SCC TB Enu

SCIA.
ESA PT Steel Code Check

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

SCIA
Scientific Application Group

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Release : 5.20
Module : ESASD.01
Manual : SCIA STEEL DESIGNER
Steel Code Check
Theoretical Background

Revision : 01/2006
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EC 3 ENV 1993 2
EC3 CODE CHECK 2
MATERIAL PROPERTIES 2
CONSULTED ARTICLES 3
Classification of sections 5
Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section 6
Section properties 6
Bending moment 6
Bending, shear and axial force 6
Torsion check 6
Built-in beams 7
Compression members 7
Lateral-torsional buckling 7
Use of diaphragms 8
Shear buckling check 8
Shear buckling check for cold formed sections 8
Stability check for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling 10
Bending and axial compression 11
Battened compression members 12
EC3 - FIRE RESISTANCE 13
FIRE ACTIONS EFFECT E
FI
13
TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS - THERMAL ACTIONS 15
NOMINAL TEMPERATURE-TIME CURVE 15
NET HEAT FLUX 16
STEEL TEMPERATURE 16
CALCULATION MODEL 18
CODE CHECK 18
SUPPORTED SECTIONS 19
REFERENCES 20
EC 3 EN 1993 22
EC3 CODE CHECK 22
Torsion check 26
Built-in beams 26

Use of diaphragms 28
REFERENCES 29
DIN18800 30
DIN18800 CODE CHECK 30
Net area properties 35
Plastic interaction formula for RHS section 35
Plastic interaction formula for CHS section 38
Torsion check 40
Built-in beams 40
Calculation of the buckling length 41
Torsional buckling 41
LTB Check 43
Combined flexion for check method 2 46
Effective area properties 48
Shear buckling check with buckling influence 49
COLD FORMED THIN GAUGE MEMBERS 49
REFERENCES 51
ONORM B 4300 54
ONORM B 4300 CODE CHECK 54
REFERENCES 57
NEN 59
NEN6770/6771 CODE CHECK 59

Torsion check 64
Built-in beams 64
Buckling length 64
Shear buckling check with buckling influence 67
NEN6072 - FIRE RESISTANCE 68
FIRE ACTIONS EFFECT 68
CODE CHECK 72
REFERENCES 74
AISC - ASD 76
AISC - ASD CODE CHECK 76
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS 78
SECTION PROPERTIES 78
BUCKLING LENGTH 79
FLEXURAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING 79
LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING 79
SHEAR BUCKLING CHECK 80
REFERENCES 81
AISC - LRFD 83
AISC - LRFD CODE CHECK 83
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS 85
SECTION PROPERTIES 86
BUCKLING LENGTH 86
LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING 86
USE OF DIAPHRAGMS 87
SHEAR BUCKLING CHECK 87
REFERENCES 88
CM66 89
CM66 CODE CHECK 89

Plastic coefficient 91
Factor kf 91
LTB Check 92
Combined flexion 92
REFERENCES 93
CM66 - ADDITIF 80 94
CM66 - ADDITIF 80 CODE CHECK 94
Section check 95
REFERENCES 98
BS5950-1:1990 99
BS5950-1:1990 CODE CHECK 99
Slender cross-section 103
Bending moment 103
Bending, shear, axial force 103
Lateral torsional buckling 104
Compression member 105
REFERENCES 106
BS5950-1:2000 108
BS5950-1:2000 CODE CHECK 108
GOVERNING CODE CLAUSES 109

Slender cross-sections 112
Moment capacity 112
Bending, shear, axial force/capacity interaction 113
Lateral torsional buckling due to major axis moments 113
Torsional buckling about an eccentric axis (Annex G) 113
Lateral buckling due axial compression 113
Combined axial and bending buckling unity check/utilisation 114
Torsion effects 114
SIA263 115
SIA263 CODE CHECK 115
Section classification 117
Slender cross-section 117
Sections properties 117
Shear buckling 118
Stability check 118
Torsion check 118
Built-in beams 119
SIA263 - FIRE RESISTANCE 119
FIRE ACTIONS EFFECT E
FI
119
TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS - THERMAL ACTIONS 120
NET HEAT FLUX 120
CODE CHECK 122
REFERENCES 123
GBJ 17-88 125
THE GBJ 17-88 CODE CHECK 125
Buckling curves 129
Buckling length 129

Local stability of compressed members 129
REFERENCES 132
KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK 133
THE KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK 133
Section classification 135
Buckling length 136
Combined stresses 137
REFERENCES 139
BSK 99 141
BSK 99 CODE CHECK 141
Section check 144
Shear force ( shear buckling) 148
REFERENCES 150
IS 800 152
IS:800 CODE CHECK 152
Section check 154

REFERENCES 158
CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO 159
INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO 159
CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIO GENERAL FORMULA 159
CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIOS FOR CROSSING DIAGONALS 161
CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY CONTINUOUS TENSION DIAGONAL 162
CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY PINNED TENSION DIAGONAL 163
PINNED COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY CONTINUOUS TENSION DIAGONAL 164
CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL
165
CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY PINNED COMPRESSION DIAGONAL 166
PINNED COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL 167
CALCULATION OF CRITICAL EULER FORCE FOR VARH ELEMENTS 167
DEFINITIONS 167
CALCULATION OF THE CRITICAL EULER FORCE 168
CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIO FOR LATTICE TOWER MEMBERS 170
LEG WITH SYMMETRICAL BRACING 171
LEG WITH INTERMEDIATE TRANSVERSE SUPPORT 171
LEG WITH STAGGERED BRACING 172
SINGLE BRACING 172
SINGLE BRACING WITH SBS (SECONDARY BRACING SYSTEM) 172
CROSS BRACING 173
CROSS BRACING WITH SBS 174
K BRACING 175
HORIZONTAL BRACING 175
HORIZONTAL BRACING WITH SBS 176
DISCONTINUOUS CROSS BRACING WITH HORIZONTAL MEMBER 176
REFERENCES 177
CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS FOR LTB 179
INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS 179
CALCULATION MOMENT FACTORS 179
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION GENERATED BY Q LOAD 179
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION GENERATED BY F LOAD 182
MOMENT LINE WITH MAXIMUM AT THE START OR AT THE END OF THE BEAM 183
REFERENCES 183
PROFILE CONDITIONS FOR CODE CHECK 185
INTRODUCTION TO PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS 185

DATA FOR GENERAL SECTION STABILITY CHECK 185
DATA DEPENDING IN THE PROFILE SHAPE 187
I SECTION 187
RHS 188
CHS 189
ANGLE SECTION 190
CHANNEL SECTION 191
T SECTION 193
FULL RECTANGULAR SECTION 194
FULL CIRCULAR SECTION 195
ASYMMETRIC I SECTION 196
Z SECTION 197
GENERAL COLD FORMED SECTION 199
COLD FORMED ANGLE SECTION 201
COLD FORMED CHANNEL SECTION 202
COLD FORMED Z SECTION 204
COLD FORMED C SECTION 205
COLD FORMED OMEGA SECTION 206
RAIL TYPE KA 207
RAIL TYPE KF 209
RAIL TYPE KQ 210
WARPING CHECK 213
CALCULATION OF THE DIRECT STRESS DUE TO WARPING 214
I SECTIONS 214
U SECTIONS 215
SECTIONS 216
CALCULATION OF THE SHEAR STRESS DUE TO WARPING 217
I SECTIONS 217
U SECTIONS, SECTIONS 218
PLASTIC CHECK 219
STANDARD DIAGRAMS FOR WARPING TORQUE, BIMOMENT AND THE ST.VENANT TORSION
223
TORSION FIXED ENDS, WARPING FREE ENDS, LOCAL TORSIONAL LOADING MT 225
TORSION FIXED ENDS, WARPING FIXED ENDS, LOCAL TORSIONAL LOADING MT 226
TORSION FIXED ENDS, WARPING FREE ENDS, DISTRIBUTED TORSIONAL LOADING MT 228
TORSION FIXED ENDS, WARPING FIXED ENDS, DISTRIBUTED TORSIONAL LOADING MT 229
ONE END FREE, OTHER END TORSION AND WARPING FIXED, LOCAL TORSIONAL LOADING MT 230
ONE END FREE, OTHER END TORSION AND WARPING FIXED, DISTRIBUTED TORSIONAL LOADING
MT 230
DECOMPOSITION OF ARBITRARY TORSION LINE 232
DECOMPOSITION FOR SITUATION 1 AND SITUATION 3 233
DECOMPOSITION FOR SITUATION 2 233
REFERENCES 233
CHECK OF NUMERICAL SECTIONS 236

