2012 CH 5-2 Reactors ( - )

5.
4 A Continuous-Flow Stirred Tank Reactor with Effluent Recycle

CSTR: the same as chemostat
- continuous flow in and out
- reach a steady state, VdC/dt =0
CSTR with effluent recycle (Fig 5 4) CSTR with effluent recycle (Fig 5.4)
- some of the effluent stream is recycled back at a flow rate Q
r
.
How does effluent recycle affect reactor performance?
- It does not affect reactor performance at all It does not affect reactor performance at all.
-Which (the entire system or the reactor itself) is used as the control
volume makes no difference to the results.
- But, CSTR with effluent recycle can increase the total reactor volume by the
volume of recycle line and increase the extent of mixing.
5.4 A Continuous-Flow Stirred Tank Reactor with Effluent Recycle
Mass Balance
QS
0
+ Q
r
S = Q
i
S
i
and QXa
0
+ Q
r
Xa
r
= Q
i
Xa
i
QS
0
+ QS = QS and QXa
0
+ QXa = QXa
r
i
S Q QS
S
+
0
i
i
Q
Q Q
S =
[5.12]
r i
Q Q Q + = [5.13]
for the steady-state case
V r S Q S Q
ut
i i i
+ = 0
[5.14]
5.4 A Continuous-Flow Stirred Tank Reactor with Effluent Recycle
0
substitutions from Equations 5.12 and 5.13
V r S S Q
ut
+ = ) ( 0
0
[5.15]
Equation 5.15 is identical to Equation 3.15, the case for
h t t ith t l chemostat without recycle.
( ) [ ] 15 3 0
0
. S S Q V r
ut
+ =
Simple recycle for a CSTR does not change substrate
removal compared with that obtained without recycle.
( )
Organism concentrations within the reactor and in the reactor
effluent are not affected by effluent recycle, since the same y y ,
mass flow that leaves the reactor returns to the reactor.
5.5 A Plug-Flow Reactor
PFR
- the substrate and active-organism concentrations vary over - the substrate and active-organism concentrations vary over
the length of the reactor.
- Substrate
V S S Q QS
S
V
) (
[5 16]
A ti i i
V r S S Q QS
t
V
ut
+ + =
) (
[5.16]
- Active microorganisms
V r Xa Xa Q QXa
Xa
V
net
+ + =
) ( [5.17]
r
ut
and r
net
are the reaction rates for substrate (Eq. 3.6) and
active organisms (Eq 3 8)
V r Xa Xa Q QXa
t
V
net
+ +
) ( [5 ]
active organisms (Eq. 3.8).
- At steady-state case, for which influent flow rate (Q), substrate
concentration (S) and active organism concentration (Xa) do not change
with time, the left sides of Eq. 5.16 and 5.17 are zero.
V r S S Q QS + + = ) ( 0 V r S S Q QS
ut
+ + ) ( 0
V r Xa Xa Q QXa
net
+ + = ) ( 0
- Area of the control volume (A): A = V/z
- Velocity of flow within the reactor (u): u = Q/A = Q/ (V/z) = Q x z / V
- Substrate at steady-state
S
V S S Q QS ) ( 0
ut
r
z
S
u =
[5.18]
V r S S Q QS
ut
+ + = ) ( 0
,
u = Q x z / V
- Active microorganisms at steady-state
r
Xa
u =
[5 19]
V r Xa Xa Q QXa
net
+ + = ) ( 0
,
Assumption: 1) z approach zero
net
r
z
u =
[5.19]
,
u = Q x z / V
- Assumption: 1) z approach zero
2) Monod reaction applies for substrate utilization (Eq. 3.6)
3) O i h h d d (E 3 8) 3) Organisms net growth represents growth and decay (Eq. 3.8)
Xa
S
q
dS
u =

[5 20]
bXa Xa
S
q Y
dXa
u =
[5.21]
Xa
S K
q
dz
u
+
[5.20]
bXa Xa
S K
q Y
dz
u
+
[5.21]
- If we ignore organism decay (b=0) and combine Eq. 5.20 and Eq. 5.21,
then analytical solution is possible.
dz
dS
uY
dz
dXa
u =
[5.22]
dS Y dXa
S
So
Xa
Xa

