2. Year 3. Month
4. FSP No. 5. Region/Mission 6. Personnel
.. ..
7. Date of commencement of Field work
8. No .of days in field during the current month
9. % Prorata coverage of targets during the current
month

10. % Prorata coverage of targets since commencement
of field season

11. Significant findings and achievements during the
month

12. Remarks/ Constraints (if any)


Date: Signature
Name & Designation
Part II (to be filled in by the supervisory officer)
13. Name of the supervisory officer and designation
14. Inspection by the supervisory officer during the
month
Yes / No
15. No of days spent on field inspection
16. Brief note on advice rendered to the field party and efforts to address/remove
constraints noticed, if any:
17. Whether technical advice rendered during previous
field visit, has been attended by the field party?:

18. Whether field inspection note was prepared and sent
to DDG & field party (mention date) ?


19. Whether the supervisory officer is satisfied with the
progress and quality of field work carried out by the
field party

20. Comments on the quality of field work:

Date: Signature

Part III: Remarks of the DDG/Mission Head

Date Signature/Name & Designation

ix
x
ANNEXURE - V
G GE EO OC CH HE EM MI IC CA AL LD DA AT TA AA AN NA AL LY YS SI IS S

The NGCM samples collected from field are processed and composited as per the
standard procedure described earlier. The composite samples are analyzed in 10
differentpackagesasperthedetailsgivenbelow.
Package Oxides/Elements Unit NoofOxides/
Elements
Methodof
Analysis
SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, Na
2
O, K
2
O, TiO
2
,
CaO,MgO,MnO,P
2
O
5

% 10
A
Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sc, Sr, V, Zn, Zr,
Co,Ga,Nb,Th,Y
ppm 16
XRF
B Au ppb 1 AASGTA
C Li ppm 1 AASFlame
D As,Bi,Sb,Se,Te ppm 5 AASFIAS
E Fluoride(F

) ppm 1 ISE
F Ag,Cd ppb 2 AAS_GTA
G Hg ppb 1 DMA
H La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Eu,Sm,Tb, Gd,Dy,Ho,
Er,Yb,Lu,Tm
ppb
Be,Ge,Hf,Ta,U,W ppm
20
ICPMS
I Pt,Pd ppb 2 ICPMS
J Cs, Sn, Mo, In & Tl ppm 5 ICPMS

Thefollowingstepsmustbefollowedinprocessingtheanalyticaldatareceivedfromthe
chemicallabs.
DataPreparation
In order to establish the authenticity and integrity of the datasets, the following steps
shouldbetakenfordatapreparationbeforeanalysis.
xi
1. Thepackagewiseanalyticaldatareceivedshouldbeintegratedinasinglespread
sheetwiththelocation(coordinates)ofeachcompositesample.
2. The less than detection limit (<) values need to be replaced with appropriate
alternativevaluesbeforefurtherprocessingandmappreparation.Itissuggested
to use half the detection limit values (for example, if the detection limit for a
particular element is 0.2 (<0.2), the <0.2 values should be replaced with 0.1
(0.2/2)duetothefollowingreasons.
a. Anapproximationbetween0andthedetectionlimit.
b. Using0asanalternativetothelessthandetectionlimitvaluesdoesnot
accountforvaluesbetween0andthedetectionlimitvalue.
c. Leaving blank (no data) for the points with less than detection limit
values might give unrealistic interpolated values, where the values of
neighbouringsamplesaredrasticallyhigher.
3. The data should be checked for the valid entries (i.e. all the values must be
numeric) for each of the oxides/elements and necessary corrections must be
made, wherever necessary. The following steps may be taken for validation of
data.
i. Data are to be inspected for obvious outliers, typing mistakes and missing
values
ii. Dataaretobealignedtotherightinthedatacolumns
iii. UsetheCOUNTfunctioninExceltobeusedfornumberofvalidentries
iv. Dataaretobeorderedinascendingordescendingorder
v. Determine the data range, the maximum value and the minimum value to be
studiedcritically,toensurethatthevaluesarewithinexpectedrange.
vi. TheAutoFiltertoolmayalsobeusedtocheckthedatarangeandvalidentries
vii. Graphical method like line graphs can be used to find out obvious outliers and
missing data. The suspected spurious data must be crosschecked with the
originaldataandrectified,wherevernecessary.
viii. The number of valid data to be determined to and calculate the number of
required histogram classes. The number of classes should be odd numbered,
arrivedatbycalculatingthevalueofsquarerootofnumberofsamples.Incase
of one toposheet with about 180 samples, number of classes would be about
15.
ix. Theclassintervalstobecalculated.
x. Number of data entries in each class interval to be determined and the
frequenciesaretobeplottedinahistogram.
xi. Fromtheshapeofthehistogram,itistobedeterminedwhetheradaptationof
the class intervals is required or not. For example conversion of normal to log
normaldata.
xii. The number of data entries in each class to be converted into a percentage
frequency.
xii
xiii. Thecumulativefrequencypercentineachclasstobecalculated.