STRESS CHECK 236
USE OF DIAPHRAGMS 238
ADAPTION OF TORSIONAL CONSTANT 238
REFERENCES 239
SECTION CHECK FOR BUILT-IN BEAMS (IFB, SFB, THQ SECTIONS) 241
INTRODUCTION 241
REDUCTION OF PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY DUE TO PLATE BENDING 241
PLASTIC INTERACTION FORMULA FOR SINGLE BENDING AND SHEAR FORCE 243
PLASTIC CHECK FOR PLATE IN BENDING 244
STRESS CHECK FOR SLIM FLOOR BEAMS 245
NORMAL STRESS CHECK 245
SHEAR STRESS CHECK IN PLATE 246
TORSION CHECK DUE TO UNBALANCED LOADING 246
REFERENCES 249
EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR LATTICE TOWER ANGLE
MEMBERS 250
EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR COMPRESSED LATTICE TOWER ANGLE
MEMBERS 250
REFERENCES 251

SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
EC 3 ENV 1993

EC3 CODE CHECK

The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in

Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
Part 1 - 1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992

Material properties

For standard steel grades, the yield strength fy and tensile strength fu are defined
according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], art.3.2.2.1.)

(fy, fu in N/mm, t in mm)

t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100 100<t<=250 100<t<=250

fy fu fy fu fy fy
S235
S 235
235 360 215 340 175 320
S275
S 275
275 430 255 410 205 380
S355
S 355
355 510 335 490 275 450
S420
S 420
420 520 390 520
S460
S 460
460 550 430 550

Remark : For cold formed section, the values for fy and fu are not influenced by the
previous table
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Remark : For cold formed sections, the average yield strength f
ya
can be used (by setting
the proper data flag in the Cross Section input dialog).
The average yield strength is determined as follows :

( ) (
yb u yb u
g
yb ya
f 2 . 1 , f min f f
A
knt
f f
+ = )

with f
yb
the tensile yield strength = f
y
f
u
the tensile ultimate strength
t the material thickness
A
g
the gross cross-sectional area
k is a coefficient depending on the type of forming :
k = 0.7 for cold rolling
k = 0.5 for other methods of forming
n the number of 90 bends in the section

Consulted articles

The cross-section is classified according to Table 5.3.1. (class 1,2,3 or 4). The section is
checked for tension (art. 5.4.3.), compression (art. 5.4.4.), shear (art. 5.4.6.) and the
combination of bending, shear and axial force (art. 5.4.9.).

For the stability check, the beam element is checked according to art.5.5.. The following
criteria are considered :
for compression : art. 5.5.1.
for lateral torsional buckling : art. 5.5.2.
for bending and axial compression : art. 5.5.4.

The shear buckling resistance is checked using the simple post-critical method from art.
5.6.3.

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A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for part 5.3., 5.4., 5.5. and 5.6. in
the following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked
with (*) have a supplementary explanation the following chapters.

5.3. Classification of cross sections
5.3.1. Basis x
5.3.2. Classification x
5.3.3. Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis
5.3.4. Cross-section requirements when elastic global analysis is
used

5.3.5. Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section x (*)
5.3.6. Effects of transverse forces on webs

5.4. Resistance of cross-sections
5.4.1. General x
5.4.2. Section properties (*)
5.4.3. Tension x
5.4.4. Compression x
5.4.5. Bending moment x (*)
5.4.6. Shear x
5.4.7. Bending and shear x
5.4.8. Bending and axial force x
5.4.9. Bending, shear and axial force x (*)
5.4.10. Transverse forces on webs

5.5. Buckling resistance of members
5.5.1. Compression members x (*)
5.5.2. Lateral-torsional buckling x (*)
5.5.3. Bending and axial tension
5.5.4. Bending and axial compression x (*)
5.6. Shear buckling resistance
5.6.1. Basis x
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5.6.2. Design methods
5.6.3. Simple post-critical method x
5.6.4. Tension field method
5.6.5. Intermediate transverse stiffeners
5.6.6. Welds
5.6.7. Interaction between shear force, bending moment and axial
force
x

5.9. Built-up compression members
5.9.3. Battened compression members
5.9.3.1. Application x(*)
5.9.3.2. Constructional details
5.9.3.3. Second moment of inertia x
5.9.3.4. Chord forces ar mid-length x
5.9.3.5. Buckling resistance of chords x
5.9.3.6. Moments and shear due to battening x

Classification of sections

For each intermediary section, the classification is determined and the proper section
check is performed. The classification can change for each intermediary point.
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is
used to perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for
each load case/combination.
However, for non-prismatic sections, the stability section classification is determined
for each intermediary section.

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Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section

The calculation of the effective area is performed with the direct method (sigma_d =
fy,k).

For each intermediary section, the classification (and if necessary, the effective area ) is
determined and the proper section check is performed. The classification (and effective
area) can change for each intermediary point. The most critical check is displayed on the
screen.

For each load case and combination, the most critical effective area properties are saved
:
Aeff is the effective area of the cross section when subject to uniform compression.
Weff is the effective section modulus of the cross-section when subject only to moment
about the relevant axis. eN is the shift of the relevant centroidal axis when the cross
section is subject to uniform compression.
With these critical properties, the stability check is performed.

For non-prismatic elements, the effective area properties are calculated on each
intermediary section, also for the stability check.

For angle sections, see chapter 'Effective cross-section properties for compressed lattice
tower angle members'.
Section properties

5.4.2.2 : The net area properties are not taken into account .
5.4.2.3 : The shear lag effects are neglected .

Bending moment

5.4.5.3 : The holes for fasteners are neglected.

Bending, shear and axial force

The reduced design plastic resistance moment for the interaction of bending, shear and
axial force, is taken from Table 5.17. Ref. [2]

Torsion check

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For the cross section check inclusive torsion and warping, we refer to Chapter 'Warping
check'.

Built-in beams

For built-in beam sections (IFB, SFB, THQ sections), proper section checks are
performed, taking into account the local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for
built-in beams (IFB, SFB, THQ sections)
Compression members

5.5.1.5 For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of
buckling ratio"
The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler
force for this member (see chapter Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH
elements).
The buckling curves for steel grade S420 and S460 are taken from Ref.[5], Annex D.

Lateral-torsional buckling

For I sections (symmetric and asymmetric), RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections
and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is
given by the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. [1]. For the calculation of the moment
factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by

z
2
t
z
2
z
2
EI
LGI
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
=

with E the modulus of elasticity
G the shear modulus
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral
restraint (= l
LTB
)
Iw the warping constant
It the torsional constant
Iz the moment of inertia about the minor axis

See also Ref. [3], part 7 and in particular part 7.7. for channel sections.
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Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.