=
0
[5.23]
) (
0 0
S S Y Xa Xa + = [5.24]
- Substituting Eq. 5.24 into Eq. 5.20 gives a differential eq with
only two variables, s and z.
S dS
)] ( [
0 0
S S Y Xa
S
q
dS
u + =
[5 25]
Xa
S K
S
q
dz
dS
u
+
=
[5.20]
)] ( [ S S Y Xa
S K
q
dz
u +
+
=
[5.25]
- The ratio dz/u = dt (the time for an element of water to move a distance dZ )
S b tit ti dt f d / i E 5 25 i ld f diff ti l ti th t i th - Substituting dt for dz/u in Eq 5.25 yields for a differential equation that is the
same as Eq. 5.10 for batch reactor.
S dS
)] ( [
0 0
S S Y Xa
S K
S
q
dz
dS
u +
+
=
[5.25]
( ) [ ] [ ] 10 5
0 0
S S Y X
S q dS
+ ( ) [ ] [ ] 10 . 5 S S Y X
S K dt
a
+
+
=
- Integration of eq 5.25 gives eq 5.26
} ln
1
ln ) ( } ln{ )
1
{(
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
SXa K
YS YS Xa
K z
+ + =
which is almost identical to eq 5.11 for a batch reactor.
[5.26]
} ) ( } { ) {(
0 0 0 0 0
Y S YS Xa Y YS Xa q u + +
( ) } [ ] 11 5 l
1
l l
1 1
0
0
0 0

+
a
X
SX K
YS YS X
K
t ( ) } [ ] 11 . 5 ln ln ln
0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
+
+
+
+
=
a
a
a
a
a
X
Y S YS X
YS YS X
Y YS X q
t
} ln
1
ln ) ( } ln{ )
1
{(
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
Y S
SXa
YS Xa
K
YS YS Xa
Y YS Xa
K
q u
z
+
+ +
+
=
[5 26]
- An expression for the effluent concentration (S) from the batch reactor
[5.26]
is obtained by letting z = L.
} l
1
l ) ( } l { )
1
{(
1
0
0
0 0
X
SXa K
YS YS X
K L
} ln ln ) ( } ln{ ) {(
0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
Y S YS Xa
YS YS Xa
Y YS Xa q u