UnivariateStatisticalAnalysis
Univariate Statistics explores the characteristics such as range and central tendency of
valuesofeachindividualvariable(Davis,2002).Univariateanalysisshouldbecarriedout
foreachoftheoxide/elementtounderstanditsbasiccharacteristics.
a. Basic Statistics: Basic statistical parameters like Range, Mean, Mode, Median,
Standard deviation, Skewness, Kurtosis etc. for each oxide/element should be
calculated to study the distribution characteristics of the variables. The
Descriptive Statistics tool of the Data Analysis Tools in Excel can be used to
calculatethebasicstatisticalparametersofeachvariable.
Significanceofsomeimportantbasicstatisticalparameters
VarianceandStandardDeviation
Instatistics,variance(
2
)measureshowfarasetofnumbersisspreadout.(Avarianceofzero
indicates that all the values are identical.) A nonzero variance is always positive. A small
variance indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean(expected value) and
hence to each other, while a high variance indicates that the data points are very spread out
from the mean and from each other. For univariate dataY
1
,Y
2
, ...,Y
N
, Variance is expressed as
theaverageofthesquareddifferencesfromtheMean

2
=
N
Y Y

2
) (

whereYisthemean,sisthestandarddeviation,andNisthenumberofdatapoints

Standard deviation ()
It shows how much variation or dispersion from the average exists. A low standard deviation
indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean (also called expected value); a
high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values.
Standard deviation is expressed as the square root of the Variance.

=
N
Y Y

2
) (

xiii

Skewness: It is a measure of the asymmetry of theprobability distributionof areal

valuedrandomvariableaboutitsmean.Theskewnessvaluecanbepositiveornegative,oreven
undefined. The skewness does not determine the relationship of mean and median. As a
general rule, most of the time for data skewed to the right that it is positively skewed, the
mean will be greater than the mode and median where mode < median < mean. A
distribution with negative skew that is skewed to the left most of the time can have a mean
lower than median and mode (mean < median < mode). For univariate dataY
1
,Y
2
, ...,Y
N
,
Skewnessisdefinedbythefollowingformula
Skewness =

=

N
i
s N
Y Yi
1 3
3
) 1 (
) (

whereYisthemean,sisthestandarddeviation,andNisthenumberofdatapoints.
1. Negative skew: The left tail is longer indicating that the mass of the distribution is
concentrated on the right of the figure. The distribution is said to beleftskewed,left
tailed,orskewedtotheleft.
2. Positive skew: The right tail is longer indicating the mass of the distribution is
concentratedontheleftofthefigure.Thedistributionissaidtoberightskewed,right
tailed,orskewedtotheright.

Kurtosis: Kurtosis is a measure of whether the data are peaked or flat relative to a normal
distribution. It is also another statistical measure used to describe the distribution of observed
data around the mean. As in the case ofskewness,kurtosis is a descriptor of the shape of a
probabilitydistribution.Thatis,datasetswithhighkurtosistendtohaveadistinctpeaknearthe
mean,declineratherrapidly,andhaveheavytails.Datasetswithlowkurtosistendtohaveaflat
topnearthemeanratherthanasharppeak.Auniformdistributionwouldbetheextremecase.
ForunivariatedataY
1
,Y
2
,...,Y
N
,Kurtosisisdefinedbythefollowingformula

