AJSSFinals -Psychology

Chapter 10 Aggression : Hurting Others

Chapter Objectives
After completing your study of this chapter you should be able to:
1. Defne aggression and explain the diference between hostile and
instrumental aggression.
2. Discuss the instinct view of aggression.
. Describe biological in!uences on aggression.
". #dentify the causes and conse$uences of frustration.
%. Discuss the social learning view of aggression.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
&. #dentify conditions that tend to provo'e aggression.
(. Describe the efects of viewing pornography.
). Describe television*s efects on thin'ing and behavior.
+. Discuss ways of reducing aggression.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
Mutliple Choice Quiz
1 Worldwide, humans spend ________ per day on arms and armies.
A) $1 billion
B) $5 billion
C) $2 billion
D) $500 million
2 Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone is
A) aggression.
B) instrumental aggression.
C) violence.
D) hostility.
3 illings done by armies is an e!ample o"
A) emotional aggression.
B) instinctive aggression.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) calculated aggression.
4 #ggression driven by anger and per"ormed as an end in itsel" is
A) instrumental aggression.
B) hostile aggression.
C) emotional aggression.
D) belligerent aggression.
5 Which o" the "ollowing is an innate behavior$
A) reading a boo%
B) watching a movie
C) playing in the band
D) "leeing danger
6 #ccording to the te!t, in what percentage o" homicides has the murderer
and&or the victim been drin%ing$
A) '5
B) 55
C) (5
D) )0
7 *he bloc%ing o" goal+directed behavior is
A) "rustration.
B) displacement.
C) disarticulation.
D) aggravation.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
8 *he redirection o" aggression to a target other than the source o" the
"rustration is
A) disarticulation.
B) the redirection e""ect.
C) displacement.
D) the "rustration+aggression e""ect.
9 *he perception that one is less well o"" than others to whom one
compares onesel" is
A) the social comparison e""ect.
B) relative deprivation.
C) the adaptation+level e""ect.
D) relative displacement.
10 *he theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating is the
A) social learning theory.
B) instrumental learning theory.
C) behavioral learning theory.
D) group learning theory.
11 Which o" the "ollowing is not conductive to aggression$
A) pain
B) heat
C) cool temperatures
D) crowding
12 ,n a national survey, what percentage o" women reported having been
"orced by a man to do something se!ually$
A) 15
B) 22
C) 2-
D) ./
13 When college males were as%ed i" there were any chance they would rape
a woman, 0i" you could be assured that no one would %now and that you
could in no way be punished,0 what percentage said there was a slim
chance$
A) 11
B) 2.
C) ..
D) '5
14 #ccording to the te!t, in the average home the *1 is on _______ hours a
day.
A) three
B) "ive
C) seven
D) nine
15 2ales rates o" 3ustler and Playboy were positively correlated with state
A) child abuse rates.
B) rape rates.
C) employment rates.
D) incest rates.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
16 What is the ratio o" #mericans who believe in the "ollowing statement$
2e!ual materials provide an outlet "or bottled+up impulses.
A) - to 1
B) / to 1
C) 5 to 1
D) 2 to 1
17 Which o" the "ollowing is true o" "indings on the catharsis hypothesis$
A) 4atharsis always occurs.
B) *he calming e""ect o" retaliation seems to occur only in very
speci"ic circumstances.
C) *he catharsis hypothesis has been well+supported.
D) *he catharsis hypothesis is valid "or children but not "or
adults.
Direction: ,hat is being described- ,rite the word on the blan'. .hoose your
answers form the table below.
Social learning
theory
Pro-social
behavior
Frustration
Crowding Instinctive
behavior
Catharsis
Relative
deprivation
Hostile
aggression
Displacement
)/ a sub0ective feeling of not having enough space per person.
+/ an innate1 unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all
members of a species.
(/ the bloc'ing of goal2directed behavior.
/ aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself
3also called afective aggression/.
1/ the perception that one is less well of than others to whom
one compares oneself.
%/ emotional release. 4he catharsis view of aggression is that
aggressive drive is reduced when one 5releases6 aggressive
energy1 either by acting aggressively or by fantasi7ing
aggression.
&/ the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source
of the frustration. 8enerally1 the new target is a safer or more
socially acceptable target.
2/ the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and
imitating and by being rewarded and punished.
"/ positive1 constructive1 helpful social behavior9 the opposite of
antisocial behavior.
.hapter 11 : Attraction an !nti"ac#$ %i&in' an %o(in' )ther*
Chapter Objectives
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
After completing your study of this chapter you should be able to:
1. Discuss the role of proximity and physical attractiveness in initial
attraction.
2. Discuss research fndings on the role of similarity in friendship and
describe how li'ing is usually mutual.
. :xplain the reward theory of attraction.
". Describe the nature of passionate love and identify cultural1 personality1
and gender variations in love.
%. Discuss the nature of companionate love.

AJSSFinals -Psychology
&. #dentify the diferent attachment styles that characteri7e interpersonal
relationships.
(. Discuss the importance of e$uity and self2disclosure in close relationships.
). #dentify several predictors of a stable marriage and describe the
detachment process.
Mutliple Choice Quiz
1 ,hat factor does not initiate attraction-
A) long distance
B) physical attractiveness
C) similarity
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
D) feeling li'ed
According to the text1 geographical nearness is
A) closeness.
B) nearness.
C) proximity.
D) immediacy.
! 4he tendency for novel stimuli to be li'ed more after the rater has been
repeatedly exposed to them is
A) the novel stimuli efect.
B) the mere2exposure efect.
C) the repeated exposure efect.
D) the nonsense efect.
" ,hich of the following is supported by research on social attraction-
A) Distance ma'es the heart fonder.
B) ;eauty and brains are e$ual.
C) <pposites attract.
D) =amiliarity produces fondness.
# According to the text1 what percent of cosmetic surgery is performed on
women-
A) +>
B) )>
C) (%
D) &%
$ 4he tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are
similar in attractiveness and other traits is
A) the partner efect.
B) the attractiveness efect.
C) similarity phenomenon.
D) matching phenomenon.
% 4he presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially
desirable traits is the
A) attractiveness efect.
B) physical2attractiveness stereotype.
C) reciprocity efect.
D) matching phenomenon.
& ,hich of the following is not a factor given the research on what ma'es
males attractive-
A) dominant behavior
B) faces that tend to be perfectly symmetrical
C) large eyes
D) behavior that suggests maturity
' ,omen whose waists are > percent narrower than their hips suggest a
shape associated with
A) malnutrition.
B) menopause.
C) pregnancy.
D) pea' sexual fertility.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
1
0
According to the text1 ;lac' culture tends to be
A) future2oriented.
B) expressive.
C) materialistic.
D) individualistic.
1
1
According to the text1 ,hite culture tends to be
A) individualistic.
B) expressive.
C) emotionally driven.
D) present2oriented.
1