+
+ +
+
=
L/ V/Q (th h d li d t ti ti )
} ln
1
ln ) ( } ln{ )
1
{(
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
Xa S K
YS YS Xa
K
e
e
+ + =
L/u = V/Q = (the hydraulic detention time)
} ) ( } { ) {(
0 0 0 0 0
Y S YS Xa Y YS Xa q + +
[5.27]
E 5 27 i id ti l t 5 11 ith l i t - Eq 5.27 is identical to eq 5.11 with replacing t.
- We thus see that a PFR works exactly like a batch reactor.
I ti h it i diffi lt t t PFR di t th - In practice, however, it is difficult to operate a PFR according to the
assumptions involved.
1) A PFR h i i h i i i f h fl id l h fl 1) A PFR has no mixing or short-circuiting of the fluid along the flow
direction. This is impossible to achieve in a real continuous-flow reactor.
2) Wall effects slow the fluid near the wall boundaries relative to the 2) Wall effects slow the fluid near the wall boundaries relative to the
velocity near the middle.
3) Aeration or mixing to keep the biomass in suspension introduces a large
amount of mixing in all directions amount of mixing in all directions.
- Methods to achieve as much of a plug-flow character as possible include
1) i l t d 2) i t i i 1)using a very long, narrow reactor and 2)using many reactors in series.
But, some mixing and short-circuiting are inevitable.
-If achieving the reaction kinetics represented by eq 5,27 is of paramount
importance, a batch reactor is prudent choice (e.g., choice of batch p , p ( g ,
reactor instead of PFR might be better), although it presents its own
problems:
For example, time is required to fill and empty a batch reactor, time that
might otherwise be used for treatment. In order to minimize downtime (e.g.,
idle time), a batch reactor can be operated while it is filling. ) p g
} ln
1
ln ) ( } ln{ )
1
{(
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
Y S
Xa S
YS Xa
K
YS YS Xa
Y YS Xa
K
q
e
e
+
+ +
+
=
Y S YS Xa Y YS Xa q + +
[5.27]
5.6 A Plug-Flow Reactor with Effluent Recycle
If no organisms are introduced in PFR, then the system fails to do
any treatment.
using effluent recycle, a portion of microorganisms in the effluent
i b ht b k t th i fl t t is brought back to the influent stream.
0 0 r r r
X Q QX S Q QS + +
] 12 . 5 [
i
a a i
a
i
i
Q
X Q QX
X and
Q
S Q QS
S
+
=
+
=
] 13 . 5 [
r i
Q Q Q + =
e e r
S S and X X = = ] 13 . 5 [ Q Q Q + S S and X X
- The reaction occurring are same manner as with the simple PFR except
that ,
i i i
S and X Q S and X Q
0 0 0
S and X Q S and X Q , ,
- Ignore organism decay (b=0) , eq 5.28. And 5.29 can be
obtained from Eq 5 24 and 5 26 obtained from Eq. 5.24 and 5.26
) (
0 0
S S Y Xa Xa + =
[ 5.24 ]
) (
[ 5 26 ]
} ln
1
ln ) ( } ln{ )
1
{(
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Xa
Y S
SXa
YS Xa
K
YS YS Xa
Y YS Xa
K
q u
z
+
+ +
+
=
] 28 5 [ ) - (
0 0 e e
S S Y X X + =
[ 5.26 ]
] 28 . 5 [ ) (
a a
S S Y X X +
] 29 . 5 [ ln
1
ln ) ln(
1
+ =
i
a
i
i
a
e
i i
e i i
a
i i i
X
X S K
YS YS X
K V
] [ ) (
+
a
i i i
a
a
i i
a
i
Y S YS X Y YS X q Q
] 29 . 5 [ ln
1
ln ) ln(
1 1
+
+
+
+
=
i
a
i
i
a
e
i i
a
e i i
a
i i
a
i
X
Y S
X S
YS X
K
YS YS X
Y YS X
K
q Q
V
- Recycle ratio R, ] 30 . 5 [
Q
Q
R
r
=
- Detention time ,
] 31 . 5 [
) 1 (
i
Q
R V
Q
V +
= =
Solve equation using spreadsheet
washout time
Graph with S
e
, , R
- Solve equation using spreadsheet
to determine S
e
as a function of and R
Upper graph; arithmetic scale
Lower ; log scale Lower ; log scale
-The washout detention time is larger
when R decreases
1
- For the same condition, the for the CSTR
is 0.2 days (close to the value for R=8 for plug-flow
min
x
is 0.2 days (close to the value for R 8 for plug flow