Kurtosis =

=

N
i
s N
Y Yi
1
4
4
) 1 (
) (

whereYisthemean,sisthestandarddeviation,andNisthenumberofdatapoints.
b. StudyofHistograms:Ahistogramisagraphicalrepresentationofthedistribution
ofdataandformsoneoftheSevenBasicToolsofQuality.Itisanestimateofthe
probability distribution of a continuous variable and an important tool for
xiv
exploratory data analysis. A histogram conveys the following information about
thedata.
I. shapeofthefrequencydistribution(probabilitydistribution)
II. symmetry(skewness)ofthedistribution
III. modality(unimodal,bimodal,multimodal)
c. The distribution pattern of the important oxides and elements must be studied
usinghistograms.
MultivariateAnalysis
Multivariate statistics enables us to simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one
variable. Itallowsustolookathowmultiplevariableschangetogether.Itdealswiththe
statisticalproceduresusedtodescribetherelationshipbetweentwoormorevariables.
In geochemical mapping more than one variable (oxide/element) is measured on each
observation unit (sample). Different variables measured on the same sample tend to
change together in some manner, based on their geochemical affinity. Variables which
havenorelationtoeachotheraresaidtobemutuallyindependent;thatis,anincrease
or decrease in one variable is not accompanied by predictable change in another
variable.Similarly,someelementstendtovarycoherentlyornoncoherentlywithsome
otherelements.Becauseelementalassociationisruledbygeochemistry,wemusthave
some measure to describe their mutual interaction. The following methods should be
usedtoascertainthedegreeofassociationamongelements.
ScatterPlots
Scatter Plots are used to investigate the possible relationship between a pair of
variablesrelatedtothesame"event."Astraightlineofbestfit(usingtheleastsquares
method)isdrawntomeasurethedegreeofvariability.Theimportantcharacteristicsof
the scatter plots used for determining the mutual relationships among elements are
describedbelow.
If the points cluster in a band running from lower left to upper right, there is a
positivecorrelation(ifxincreases,yincreases).
xv
Ifthepointsclusterinabandfromupperlefttolowerright,thereisanegative
correlation(ifxincreases,ydecreases).
Thebestfitstraightlineorcurvedrawnthroughthedataindicatesthedegreeof
relationship between a pair of variables. The more the points cluster closely
aroundthebestfitline,thestrongertherelationshipbetweenthetwovariables.
If it is hard to determine where to draw a line, and if the points show no
significantclustering,thereisprobablynocorrelation.
Scatter plots should be prepared for each pairs of elements to know the mutual
relationshipamongelements.
CorrelationCoefficient
Correlation Coefficient (R) is a measure of strength and direction of the linear
relationship between two variables that is defined in terms of the covariance of the
variablesdividedbytheirstandarddeviations.AsincaseofNGCM,severalvariablesor
pairs of variables are to be studied, a correlation coefficient matrix is calculated for
understanding the relationship of each oxide/element with each other oxide/element.
Thecorelationcoefficientvariesbetween1to+1.
I. High positive correlation (valueclose to +1) between a pair of oxides/elements
indicateshighdegreeofgeochemicalaffinitybetweenthepair.
II. Highnegativecorrelation(valuecloseto1)betweenapairofoxides/elements
indicateshighnegativegeochemicalaffinitybetweenthepair.Ifthevalueofone
element increases, that of the other element decreases. A typical example of
suchnegativecorrelationisnormallyobservedbetweenSiO
2
andFe
2
O
3
.