4he evolutionary perspective suggests females are attracted to males who

show
A) empathy and nurturance.
B) an ability to provide.
C) high self2esteem and extroversion.
D) a similarity in beliefs and values.
1
!
4he use of strategies by which people see' to gain another*s favor is called
A) ingratiation.
B) the curry favor efect.
C) manipulation.
D) the complementarity efect.
1
"
<pposites attract is an aspect of the
A) matching phenomenon.
B) reward theory of attraction.
C) complementarity hypothesis.
D) the ingratiation efect.
1
#
A state of intense longing for union with another is called
A) romantic love.
B) intimate love.
C) passionate love.
D) consummate love.
1
$
?usan1 who is an extrovert1 0ust moved into a dormitory. ,ho is she most
li'ely to ma'e friends with-
A) ,endy1 a mathematics ma0or
B) @ichele1 an introvert who lives on her !oor
C) ;etsy1 who lives of campus
D) ?asha 1 her next2door neighbor
1
%
4he afection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined
is called
A) companionate love.
B) passionate love.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
C) intimate love.
D) romantic love.
1
&
Aeople who are s'illed in managing frst impressions but who tend to be
less committed to enduring relationships are
A) low in self2monitoring.
B) high in self2monitoring.
C) high in intimacy.
D) low in intimacy.
1
'
Bevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others is called
A) self2disclosure.
B) the intimacy efect.
C) the commitment efect.
D) the infatuation efect.

0
Aeople have a greater chance of divorce if they
A) are well and similarly educated.
B) en0oy a stable income from a good 0ob.
C) live in a city.
D) dated a long time before marriage.
Direction: ,hat is being described- ,rite the word on the blan'. .hoose your
answers form the table below.
Complementar
y
Need to belong Sel-disclosure
Companionate
love
Passionate
love
!ere-e"posure e#ect
Pro"imity Ingratiation !atching phenomenon
$%uity
1/ geographical nearness. Aroximity 3more precisely1
5functional distance6/ powerfully predicts li'ing.
&/ the tendency for men and women to choose as partners
those who are a 5good match6 in attractiveness and other
traits.
+/ a motivation to bond with others in relationships that
provide ongoing1 positive interactions.
/ a state of intense longing for union with another.
Aassionate lovers are absorbed in one another1 feel ecstatic
at attaining their partnerCs love1 and are disconsolate on
losing it.
(/ the popularly supposed tendency1 in a relationship
between two people1 for each to complete what is missing in
the other. 4he $uestionable complementarily hypothesis
proposes that people attract those whose needs are diferent1
in ways that complement their own.
) /the use of strategies1 such as !attery1 by which people
see' to gain anotherCs favor.
1>/ a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a
relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
Dote: :$uitable outcomes need not always be e$ual
outcomes.
2/ the tendency for novel stimuli to be li'ed more or rated
more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed
to them.
"/ revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
%/ the afection we feel for those with whom our lives are
deeply intertwined.
Chapter 12 + Altrui*"$ ,elpin' )ther*
Chapter Objectives
After completing your study of this chapter you should be able to:
1. Defne altruism.
2. Describe how social2exchange theory explains altruism.
. #dentify two social norms that may motivate altruism.
". Describe how evolutionary psychology accounts for altruism.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
%. #dentify situational in!uences that enhance helpfulness.
&. Discuss personal in!uences that afect helping.
(. #dentify who is li'ely to receive help.
). Discuss how altruism can be increased.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
Mutliple Choice Quiz
1 A motive to increase another*s welfare without conscious regard for one*s
self2interests is
A) empathy.
B) reciprocity.
C) altruism.
D) a personality trait.
4he theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximi7e
one*s rewards is
A) social2exchange theory.
B) social2interaction theory.
C) reciprocity theory.
D) social norms theory.
! A motive to increase one*s own welfare is
A) the illusion of control efect.
B) achievement motivation.
C) self2eEcacy.
D) egoism.
" According to research by Daniel ;atson1 altruism may have its basis in
feelings of
A) guilt.
B) empathy.
C) sadness.
D) happiness.
# An expectation that people will help those who have helped them is
A) social norm.
B) social2responsibility norm.
C) reciprocity norm.
D) restitution norm.
$ An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them is
A) social2responsibility norm.
B) reciprocity norm.
C) dependent norm.
D) social norm.
% 4he idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one*s close relatives
to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes is
A) evolutionary altruism.
B) 'in selection.
C) the close relatives efect.
D) the mutually shared genes efect.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
& According to the text1 one possible reason why people in Dew For' are less
helpful is that
A) they have more things to do than people in smaller environs.
B) reciprocity does not wor' as well in big cities as in smaller
groups.
C) they feel they are superior to people in smaller environs.
D) they have not internali7ed the social responsibility norm.
' 4he fnding that a person is less li'ely to help when there are other people
around is
A) the bystander efect.
B) the reciprocity efect.
C) the situational in!uence efect.
D) the negative empathy efect.
1
0
#n Gatane and Darley*s research involving staging an epileptic sei7ure1
HHHHHHHHH percent of those who thought they were alone and HHHHHHHH
percent of those who thought there were others left the room to see' aid.
A) &&1 2"
B) (&1 "2
C) )%1 1
D) +>1 %"
1
1
Besearchers had participants wor'ing in a room either by themselves or
with two strangers. ,hen smo'e was pumped into the room through a
vent1 the solitary participant
A) noticed the smo'e $uic'er than those in groups.
B) was less li'ely to act.
C) thought the smo'e was a fre.
D) fnished the tas' $uic'ly.
1

