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SPM Additional Mathematics- by KBJIM - jimmigmig@yahoo.com

Integration Indefinite integral

1. The reverse of differentiation is called integration. The sign means to integrate.

2. If we differentiate y =2x, we get dy/dx =2. Therefore 2 dx = 2x

3. If we differentiate y =2x +3 , we also get dy/dx =2. Therefore 2 dx = 2x, which is not correct.
We are supposed to get back 2x +3.

4. This means that we must add a constant c to the result to take care of the answer
and when given certain other data, we can always get back the actual equation.

5.Therefore we always add a constant c to the result of the integration.
The integration that has a constant c is called the indefinite integral.
Hence the indefinite integral of 2 with respect to x is 2x + c.

We write it as 2 dx = 2x +c.

The general formula is x
n
= x
n+1
but n = 1 is not allowed.
n + 1


Exampl e D-1: Integrate the following functions with respect to x.

(i) x
8
(ii) x (ii i) 3x
2
+ 2x +3 (iv) x 1 (v) 1/x
4
(vi) (x 2)
2
(vii) (x 1)/x
3

Solution:

(i) x
8
dx = x
8+1
+c = x
9
+c (ii) ) x dx =) x
1/2
dx = 2x
3/2
+c
8 +1 9 3

(iii) ) 3x
3
+2x
2
+3 dx = 3x
3
dx +2x
2
dx + 3 dx = 3x
4
+ 2x
3
+ 3x +c (only write one c
4 3 for all the constants)

(iv) x

1 dx = x
2
x +c (v) ) 1 dx = x
4
dx = x
3
+c = 1 + c
2 x
4
3 3x
3


(vi) ) (x 2)
2
dx =) x
2
4x +4 dx = x
3
4x
2
+4x +c = x
3
2x
2
+4x +c
3 2 3

(vii) x 1 dx = 1 1 dx = x
2
x
3
dx = x
1
+ x
2
+c = 1 +1 + c
x
3
x
2
x
3
2 x 2x
2



You should now try the exercises in your text. Dont forget to write the constant sign c in your answer.



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Exampl e D-2: A curve passes through the point Example D-3: The gradient of a curve which
P(2, 4).The tangent to the curve at any point is passes through the point P(2,2) i s given by.
given by dy/dx =kx
3
. If the tangent at P is 2, x +4 . Find the equation of the curve.
find the equation of the curve.

Solution: Solution:

dy/dx =kx
3
= 2. When x =2, k =2 = 1 dy/dx =x +4
2
3
4
Therefore dy =kx
3
dx = x
3
dx dy = x +4 dx
4
dy = x
3
dx = ( 1 ) x
4
+c y = x
2
+ 4x + c
4 4 4 2
y = x
4
+c
16 At P(2,2), we have 2 = 2
2
+4(2) + c
2
At P(2, 4), we have 4 = 2
4
+c c = 8
16
c =3 Therefore equation of curve is y = x
2
+ 4x 8
2
Therefore equation f curve is y =x
4
+3
16



By Substitution

Exampl e D-4: Integrate with respect to x (i) (x 2)
5
dx (ii) ) dx (i ii)) 4(x 2)
5
dx
(x 2)
5
Solution:

(i) let u =x 2 (ii) let u =x 2
du/dx =1 du/dx =1
du = dx du = dx

therefore (x 2)
5
dx = u
5
du therefore dx = u
5
du
= u
6
+c (x 2)
5

6 = u
4
+ c = 1 + c
= ((x 2)
6
+c 4 4u
4

6
= 1 + c
4(x 2)
4
(iii) let u =x 2
du/dx =1
du = dx

therefore 4(x 2)
5
dx = 4 u
5
du = 4( u
6
+c )
6
= 2u
6
+c note we should get 2u
6
+ 4c
3 3
= 2 (x 2)
6
+c But 4c is a also constant, so we use c instead.
3

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Definite integral

b
The definite integral has the formula f(x) dx where a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit.

a

Lets look at some examples of definite integrals.