Au Si Al Fe Ca Mg K Mn Ti P LI Be B V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn As Sr Y Nb Mo Ag Cd Sn Sb Ba La Ce W Pb Bi Zr
Au 1.00
Si 0.04 1.00
Al -0.03 0.13 1.00
Fe 0.09 -0.32 0.49 1.00
Ca -0.06 -0.76 -0.57 -0.27 1.00
Mg 0.02 -0.56 0.10 0.60 0.17 1.00
K 0.02 0.51 0.22 -0.42 -0.33 -0.53 1.00
Mn -0.13 -0.16 0.10 0.26 0.00 0.25 -0.37 1.00
Ti 0.03 0.01 -0.03 0.53 -0.22 0.13 -0.28 0.27 1.00
P 0.06 -0.25 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.23 0.10 -0.11 -0.13 1.00
LI 0.02 0.15 0.16 -0.08 -0.18 0.00 0.15 -0.08 -0.14 0.02 1.00
Be 0.04 -0.20 -0.03 -0.12 0.30 -0.01 0.11 -0.03 -0.19 -0.05 -0.08 1.00
B 0.11 0.14 -0.05 0.11 -0.14 -0.02 0.11 -0.15 0.32 -0.01 -0.14 0.02 1.00
V 0.08 -0.30 0.38 0.93 -0.24 0.55 -0.48 0.22 0.57 0.10 -0.08 -0.25 0.04 1.00
Cr -0.02 -0.20 0.22 0.44 -0.10 0.57 -0.18 0.14 0.19 0.07 0.07 -0.04 0.12 0.38 1.00
Co 0.04 -0.41 0.32 0.88 -0.10 0.70 -0.61 0.37 0.44 0.10 0.02 -0.14 -0.01 0.86 0.52 1.00
Ni -0.05 -0.35 0.25 0.53 0.02 0.66 -0.46 0.19 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.48 0.78 0.72 1.00
Cu 0.08 -0.24 0.48 0.77 -0.22 0.48 -0.36 0.03 0.29 0.17 0.01 0.11 0.08 0.69 0.34 0.74 0.62 1.00
Zn 0.11 -0.21 0.44 0.77 -0.27 0.42 -0.16 0.16 0.41 0.31 0.07 -0.12 0.19 0.70 0.36 0.62 0.35 0.59 1.00
As 0.32 -0.05 -0.03 0.14 0.00 0.06 -0.24 -0.13 -0.01 0.11 0.09 -0.14 -0.03 0.21 0.01 0.20 0.20 0.23 0.12 1.00
Sr -0.05 0.30 -0.09 -0.61 0.01 -0.39 0.56 -0.22 -0.30 -0.08 0.01 0.24 0.00 -0.62 -0.27 -0.67 -0.45 -0.53 -0.50 -0.26 1.00
Y 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.33 -0.16 0.07 -0.17 0.19 0.49 -0.06 0.35 -0.16 -0.12 0.40 0.11 0.37 0.18 0.18 0.31 0.12 -0.16 1.00
Nb -0.07 -0.22 -0.27 -0.16 0.31 0.03 -0.16 0.28 -0.10 0.03 0.11 -0.42 -0.29 -0.01 0.00 -0.04 -0.10 -0.50 -0.11 0.02 -0.07 0.12 1.00
Mo 0.03 -0.18 0.11 0.44 -0.07 0.25 -0.27 0.07 0.27 0.18 0.16 -0.33 -0.06 0.57 0.21 0.45 0.27 0.30 0.40 0.41 -0.37 0.33 0.23 1.00
Ag -0.01 -0.05 0.12 -0.01 0.05 0.01 0.12 -0.08 -0.07 0.05 -0.07 0.37 0.06 -0.14 0.02 -0.04 0.09 0.18 0.02 -0.16 0.15 -0.12 -0.41 -0.28 1.00
Cd -0.02 -0.34 0.10 0.23 0.22 0.35 -0.21 0.28 0.01 0.03 -0.15 0.47 0.05 0.06 0.18 0.27 0.29 0.33 0.11 -0.16 -0.06 -0.11 -0.35 -0.11 0.30 1.00
Sn -0.03 -0.04 -0.02 0.05 -0.03 0.12 -0.25 -0.17 -0.07 0.07 0.16 -0.34 -0.16 0.20 0.04 0.16 0.23 0.15 0.01 0.60 -0.25 0.11 0.19 0.42 -0.27 -0.28 1.00
Sb -0.01 -0.12 0.04 0.10 0.08 0.06 -0.12 -0.11 0.09 0.11 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.03 0.15 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.17 -0.08 0.04 -0.19 -0.03 0.23 0.05 0.15 1.00
Ba -0.08 0.53 -0.02 -0.69 -0.17 -0.65 0.67 -0.21 -0.29 -0.17 0.15 0.11 0.02 -0.71 -0.30 -0.70 -0.46 -0.53 -0.50 -0.22 0.69 -0.16 -0.11 -0.45 0.11 -0.20 -0.20 -0.01 1.00
La -0.05 0.27 -0.09 -0.51 0.01 -0.44 0.41 -0.11 -0.14 -0.05 0.48 0.14 -0.08 -0.51 -0.18 -0.43 -0.23 -0.40 -0.30 -0.10 0.47 0.41 0.04 -0.16 0.06 -0.15 -0.12 0.02 0.60 1.00
Ce 0.02 0.31 0.00 -0.14 -0.17 -0.27 0.24 -0.24 0.06 -0.05 0.26 0.15 0.13 -0.21 -0.08 -0.13 -0.04 -0.02 -0.14 -0.03 0.34 0.29 -0.33 -0.11 0.19 -0.03 -0.22 0.14 0.34 0.54 1.00