Use of diaphragms

See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'.

Shear buckling check

Composed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Shear buckling check for cold formed sections

See Ref.[4] 5.8 :

The shear resistance of the web V
w,Rd
shall be taken as the lesser of the shear buckling
resistance V
b,Rd
and the plastic shear resistance V
pl,Rd
.

The shear resistance of the web should be checked if

E
f
t
s
346 . 0
f
f
83 . 0
yb
w
w
_
1 M
0 M
y
yb
w
_
=

The shear buckling resistance V
b,Rd
is given by

1 M
bv w
Rd , b
V
=

f t s
he plastic shear resistance V
pl,Rd
is given by

T

3
f t s
V
0 M
y w
Rd , pl

=

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8
with
w
ess
d strength

M0
ce of cross-sections where

M1
ce of cross-sections where
failure is caused by buckling (=1.1)
he value for f
bv
is given by :

f
bv
the relative web slendern
f
yb
the basic yield strength
f
y
the average yiel
s
w
the web length
t the web thickness
E the modulus of elasticity
f
bv
the shear buckling strength
the partial safety factor for resistan
failure is caused by yielding (=1.1)
the partial safety factor for resistan

T
w
_

<1.40
w
yb
f
48 . 0
f
67 .
1.40
0
w
_
yb

Remarks :

For an arbitrary composed section, the total Vb,Rd and Vpl,Rd is taken as the sum of
sistance of each web, where the angle (teta) is larger than 45 (see figure)

the basic yield strength is taken equal to the average yield strength

re
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9

Stability check for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling

See Ref.[4] 6.2.3.

The design buckling resistance N
b,Rd
for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be
obtained using buckling curve b, and with relative slenderness given by :

( ) ( ) [ ]
i
y
1
i
l
E
4
T , cr y , cr T , cr y , cr
+

2
1
i i
l
EC
i A
1
) , min(
f
0
0
y
y
y , cr
T , cr TF , cr
2
z
2
y
2
T
t
2
0 g
T , cr
TF , cr T , cr cr
A
cr
yb
=
+
=
+ + =
+ =
=
=

y
2
i
2
GI
y , cr
0 0
m

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10
with
yb

cr
the critical stress

cr,T
the elastic critical s ess for torsional buckling

cr,TF
the elastic critical stress for torsional-flexural buckling
G the shear modulus
constant of the gross section
the warping constant
z
the radius of gyration about zz-axis
l the buckling length of the member for torsional buckling
of the shear center
-axis

A
the ratio A
eff
/A (see Ref.[1] 5.5)
f

tr

I
T
the torsion
C
M
i
y
the radius of gyration about yy-axis
i
T
y
0
the position
l
y
the buckling length for flexural buckling about the yy

Bending and axial compression

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11
When the torsional buckling and/or the torsional-flexural buckling is governing, the
formula (6.12) from Ref.[4], article 6.5.2. is applied.

Battened compression members

) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc

The following section pairs are supported as battened compression member :

(1) 2I
(2

Two links (battens) are used.
The following additional checks are performed :
-
buckling resistance check around weak axis of single chord with N
f,Sd
-
section check of single chord, using internal forces :

4
a V
M
2
V
V
N N
s
G
s
G
SD f, G
=
=
=

- section check of single batten, using the internal forces :

4

a V
M
2 h
a V
T
s
0
s
=
=

For the calculation of V
s
, the value of M
s
is increased with the value of the internal force
M
zz
.

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12
l
a
ho

EC3 - FIRE RESISTANCE
Fire actions effect E
fi

The design effects of actions for the fire situation E
fi,d,t
are taken from the results of the
is. It is recommended to use the accidental combination rules, for calculating the analys
internal forces used in the fire resistance check.

The accidental combination is given by

) f ( A Q Q G
d j , k j , 2 1 , k 1 , 1 k GA
+ + +

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13
with G
k
characteristic values of permanent actions
Q
k,1
characteristic value of the (main) variable action
characteristic values of the other variable actions
design values of actions from fire exposure
GA
partial safety factor for permanent actions in the accidental
situation
=[1.0]
1,1 2,j
ients
aterial properties

Q
k,j

A
f
(d)

combination coeffic

M
g on the steel temperature.
trength and deformation properties :

The material properties are dependin

S
a
E
E
, a
,
y
, p
, p
y
, y
, y
E
f
f
f
f
=
=
=

The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength k
y,
,
proportional limit k
p,
and modulus of elasticity k
E,
is given by tables in ref.[6], table
.1.
t ethod, the following default properties are considered to
nalysis :
unit mass
a
7850 kg/m
k
k
k

3

In he simplified calculation m
be constant during the a

thermal elongation l/l 14 x 10
-6
(
a
-20)
thermal conductivity
a
45 W/mK

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Temperature analysis - Thermal actions

this part, the nominal temperature-time curves and the related net heat flux are
ction 4, and Ref.[7], II.2.2.
Nominal temperature-time curve
In
described. See Ref.[8], Se

The following temperature-time curves can be selected :
t time in [min]
gas temperature in [C]

c
the coefficient of heat transfer by convection

ISO 834 curve

W 25
t 8 ( 34 20
c
g
=
+ +

external fire curve

with

g

[ ] K m /
) 1

log 5
10
( )
[ ] K m / W 25
20 e 313 . 0 e 687 . 0 1 660
c
t 8 . 3 t 32 . 0
g
=
+ =

drocar curve

hy bon
( )
[ ] K / W 50
e 25 1 1080
c
167 . 0
g
=
=

smoldering fire curv

m
20 e 675 . 0
t 5 . 2 t
+

3 . 0
e
20 t 154
4
g
+ =

during 20 minutes, followed by the standard ISO 834 curve
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Net heat flux

r , n c , net c , n d , net
h h
r , net
h + =
net,d
net,c
the convective heat flux
h
net,r
the radiative heat flux

n,c
factor depending on NAD [1.0]
n,r
factor depending on NAD [1.0]

with h the net heat flux
h

( )
m g c c , net

h =
( ) ( ) ( )
4
m
4
r
273 273 + +
8
res r , net
10 7 =

ith

res

f
emissivity related to fire compartment
= [0.800]
= [0.625]

r
=
g

m
surface temperature of member in [C]

c
coefficient of heat transfer by convection
Steel Temp
6 . 5 h
w configuration factor [1.0]
resultant emissivity
=
f
m

m
emissivity related to surface material

erature
The increase of temper member during a time interval
t

ature
a,t
in an unprotected steel
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t h
V
c
/ A
d , net
a
m
t , a

=

ith nit length [m/m]
th [m/m]
taken as less than 10m
-1
t
a
the unit mass of steel [kg/m]
a
w A
m
the exposed surface area per u
V the volume of the member per unit leng
The factor A /V should not be
m
the specific heat of steel [J/kgK] c
a

h
net,d
the net heat flux per unit area [W/m]
the time interval [seconds]
The value should not be taken as more than 5 seconds

The increase of temperature
a,t
in an insulated steel member during a time interval t

( )
( )
V / A d
c
p p
a a
=
c
1 e t
3
c d
V / A
p p
t , g
10 / t , a t , g p p
t , a
=

of fire protection material per unit length [m/m]
p
ess of the fire protection material [m]
t the time interval [seconds]
t
g,t
the increase of the ambient gas temperature during the time
interval
1
a a p

with A
p
the area
V the volume of the member per unit length [m/m]
c
a
the specific heat of steel [J/kgK]
c
p
the specific heat of fire protection material [J/kgK]
d the thickn

a

p
the unit mass of fire protection [kg/m]

a,t
the steel temperature at time t

g,t
the ambient gas temperature at time

SCIA
17

p
the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material
[W/mK]
a,t
0.0
with intumescent
e'.