,hich of the following moods is most li'ely to motivate altruism-

A) depression
B) grief
C) guilt
D) anger
1
!
According to the text1 people are li'ely to help when
A) other people are around.
B) they feel happy.
C) they are depressed.
D) they are well educated.
1
"
,hen the 4itanic san'1 HHHHHHHH percent of the females and HHHHHHH percent
of the males survived.
A) &>1 2%
B) )>1 ">
C) (>1 2>
D) &%1 "%
1
#
According to the text1 a strategy for gaining a concession is the
A) over0ustifcation techni$ue.
B) under0ustifcation techni$ue.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
C) transparency techni$ue.
D) door2in2the2face techni$ue.
1
$
=rom an evolutionary perspective it would be most diEcult to explain why
A) someone ris'ed his life to help a stranger.
B) someone paid his daughter*s hospital bill.
C) someone ris'ed his life to help his father.
D) someone ris'ed his life to help his daughter.
1
%
.alvin as's his mother for ice cream with strawberries and nuts on top.
?he refuses. Ie then as's for a coo'ie1 and she grants his re$uest. .alvin
has successfully used the
A) over0ustifcation techni$ue.
B) foot2in2the2door techni$ue.
C) door2in2the2face techni$ue.
D) under0ustifcation techni$ue.
1
&
,hich techni$ue should be taught to children to promote enduring
altruistic tendencies-
A) <fer pri7es for the ones that are most helpful during a certain
time frame.
B) ?how them @ister Bogers* Deighborhood.
C) #mmediately punish any aggression.
D) #nstill a sense of guilt.
1
'
According to Alvin 8ouldner1 a universal moral code is
A) the norm of social responsibility.
B) the norm of social contract.
C) the norm of eEcacy.
D) the norm of reciprocity.
Direction: ,hat is being described- ,rite the word on the blan'. .hoose your
answers form the table below.
!oral e"clusion &in selection 'ltruism
$goism (y stander
e#ect
$mpathy
Reciprocity norm
2/ a motive to increase anotherCs welfare without
conscious regard for oneCs self2interests.
"/ the perception of certain individuals or groups as
outside the boundary within which one applies moral
values and rules of fairness. @oral inclusion is regarding
others as within oneCs circle of moral concern.
%/ the vicarious experience of anotherCs feeling9 putting
oneself in anotherCs shoes.
&/ a motive 3supposedly under#ying all behavior/ to
increase oneCs own welfare. 4he opposite of altruism1
which aims to increase anotherCs welfare
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
(/ the idea that evolution has selected altruism toward
oneCs close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually
shared genes.
1/ the fnding that a person is less li'ely to provide help
when there are other bystanders.
/ an expectation that people will help1 not hurt1 those
who have helped them.
(ractice )inal
1 An un0ustifable negative behavior toward a group or its members is
A) discrimination.
B) pre0udice.
C) racism.
D) sexism.
Aeople*s beliefs about how women and men behave are
A) gender roles.
B) gender stereotypes.
C) gender norms.
D) gender expectations.
! According to the text1 stereotypes rationali7e
A) racism.
B) pre0udice.
C) discrimination.
D) une$ual status.
" 4he 0ust world phenomenon may explain that an unemployed person is
A) in need of more education.
B) a victim of pre0udice.
C) in need of help.
D) la7y.
# According to the text1 subtyping protects
A) biases.
B) stereotypes.
C) emotions.
D) social identity.
$ Ahysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone is
A) aggression.
B) instrumental aggression.
C) violence.
D) hostility.
% ,hich of the following is an innate behavior-
A) reading a boo'
B) watching a movie
C) playing in the band
D) !eeing danger
& 4he redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the
frustration is
A) disarticulation.
B) the redirection efect.
C) displacement.
D) the frustration2aggression efect.
' #n a national survey1 what percentage of women reported having been
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
forced by a man to do something sexually-
A) 1%
B) 22
C) 2+
D) (
1
0
,hich of the following is true of fndings on the catharsis hypothesis-
A) .atharsis always occurs.
B) 4he calming efect of retaliation seems to occur only in very
specifc circumstances.
C) 4he catharsis hypothesis has been well2supported.
D) 4he catharsis hypothesis is valid for children but not for
adults.
1
1
,hich of the following is supported by research on social attraction-
A) Distance ma'es the heart fonder.
B) ;eauty and brains are e$ual.
C) <pposites attract.
D) =amiliarity produces fondness.
1

According to the text1 what percent of cosmetic surgery is performed on

women-
A) +>
B) )>
C) (%
D) &%
1
!
According to the text1 ,hite culture tends to be
A) individualistic.
B) expressive.
C) emotionally driven.
D) present2oriented.
1
"
<pposites attract is an aspect of the
A) matching phenomenon.
B) reward theory of attraction.
C) complementarity hypothesis.
D) the ingratiation efect.
1
#
Bevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others is called
A) self2disclosure.
B) the intimacy efect.
C) the commitment efect.
D) the infatuation efect.
1
$
A motive to increase another*s welfare without conscious regard for one*s
self2interests is
A) empathy.
B) reciprocity.
C) altruism.
D) a personality trait.
1
%
An expectation that people will help those who have helped them is
A) social norm.
B) social2responsibility norm.
C) reciprocity norm.
D) restitution norm.
1
&
4he fnding that a person is less li'ely to help when there are other people around
is
A) the bystander efect.
B) the reciprocity efect.
1!
AJSSFinals -Psychology
C) the situational in!uence efect.
D) the negative empathy efect.
1
'
#n Gatane and Darley*s research involving staging an epileptic sei7ure1
HHHHHHHHH percent of those who thought they were alone and HHHHHHHH
percent of those who thought there were others left the room to see' aid.
A) &&1 2"
B) (&1 "2
C) )%1 1
D) +>1 %"

0
=rom an evolutionary perspective it would be most diEcult to explain why
A) someone ris'ed his life to help a stranger.
B) someone paid his daughter*s hospital bill.
C) someone ris'ed his life to help his father.
D) someone ris'ed his life to help his daughter.

1
According to Alvin 8ouldner1 a universal moral code is
A) the norm of social responsibility.
B) the norm of social contract.
C) the norm of eEcacy.
D) the norm of reciprocity.