W 0.10 -0.08 0.15 0.21 -0.06 0.21 -0.02 -0.04 -0.03 -0.04 -0.14 0.23 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.17 0.12 0.22 0.06 0.01 0.07 -0.12 -0.35 -0.22 0.28 0.29 -0.13 0.00 -0.09 -0.18 0.17 1.00
Pb 0.12 -0.11 0.02 0.15 0.08 0.11 0.04 -0.50 0.03 0.04 -0.03 0.45 0.21 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.17 0.40 0.08 -0.03 0.06 -0.04 -0.60 -0.17 0.38 0.30 -0.12 0.16 -0.06 -0.04 0.29 0.35 1.00
Bi 0.01 -0.18 0.09 0.02 0.16 0.03 0.09 0.05 -0.06 -0.01 -0.01 0.55 -0.01 -0.07 0.09 0.01 0.09 0.15 0.05 -0.25 0.06 0.02 -0.30 -0.22 0.31 0.46 -0.34 0.03 0.04 0.20 0.02 0.15 0.33 1.00
Zr -0.02 0.26 -0.04 -0.27 -0.09 -0.39 0.29 -0.03 0.09 -0.12 0.07 0.07 -0.05 -0.25 -0.13 -0.30 -0.20 -0.24 -0.24 -0.09 0.38 0.44 -0.04 -0.13 0.04 -0.09 -0.11 0.04 0.40 0.62 0.48 -0.09 -0.05 0.17 1.00
Note:
Au is in ppb; Si to P are oxides in percentage; and other elements are in ppm
Annexure-1: Correlation Matrix for gold and 34 major and trace elements in 1318 stream sediment samples data of Hutti-Maski area, GSI-BRGM Project
Annexure 2 : Correlation matrix of the 56 major and trace element data of 1149 streamsediment samples
S
iO
2
_
%
A
l2
O
3
_
%
F
e
2
O
3
_
%
T
iO
2
_
%
C
a
O
_
%
M
g
O
_
%
M
n
O
_
%
N
a
2
O
_
%
K
2
O
_
%
P
2
O
5
_
%
B
a
_
p
p
m
C
o
_
p
p
m
C
r
_
p
p
m
C
u
_
p
p
m
G
a
_
p
p
m
N
b
_
p
p
m
N
i_
p
p
m
P
b
_
p
p
m
R
b
_
p
p
m
S
c
_
p
p
m
S
r
_
p
p
m
T
h
_
p
p
m
V
_
p
p
m
Y
_
p
p
m
Z
n
_
p
p
m
Z
r
_
p
p
m
B
e
_
p
p
m
G
e
_
p
p
m
L
a
_
p
p
m
C
e
_
p
p
m
P
r
_
p
p
m
N
d
_
p
p
m
S
m
_
p
p
m
E
u
_
p
p
m
G
d
_
p
p
m
T
b
_
p
p
m
D
y
_
p
p
m
H
o
_
p
p
m
E
r
_
p
p
m
T
m
_
p
p
m
Y
b
_
p
p
m
L
u
_
p
p
m
SiO2_% 1.00
Al2O3_% -0.25 1.00
Fe2O3_% -0.68 0.41 1.00
TiO2_% -0.27 -0.03 0.58 1.00
CaO_% -0.76 -0.22 0.22 0.02 1.00
MgO_% -0.72 -0.12 0.52 0.26 0.59 1.00
MnO_% -0.62 -0.07 0.66 0.43 0.38 0.78 1.00
Na2O_% 0.32 0.15 -0.28 -0.18 -0.36 -0.49 -0.42 1.00
K2O_% 0.51 0.35 -0.41 -0.27 -0.55 -0.71 -0.69 0.47 1.00
P2O5_% -0.35 0.31 0.32 0.09 0.15 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.07 1.00
Ba_ppm 0.03 0.51 -0.07 -0.18 -0.21 -0.29 -0.26 0.23 0.44 0.33 1.00
Co_ppm -0.52 0.09 0.63 0.29 0.32 0.51 0.60 -0.35 -0.50 0.07 -0.30 1.00
Cr_ppm -0.45 0.02 0.62 0.30 0.26 0.58 0.58 -0.34 -0.46 0.05 -0.32 0.64 1.00
Cu_ppm -0.49 -0.03 0.70 0.61 0.23 0.50 0.64 -0.44 -0.50 0.06 -0.35 0.63 0.58 1.00
Ga_ppm -0.22 0.78 0.36 -0.01 -0.19 -0.12 -0.04 0.18 0.36 0.40 0.48 0.10 0.03 0.01 1.00
Nb_ppm -0.16 0.12 0.24 0.45 -0.03 0.07 0.16 -0.07 0.04 0.32 0.10 0.06 -0.04 0.12 0.13 1.00
Ni_ppm -0.53 0.02 0.63 0.29 0.30 0.62 0.69 -0.52 -0.59 0.01 -0.30 0.70 0.77 0.77 -0.01 0.02 1.00
Pb_ppm 0.30 0.25 -0.19 -0.12 -0.44 -0.45 -0.29 0.30 0.58 0.00 0.22 -0.38 -0.34 -0.34 0.27 0.15 -0.37 1.00
Rb_ppm 0.46 0.14 -0.46 -0.25 -0.45 -0.52 -0.51 0.29 0.81 -0.11 0.16 -0.41 -0.40 -0.40 0.20 0.15 -0.43 0.59 1.00
Sc_ppm -0.45 -0.11 0.56 0.36 0.33 0.48 0.61 -0.31 -0.49 0.11 -0.33 0.60 0.67 0.61 0.04 -0.02 0.66 -0.33 -0.43 1.00