2 3 2
Exampl e D-5: Evaluate (i ) (x 2)
5
dx (ii) dx (iii) 4 (x 2)
5
dx

1

1
(x 2)
2 0

Solution:

(i) let u =x 2 (ii) let u = x 2
du/dx =1 du/dx = 1
du = dx du = dx

therefore (x 2)
5
dx = u
5
du therefore dx = u
5
du
= u
6
+c (x 2)
5

6 = u
4
+ c = 1 + c
= ((x 2)
6
+c 4 4u
4

6 = 1 + c

2

2
4(x 2)
4

(x 2)
5
dx = 1 [(x 2 )
6
]
3

3
1
6
1
dx = [ 1 ]

Substitute x =1
1
(x 2)
5
4(x 2)
4

1

= 1 [ (2 2)
6
(1 2)
6
]
(lower limit)
6
Substitute x =2 (upper limit) = 1 [ 1 ( 1 ) ]
= 1 4 (3 2)
4
(1 2)
4

6
Substitute x =3 substitute x =1
(upper limit) (lower limit)
= 1 ( 1 + 1 ) = 0
(iii) let u = x 2 4
du/dx =1
du = dx

therefore 4(x 2)
5
dx = 4 u
5
du = 4( u
6
+c )
6
= 2(x 2)
6
+c
3 substitute x =2 substitute x =0

2

2

4(x 2)
5
dx = [ 2(x 2)
6
] = 2 [ (2 2)
6
(0 2 )
6
]

0
3
0
3

= 2 ( 0 2
6
) = 128
3 3

Notice that all the constants c are not used at all .
The answers do not contain c .
Therefore if you come across integrals with upper and lower limits, then you are dealing with
definite integral s. The answers will not contain c

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2 3 0
Exampl e D-6: Evaluate (i ) 5x
2
dx (ii) 2x
2
+ x dx (iii) 4 (x + 2)
2
dx

0

1

1
Solution:

2 3 0
(i) 5x
2
dx (ii) 2x
2
+ x dx (iii) 4 (x + 2)
2
dx

0

1

1

2 3 1
=5 x
2
dx = [ 2x
3
+ x
2
] = 4 (x
2
+4x +4 ) dx

0
3 2
1

0

2
( when you interchange the limits
= 5 [ x
3
] = [ 2(3)
3
+3
2
( 2(1) +1 ) ] the integral changes sign )
3
0
3 2 3 2

1
= 5 [ 2
3
0 ] = 18 +9 7 = 4 [ x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 4x ]
3 2 6 3 2
0


= 40 = 64 = 4 [ 1
3
+2(1)
2
+4(1) ]
3 3 3

= 76
3

2 6 6 2
Exampl e D-7: If f(x) dx = 3, and f(x) dx = 9 , fi nd the followings: (i) f(x) dx (ii) (3f(x) +5) dx

0

2 0 0


6 2 6
(i) f(x) dx = f(x) + f(x) dx = 3 +9 =12

0

0

2


2 2 2 2
(ii) (3f(x) + 5 ) dx = 3 f(x) + 5 dx = 3(3) + [5x] = 9 +(10) =19

0

0 0 0


Area under a curve

The area under a curve, y =f(x), bounded by the x-axis, x =a and x =b is given by using the formula

Y

b
y =f(x)
A = y dx

a

0 a b X

Y
For area bounded by the Y-axis, y =a and y =b,
the formula is b

b
A = x dy a y =f(x)

a


0 X
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Exampl e D-8: Find the area bounded by the curve y =6 2x
2
, the x-axi s ,the l ines x = 1 and x =1.
Solution:

1 1 1
Y

Area A = f(x) dx = 6 2x
2
dx =[ 6x 2x
3
] y =f(x)
1

1
3
1


=[ ( 6 2 ) ( 6 + 2 ) ] = 32 units
2

3 3 3 X
1 0 1

Exampl e D-9: Find the area bounded by the curve y =8 x
2
, and the l ine y =x +2 .
Solution: Y


P

y =x +2
y =x +2 .........(1)

B (2, 4)
y =8 x
2
........(2)
A ( 3, 1) y =8 x
2

Solving eq (1) and (2), X
3 0 2
x +2 =8 x
2


x
2
+x 6 =0

x = 2 and y =4 or x = 3 and y =1

Area required = Area under graph APB Area under line AB

2 2
= 8 x
2
dx (1 + 4) 5 = [ 8x x
3
] 25 (area under line AB is a trapezium)