According to the tragedy of commons1 the smaller the group

A) the more interest each person has.
B) the more responsibility each person feels.
C) the more wor' each person will do.
D) the more rewards each person will receive.

!
Beciprocal views of one another often held by parties in con!ict are
A) self2confrming perceptions.
B) reciprocal perceptions.
C) mirror2image perceptions.
D) superordinate perceptions.

"
A shared goal that necessitates cooperative efort is
A) reciprocal.
B) e$uitable.
C) superordinate.
D) summation.

#
,in2win agreements that reconcile both parties* interests to their mutual
beneft are
A) amalgamation agreements.
B) integrative agreements.
C) value added agreements.
D) reconciliation agreements.

$
According to 8otlib and .olby1 to fght constructively do not
A) welcome feedbac' about your behavior.
B) ofer positive suggestions for mutual improvement.
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
C) bring in unrelated issues.
D) fght privately.

%
According to the text1 which of the following is accurate-
A) .linical psychologists are more susceptible to illusory
thin'ing than social psychologists.
B) ;ehaviors of people undergoing psychotherapy come to ft
the theories of their therapists.
C) Aeople who see' out therapy want to hear negative things
about themselves.
D) Aro0ective tests actually give more useful information than
ob0ective tests.

&
#n one study1 HHHHHHH percent of people with high self2esteem and HHHHHH
percent of depressed people elected to see unfavorable feedbac' as
opposed to favorable feedbac'.
A) %1 &(
B) 2%1 )2
C) 1%1 "2
D) %1 %+

'
An interdisciplinary feld that integrates behavioral and medical 'nowledge
is
A) health psychology.
B) behavioral medicine.
C) psychiatry.
D) psychoanalytic medicine.
!
0
4he best predictor of overall happiness is satisfaction with
A) wor'.
B) personal relationships.
C) income.
D) status.
!
1
4he stress of a new 0ob can best be handled by approaching it with a sense
of
A) ambition and competitiveness.
B) humility and assertiveness.
C) control and optimism.
D) urgency and conscientiousness.
!