The value

For the increase of temperature
a,t
in an insulated steel member
ter 'Steel Temperatur
coating, we refer to the NEN specifications, Chap

Calculation model

The calculation can be performed in 2 domains :
m mperature, the fire resistance time t
fi,d

ode Check

- strength domain
- temperature/time domain

In the strength domain, the strength R (unity
fi,d,t
check) is calculated after a given time t
(e.g. strength after 45 min). In the temperature/time domain, the critical steel
te perature
cr,d
is computed. From this critical te
is calculated (the time domain).

C
The section and stability checks (buckling, lateral torsional buckling) are performed
iven in 'ENV 1993-1-2:1995' and/or 'Model Code on Fire
Engineering - ECCS N 111'. The checks are performed in the resistance domain or in
e temperature/time domain..
T rsional b d.

For each m cross section, the section check and the
s y ch
The following checks are executed :

EC3-1-2 :
- classification of cross section : art. 4.2.2.
- istan s : art. 4.2.3.1
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. 4.2.3.2.
-
- sistan ) : art.4.2.3.4.
- resistan ss 1,2,3) subject to bending and compression : art.
3.5.
according to the regulations g
th
o uckling and shear buckling are not considere
ember, the classification of the
eck are performed. tabilit

res ce for tension member

resistance for beam
re
s (class 1,2) : art. 4.2.3.3.
ce for beams (class 3
ce for members (cla
4.2.
SCIA
18
- critical : art. 4.2.4.

od ineering
ss 1,2) : art. III.5.4.
resistance for m mbers (class 1,2,3) subject to bending and compression : art.
III.5.6.
- resistance for members (class 4) : art. III.5.7.
- al temp atu : art II.5.

SUPPORT CTIONS
temperature
E
-
CCS M el Code on Fire Eng
resistance for tension members : art. III.5.2.
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. III.5.3.
- resistance for beams (cla
- resistance for beams (class 3) : art. III.5.5.
- e
critic er re . I 8.
ED SE

Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .) I
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section
CHS Circular Hollow Section
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
Z Z section
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM RIMAWIN Composed section in P
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section

T nec conditions for these sections are described in chapter "Profile
conditions for code check".
The CO ry.

I RHS CHS L U T PPL

RS

Z

O

COM

NUM
he essary data
M and NUM sections are not read out of the profile libra

Classification x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1) x x x
Section check cl ass 1 x x x
SCIA
19
Section check c x lass 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check c lass 4 x x x x x x
Stability check x x class 1 x
Stability check x x class 2 x
Stability check 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x class
Stability check x x x x x class 4 x
Shear buckling x x x check x

(1) sect

REFERE
ions are classified as class 3 cross section by default.
NCES

[1]
art 1 - 1 : General rules and rules for buildings
[2] f Eurocode 3
esign Manual for Steel Structures in Building
5, 1991
[3]
STRUCTIONS METALLIQUE
lg , Facult des Sciences Appliques, 1988

[4] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-3 : General rules
Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting
CEN 1996

[5] Eurocode 3
Part 1 - 1/ A1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994

Eurocode 3
P
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992

Essentials o
D
ECCS - N 6

R. Maquoi
ELEMENTS DE CON
U
SCIA
20
[6] Eurocode 3
Part 1 - 2 : General rules - Structural fire design
ENV 1993-1-2:1995, 1995
Model Code on Fire Engineering
May 2001
tions on structures - Actions on structures exposed to fire
ENV 1991-2-2:1995

[7]
ECCS - N 111

[8] Eurocode 1
Basis of design and actions on structures
Part 2-2 : Ac

SCIA
21
EC 3 EN 1993

EC3 CODE CHECK

he beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in T

Eurocode 3
EN 1993-1-1:2005

Material properties
or standard steel grades, the yield strength fy and tensile strength fu are defined
according to thickne , table 3.1.)

F
the ss of the element (see Ref. [1]
S eel Grade t fy (N/mm) fu (N/mm)
S 235 235 360
S 275 275 430
S 355 355 510
S 275 N/NL 275 390
S 355 N/NL 355 490
S 420 N/NL 420 540
S 460 N/NL 460 570
S 275 M/ML 275 380
S 355 M/ML 355 470
S 420 M/ML 420 520
S 460 M/ML 460 550
S 460 Q/QL/QL1 460 570
S 235 W 235 360
S 355 W 355 510
S 235 H 235 360
S 275 H 275 430
S 355 H 355 510
S 275 NH/NLH 275 370
S 355 NH/NLH 355 470
SCIA
22
S 460 NH/NLH 460 550
S 275 MH/MLH 275 360
S 355 MH/MLH 355 470
S 420 MH/MLH 420 500
S 460 MH/MLH 460 530
Table 1
The name of the steel grade (e.g. 'S 355 W') is used to identify the steel grade.

e yield strength is determined as follows :
previous table

Remark : For cold formed sections, the average yield strength f
ya
can be used (by setting
the proper data flag in the Cross Section input dialog).
The averag

( ) ( )
yb u yb u
g
yb ya
f 2 . 1 , f min f f
A
knt
f f
+ =

with f
yb
the tensile yield strength = f
y

the tensile ultimate strength
l thickness
the gross cross-sectional area
is a coefficient depending on the type of forming :
k = 0.5 for other methods of forming
r of 90 bends in the section

Consulted articles
f
u
t the materia
A
g
k
k = 0.7 for cold rolling
n the numbe

T hecked according to the regulations given in "Eurocode 3:
D 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings - EN 1993-1-
1
he beam elements are c
esign of steel structures - Part
:2005".
SCIA
23
The cross-sections are classified according to Table 5.2. All classes of cross-sections are
i ections) the effective section is calculated in
e N 1993-1-5:2003, Chapter 4.4 .
T .2.: the section is checked for tension (art. 6.2.3.),
c 2.6.), torsion (art.6.2.7.) and
combined bending, shear and axial force (art. 6.2.8., art.6.2.9. and art.6.2.10.).
The stability check is taken from art. 6.3.: the beam element is checked for buckling
(art. 6.3.1.), lateral torsional buckling (art. 6.3.2.), and combined bending and axial
c
T
F
A check for critical slenderness and torsion moment is also included.
or integrated beams, the local plate bending is taken into account for the plastic
oment capacity and the bending stresses in the section. The out-of-balance loading is
A rview for the used articles is given in the following table. The
chapters marked with The chapters marked with (*) hav
s the following chapters.

n of cross section
(*)
ncluded. For class 4 sections (slender s
ach intermediary point, according to prE
he stress check is taken from art. 6
ompression (art. 6.2.4.), bending (art. 6.2.5.), shear (art. 6.
ompression (art. 6.3.3.).
he shear buckling is checked according to prEN 1993-1-5:2003, Chapter 5.
or I sections, U sections and cold formed sections warping can be considered.
F
m
checked.

more detailed ove
x are consulted.
upplementary explanation
e a
EN 1993-1-1

5.5 Classificatio
5.5.1. Basis
x
5.5.2. Classification
x
6. Ultimate limit states

6.1. General
x
6.2. Resistance of cross-sections

x
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Section properties
x(*)
6.2.3 Tension
x
6.2.4 Compression
x
6.2.5 Bending moment
x
6.2.6 Shear
x
6.2.7 Torsion
x(*)
6.2.8 Bending and shear
x
6.2.9 Bending and axial force
x
6.2.10 Bending, shear and axial force
x
SCIA
24
6.3. Buckling resistance of members
6.3.1 Uniform members in compression

x(*)
6.3.2 Uniform members in bending
x
6.3.3 Uniform members in bending and axial compression
x(*)