with recycle).
2
-In theory, when R approaches infinity, the PFR
with recycle becomes identical to a CSTR.
washout time washout time
1
22
Relative benefits of a CSTR and a plug-flow reactor with recycle
- R=8 is very similar to a CSTR s performance
- CSTR improves reliability if contaminant removal of 80 to 90 %
were satisfactory
1
were satisfactory.
- PFR with low recycle ratio is much more desirable if contaminant
l f 99 9% i d
2
removal of 99.9% were required.
- There is an optimal recycle ratio that provide low and high efficient
contaminant removal.
Effluent recycle with a CSTR does not change system performance Effluent recycle with a CSTR does not change system performance,
but with a PFR, recycle is essential and has a great impact on performance.
5.7 Reactors with Recycle of Settled Cells
Microorganism recycle from a settling tank : the most widely Microorganism recycle from a settling tank : the most widely
used suspended-growth reactor.
Any method that increases the con of microorganisms in the reactor Any method that increases the con. of microorganisms in the reactor
increases the volumetric reaction rate and, in this manner, decreases
the required reactor volume q
The primary advantage: a much smaller reactor volume is required.
The disadvantage: the cost of the settler and the recycling system.
Smaller reactor plus settler vs a larger reactor without a settler
5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling
Assumptions
Mass balance for microorganisms
Mass balance for substrates
Solids retention time (SRT)
CSTR
with Settling and Cell Recycling with Settling and Cell Recycling
Applicable Equations : S, X
a
Assumptions: Assumptions:
Biodegradation of the substrates takes place in the reactor only,
no biological reactions take place in the settling tank, and biomass in the
ttl i i i ifi t settler is insignificant.
No active microorganisms are in the influent to the reactor (X
a
0
= 0).
The substrate is soluble so that it can not settle out in the settling tank.
Accumulation = In Out + Generation - Consumption
M b l f i i
] 32 . 5 [ ] - ) - ( [ ) ( - 0 V bX V r Y X Q X Q
dt
dX
V
a ut
w
a
w e
a
e a
+ + =
Mass balance for microorganism:
dt
] 33 5 [ ) (
0 0
V r S Q S Q S Q
dS
V
w w e e
+ + =
Mass balance for substrates:
] 33 . 5 [ ) ( - V r S Q S Q S Q
dt
V
ut
+ + =
system inthe biomass active
biomass active of rate production
system in the biomass active
=
x
At t d t t
] 35 5 [ =
a
V X
At steady state,
] 35 . 5 [
+
w
a
w e
a
e
X Q X Q
biomass active of rate removal
=
x

] ) ( [ ) ( 0 0 V bX V r Y X Q X Q
a ut
w
a
w e
a
e
+ + =
At steady-state , from eq 5. 32
] ) ( [ ) ( Q Q
a ut a a
] 36 . 5 [ -
) - (
b
X
r Y
V X
X Q X Q
ut
w
a
w e
a
e
=
+
X V X
a a
] 35 . 5 [
+
=
w w e e
a
X Q X Q
V X
x
+
a a
X Q X Q
Seeing the similarity between the left side of Eq.5.36 and the right side of eq. 5.35
] 37 . 5 [ -
) - ( 1
b
X
r Y
a
ut
x
=
) - ( 1 S q r Y
If it takes Monod kinetics,
] 38 . 5 [ - -
) ( 1
b
S K
S q
Y b
X
r Y
a
ut
x
+
= =

] 38 . 5 [ -
-
) - ( 1
b
S K
S q
Y b
X
r Y
ut
+
= =
S K X
a x
+
Solving this equation explicitly for S,
] 39 . 5 [
1 ) - (
1
+
=
b q Y
b
K S
x
x

( )
[ ]

=
+
+
= where
b q Y
b
K S 24 . 3
1
1
Eq 5.39 is identical to eq 3.24, which was developed for the chemostat
without settling and recycle.
So then, what is unique about the CSTR with settling and microorganism recycle ?
So then, what is unique about the CSTR with settling and microorganism recycle ?
] 39 . 5 [
1
+
=
b
K S
x
( )
[ ] 24 3
1
1
.
b q
Y
b
K S

+
+
=
1 ) - ( b q Y
x
( ) 1 b q Y

+
) (
) ( :

time retention hydraulic the from separated is
system the in isms microorgan of time retention the Answer
x
=
x
) ( time retention hydraulic the from separated is

- In eq 3.24 without microorganisms recycle,
- Thus one can have a large , in order to obtain high efficiency of substrate
l d h i h ll
x

But in eq 5.39 with microorganisms recycle, is not necessarily equal to
removal, and at the same time have a small .
For example, = 4-10 d (small S, substrate),
x
x

while = 4-10 h (small V, volume).
Thus, while operating at the same treatment efficiency for substrate, the reactor
size can be 1/24 of the volume of CSTR without settling and recycle.