#n a study at .alifornia ?tate Jniversity2Iayward1 1"1 students witnessed

an assault on a professor. ?even wee's later1 what percentage of students
identifed an innocent person as the assailant from a group of six
photographs-
A) &>
B) 2)
C) "2
D) (2
!
!
4o minimi7e false lineup identifcations1 which of the following is not true-
A) #f all suspects are male1 have every suspect wear a tie.
1#
AJSSFinals -Psychology
B) 8ive eyewitnesses a lineup with no suspects to screen out
those who ma'e false identifcations.
C) Iave witnesses ma'e yes or no 0udgments to a se$uence of
people.
D) #nclude instructions that the suspect might not be in the
lineup.
!
"
@oc' 0uries are less sympathetic to a defendant who is
A) less educated.
B) the same race.
C) shares their attitudes.
D) the same gender.
!
#
Besearch shows that HHHHHHHHHH 0uries ultimately reach the verdict favored
by the ma0ority on the frst ballot.
A) + out of 1>
B) ( out of )
C) % out of +
D) ( out of 1>
!
$
A criticism of a six2member 0ury is that it is
A) less li'ely to represent a community*s diversity.
B) more li'ely to have hung verdicts.
C) easily dominated by one individual.
D) less li'ely to ta'e the tas' seriously.
!
%
Koologist :. <. ,ilson estimates what percentage of the earth*s plant and
animal species could be extinct within a century-
A) 2>
B) 2%
C) %
D) %>
!
&
#n the Jnited ?tates1 the divorce rate between 1+&> and 1++>
A) doubled.
B) tripled.
C) increased marginally.
D) decreased marginally.
!
'
,hich of the following is not one of 8eorge Ioward*s 'iller thoughts-
A) .onsumption will produce happiness.
B) 8rowth is good.
C) Don*t discount the future.
D) 8reed is good.
"
0
#n a poll in 1+(%1 what percent of Americans identifed a lot of money as
the basis for the good life- #n 1++&-
A) "21 (%
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AJSSFinals -Psychology
B) )1 &
C) 21 %"
D) %"1 (2
"
1
#n 1++)1 what percent of Americans earning between L(%1>>> and
L1>>1>>> agreed to the statement1 # cannot aford to buy everything #
really need.
A) 2"
B) +
C) "%
D) &2
=inals
1 <ne of the central ideas of social psychology is
A)
natural selection shapes behavior.
B)
adaptation is central to behavior.
C) social structure and organi7ation are essential to
human development.
D)
attitudes shape behavior.
Among the Mbig ideasM that are important to social
psychologists with regard to social relations is that
A)
social behavior is also biological behavior.
B)
we construct our own social reality.
C)
social in!uences shape behavior.
D)
dispositions shape behavior.
! <ne reason you may not study so hard for your frst test in
this class is because
A)
you believe you are too smart for the class.
B)
you want to fail out of school.
C)
who cares about 8AA anyway-
D) social psychology seems obvious because of the
hindsight bias.
" ,ho is most li'ely to as' MIow do brain1 mind1 and behavior
function together as one coordinated system-M
A)
an evolutionary psychologist
B)
a social psychologist
C)
a social neuroscientist
D)
a biological psychologist
# Besearcher Nohl ;erg argues that a child*s gender
development is directly related to hisOher cognitive
development. 4his observation is called a3n/
A)
hypothesis.
B)
theory.
C)
fact.
D)
experiment.
21
AJSSFinals -Psychology
$ A researcher1 interested in whether the mere presence of
others afects individual behavior1 designs a study in which
individuals are as'ed to ma'e a speech to either an empty
room or a room with fve people in it. 4his type of study is
best described as HHHHHHHHHH.
22
AJSSFinals -Psychology
A)
a correlational study.
B)
feld research.
C)
a case study.
D)
a laboratory experiment.
% An investigator1 who wishes to study the attitudes of people
in #llinois1 identifes 11>>> people in #llinois1 ta'ing care that
the percentages of male and female1 ;lac' and ,hite1 young
and old are the same in the sample as in state*s total
population. ,hat 'ind of sample is the investigator trying to
obtain-
A)
an independent sample
B)
a dependent sample
C)
a random sample
D)
a representative sample
& # as' you to describe who you are and you tell me your sex1
age1 political preference1 personality traits1 and other
information you thin' is relevant. Fou are describing your
A)
possible selves.
B)
self2concept.
C)
self2schema.
D)
reali7ed2self.
' :d believes that his wife 'nows how he feels and what he is
thin'ing 0ust by loo'ing at him. ?ocial psychologists call this
erroneous belief
A)
the illusion of transparency.
B)
the spotlight efect.
C)
the personal fable.
D)
egocentrism.
10 ,hen someone wal's into a restaurant and everyone in the
room loo'sPwell1 homely1 if not uglyPyou feel better about
yourself and attractive. 4his is due to
A)
your conceit.
B)
social identity.
C)
self2reference efects.
D)
social comparison efects.
11 ;ecause Iyun2Qoo is Norean1 we would most li'ely expect her
to value
A)
her self2esteem.
B)
harmonious relationships.
C)
her math abilities.
D)
a sense of accomplishment.
23
AJSSFinals -Psychology
1 :ven though Ia7el has wor'ed in an ethnically diverse oEce
for many years1 because of the attitudes instilled in her as a
child1 she automatically grasps her purse when she sees an
African American. Ia7el is exhibiting
A)
locus of control.
B)
unconscious fears.
C)
a dual attitude system.
D)
impact bias.
1! <ftentimes1 individuals who are hard on their luc' and on
welfare seem to Mgive up1M feeling li'e there is nothing they
can do. 4his illustrates
A)
unrealistic optimism.
B)
a self2serving bias.
C)
learned helplessness.
D)
an increase in self2monitoring.
1" Aeople who act li'e Msocial chameleonsMPthose who seem to
change behavior and attitudes to ft every situation they*re in
Pare generally considered
A)
low self2monitors.
B)
high self2monitors.
C)
to be using the self2serving bias.
D)
high in self2eEcacy.
1# Four friend 0ust too' a new 0ob. ?he meets you for drin's after
her frst wee' on the 0ob and complains about her boss. 4his
surprises you1 because you*ve never heard her complain
about a boss before1 and she rarely complains in general.
Nelley argues that this information helps us explain her
behavior because her boss is
A)
consistent.
B)
consensus.
C)
correspondent.
D)
distinctive.
1$ ,hich action is most li'ely to bring about an event-
A)
perceiving events
B)
0udging events
C)
explaining events
D)
expecting events
1% After research participants completed sentences containing
words related to aging1 ;argh et al. 31++&/ noticed those
participants wal'ing more slowly than participants whose
sentences did not contain aging terms. 4his experiment
demonstrates the power of
A)
situations.
B)
priming.
24
AJSSFinals -Psychology
C)
ageism.
D)
perception.
1& #f you showed identical research to proponents and
opponents of capital punishment1 what outcome would you
expect to see-
A) :ach side would become more extreme in their
original position.
B)
:ach side would become more neutral in their views.
C) ;oth sides would view capital punishment more
positively.
D) ;oth sides would view capital punishment more
negatively.
1' After the movie Qaws came out1 and again in the early 1++>s
