AE 2353 WIND TUNNEL TECHNIQUES

PART-A
1. Distinguish between an Eiffel & a prandtl type wind tunnel.
2. Describe a simulation envelop of a high speed wind tunnel
3. Why do you prefer a contour nozzle for a supersonic wind tunnel
!. What is energy ratio of a low speed wind tunnel
". Why do you need an air drier in the supersonic wind tunnel circuit
#. Define recovery factor.
$. Describe briefly a spherical yaw head used for the measurement of flow direction
in a subsonic wind tunnel.
%. What is solid bloc&ing 'ow does it get minimized in an open test section
(. Differentiate interference drag from tare drag.
1). 'ow do you visualize a large separation bubble in a subsonic flow
11. What are the applications of *uc&ingham theorem
12. What is &inematic similarity in wind tunnel testing
13. *ring out the difference between wind tunnel testing & free flight testing.
1!. What are the applications of transonic wind tunnels
1". What is turbulence intensity in wind tunnels.
1#. What instruments are re+uired for calibration of wind tunnels
1$. Distinguish between e,ternal & internal wind tunnel balances.
1%. 'ow is test section velocity measured for wind tunnels
1(. 'ow do flow visualization methods help in understanding flow behavior
2). What are the limitations of dye in-ection techni+ues
21. Why is the similarity of .eynolds number important in model testing
22. What are the scale effects on pressure model testing
23. What is the static pressure gradient in wind tunnels
2!. Define energy ratio for a wind tunnel
2". /ive the standard dimensions of a pitot0static tube.
2#. What are the different types of hot wire probes for turbulence measurements
2$. What are the difficulties associated with tubular probes in pressure
measurements
2%. What are the re+uirements of a wind tunnel balances
2(. Why do shoc& waves of almost infinitesimal thic&ness showup in shadowgraph
pictures as two dimensional
3). What are the ob-ections to the use of solid particles in air
PART B
1. a. 1i2 Derive the lift force in terms of .eynolds number3 mach number & 4roude
number from dimensional analysis & discuss their importance in model testing
(or)
1b2 5ist the different types of similarities used for wind tunnel model testing & list
the wind tunnel models & their similarity re+uirements.
2. 1a2 1i2 list the different types of wind tunnels.
1ii2 E,plain the helium based hypersonic wind tunnel with neat s&etch
(or)
1b2 1i2 E,plain the special problems in testing of models in transonic wind tunnel
1ii2 E,plain the supersonic wind tunnel with neat s&etch
3. 1a2 Draw a typical calibration curves for a subsonic wind tunnel & e,plain the
calibration procedure for a supersonic wind tunnel
(or)
1b2 E,plain si, component balance for force & moment measurements in wind
tunnel with neat s&etch.
!. 1a2 E,plain with neat s&etch of the following for the pressure measurements.
1i2 scanni valve multichannel pressure sensors
1ii2 chattoc& gauge
(or)
1b2 E,plain with neat s&etch of the following for the velocity measurements.
1i2 5aser Doppler anemometer
1ii2 678 systems for flow measurements
". 1a2E,plain the following flow visualization methods
1i2 9chlieren method
1ii2 :ach ;ehnder interferometer
1iii2 6reston sweeting paraffin mist generator
(or)
1b2 E,plain the following methods
1i2 <hina clay techni+ue
1ii2 9hadow graph techni+ue
1iii2 'ele shaw analogy
1iv2 9mo&e & tuft techni+ues
#. 1a2 9tate *uc&ingham0= theorem. >sing this theorem3 show that the aerodynamic
force on a body can be e,pressed in terms of a dimensionless force coefficient
which is a function of only .eynolds number & mach number.
(or)
1b2 1i2 Define geometric similarity3 &inematic similarity & dynamic similarity.
1ii2 'ow do you maintain the flow over a wind tunnel model dynamically similar to
that of the prototype
$. 1a2 1i2 Draw a neat layout diagram & describe a smo&e tunnel
1ii2 Why do you need a ventilated test section for a transonic wind tunnel E,plain
in detail some of the possible ventilation arrangements.