Annex A:Method 1:Interaction factors kij for interaction formula in 6.3.3.(4)
x
Annex B:Method 2:Interaction factors kij for interaction formula in 6.3.3.(4)
x

prEN 1993-1-3

6.1.2. Axial tension
x
6.1.3. Axial compression
x
6.1.5. Shear force
x
6.1.6. Torsional moment
x

rEN 1993-1-5 p

4.4. Plate elements without longitudinal stiffeners
x
5. Resistance to shear
x
5.1. Basis
5.2. Design resistance
x
5.3. Contribution from webs
x
5.4. Contribution from flanges
x
5.5. Verification
x
7.1. Interaction between shear force, bending moment and axial force
x

or each intermediary section, the classification is determined and the proper section

F
SCIA
25
ion.
ve cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section
for each intermediary sect

Effecti
ction check is performed. The classification (and effective
rea) can change for each intermediary point. The most critical check is displayed on the
n.
eff is the effective section modulus of the cross-section when subject only to moment
section is subject to uniform compression.
ith these critical properties, the stability check is performed.
or non-prismatic elements, the effective area properties are calculated on each
intermediary ction, als

Section pro ties

The calculation of the effective area is performed with the direct method (sigma_d =
fy,k).

determined and the proper se
a
screen.

:
Aeff is the effective area of the cross section when subject to uniform compressio
W
W

F
se o for the stability check.
per

T e net area perties unt .
T e shear la ffects are

orsion check
h pro are not taken into acco
h g e neglected .
T
arping or the cross section check inclusive torsion and warping, we refer to Chapter 'W F
check'.

uilt-in beams B

SCIA
26
erformed, taking into account the local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for
ompression members
p
C

e buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of buckling
tio"
Euler force for VARH
lements).
ateral-torsional buckling
For the calculation of th
ra
force for this member (see chapter Calculation of critical
e

L
For I sections (symmetric and asymmetric), RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections
ction) sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is
F.2. Annex F Ref. [4]. For the calculation of the moment
ctors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
F r the oth ent for LTB Mcr is given by

and CHS (Circular Hollow Se
given by the general formula
fa
o er supported sections, the elastic critical mom
z
2
t
z
2
z
EI I

+

2
L
E

odulus of elasticity
odulus
h of the beam between points which have lateral
restraint (= l
LTB
)
ing constant
nal constant
bout the minor axis

Re particular part 7.7. for channel sections.
+Ud+rail) are
LGI Iw I
Mcr
=
with

E
G
the m
the shear m
L the lengt
Iw the warp
It the torsio
Iz the moment of inertia a
S

ee also f. [5], part 7 and in
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I

SCIA
27
Use of diaphragms

See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'

.

il,
SUPPO

Composed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+ra
Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections. I+

RTED SECTIONS

I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .)
RHS r Hollow Section Rectangula
CHS n Circular Hollow Sectio
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
Cold formed section
COM PRIMAWIN Composed section in
O Solid tube
NUM al section Numeric

The nec re described in chapter "Profile
he CO nd NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.

I

RHS

CHS

L

U

T

PPL

RS

Z

O

COM

NUM
essary data conditions for these sections a
T

M a
Classification x x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)
SCIA
28
Section check class 1 x x x
Section check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check class 4 x x x x x x
Stability check class 1 x x x
Stability check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check class 4 x x x x x x
Shear buckling check x x x x

(1) sections are classified as class 3 cross section by default.

REFERENCES

and rules for buildings
-1:2005
neral rules
ary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting

Part 1.5 : Plated structural elements
prEN 1993-1-5 : 2003
4] R. Maquoi

[1] Eurocode 3
Part 1 - 1 : General rules
993-1 EN 1

[2] Eurocode 3
Part 1-3: Ge
Supplement
EN 1993-1-3:20XX, 2003

] Eurocode 3 [3

[
ELEMENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUE
Ulg , Facult des Sciences Appliques, 1988

SCIA
29

DIN1880
DIN18800 CODE CHECK
0

The beam elem e ven in
8800
uten
ng und Konstruktion
ber 1990

ents are checked according to the r gulations gi

DIN 1 Teil 1
Stahlba
Bemessu
DK 693.814.014.2, Novem
DIN 1880
tahlbaute
tts Knic on St nd Stabwe
.814.074.5, November 1990
0 Teil 2
S n
Stabili flle, ken v ben u rken
DK 693

DIN 18800 Teil 3
ten
Stabilittsflle, Plattenbeulen
November 1990

Stahlbau
DK 693.814.073.1,

Material properties

according to [ ] the thickness of the element (see Ref. 1 , Tab.1)

The standard steel grades are :

SCIA
30

t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=80 40<t<=80
fy fu fy fu
S235 240 360 215 360
S 235
St 37-2
S275 280 430 255 430
S 275
S355 360 510 325 510
S 355
St 52-3

t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100
fy fu fy fu
S420
S 420
420 520 390 520
S460 460 550 430 550
S 460

Consulted articles

F Tab
1 n, the section is checked as slend
s stic) or as PL/PL (plastic/plastic).
F ) a
u
T Tab
( Tab
(
T
For the stability check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2 for
buckling, lateral torsional buckling and bending and compression. The following criteria
are used :

or the section check, the cross section is classified according to DIN18800 Teil I, le
2,13,14,15 and 18.. Depending on this classificatio
ection, EL/EL (elastic/elastic), as EL/PL (elastic/pla
er
or the EL/EL check, DIN18800 Teil I, Element (746), (747), (748), (749), (750 re
sed.
he EL/PL check takes the rules from DIN18800 Teil I, Element (756), (757) and
16) ,(17). The PL/PL check is done according to DIN18800 Teil I, Element (758),
le
le
16),(17).
he slender cross section is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2, Element (715).
SCIA
31
Element (304),(306)

pression : Element (320),(323)

F used :
ctive area : Element (705),(706),(708),(709),(712),(713)

F eil
T

A for the used articles is given for the relevant parts followin
t ave
s

compression :
lateral torsional buckling : Element (311),(309)
ssion : Element (313),(321),(322) bending and axial compre
bending (LTB) and com
or slender sections, the following criteria are
calculation of effe
buckling check : Element (715),(716),(718),(719)
LTB check : Element (725),(726),(728),(729)
or the shear buckling check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 T
3), (504), (602),(603)
3.
he following criteria are used : Element (11
more detailed overview g
able. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) h
apters.
a
upplementary explanation the following ch

Teil 1
7.5. Verfahren beim Tragsicherheitsnachweis Nachweise (*)
7.5.1. Abgrenzungskriterien und Detailregelungen (*)
7.5.2. Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch
(745)

(746)
(747)
(748)
(749)
(750)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Elastisch-Plastisch

(753)
(756)
(757)
x
x
x
x
Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Plastisch-Plastisch
(758)

x
x

Teil 2
3.2. Planmssig mittiger Druck x
SCIA
32
3.2.1. Biegeknicken
(304) (*)
x
x
3.2.2. Biegedrillknicken
(306) )
x
x (*
3.3. Einachsige Biegung ohne Normalkraft
3.3.1. Allgemeines
(307)
x
x
x
3.3.2. Behinderung der Verformung
*) (309)
x
x (
3.3.3. Nachweis des Druckgurtes als Druckstab
(311)
x
x (*)
3.4. Einachsige Biegung mit Normalkraft x
3.4.1. Stbe mit geringer Normalkraft x
(312) x
3.4.2. Biegeknicken x
(314) x
(320)
x
x
3.5. Zweiachsige Biegung mit oder ohne Normalkraft x
3.5.1. Biegeknicken
(321)