after M?ummer of the ?har'1M many people were afraid to go
in the ocean. 4his is due to
A)
the representative heuristic.
B)
belief perseverance.
C)
the availability heuristic.
D)
the confrmation bias.
0 M#t always rains after # wash the car.M 4his statement is an
example of
A)
inferential statistics.
B)
the confrmation bias.
C)
an illusory correlation.
D)
a positive correlation.
1 Besearch by Allan ,ic'er 31+&+/ found that
A)
expressed attitudes hardly ever predict behavior.
B)
expressed attitudes almost always predict behavior.
C) implicit attitudes are more li'ely than expressed
attitudes to predict behavior.
D) expressed attitudes are more li'ely than implicit
attitudes to predict behavior.
An important lesson of role2playing studies is that
A) it ta'es a strong personality to withstand social
pressure.
B)
what is unreal can evolve into what is real.
C) most participants remain aware that the situation is
unreal.
D)
we are powerless to resist imposed roles.
! ,hen our behavior is out of sync with our attitudes1 it is
called
A)
attitude incongruity.
B)
the attitude2behavior dissimilarity theory.
C)
attitude inoculation.
D)
cognitive dissonance.
25
AJSSFinals -Psychology
" ?elf2presentation theory argues that people will adopt
attitudes consistent with behaviors in order to
A)
fgure out the dominant response.
B)
reduce tension.
C)
determine how they should behave.
D)
create good impressions.
# A teenager is out with her friends at the mall. Although she
doesn*t believe in shoplifting1 when they all ta'e earrings and
put them in their poc'ets1 she does as well. As a result1 she
will most li'ely experience
A)
cognitive dissonance.
B)
the attitude2behavior dissimilarity theory.
C)
attitude inoculation.
D)
attitude incongruity.
$ #f pollsters outside elections polls survey entering voters on
which candidate they prefer1 and then as' exiting voters of
the voting booth who they actually voted for1 they would
generally fnd a high correlation between initial preference
and actual vote. #n this specifc example1 this is because
A) in general1 attitudes specifc to a behavior are
excellent predictors.
B) when an attitude is strong1 it is a good predictor of
behavior.
C) when social pressures are high1 an attitude is an
excellent predictor of behavior.
D) attitudes are strong when you share them with your
friends.
% Iistorically1 all humans are
A)
Africans.
B)
Asians.
C)
.aucasians.
D)
female.
& 4he adaptive change in fre$uency of specifc genes over
generations is
A)
natural selection.
B)
species heredity.
C)
ethology.
D)
diferential reproduction.
' ,hich feld of psychology uses the principle of natural
selection-
A)
behavioral
B)
physiological
C)
evolutionary
D)
biopsychosocial
!0 ,ho is most li'ely to be obsessed with punctuality-
A)
A'ira from Qapan
B)
Korba from 8reece
2
AJSSFinals -Psychology
C)
.arl from the Jnited ?tates
D)
Diego from @exico
!1 4he best 'nown universal taboo is the taboo against
A)
incest.
B)
aggression.
C)
violating social norms.
D)
violating personal space.
! ,hich of the following is D<4 characteristic of females-
A)
4hey are more sensitive than men to anxiety.
B) 4hey are more sensitive than men to smells and
sounds.
C)
4hey are more li'ely than men to be depressed.
D)
4hey are more li'ely than men to commit suicide.
!! ;ased on the research1 we would expect to see a higher rate
of teen pregnancy when
A)
women are scarce.
B)
men are scarce.
C) there are approximately the same number of men and
women in the population.
D)
men are dominant in society.
!" <ne criticism of evolutionary psychology*s speculation about
sex and gender is that
A)
it sufers from hindsight bias.
B)
it may show males and females are the same.
C) it may fnd males are inferior to women and thus lead
to a reverse sexism.
D) it may replace eforts in other areas of social
psychology li'e group dynamics.
!# A change in behavior or belief that results from real or
imagined group pressure is referred to by social psychologists
as
A)
acceptance.
B)
obedience.
C)
conformity.
D)
compliance.
!$ After @arilyn @onroe*s suicide1 there were 2>> more suicides
in the Jnited ?tates than was typical. 4his was due the
suspected efects of
A)
mass hysteria.
B)
mass destruction.
2!
AJSSFinals -Psychology
C)
mass suggestibility.
D)
mass ignorance.
!% Iow did the obedience observed in @ilgram*s study difer
from the conformity observed in Asch*s study-
A) 4here was an expressed command in @ilgram*s study
but not in the Asch study.
B)
.ompliance too' precedence over common sense.
C) 4he participants were pressured to go against their
own conscience.
D) @ilgram*s study1 but not Asch*s1 demonstrated the
power of the situation.
!& ,hich lesson about evil do we learn from @ilgram*s
research-
A)
:vil results from a few depraved people.
B) @ost people resist performing evil acts on moral
grounds
C) ?ocial forces can induce ordinary people to engage in
evil acts.
D)
:vil usually involves a conscious intent.
!' .oncern for social image involves HHHHHHHHHH in!uence9 the
desire to be correct involves HHHHHHHHHH in!uence.
A)
normative9 informational.
B)
$ualitative9 proximal.
C)
informational9 normative.
D)
proximal9 $ualitative.
"0 ?helley*s mother insists that ?helly come directly home after
school. #nstead1 in an efort to protect her sense of freedom1
?helley goes to the mall with her friends after school1
demonstrating what social psychologists call
A)
the boomerang efect.
B)
deviance.
C)
reaction formation.
D)
reactance.
"1 Aersuasion is
A) the process by which a message induces attitude
change.
B) a change in behavior or belief as a result of real or
imagined group pressure.
C) the process by which a message induces a change in
behavior.
D) a change in behavior or belief as a result of a direct
order from someone.
" ,hich of the following is more li'ely to produce change-
A)
elaborative route persuasion
2"
AJSSFinals -Psychology
B)
peripheral route persuasion
C)
implicit route persuasion
D)
central route persuasion
"! Qaime*s mother died of a smo'ing2related illness. Ie is now
fervently anti2smo'ing because of the strong emotional
component of his attitude. ,hat type of anti2smo'ing
message is he more li'ely to be persuaded by-
A)
a credible communicator
B)
an attractive communicator
C)
the reciprocity factor
D)
an emotional appeal
"" Aersuasion HHHHHHHHHH as the signifcance and familiarity of
the issue HHHHHHHHHH.
A)
decreases9 increases.
B)
stays the same9 increases.
C)
increases9 decreases.
D)
increases9 stays the same.
"# :llen is running for .ongress. Ier best strategy for getting
votes would be to
A)
get a lot of exposure on television and radio.
B)
do several mass mailings.
C)
go door2to2door and tal' to voters personally.
D)
get endorsements from incumbent politicians.
"$ .redibility is
A)
the same as li'ing.
B)
perceived expertise and trustworthiness.
C)
the same as attractiveness.
D)
how li'ely you are to be persuaded by someone.
"% 4he best way to build resistance to brain washing by religious
cults is
A) stronger indoctrination in one*s current religious belief
system.