(or)
1b2 1i2 Why do you need a larger second throat than that of the first throat to start
a supersonic wind tunnel 1#2
1ii2 E,plain the need for heating the air medium to run a hypersonic wind tunnel.
1!2
1iii2 What is the starting load e,perienced by a test model in a supersonic wind
tunnel E,plain how this problem can be overcome. 1#2
%. 1a2 1i2 E,plain hoe test section velocity survey can be carried out in a subsonic
wind tunnel. 'ow do you go about improving the velocity distribution if re+uired
1%2
1ii2 Define turbulence factor & e,plain in detail how turbulence factor of a
subsonic wind tunnel can be determined. 1%2
(or)
1b2 1i2 What are the main parameters that are determined during the calibration of
a supersonic wind tunnel E,plain in detail the methods for the determination of
any two of them. 11)2
1ii2 Why do you want to fi, the boundary layer transition location on the model
'ow is it done 1#2
(. 1a2 1i2 Describe how multiple pressure points are measured with a single pressure
transducer using a pressure scanner valve. 1%2
1ii2 E,plain the principal & operation of a hot wire anemometer. 1%2
(or)
1b2 1i2 E,plain the wor&ing principle of a strain gauge balance & illustrate how
a,ial flow component is measured in an internal strain gauge balance. 11)2
1ii2 Discuss the procedure followed for the calibration of an internal strain gauge
balance. 1#2
1). 1a2 1i2 Discus the tufted wire grid techni+ue of flow visualization with its
application to wing tip vortices. 1%2
1ii2 Describe the china clay flow visualization techni+ue & compare it with that of
the oil flow visualization techni+ue. 1%2
(or)
1b2 1i2 Describe the shadowgraph system with a neat layout s&etch & e,plain the
principle of operation. 11)2
1ii2 'ow do you distinguish schlieren images from shadowgraph images 1#2
11. 1a2 1i2 E,plain the effect of model scale on wind tunnel results with respect to
surface pressure distribution & force coefficient. 1#2
1ii2 With suitable e,amples e,plain the salient features of *uc&ingham theorem.
11)2
(or)
1b2 1i2 What are geometrical & dynamical similarities in respect of model testing in
wind tunnel *ring out the essential differences between them. 1%2
1ii2 E,plain the importance of the non0dimensional numbers reynold?s number &
mach number in wind tunnel testing of models. 1%2
12. 1a2 1i2 Write down the classification of wind tunnels. :ention the criteria for
classification. 9&etch any one type of wind tunnel. 1%2
1ii2 What are the special problems in the operation & model testing using
supersonic tunnels E,plain any one supersonic layout in detail with necessary
s&etch.
(or)
1b2 1i2 'ow are test section size & power re+uirements of electric drive for a
subsonic wind tunnel determined 1%2
1ii2 What are the peculiar problems in the operation of hypersonic wind tunnel
1%2
13. 1a2 1i2 *riefly e,plain the procedure for calibration of wind tunnels of supersonic
category. 1%2
1ii2 With suitable s&etch3 e,plain the phenomenon @horizontal buoyancy?. 'ow is it
relevant in wind tunnel calibration 1%2
(or)
1b2 Write short notes on the following topics.
1i2 role of flow angularities in the calibration of wind tunnels. 1%2
1ii2 'ow is test section speed measured for supersonic tunnels What is
rayleigh?s correction 1%2
1!. 1a2 1i2 With a neat s&etch e,plain how a #0component internal balance is used to
obtain forces & moments from wind tunnel tests. 11)2
1ii2 <lassify wind tunnel balances. :ention the advantages & limitations of any
two types. 1#2
(or)
1b2 1i2 What are the problems that are encountered in the measurement of static
pressure in supersonic wind tunnel test sections 1%2
1ii2 What are the considerations in the design of three component strain gauge
balances of internal & e,ternal type 1%2
1". 1a2 Write short notes on the following
1i2 9mo&e & tuft techni+ues of flow visualization. 11)2
1ii2 9hadow method of flow visualization. 1#2
(or)
1b2 With a neat s&etch e,plain the underlying principle of schlieren system of flow
visualization. E,plain how flow flow visualization is obtained