Eye

The eye is a
photosensitive organ
located in the orbits.

It can capture and

focus the light and film to
record the image from the
objects
 Structure of eye

The wall of eyeball:

external layer—
sclera,cornea
middle layer—
choroids,ciliary body,iris
inner layer—
retina
Internal structures:
lens
vitreous body
aqueous humor
 Anterior
chamber
Posterior
chamber
zonule

Vitreous space
 External layer

Sclera:
The posterior
fivesixthes,opaque
Cornea:
The anterior one-
sixth; colorless and
transparent;
like a round
discLimbus
 Cornea

1. Corneal epithelium

1. Bowman’s membrane
/Anterior limiting lamina
3. Corneal stroma
1. Descemet’s membrane
/Posterior limiting lamina
5. Cornea endothelium
 Corneal epithelium
composed of
nonkeratinized
stratified squamous
epithelium
no melanocyte
smooth base
covered with tear film
Rich in nerve endings
Bowman’s membrane

A fibrillar lamina composed of

numerous collagen fibers
No cells
Function
 Corneal stroma
Dense regular collegenous
connective tissue
with fibroblast
 Descemet’s membrane &
Corneal endothelium

Descemet’s membrane—basal lamina of the endothelium

Corneal endothelium—a simple squamous epithelium
 cornea

Corneal limbus sclera

Schelmm’s canal
/Sinus venous sclera

Trabecular meshwork

Scleral spur
 Middle layer

Choroid
The posterior two thirds
Ciliary body
A thickened anteior portion
Iris
The most anterior portion
 Choroid

choroid
composed of loose
connective tissue

blood vessels

melanocytes
 Ciliary body
1.Ciliary muscles:
smooth muscles in three
directions
2.Ciliary stroma:
Loose connective tissue
3.Ciliary epithelium:
anterior pigmented layer
Posterior unpigmented layer Ciliary process
Ciliary epithelium
Iris
 Iris
1.Anterior border layer:
Composed of melanocytes, fibroblasts
and collagen fibrils
2.Iris stroma:
Loose connective tissue
3.Iris epithelium:
Anterior smooth muscle
Posterior epithelium
 Anterior border layer

Iris stroma

Sphincter muscle of pupil

Dilator muscle of pupil

Posterior Iris epithelium

lens
 Inner layer (Retina)

Nonphotosensitive portion:

The epithelium of the

ciliary body and iris.

Photosensitive portion:

Pigment epithelium
Neural retina
Photosensitive
Retina

Pigment epithelium
Neural retina
 Pigment epithelium

A single layer of cuboidal cells

with long slender processes

 Pigment epithelial cell (EM)

Many cell processes

Abundant organelles
Mitochondria, rER,
Golgi complex,Lysosome
Melanin granules
 Pigment epithelium

Functions:
1.absorption of light
2.separation of retina cells
from blood substances
3.participation in the
restoration of photosensitive
substance
4.phagocytosis of segments
 Neural retina (cell types)

1-Photoreceptors:
Rod cells, cone cells.
2-Conducting neurons:
. Bipolar cells, ganglion cells
3-Association neurons:
Horizontal cells, amacrine cells
..
4-Supporting cells:
Muller cell
 Outer
Rod cell segment
(membranous
disk)

Inner
A thin elongated neuron
segment
Most disks are not continous with (organelles)
plasma membrane
Sense of weak light Nuclear
vitA rhodopsin region

Synaptic
region
 Cone cell

A thin elongated neuron

The disks are continous with plasma
membrane, attached with iodopsin.
Sense of intensive light and color of
light
 rod cell cone cell
1. Morphologic
structure:

Outer segment Rod-shaped cone-shaped

Membranous Free from the Not free

disc plasmembrane

2. Function: Light of a higher intensity

Low level of light
and colour

3. relative Achromatopsia:
diseases Nyctalopia
Protanopia,deuteranopia
 Bipolar cell

Interneurons connecting
photoreceptors to ganglion cells
Diffuse bipolar cells
Monosynaptic bipolar cells
 Ganglion cells

Typical neurons with axons

to form optic nerve
Diffuse ganglion cells
Monosynaptic ganglion cells
Papilla of optic nerve
 Internal limiting
membrane
Muller cell

External limiting
membrane
 Layers of retina
1. Pigment epithelium
2. Layers of rods and cones
3. External limiting membrane
4. Outer nuclear layer
5. Outer plexiform layer
6. Inner nuclear layer
7. Inner plexiform layer
8. Ganglion cell layer
9. Layer of optical fibers
10. Internal limiting membrane
 8 6 4 1

Layers of retina
1. Pigment epithelium
2. Layers of rods and cones
3. External limiting
4. Outer nuclear layer
5. Outer plexiform layer
6. Inner nuclear layer
7. Inner plexiform layer
8. Ganglion cell layer
9. Layer of optical fibers
10. Internal limiting
Central fovea