B) teaching children about cults and helping them
prepare counter persuasive appeals.
C)
instilling fear of punishment for abandoning their faith.
D) teaching them to explore a wide variety of belief
systems.
"& ?ocial facilitation is the tendency for the presence of others
A)
to afect our li'elihood to help.
B)
to strengthen dominant responses.
2#
AJSSFinals -Psychology
C)
to only impair our performance.
D)
to only improve our performance.
"' 4he dominant response1 Ka0onc argues1
A) should boost performance on easy tas's and hurt
performance on diEcult tas's.
B) should always lead to an improvement in
performance.
C) should boost performance on diEcult tas's and hurt
performance on easy tas's.
D)
should increase how the performer feels.
#0 ,hen you perform a tas' in front of others who are
blindfolded1 social facilitation efects are void. 4his fnding
supports which theory of social facilitation-
A)
social facilitation.
B)
distraction2con!ict.
C)
evaluation apprehension.
D)
mere presence efects.
#1 ;en1 a $uiet young man1 went to a heavy metal roc' concert.
4he large crowd began to scream and stomp their feet when
the musicians came on stage. ;en 0oined in as he lost his
sense of awareness. 4his is an example of
A)
dehumani7ation.
B)
deindividuation.
C)
depersonali7ation.
D)
mass hysteria.
# .an social loafng be reduced-
A)
Do1 social loafng is inevitable.
B)
yes by having females wor' on the tas'.
C)
yes by ma'ing individual*s wor' identifable.
D) yes by doing research in countries other than the
Jnited ?tates.
#! 4he phenomenon of ris'y shift is the fnding
A) that group decisions are often ris'ier once groupthin'
sets in.
B) that individual decisions are often ris'ier than group
decisions.
C)
that individuals help less when others are around.
D) that group decisions often encourage ris'ier actions
than individual decisions.
#" 4he symptoms of groupthin' are
3$
AJSSFinals -Psychology
A)
a collective form of dissonance reduction.
B)
a form of social loafng.
C)
a form of social facilitation.
D)
always a negative in!uence on group decisions.
## According to Qussim1 @c.auley1 and Gee 31++%/1 stereotypes
A)
are almost always negative.
B)
are inaccurate generali7ations.
C)
may be positive or negative but are always inaccurate.
D) may be positive or negative and may be accurate or
inaccurate.
#$ ?tereotypes are to HHHHHHHHHH as pre0udices are to HHHHHHHHHH.
A)
behavior9 beliefs.
B)
beliefs9 behavior.
C)
cognition9 behavior.
D)
beliefs9 attitudes.
#% ,hich of the following is a negative attitude-
A)
pre0udice
B)
discrimination
C)
racism
D)
sexism
#& Besearchers have found that gender stereotypes
A)
have changed over the years.
B)
difer from one culture to another.
C)
are not consistent with reality.
D)
have remained consistent over time and culture.
#' Bealistic con!ict theory holds that
A) competition between groups for recognition leads to
pre0udice.
B) competition between groups for scarce resources leads to
pre0udice.
C) it is obvious that groups will always be in con!ict because of
evolution.
D) competition between groups over perceived ine$ualities
leads to pre0udice.
$0 ,hereas the HHHHHHHHHH theory of pre0udice is based on competition
for resources1 HHHHHHHHHH is based on a need to see one*s group as
Mbetter.M
A)
evolutionary9 social competition theory
B)
social identity9 realistic con!ict theory
C)
realistic con!ict9 social identity theory
D)
social identity9 drive theory
$1 Besearch suggests that when we spontaneously categori7e people1
we do so in terms of our
31
AJSSFinals -Psychology
A)
age.
B)
sex.
C)
race.
D)
status.
$ #n cases of rape1 many believe that the victim somehow deserved
it. 4his reaction is best explained by
A)
the mere exposure efect.
B)
deindividuation.
C)
the 0ust2world hypothesis.
D)
the hindsight bias.
$! ;ecause you disli'e one of your cowor'ers1 you lie and tell others
you overheard her saying how she disli'ed everyone at the oEce.
4his would be an example of what 'ind of aggression-
A)
hostile
B)
instrumental
C)
physical
D)
direct
$" A man leaves a bomb on a bus to 'ill innocent victims in
order to persuade a government to yield to his demands. 4his
would be an example of what 'ind of aggression-
A)
hostile
B)
instrumental
C)
verbal
D)
sexual
$# #nstinct theories of aggression suggest that people
A)
are unli'ely to engage in aggression.
B)
fear aggression by instinct.
C)
are MprogrammedM for aggression.
D)
are primed to learn aggression.
$$ Adriane Baine found that1 when compared with normal
brains1 the prefrontal cortex is signifcantly less active in
A)
murderers who had been abused by their parents.
B)
antisocial men who had been abused by their parents.
C)
murderers who had not been abused by their parents.
D) antisocial men who had not been abused by their
parents.
$% ,hen we are stuc' in traEc or behind slow people in line at
the store1 often the proverbial MfuseM on our temper is at its
end. Besearchers argue that this is because
A)
driving arouses us.
B)
in our cars we are less polite.
C)
driving is deindividuation.
D)
frustration can facilitate aggression.
$& =rustration arises from the gap between HHHHHHHHHH and
HHHHHHHHHH.
32
AJSSFinals -Psychology
A)
belief9 behavior.
B)
learning9 behavior.
C)
expectations9 attainments.
D)
behavior9 attitudes.
$' Besearch in the laboratory and in real life suggests that pain1
personal attac's1 and overcrowding are HHHHHHHHHH
experiences that HHHHHHHHHH the li'elihood aggression.
A)
frustrating9 decrease.
B)
frustrating9 do not afect
C)
aversive9 decrease.
D)
aversive9 increase.
%0 Besearch by ;er'owit7 suggests that
A) guns not only permit violence but can also stimulate
it.
B)
guns do not stimulate violence.
C) people who learn gun safety are less li'ely to harm
others with their guns.
D) banning handguns would do little to reduce murder
rates.
%1 According to 8erbner 31+(+1 1++"/1 television*s most potent
efect is
A)
increasing violent behavior in children and adults.
B)
altering perceptions of the real world.
C)
reducing participation in civic activities.
D)
desensiti7ing people to violence.
% ;ecause ?aeed was ostraci7ed by his peers1 we would expect
him to
A)
try harder to be accepted.
B)
increase his behavior regulation.
C)
engage in self2defeating behaviors.
D)
become more passive.
%! Gaura goes to a party on campus. ?he tal's to four diferent
men about personal interests1 politics1 and religion. ,hich of
the following is she @<?4 li'ely to want to go out with again-
A) ;rett1 who is unbelievably hot but has nothing in
common with her.
B) Gee1 who doesn*t agree with her on any topic and is
moderately attractive.
C)
=red1 who is unattractive but rich.
D) ;obby1 who is average2loo'ing but agrees with her on
all topics.
33
AJSSFinals -Psychology
%" #f Andrea wants to reduce her children*s aggressive
behaviors1 she should do all of the following :R.:A4
A)
reduce aversive stimulation.
B)
reward and model nonaggression.
C)
elicit reactions that are incompatible with aggression.
D)
encourage them to vent their anger.
%# ,hich statement is most accurate-
A)
;irds of a feather !oc' together.
B)
Absence ma'es the heart grow fonder.