) ( 1 Y
) ( Y
] 37 . 5 [ -
) - (
=
1
b
X
r Y
a
ut
x
] 40 . 5 [
+ 1
) - (
=
x
ut
x a
b
r Y
X
From Mass balance for substrates (eq 5.33 & 5.34)
From eq 5.37,
0 0
S Q S Q S Q
w w e e
From Mass balance for substrates (eq 5.33 & 5.34)
V r S Q S Q S Q
ut
w w e e
+ + = ) ( 0
0 0
tan sin
] 41 . 5 [
- -
-
k settling the in occurs reaction no ce
V
S Q S Q S Q
r
ut
=
] 42 5 [
) - ( ) - (
, ,
0 0 0
0
S S S S Q
then Q Q Q S S S
g
w e w e
+ = = =
] 42 . 5 [
) ( ) (
-
V
Q
r
ut
= =
) ( ) (
0
Y
Substituting eq 5.42 into eq 5.40,
] 43 . 5 [
1
) - (
1
) - (
0
x
x
x
ut
x a
b
S S Y
b
r Y
X

+
=
+
=
] 43 . 5 [
1
) - (
0
x
x
a
b
S S Y
X

+
=
x

x
: Solids concentration ratio
- Active biomass concentration in the reactor depends on
Active biomass concentration in the reactor depends on

the ratio of solids retention time to the hydraulic detention time,
x
x
-For a CSTR without settling and recycle, = 1 and then eq 5.43 is equa
to eq 3.25.

x
[ ] 25 3
1
0
.
b
S S
Y X
a

- If = 24, and is same, then X

a
with settling is 24 times higher
x
[ ]
1 b
a

than it would be without biomass recycling

Mass rate of active biomass production
At steady state, the mass rate of active biomass production must equal the rate
at which the biomass leaves the system from the effluent stream and the waste stream.
) / ( : T M production biomass active r
abp
Combining eq 5,44 and eq 5.35 yields eq. 5.45
] 35 . 5 [
+
=
w
a
w e
a
e
a
X Q X Q
V X
x
] 44 . 5 [
w
a
w e
a
e
abp
X Q X Q r + =
] 45 . 5 [
x
a
V X
=
Table 5 2 summarizes a series of equations to design a Table 5.2. summarizes a series of equations to design a
CSTR with settling and recycle.
- Assumptions for Table 5.2
i) Operating at steady state i) Operating at steady state
ii) Treating a soluble substrate
iii) No input of active biomass iii) No input of active biomass
- The equations in Table 5.2 can be used for a CSTR without a settler
=
x
q
by letting .
Hydraulic Detention Time
=
x
] 20 . 3 [ =
0
Q
V
Solids Retention Time, SRT

] 35 . 5 [
+
=
w w
a
e e
a
a
x
Q X Q X
VX
] 38 . 5 [ -
-
) - ( 1
b
S q
Y b
r Y
ut
= = ] . [
S K X
a x
+
- : SRT at which microorganism washout results and the limit thereto:
min
x
- The minimum value of the mean cell residence time and its limiting value
are identical to the case without settling ( eq 3 26 & 3 27) are identical to the case without settling ( eq 3.26 & 3.27)
0
0
min
S K +
] 26 . 3 [
- ) - (
0
^
0
min
S S
Kb b q Y S
S K
x
+
=
] 27 . 3 [
1
] [
0
li
min
S = ] 27 . 3 [
-
] [
lim
S
b q Y
x