Sr_ppm 0.02 0.41 -0.04 -0.19 -0.10 -0.23 -0.24 0.37 0.22 0.33 0.62 -0.27 -0.31 -0.40 0.50 -0.07 -0.41 0.13 -0.10 -0.27 1.00
Th_ppm 0.46 -0.10 -0.49 -0.26 -0.28 -0.41 -0.43 0.16 0.51 -0.17 -0.03 -0.33 -0.36 -0.37 -0.03 0.01 -0.41 0.40 0.59 -0.38 -0.12 1.00
V_ppm -0.40 0.09 0.72 0.72 0.11 0.38 0.55 -0.27 -0.39 0.10 -0.24 0.55 0.52 0.69 0.14 0.19 0.53 -0.22 -0.35 0.68 -0.18 -0.36 1.00
Y_ppm 0.34 -0.01 -0.36 -0.27 -0.27 -0.31 -0.27 0.19 0.49 0.04 0.03 -0.25 -0.26 -0.38 0.13 0.31 -0.32 0.39 0.68 -0.24 -0.07 0.65 -0.33 1.00
Zn_ppm -0.68 0.33 0.75 0.37 0.29 0.56 0.59 -0.30 -0.38 0.54 0.03 0.51 0.49 0.57 0.41 0.24 0.54 -0.25 -0.41 0.52 0.07 -0.43 0.55 -0.23 1.00
Zr_ppm 0.15 0.22 0.01 0.05 -0.22 -0.32 -0.21 0.26 0.31 0.41 0.43 -0.24 -0.26 -0.31 0.26 0.58 -0.36 0.26 0.08 -0.21 0.44 0.10 -0.12 0.35 0.03 1.00
Be_ppm 0.05 0.32 -0.05 -0.11 -0.25 -0.18 -0.17 0.13 0.43 0.19 0.33 -0.24 -0.24 -0.18 0.45 0.34 -0.16 0.45 0.53 -0.26 0.21 0.24 -0.14 0.44 0.05 0.31 1.00
Ge_ppm -0.10 0.22 0.20 0.06 -0.06 0.04 0.05 -0.11 0.09 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.21 0.11 0.15 0.03 0.09 0.10 -0.03 -0.03 0.12 0.03 0.21 0.02 0.23 1.00
La_ppm 0.11 0.14 -0.09 -0.07 -0.16 -0.22 -0.21 0.13 0.27 0.24 0.23 -0.20 -0.24 -0.22 0.21 0.26 -0.26 0.32 0.20 -0.21 0.18 0.58 -0.14 0.41 0.01 0.44 0.36 0.07 1.00
Ce_ppm 0.10 0.13 -0.07 -0.05 -0.17 -0.17 -0.16 0.11 0.25 0.26 0.22 -0.19 -0.24 -0.19 0.19 0.32 -0.23 0.33 0.20 -0.21 0.17 0.57 -0.13 0.45 0.03 0.46 0.39 0.08 0.98 1.00
Pr_ppm 0.09 0.16 -0.06 -0.06 -0.15 -0.20 -0.19 0.13 0.28 0.30 0.25 -0.20 -0.23 -0.21 0.24 0.29 -0.26 0.31 0.20 -0.19 0.22 0.57 -0.12 0.45 0.04 0.48 0.40 0.09 0.99 0.98 1.00
Nd_ppm 0.05 0.17 -0.02 -0.04 -0.13 -0.17 -0.16 0.13 0.25 0.34 0.25 -0.17 -0.21 -0.18 0.26 0.32 -0.24 0.30 0.17 -0.16 0.24 0.53 -0.09 0.45 0.09 0.50 0.40 0.09 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00
Sm_ppm 0.03 0.19 0.02 -0.01 -0.12 -0.16 -0.13 0.14 0.26 0.39 0.26 -0.17 -0.19 -0.16 0.31 0.37 -0.23 0.30 0.17 -0.13 0.26 0.51 -0.06 0.48 0.13 0.55 0.43 0.11 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.00
Eu_ppm -0.41 0.44 0.42 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.03 -0.06 0.64 0.43 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.54 0.39 0.00 -0.03 -0.25 0.13 0.53 -0.20 0.18 0.03 0.55 0.54 0.27 0.13 0.42 0.44 0.48 0.54 0.60 1.00
Gd_ppm 0.03 0.15 0.12 0.05 -0.11 -0.18 -0.10 0.02 0.18 0.36 0.17 -0.01 -0.08 0.05 0.25 0.36 0.02 0.16 0.08 -0.01 0.13 0.40 0.02 0.40 0.16 0.50 0.35 0.15 0.78 0.79 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.50 1.00
Tb_ppm -0.17 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.18 0.13 0.14 0.02 0.15 0.08 -0.14 -0.06 -0.22 0.15 0.18 -0.32 0.21 0.10 -0.04 0.16 0.05 -0.01 0.23 0.12 0.14 0.19 -0.01 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.33 -0.21 1.00
Dy_ppm -0.15 0.17 0.24 0.12 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.03 0.09 0.43 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.32 0.54 -0.01 0.20 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.25 0.10 0.54 0.31 0.57 0.45 0.19 0.66 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.84 0.66 0.79 0.31 1.00