)
x
x
(322) x(*
3.5.2. Biegedrillknicken x
(323) x

4. Mehrteilige, einfeldrige Stbes
08).

x(*)
4.1. Allgemeines
4.2. Hufig verwendete Formelzeichnen
(404) x
4.3. Ausweichen rechtwinklig zur stofffreien Achse
(405) x
(406). x
(4 x
SCIA
33
(409). x

7. Planmssig gerade Stbe mit ebenen dnnwandigen Quenschnittsteilen
7.1. Allgemeines
(701)
(702)
x
x
x
x
(704) x
7.2. Berechnungsgrundlage
(705)

x
x
x
(706)
(707)
x
(708)
(709)
x
x
7.3. Wirksame Breite beim Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch
(711)
x

x
x (*)
x
(712)
(713)
7.4. Wirksame Breite beim Verfahren Elastisch-Plastisch
7.5. Biegeknicken
7.5.1. Spannungsnachweis beim Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch
(715)
x
x
x
7.5.2. Vereinfachte Nachweise
(716)
(718)
(719)
(721)
x
x
x
x
x
7.6. Biegedrillknicken
(722)
(723)
(725)
(726)
(728)
(729)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

SCIA
34
Teil 3
5. Nachweise
(504)
(*)
x
6. Abminderungsfaktoren
(601)
(602)
x
x
x



Net area properties

The net area properties are not taken into account .
The holes for fasteners are neglected.

Plastic interaction formula for RHS section

SCIA
35
b
s/2
h
AG
AS/2

For RHS section, classified as Plastic-Plastic or Elastic-Plastic, the plastic interaction
formula according to Ref.[13], can be selected.

Used variable :

A sectional area
A
S
= s h
A
G
= (A-A
S
)/2.0
Wel,y lastic section modulus around y axis e
Wel,z elastic section modulus around z axis

f
y,d
yield strength
y,d
shear strength

SCIA
36
V
z,pl,Rd
= A
S

y,d

V
y,pl,Rd
= 2A
G

y,d

N
Sd
normal force
M
y,Sd
bending moment around y axis
M
z,Sd
ending moment around z axis b
V
y,Sd
hear force in y direction s
V
z,Sd
shear force in z direction
M
T,Sd
rsional moment to

2
M

Rd , pl , z
Sd , T
Sd , z
z
z
Rd , pl , z
Sd ,
Sd , z
V
b
V
1 else
0 . 1
4
1
V
M
V
if
+
=
=
+
T
b

2
Rd , pl , y
Sd , T
Sd , y
y
y
Rd , pl , y
Sd , T
Sd , y
V
h
M
V
1 else
0 . 1
4
1
V
h
M
V
if
+
=
=
+

A
r
=
z
A
S
+ 2
y
A
G

r
S
z
A
A
=

N
pl,Rd
= A
r
f
y,d

SCIA
37

=
yd y , el Rd , pl Rd , pl , y
f W 25 . 1 , hN
4
2
min M

+
=
yd z , el Rd , pl Rd , pl , z
f W 25 . 1 , bN
4
1
min M

Rd , pl
Sd
N
N
n =

Rd , pl , y
Sd , y
y
M
M
m =

Rd , pl , z
Sd , z
z
M
M
m =

The following interaction formula are checked :

Plastic interaction formula for CHS section

SCIA
38
For CHS section, classified as Plastic-Plastic or Elastic-Plastic, the plastic interaction
formula according to Ref.[14], Tafel 6.74, is used :

=
=
=
s r Q , pl
r
A N
dt A
=
+ =
+ =

s el Q , pl Q , pl
pl
v
s
pl
2
z
2
y v
2
z
2
y v
plQ
v
Q , pl
v
W 25 . 1 , N
d
min M
Q
1 Q
3
dt 2
M M M
Q Q Q
1
2 N
N
cos
1
M
M

with Q
y
,Q
z
internal shear force
v
internal normal force
y
,M
z
internal bending moments
yield strength
dimensions from CHS
l
elastic

Q
=
pl
1 :
4 Q
= >
2
v
pl
v
Q
1 :
4
1
Q
Q
N
M

s
d,t
W
e
section modulus
SCIA
39
t
d

Torsion check

check'.

The stability check (DIN 18800 T2, formula 28 & 30) for doubly symmetric I section
becomes (Ref.[9], pp. 259) :

) 30 ( 0 . 1 k
M
z
d , z , pl
+
M M
k
M
N
) 28 ( 0 . 1 k
M
M M
k
M
M
N
N
w , z z
y
d , y , pl
y
d ,
z
d , z , pl
w , z z
y
d , y , pl
y
d , pl
+
+
+ +

with M
z,w

M
M
N
pl z
h
w
=
M 2
M
w

he St.Venant torsion')

Built-in beams
bimoment (see chapter 'Standard diagrams for warping
torque, bimoment and t
k
z
= 1.50

For built-in am sections (IFB, SFB, THQ sections), proper section checks are
performed, t g into local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for
b ilt-in beam IFB, SF
be
akin account the
u s ( B, THQ sections)
SCIA
40

the buc Calculation of kling length

For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of buckling
ratio".
force for this member (see Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).


Torsional buckling

The slenderness for torsional buckling
vi
is given by (see Ref.[6] , 7.5):

( )

+
+
+
=
2
2 2
2
2
0
2
2 2
2
2 2
1 093 . 0 4
1 1
2
M
M
z
p
M
z
z
vi
i c
z i c
c
i c
i

ith al buckling length, refers to the input value for
length l
yz

z
the system length for buckling around zz-axis
Remark : the z-axis refers to the axis which goes through
z
Remark : the z-axis refers to the axis which goes through
the shear force centre.

0
refers to end warping and is input by the value k
xy

z
M
the shear center
ation around major axis
n around minor axis
M
= i
p
+ z
M

w
z
l

w l
0
the torsion
the system
l
the shear force centre.
refers to the buckling ratio around the zz-axis

i
y
the radius of gyr
i
z
the radius of gyratio
i
p
= i
y
+ i
z

i
I
SCIA
41
I
z
the moment of inertia around minor axis
t
the torsional constant I

( ) ( ) ( )
z
t z z z z w
I
I l l l I
c
2 2
0 0
2
2
039 . 0 / +
=

With this slenderness
vi
and the buckling curve c, the reduction factor is calculated.

Use of diaphragms

(see also Ref.[7],3.5 and Ref.[8],3.3.4.)
ffness S for diaphragm is calculated as follows

The shear sti
L
K
+
K
10
a.
= S
s
2
1
4

with a the frame distance

The torsiona onstant I ffness of the diaphragms :

L
s
the length of diaphragm
K
1
factor K1
K
2
factor K2
l c t is adapted with the sti
G
l
vorhC
I
2
2
t id
+ =

ith l the LTB length
G the shear modulus
vorhC
the actual rotational stiffness of diaphragm

I
, t

w

SCIA
42

LTB Check

For aysmmetric I sections, RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS
(Circular Hollow Section) sections, the elas l moment for LTB Mcr is given by
the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. [4]. For the calculation of the moment factors C1,
C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".

epending on the input of the basic data, Mcr for symmetric I sections is given by the
g l fo ula (19), or by formula
according to Ref.[11] "Roik, Carl, Lindner, Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader
d nnwand r S

DIN fo ula

tic critica
D
enera rm F.2. Annex F Ref. [4], by the DIN formula
ige tbe, Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1972".
rm (19) :
+
i
25 . 0 c
2
+ =
p
2
p k
z 5 . 0 z cr