Reactor of Effluent substrate concentration
] 39 . 5 [ & ] 24 . 3 [
1 - ) - (
1
b q Y
b
K S
x
+
=
Reactor Minimum Substrate Concentration
1 ) ( b q Y
x
b
Reactor active Microorganism Concentration
] 28 . 3 [
-
lim x
b q Y
b
K S =
] 40 . 5 [
+ 1
) - (
=
x
ut
x a
b
r Y
X
] 43 . 5 [
+ 1
) - (
=
0
x
x
a
b
S S Y
X
x
b
x
] 40 . 5 [
+ 1
) - (
=
ut
x a
b
r Y
X
] 43 . 5 [
+ 1
) - (
=
0
x
a
b
S S Y
X
+ 1
x
x a
b
+ 1
x
b
- Because inert biomass and total volatile solids are particles, like active
biomass, the concentrations X
i
and X
v
take the same form as for a chemostat, biomass, the concentrations X
i
and X
v
take the same form as for a chemostat,
but are multiplied by the solids-concentration factor ( eq 5.46 & 5.47 ).
Reactor Inert Microorganism Concentration
] 46 . 5 [ ] ) - 1 ( + [ =
0
b f X X
X
d a i
x
i
R t V l til d d lid t ti Reactor Volatile suspended solids concentration
X
v
= X
i
+ X
a
] 47 . 5 [ ]
+ 1
) ) - 1 ( + 1 )( - (
+ [ =
0
0
x
x d
i
x
v
b
b f S S Y
X
X
Active Biological Sludge Production Rate
] 45 . 5 [ =
a
abp
V X
r
x
T t l Bi l i l S lid P d ti R t
- The total biological-solids production rate is analogous to eq 5.45
Total Biological Solids Production Rate
] 48 5 [
v
V X
] 48 . 5 [
x
v
tbp
r
=
- At a constant SRT, the effluent conc. (S) remains the same regardless
of the influent conc. (S
0
). Only affects S because all other
x
] 39 5 [ & ] 24 3 [
1 b
K S
x
+
=
parameters in the equations are coefficients.
] 39 . 5 [ & ] 24 . 3 [
1 - ) - (

b q Y
K S
x
=
Why ?
1) Self Control : As the influent conc. increases, so does the conc. of
active organisms in the reactor (eq 3.25 & 5.43).
The increased biomass is sufficient to consume the additional The increased biomass is sufficient to consume the additional
substrate that is added to the reactor.
] 43 5 [
) - (
0
x
S S Y
X ] 43 . 5 [
+ 1
) (
=
x
x
a
b
X
2) The organisms growth rate and SRT are equal to the inverse of each other.
] 22 3 [ =
=
1 -
] 22 . 3 [
biomass active of rate production

x
S
] 9 . 3 [ - b
S K
S q
Y
+
=
Constant SRT ( ) Constant specific growth rate ( )
C t t b t t ( S )

x
Constant substrate ( S )
5.10 Engineering Design of Reactors
[ ] ] 60 . 5 [
lim
min
x
d
x
SF =
( Christensen and McCarty, 1975)
: a design
x
d
x
- Conventional activated sludge treatment plants :

medium sized treatment systems that are expected to operate reliably medium sized treatment systems that are expected to operate reliably
with fairly constant supervision by reasonably skilled operator.
- High Rate: Highly skilled operator or the removal efficiency and high reliability High Rate: Highly skilled operator or the removal efficiency and high reliability
is not as critical.
- Low Rate : Extended aeration
: Operator attention is quite limited
: Operators are present for a very short period time.
: shopping center, or apartment complex
Factors to consider when selecting SF :
- High SF increases the degree of reliability of operation,
b i hi h i but gives higher construction cost.
] 35 . 5 [
+
=
w w e e
a
x
Q X Q X
VX
- Low SF requires more continuous supervision and operators with increased skill.
+
a a
Q X Q X
- Higher SS ( X ) makes the reactor volume smaller and thus less expensive
for a given . However, high SS may require larger settling tanks,
b i d l d f SS t th ttli t
d
x
because increased loads of SS to the settling reactor.

] 35 . 5 [
+
=
w w e e
a
x
Q X Q X
VX
+
a a
Q X Q X

2012 CH 5-2 Reactors ( - )

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2012 CH 5-2 Reactors ( - )

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

5.

4 A Continuous-Flow Stirred Tank Reactor with Effluent Recycle

is 0.2 days (close to the value for R 8 for plug flow

5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling

5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling

) ( time retention hydraulic the from separated is

5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling

Active biomass concentration in the reactor depends on

- If = 24, and is same, then X

than it would be without biomass recycling

Solids Retention Time, SRT

5.7.1 CSTR with Settling and Cell Recycling

- Conventional activated sludge treatment plants :

because increased loads of SS to the settling reactor.

You might also like