Ho_ppm -0.12 0.15 0.21 0.10 -0.01 0.01 0.09 0.04 0.09 0.38 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.25 0.53 -0.03 0.20 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.20 0.09 0.54 0.25 0.56 0.39 0.14 0.53 0.58 0.59 0.64 0.70 0.56 0.68 0.28 0.90 1.00
Er_ppm -0.19 0.18 0.29 0.14 0.01 0.05 0.16 0.01 0.06 0.42 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.32 0.59 0.03 0.18 0.08 0.16 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.52 0.34 0.60 0.45 0.20 0.50 0.55 0.57 0.62 0.70 0.64 0.69 0.29 0.97 0.90 1.00
Tm_ppm -0.17 0.20 0.28 0.15 -0.01 0.02 0.14 0.03 0.08 0.43 0.16 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.33 0.60 0.00 0.19 0.08 0.14 0.16 0.07 0.13 0.49 0.32 0.65 0.45 0.18 0.46 0.51 0.53 0.58 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.29 0.93 0.87 0.97 1.00
Yb_ppm -0.14 0.22 0.26 0.14 -0.04 -0.02 0.10 0.05 0.12 0.42 0.19 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.34 0.62 -0.03 0.21 0.11 0.11 0.19 0.06 0.11 0.51 0.30 0.69 0.47 0.19 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.27 0.91 0.87 0.98 0.97 1.00
Lu_ppm -0.13 0.26 0.26 0.14 -0.06 -0.05 0.08 0.08 0.14 0.45 0.27 0.00 -0.03 -0.03 0.37 0.61 -0.07 0.22 0.09 0.08 0.29 0.02 0.10 0.45 0.29 0.75 0.46 0.17 0.43 0.47 0.50 0.54 0.63 0.67 0.62 0.26 0.86 0.82 0.93 0.96 0.98 1.00
Hf_ppm 0.15 0.19 0.01 0.04 -0.21 -0.31 -0.21 0.24 0.29 0.38 0.38 -0.22 -0.24 -0.27 0.24 0.56 -0.33 0.23 0.07 -0.18 0.40 0.13 -0.11 0.35 0.03 0.96 0.32 0.05 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.58 0.55 0.56 0.12 0.61 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.77
Ta_ppm 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.35 -0.21 -0.14 -0.01 0.08 0.17 0.16 0.06 -0.08 -0.08 0.02 0.09 0.67 -0.12 0.24 0.25 -0.05 -0.05 0.10 0.16 0.32 0.05 0.47 0.38 0.11 0.24 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.23 0.29 0.17 0.44 0.44 0.47 0.48 0.51 0.50
U_ppm 0.34 -0.10 -0.32 -0.14 -0.28 -0.32 -0.29 0.25 0.35 -0.04 0.02 -0.31 -0.31 -0.26 -0.04 0.10 -0.31 0.38 0.37 -0.27 -0.01 0.53 -0.25 0.43 -0.29 0.24 0.24 -0.01 0.41 0.42 0.41 0.39 0.39 -0.06 0.34 0.01 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.16
LREE_ppm 0.09 0.15 -0.06 -0.05 -0.15 -0.18 -0.17 0.12 0.26 0.29 0.24 -0.19 -0.23 -0.20 0.22 0.31 -0.24 0.32 0.19 -0.20 0.20 0.56 -0.12 0.44 0.05 0.48 0.39 0.08 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.96 0.47 0.81 0.22 0.72 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.49
HREE_ppm -0.12 0.20 0.21 0.10 -0.03 -0.02 0.06 0.06 0.13 0.45 0.17 -0.01 -0.04 0.00 0.34 0.55 -0.07 0.24 0.12 0.07 0.17 0.27 0.08 0.54 0.29 0.62 0.47 0.18 0.70 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.87 0.68 0.81 0.32 0.99 0.91 0.96 0.93 0.92 0.88
Au_ppb 0.11 -0.12 -0.04 0.00 -0.08 0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.04 -0.14 0.05 0.09 0.06 -0.05 -0.06 0.04 -0.09 0.02 0.16 -0.11 -0.01 0.11 0.04 0.05 -0.08 -0.02 0.05 -0.06 -0.06 -0.05 -0.05 -0.04 -0.08 -0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 -0.02