C)
<pposites attract.
D)
4he best way to attract a man is to play hard2to2get.
%$ Boughly what percent of infants display a secure
attachment-
A)
1>S
B)
>S
C)
(>S
D)
+>S
%% ,hereas similarity HHHHHHHHHH9 dissimilarity HHHHHHHHHH.
A)
has minimal afect on li'ing9 has no afect on li'ing.
B)
increases li'ing9 decreases li'ing.
C)
has no afect on li'ing9 has no afect on li'ing.
D)
decreases li'ing9 increases li'ing.
%& ,hen romantic dinners1 dates out1 nice dinners at home1 and
vacations continue in a relationship1 couples last longer and
are happier because they associate the relationship with
positive things. 4his is best posited by
A)
the reward theory of attraction.
B)
anticipatory2li'ing theory.
C)
complementary hypothesis.
D)
mere exposure efect.
%' Jmberto feels intense1 exciting emotions for :lena. :lena has
great afection for Jmberto and sees their lives as deeply
intertwined with each other. Jmberto*s love would be called
HHHHHHHHHH9 :lena*s love would be called HHHHHHHHHH.
A)
passionate9 passionate
B)
passionate9 companionate
C)
companionate9 passionate
D)
companionate9 companionate
&0 According to e$uity theory1 which couple would be most
satisfed with their relationship-
A) :ugene and @ary1 because @ary ta'es care of all of
:ugene*s needs.
B) Qonathan and Buthie1 because both believe they are
getting as much as they are giving.
C) =ran' and .arol1 because =ran' is rich and .arol is
beautiful.
34
AJSSFinals -Psychology
D) @i'e and Gynn1 because their relationship is extremely
passionate.
&1 ,hen your campus has a blood drive1 you might weigh the
costs 3e.g.1 time1 fatigue1 needles1 etc./ against the benefts
3e.g.1 feeling good1 free food1 etc./ before deciding to donate.
4his strategy would be predicted by
A)
social exchange theory.
B)
0ust2world hypothesis.
C)
egoism hypothesis.
D)
reciprocity norm.
& ?'inner argues that we only credit people for good deeds
when we can*t explain them. ,e attribute behavior to
HHHHHHHHHH only when we lac' HHHHHHHHHH.
A)
external explanations9 dispositional explanations.
B)
dispositions9 external explanations.
C)
external causes9 internal ones.
D)
internal causes9 dispositional causes.
&! After # lend my neighbor a cup of mil'1 # feel comfortable
as'ing her to watch my house while #*m on vacation. 4his is
due to my ascribing to
A)
social exchange theory.
B)
ingratiation.
C)
the reciprocity norm.
D)
social capital.
&" @oesha volunteers at a center for homeless children and her
brother 4yrell volunteers at a hospice for people dying of
A#D?. 4hey are demonstrating which principle of prosocial
behavior-
A)
the reciprocity norm
B)
social exchange theory
C)
the social responsibility norm
D)
ingratiation
&# Nin selection is to evolutionary theory1 as reward is to
HHHHHHHHHH.
A)
social exchange theory.
B)
reciprocity norm.
C)
evolutionary theory.
D)
social responsibility norm.
&$ <ne reason for the occurrence of bystander apathy is
A)
the reciprocity norm.
B)
the social exchange theory.
C)
the social responsibility norm.
D)
a difusion of responsibility.
35
AJSSFinals -Psychology
&% 4wo suspects are arrested for allegedly committing a ban'
robbery. 4he police tell them that if one confesses1 the
confessor will be set free and the other will ta'e the fall for
the crime. 4he suspects are confronted with
A)
the prisoner*s dilemma.
B)
the tragedy of the commons.
C)
non27ero2sum.
D)
social dilemma.
&& Aeople overfshing when they 'now the fsh might be
depleted is
A)
the prisoner*s dilemma.
B)
the tragedy of the commons.
C)
non27ero2sum.
D)
a social dilemma.
&' ,hat allowed the two groups in ?herif*s Bobber*s .ave study
to fnally get along-
A)
the formation of superordinate goals
B)
the formation of subordinate goals
C)
misanthropy
D)
exposure to nonpre0udiced models
'0 Fou hear a rumor that a cowor'er has said something about
you1 so you snub them. As a result1 your cowor'er does say
something bad about you. 4his example shows
A)
self2confrming perceptions.
B)
reciprocally fulflling perceptions.
C)
how mirror2image perceptions become self2fulflling.
D)
e$uitably fulflling perceptions.
'1 ;icultural individuals identify with both their own ethnic
identity and mainstream culture. Besearch suggests that
these people typically
A)
have low self2esteem.
B)
have problems learning language s'ills.
C)
have a strongly positive self2concept.
D)
are not sure which group they belong to.
' #n a classic study1 Bosenhan1 et al. had confederates chec'
into a mental hospital and report hearing voices. All other
information presented to the administrator and doctor was
accurate and no other symptoms were reported. 4he study
reported that
A)
they were all found out within one wee'.
B) most were diagnosed as schi7ophrenic and remained
hospitali7ed for 2 to wee's.
C)
they were all found out immediately.
D)
they were all 'ept in the hospital for at least a month.
'! Arofessor ,apner is teaching a graduate seminar in the
clinical interview. Ie would be most correct if he informed his
students that
A) they should rely more heavily on their intuitive
assessment than on statistical predictions.
3
AJSSFinals -Psychology
B) they should rely e$ually on clinical and statistical
predictions.
C) statistical prediction is highly superior to intuitive
prediction.
D) they should frst consider statistical data1 then rely on
their intuition when ma'ing clinical predictions.
'" ,ho is li'ely to have the most accurate perception in
estimating their degree of control-
A)
Amanda1 who is slightly depressed
B)
;renda1 who is severely depressed
C)
.arlotta1 who is not depressed
D) 4here are no ma0or diferences based on depression
with regard to perception of control.
'# ,itnesses who tend to be more accurate often
A)
have a vivid memory for trivial details.
B)
remember the event perfectly.
C)
have a poor memory for trivial details.
D)
have had their memories hypnotically refreshed.
'$ 4he misinformation efect is in part due to
A)
open2ended $uestions.
B)
bad police wor'.
C)
racial pre0udice.
D)
suggestive $uestions.
'%
4he cognitive interview procedure includes
A)
!ooding the eyewitness with an array of mug shots.
B) inserting follow up $uestions into open ended
responses.
C)
guiding the eyewitness to reconstruct the setting.
D) having the eyewitness verbally describe the
perpetrator*s face.
'& Besearch on capital punishment fnds that
A) homicide rates drop in states that allow capital
punishment.
B)
application of the death penalty is highly consistent.
C)
death $ualifed 0urors comprise a biased sample.
D) the death penalty is applied e$ually to poor and
middle class defendants.
'' #n poor countries HHHHHHHHHH1 but in wealthy countries
HHHHHHHHHH.
A)
money doesn*t predict happiness9 it does.
B)
money predicts happiness9 the correlation diminishes.
C)
the number of ofspring predicts happiness9 it doesn*t.
3!
AJSSFinals -Psychology
D)
age predicts happiness9 it does as well.
100 ?ocial psychologists suggest that all of the following
strategies enhance life $uality :R.:A4
A)
close1 supportive relationships.
B)
positive thin'ing habits.
C)
fnancial well2being.
D)
!ow.
3"