N M
( ) ( ) ( )
z
t
2
z
2
0 0
2
039 . 0 l / +
z w 2
I
I l l I
=
l,l
0
the LTB length
refers to rotational end-restraint in plan (about the z-z local axis).
0
end warping
z
p
the point of load application
nd minor axis
I
t
the torsional constant
A the sectional area

vi
the slenderness for torsional buckling ( see above)
the moment factor ( equivalent for factor C1)

c

with

z
refers to
I
w
I
z
the moment of inertia arou
( )
2
z
z
2
i k
l
EI
N
=

SCIA
43
Roik, Carl & Lindner

z
t w
p
2
p
z
cr y , ki
I
I l 039 . 0 I
c
z 5
c
z 5
l
EI
M M
+
=
+ +
= =

with moment factor according to Roik, Carl, Lindner
E modulus of elasticity
I
z
moment of inertia around weak axis zz
l system length for LTB
z
p
application point for loading, negative value is on top and has
negative influence
w
warping constant

The factor is supported for the following cases (described in Ref.[11], tables 5.13,
5.14, 5.15, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 5.28, 5.29, 5.30,
5.33) :

- linear moment distribution :

I
I
t
torsional constant

- moment line according to distributed loading

SCIA
44

- moment line according to concentrated loading

SCIA
45


z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
=

estraint
(= l
LTB
)

sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are

Combined flexion for check method 2
G the shear modulus
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral r
See also Ref. [5], part 7 and in particular part 7.7. for channel sections.

aunched H
sections (Iw

The value My is the maximum value of the bending moment around the strong axis in
the member. The value Mz is the maximum value of the bending moment around the
weak axis in the member.
For non-prismatic sections, the values My and Mz are the concurrent bending moments



(1) 2I
(2) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc

SCIA
46

-
G
-
section check of single chord, using internal forces (Ref.[7], pp.88-95) :

4
a maxV
M
2
maxV
V
W
A
)
l
a
sin( M max
2
N
N
y
G
y
G
*
z
G
z G
=
=
+ =

- section check of single batten, using the internal forces (Ref.[7], pp.88-95) :

2
Te
y

M
2 h
a maxV
T
y
=
=
ith the value of the internal For the calculation of maxVy, the value of M
z
is increased w
force M
zz
.

SCIA
47
l
a
hy
e

Effective area properties

The calculation of the effective area is perfo e hod (sigma_d =
fy,k) according to the El-El procedure (DIN18800 T2, 7.3.).

F ssification (and if necessary, the effective area ) is
determined and the proper section check is p ed. The classification (and effective
a can change for each intermediary point. ost critical check is displayed on the
screen.

F ation, the most critical effective area properties are saved.
T ea properties are the effective area properties on the
p moment of inertia is the minimum.
W these critical properties, the stability check is performed.

For non-prismatic elements, the effective area properties are calculated on each
i ediary section, also for the stability che

rmed with the direct m t
or each intermediary section, the cla
erform
The m rea)
or each load case and combin
he most critical effective ar
osition where the appropriate
ith
nterm ck.
SCIA
48

Com (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asym ctions.

Shear buckling check with buckling influen
posed rail sections I+rail, I+2PL+
metric I se
ce
The influence of the buckling effect into the shear buckling control, is neglected when
there is a bending moment present.
It m

Cold formed thin gauge members
eans that k=1 if <0.9. See also Ref.[3], Element 503.

The following table includes a list of DASt-Richtlinie 016 (Ref.[12]
are implemented in EPW by using the related DIN18800 T2 (Ref.[2]) element.

) elements which

Supported elements from
DASt - Richtlinie 016
Covered by DIN
18800 T2 elements
Remarks
3.7.1. Grenzzustand der Tragfhigkeit
328 Tab.26
329 712
330 712
333 Tab.27
335 706

4.3.1. Biegemomententragfhigkeit
404 715

4.4. Biegedrillknicken
biegebeanspruchter Bauteile
4.4.3. Allgemeiner Nachweis

421 311
422 311
423 725, 726

SCIA
49
4.5. Druck Stbe beanspruchte einteilige
4.5.1. Allgemeines

429 708-710
430 708-710
431 708-710
432 708-710
433 708-710
434 708-710
4.5.2. Planmig mittiger Druck
435 716 A
D
ef
is not used
436 manual input / input in
profile library for KSL
437 723
438 72 3
4.5.3. Einachsige B gun mit Druck ie g
440 70 7
441 718
442 72 8
4.5.3. Zweiachsige Biegung mit Druck
443 707
444 721 A
D
ef
is not used
445 729

SUPPORTED SECTIONS

pes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .) I Symmetric I sha
RHS ar Hollow Section (RHS) Rectangul
CHS Circular Hollow Section (CHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
SCIA
50
Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube

The nec ese sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".
The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.

I

RHS CHS L U T PPL RS O COM NUM
essary data conditions for th
Classification x x x x x x (1) (1) (1) x x x
Section check PL-PL x x
Section check E L-PL x x
Section check x x x EL-EL x x x x x x x x x
Section check sl ender section x x x x x x
Stability check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check er section x x x x x x slend
Shear buckling x x x check x

(1) secti tion by default.

REFER CES
ons are classified as EL-EL cross sec
EN

[1]
messung und Konstruktion
1990
[2]
tahlbauten
le, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
ber 1990
[3]
DIN 18800 Teil 1
Stahlbauten
Be
DK 693.814.014.2, November

DIN 18800 Teil 2
S
Stabilittsfl
DK 693.814.074.5, Novem

DIN 18800 Teil 3
SCIA
51
Stahlbauten
nbeulen
[4] 3
esign of steel structures
es and rules for buildings
[5]
LEMENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUE
t des Sciences Appliques, 1988
[6]
nach DIN 18 800 Teil 1 bis Teil 3 (11.90)
991
[7]
Werner-Verlag, Dsseldorf

[8] Beuth-Kommentare
Stahlbauten
Erluterungen zu DIN 18 800 Teil 1 bis Teil 4, 1.Auflage
Beuth Verlag, Berlin-Kln 1993

[9] Stahlbau Kalender 1999
DSTV
Ernst & Sohn, 1999

[10] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
Stabilittsflle, Platte
DK 693.814.073.1, November 1990

Eurocode
D
Part 1 - 1 : General rul
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992

R. Maquoi
E
Ulg , Facul

G. Hnersen, E. Fritzsche
Stahlbau in Beispie
B
len
erechnungspraxis
Werner-Verlag, Dsseldorf 1

E. Kahlmeyer
Stahlbau nach DIN 18 800 (11.90)
SCIA
52

[11] Roik, Carl, Lindner
Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe
Sohn
1972
016
und konstruktive Gestaltung von Tragwerken aus
nnwandigen kaltgeformted Bauteilen
Interaktionsbeziehungen fr doppeltsymmetrische I- und Kasten-
bei zweiachsiger Biegung und Normalkraft
er Stahlbau 5/1978, 6/1978
bH, Dsseldorf

Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst &

[12] DASt-Richtlinie
Bemessung
d
Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft - 1992

[13] H. Rubin,
Querschnitte
D

[14] Stahl im Hochbau
14. Auflage, Band I / Teil 2
1986, Verlag Stahleisen m

SCIA
53
ONORM B 4300
ONORM B 4300 CODE CHECK

struktion der Tragwerke
messung nach Grenzzustnden

NORM B 4300-1
Stahlbau
Berechnung und Kon
Be
DK 624.014.2.046, Mrz 1994

NORM B 4300-2
Stahlbau
Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
Bedingungen fr die gemeinsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 2 und NORM B
300-1
K 624.01 075.2, il 1994
4
D 4.2. Apr