Li_ppm -0.49 0.19 0.32 0.10 0.24 0.46 0.32 -0.27 -0.16 0.22 0.05 0.11 0.22 0.23 0.15 0.27 0.25 -0.07 -0.05 0.10 -0.12 -0.20 0.15 -0.08 0.43 -0.06 0.30 0.23 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.24 -0.05 0.34 0.20 0.14 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.17
As_ppm -0.16 -0.06 0.08 0.03 0.10 0.26 0.22 -0.17 -0.21 -0.07 -0.07 0.09 0.21 0.12 -0.09 -0.04 0.25 -0.16 -0.10 0.14 -0.15 -0.16 0.07 -0.09 0.17 -0.14 0.01 0.01 -0.10 -0.09 -0.10 -0.12 -0.13 -0.06 -0.10 -0.02 -0.07 -0.07 -0.05 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07
Sb_ppm -0.35 -0.12 0.21 0.06 0.28 0.49 0.46 -0.36 -0.43 -0.11 -0.14 0.34 0.34 0.29 -0.15 -0.02 0.46 -0.21 -0.24 0.31 -0.25 -0.24 0.18 -0.17 0.22 -0.29 -0.12 0.03 -0.20 -0.17 -0.20 -0.20 -0.21 -0.10 -0.17 -0.01 -0.09 -0.09 -0.06 -0.07 -0.10 -0.12
Bi_ppm 0.01 0.05 0.02 -0.01 -0.04 -0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 0.02 -0.07 0.07 0.01 -0.04 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.05 -0.03 0.01 0.12 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.08 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05
Se_ppm -0.11 0.34 0.19 -0.02 -0.10 -0.12 -0.07 0.23 0.18 0.26 0.20 0.00 0.06 -0.04 0.34 -0.03 -0.01 0.13 0.01 0.12 0.21 -0.15 0.11 -0.12 0.17 0.16 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.24 0.09 0.00 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.14
F_ppm -0.49 0.13 0.23 0.03 0.40 0.41 0.22 -0.18 -0.20 0.38 0.20 0.06 0.04 0.14 0.15 0.22 0.13 -0.31 -0.22 0.02 0.18 -0.19 0.00 -0.10 0.42 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.48 0.20 0.13 0.28 0.20 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.27
Ag_ppb -0.14 0.10 0.12 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.04 -0.09 -0.01 0.20 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.13 0.13 0.06 0.12 -0.12 -0.04 0.06 0.06 -0.05 0.06 -0.02 0.21 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.17 0.18 -0.10 0.12 0.03 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11
Hg_ppb -0.13 0.16 0.20 -0.01 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.00 -0.02 0.15 0.01 0.20 0.12 0.09 0.17 -0.01 0.09 -0.01 -0.04 0.21 0.00 -0.09 0.13 0.00 0.21 -0.01 0.00 0.05 -0.03 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07
Pt_ppb -0.29 0.00 0.35 0.17 0.18 0.27 0.34 -0.17 -0.25 0.01 -0.12 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.00 -0.04 0.40 -0.14 -0.20 0.40 -0.19 -0.20 0.30 -0.17 0.23 -0.19 -0.14 0.01 -0.15 -0.14 -0.14 -0.13 -0.12 0.01 -0.05 -0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.00 -0.02
Pd_ppb -0.50 -0.01 0.57 0.37 0.31 0.48 0.54 -0.34 -0.39 0.10 -0.24 0.48 0.48 0.76 0.04 0.05 0.59 -0.29 -0.31 0.47 -0.30 -0.30 0.47 -0.30 0.42 -0.27 -0.13 0.14 -0.19 -0.17 -0.17 -0.15 -0.12 0.06 -0.02 -0.05 0.05 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.01 -0.02
Note
Cd, Cs, W, Mo & Sn have not been considered for the correlation study as more than 90 % data are below the Detection Limit.
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