3
3
3
2

=[ (16 8 ) (24 9) ] 25 = 203 =33.83 units
2

3 2 6

Exampl e D-10: Find the area bounded by the curve y =x
3
3x
2
+ 2x and the x axi s.
Solution: Y


when y =0, x
3
3x
2
+2x =0 X
x(x-1)(x 2) =0 0 1 2

Graph cuts x-axis at x =0, x =1 and x =2

1
Area above x-axis = (x
3
3x
2
+2x) dx

0
1 1
= [ x
4
3x
3
+2x
2
] =[ x
4
x
3
+x
2
] =( 1 +1) = unit
2

4 3 2
0
4
0



2

Area above x-axis = (x
3
3x
2
+2x) dx

1
2 2
= [ x
4
3x
3
+2x
2
] =[ x
4
x
3
+x
2
] =(4 8 +4) ( 1 +1) = unit
2

4 3 2
1
4
1



Therefore required area = 2 x = units
2
( When the areas are below the x-axis you need to add them
separatel y ignoring the minus sign )
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Exampl e D-11: Find the area bounded by the curve y
2
=2x, the y-axis and the line y =3.

Solution: Y
3 3 3
3
Area AOB = x

dy = y
2
dy = y
2
dy

0

0
2
0


3
= [ y
3
] = 1 ( 27 0 ) = 9 units
2
0 X
3
0
6 2






Exampl e D-12: Find the area bounded by the curve 4 y
2
=x and the y-axis.

Solution: Y
2 2 2
2
Area AOB = x

dy = 4 y
2
dy = [ 4y y
3
]

2

2


3
2


2


=[ 4(2) 2
3
] = ( 8 8 ) ( 8 +8 ) 0 X
3
2
3 3

= 16 16 = 10.667 units
2
3 2




Solids of Revolution

The volume of a solid generated by rotating about the x-axis, the area of a curve, y =f(x),
from x =a and x =b is given by the formula


b
y =f(x)
V = y
2
dx a b

a



Y
For the volume of a solid generated about the Y-axis, from
y =a and y =b, and the area of the curve, y =f(x), b

b
V = x
2
dy a y =f(x)

a

0 X


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Exampl e D-13: Find the volume of the solid generated about the x-axi s when the area of the
curve, y =3x
2
, bounded by the lines x =0 and x =1, is rotated through 360.
Y y =f(x)
Solution:

y =3x
2


y
2
= 9

x
4
X

1 1
0 1


Volume generated = V = y
2
dx = 9 x
4
dx

0 0


1

= 9 [ x
5
] = 9 [( 1 0]
5
0
5

= 9 units
3
5

Exampl e D-14: Find the volume of the solid generated about the x-axi s when the area of the
curve, y =2x x
2
, bounded by the lines x =0 and x =1, is rotated through 360.
Y
Solution:

y =2x x
2
=x(2 x) y =f(x)

y
2
= x
2
(2 x)
2
=x
2
(4 4x +x
2
) = x
4
4x
3
+ 4x
2
X

1 1
0

1


Volume generated = V = y
2
dx = x
4
4x
3
+4x
2
dx

0 0


1

= [ x
5
x
4
+ 4x
3
] = [( 1 1 +4 ) 0]
5 3
0
5 3
= 8 units
3
15

Exampl e D-15: Find the volume of the solid generated about the y-axi s when the area of the
curve, y =3x
2
, bounded by the lines y =0 and y =1, is rotated through 360.
Y y =f(x)
Solution:

y =3x
2


x
2
= y

X
3
1 1
0


Volume generated = V = x
2
dy = y dy

0
3
0


1

= [ y
2
] = [( 1 0] = units
3

3 2
0
6 6


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Exampl e D-16: The area of the segment of the curve y =x
2
+2 is bounded by the lines
y =2, y =3 and the y axis. It i s rotated through 360 about the y- axis..
Find the volume generated.

Solution:

Points of intersection of the line y = 3 and the curve y =x
2
+2 are given by

y =x
2
+2

Y

x
2
= y 2






3 3
Volume generated = V = x
2
dy = (y 2) dy 3

2

2


3
y=f(x)
= [ y
2
2x ]
2
2
2
X
= [( 9 6) ( 2 4 ) ] 0
2

= 5 units
3
2










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