Central fovea
Ganglion cell

Bipolar cell

Visual cell
Optic disk
 Structure of eye

The wall of eyeball:

external layer—
sclera,cornea
middle layer—
choroids,ciliary body,iris
inner layer—
retina
Internal structures:
lens
vitreous body
aqueous humor
 Lens

1.Lens capslule:

composed of collagen and glycoprotein

2.Subcapsular epithelium:

a cuboidal layer of cells

3.Lens fibers:
thin flattened structures filled with crystallins
 The structure of lens
Subcapsule epithelium

Lens capsule

Lens fibers
Equator
of lens Nuclear of
lens

Disease:
Presbyopia
cataract
 Vitreous body

Composed of transparent gel

Water,collagen,
hyaluronic acid
hyalocytes
 Aqueous humor

origin
1.Capillaries of
ciliary body
2.the cells of
nonpigmented
layer of ciliary
body
Posterior chamber anterior chamber trabecular meshwork
small vein schlemm’s canal

disease: glaucoma
 Eyelid

movable folds of tissue that serve to protect the eye

 Eyelid

1.
1 Skin: thin, keratinized
stratified squamous
3 epithelium
1
5 2.
2 Hypodermis: loose
connective tissue
2
4 33. Muscularis:skeletal muscle

4
4. Tarsus: dense connective
tissue; tarsal glands
5
5. Palpebral conjunctiva:
stratified columnar epithelium
Eyelid

1. Skin:
2. Hypodermis:
3. Muscularis:
4. Tarsus:
5. Palpebral
conjunctiva:
 Three glands in eyelid
1.Tarsal glands: long sebaceous glands
2.The glands of zeis: small, modified sebaceous glands
3.The glands of moll: large, unbranched sweat glands

Tarsal glands The glands of moll

The glands of zeis

Internal ear
The ear: sensitive to equilibrium and
hearing. external ear, middle ear,
internal ear
The structures of middle ear
Internal ear(labyrinth)
Osseous labyrinth: perilymphatic fluid
Membranous labyrinth: endolymphatic fluid
 Osseous labyrinth:
1. Skeletal semicircular canals 2. Vestibule 3. cochlea
 Cochlea: a spiral canal

around the modiolus;

Modiolus is a cone-shaped
structure composed of bone,
contains the spiral ganglion.
Membranous labyrinth: 1. membranous
semicircular canal 2. utricle, saccule 3. Membranous
cochlear duct.
Special receptor organs: maculae, crista and
organ of corti.
1. Membranous
semicircular canals
Crista ampullaris: the receptor
area in the ampullae, ridgelike
structures.
The structure of Crista ampullaris

Supporting cells
Hair cell cilia (stereocilium, kinocilium)
Geletinous, cupula
afferent nerve ending
Function and mechanism of Crista ampullaris:

Function: Site-receptor
sensitive to the beginning and
ending of the head’s spiral
moving.
Mechanism: the beginning or
ending of
the spiralmovement of the head
can cause
the endolymphatic fluid to move,
cupula will
change its position, which
stimulates hair
 2. The saccule and the utricle: a thin sheath
of connective
tissue lined by simple squamous
epithelium
Macula utriculi and macula sacculi: cone-shaped regions
The structure of Crista ampullaris

Supporting cells
Hair cell cilia (stereocilium, kinocilium)
Afferent nerve ending
Glycoprotein layer
Otolith
Function and
mechanism:
Function: sensitive to
the beginning and
ending of lining
movement and the
position of the head in
the static state.
Mechanism: hair cells are receptor cells.
There is a
membrane statoconium covering the
maculae. It is
heavier than endolymphatic fluid. By gravity
the
membrane statoconium can stimulate the
Membranous cochlea duct:

Scala
vestibule

Scala media or
Membranous
cochlea duct

Scala tympani
 Vestibular
Spiral Stria membrane
ligame vasculari
nt s Tectoria
Organ of
l
corti or
membra
spiral organ
ne

Spiral limbus
Membran Osseous spiral modiolu
ous spiral lamina s
lamina or Spiral
basilar ganglio
membran
Spiral organ:
Supporting cells (pillar cells & phalangeal)
& hair cells
stereociliu
m

Inner Outer
hair hair
cell cell
Outer
Inner phalang
tunnel eal cell

Inner Inner Outer

phalangeal pillar pillar
cell
 Spiral organ

Outer hair
cell Inner hair cell
Outer
phalangeal
cell Inner Inner
tunnel phalangeal
cell

inner pillar cell

outer pillar cell
 Function and mechanism of the
spiral organ:
Function: responsible for hearing.
Mechanism: sound vibration in the
tympanic
membrane vibration is transmitted to
internal ear
the vibration of the basilar membrane

the tectorial membrane contact with the

stereocilium of
Cochlear nerve: the central processes of the sp
ganglion
the hair cells hair cells are excited