NORM B 4300-3
beulen
ng r die g m endung von DIN 18 800 Teil 3 und NORM B

.014.2.075.4, April 1994
Platten
Bedingu en f emeinsa e Anw
4300-1
DK 624

DIN 18800 Teil 1
uten
messung und Konstruktion
er 1990

Stahlba
Be
DK 693.814.014.2, Novem

b
DIN 18800 Teil 2
Stahlbaute
ts Knick on St und Stabwe
3.8 4.5, N ber 1
n
Stabilit flle,
14.07
en v
ovem
ben
990
rken
DK 69
SCIA
54

DIN 18800 Teil 3
Stahlbauten
Stabilittsflle, Plattenbeulen
ber 1990 DK 693.814.073.1, Novem

Material properties

according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], 2.1. and Ref. [4], Tab.1)



t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=80 40<t<=80
fy fu fu fy
St 360 240 360 215 360
S235
S 235
St 430 280 430 255 430
S275
S 275
St 510
S355
360 510 325 510
S 355

t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100
fy fu fy fu
S420
420
420 520 390 520
S
S460 4 550 60 550 430
SCIA
55
S 460

C sulted a on rticles

F he sect ection is classified according to ONORM B 4300-1
Tab.3,4,5 and to DIN18800 Teil I, Table 15,18. Depending on this classification, the
s ion is ch n, EL/EL (elastic/elastic), as EL/PL (elastic/plastic) or
a L (pl
F EL/E 2. is used. (The 7% increase of the
moment of i en into account for rolled I section - see Ref. [1], Art. 5.2.5.4.).
The EL/PL c from DIN18800 Teil I, Element (756), (757) and Table
6) ,(17). The PL/PL check is done according to DIN18800 Teil I, Element (758), Table
oss section is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2, Element (715).
or the stability check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2 for
uckling, lateral torsional buckling and bending and compression. The following criteria
are used :

ression : Element (304),(306)
rsional b ckl g : Element (311),(309)
and axia om ression : Element (313),(321),(322)
B) a co pression : Element (320),(323)

F ns, e following criteria are used :
n of eff tiv area Element (705),(706),(708),(709),(712),(713)
buckling check : Element (715),(716),(718),(719)
8),(729)
For the shear buckling check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 3.
eria are used : Element (113), (504), (602),(603)
more detailed overview for the used articles is given in "DIN18800 Code check".

S PO
or t ion check, the cross s
ect ecked as slender sectio
s PL/P
the
astic/plastic).
or L check, ONORM B 4300-1 Art. 5.
nertia is tak
heck takes the rules
(1
(16),(17).
The slender cr

F
b
comp
lateral to u in
bending l c p
bending (LT nd m
or slender sectio th
calculatio ec e :

LTB check : Element (725),(726),(72

The following crit

A
UP RTED SECTIONS

I , HEB, .) Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA
RHS (RHS) Rectangular Hollow Section
SCIA
56
CHS Section (CHS) Circular Hollow
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
COM section in PRIMAWIN Composed
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical sections

The nec ary data conditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".

T

PPL

RS

O

COM

NUM
ess
I

RHS CHS L U

Classification x x x x x x x x x (1) (1) (1)
Section check PL-PL x
Section check EL-PL x
Section check x x x x x x x x x x x EL-EL x
Section check s x lender section x x x x x
Stability check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check x x slender section x x x x
Shear buckling k x x x x chec

( cti EL-EL cross section by default.

REFER
1) se ons are classified as
ENCES

[1] NORM B 4300-1
Stahlbau
Berechnung und Konstruktion der Tragwerke
Bemessung nach Grenzzustnden
DK 624.014.2.046, Mrz 1994

SCIA
57
[2] NORM B 4300-2
Stahlbau
Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
einsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 2
und NORM B 4300-1

gemeinsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 3
-1
DK 624.014.2.075.4, April 1994
Bemessung und Konstruktion
DK 693.814.014.2, November 1990
[5] DIN 18800 Teil 2
DK 693.814.074.5, November 1990
Stahlbauten
Stabilittsf tten
DK 693.814. 1, Nove 1990

Bedingungen fr die gem
DK 624.014.2.075.2, April 1994
[3] NORM B 4300-3
Plattenbeulen
Bedingungen fr die
und NORM B 4300

[4] DIN 18800 Teil 1
Stahlbauten

Stahlbauten
Stabilittsflle, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken

[6] DIN 18800 Teil 3
lle, Pla beulen
073. mber

SCIA
58
NEN
EN6770/6771 CODE CHECK N
ing to the regulations given in
ber 1991

The beam elements are checked accord

Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Basiseisen en basisrekenregels voor overwegend statisch belaste constructies
NEN 6770, decem

Stabiliteit
NEN 6771, decem 1 an 000 ber 991-j uari 2

Material properties

according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], art.9.1.2.1.1.)



t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100 100<t<=250 100<t<=250
fy fu fy fu fy fy
S235
S 235
235 360 215 340 175 320
S275
S 275
275 430 255 410 205 380
S355
S 355
355 510 335 490 275 450
S420
S 420
420 520 390 520
S460
S 460
460 550 430 550
SCIA
59

previous table.

Consulted articles

T cording to NEN 6771 Table 1. (class 1,2,3 or 4).
The section is checked on following criteria :
NEN 6770 Art. 11.2.1., NEN 6771 Art. 11.2.1.
70 Art. 11.2.2., NEN 677 rt. 11.2.2.
NEN 6770 Art. 11.2.4., NEN 6771 Art. 11.2.4.
d axial force : NEN 6770 Art. 11.3., NEN 6771 t. 11.3.

For the stability check, the element is checked on following criteria :
NEN 6771 Art.12.1.1.1/ 12.1.2./12.1.3.
nal buckling : NEN 6771 Art.12.2.
Art.12.3.
13.9.
he cross section is classified ac
tension :
compression : NEN 67 1 A
shear :
bending, shear an Ar
compression :
lateral torsio
bending and axial compression: NEN 6771
shear buckling : NEN 6771 Art.13.8. /
SCIA
60
A the used articles is given for NEN6770 part 11,12 and
NEN6771 part 10,11,12,13. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters
m mentary explanation the following chapters.

more detailed overview for
arked with (*) have a supple

NEN6770
11.Toetsing van de doorsnede
11.1. Algemeen
x
x
11.2. Enkelvoudige krachten en momenten
11.2.1. Axiale trek
x
x
11.2.2. Axiale druk x
11.2.3. Buiging
11.2.4. Afschuiving x
11.2.5. Torsie x
11.3. Combinaties van krachten en momenten
ormaalkracht en afschuiving 11.3.1. Enkele buiging met n
x
x
11.3.2. Dubbele buiging met normaalkracht en afschuiving x
11.4. Vloeicriterium x
11.5. De invloed van de boutgaten (*)

NEN6771
10.2.4. Doorsneden x (*)

11.Toetsing van de doorsnede
11.1. Algemeen
x
x
11.2. Enkelvoudige krachten en momenten
11.2.1. Axiale trek
x
x
11.2.2. Axiale druk x
11.2.3. Buiging
11.2.4. Afschuiving x
11.2.5. Torsie
11.3. Combinaties van krachten en momenten x

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61
12. Toetsing van de stabiliteit
12.1. Op druk belaste staven
12.1.1. Knikstabiliteit
x
*)
x
x (
12.1.2. Torsiestabiliteit x
12.1.3. Torsieknikstabiliteit x
12.1.4. Verend gesteunde staven
12.1.5. Staven in vakwerken
12.1.6. Samengestelde staven
12.1.6.1 Algemeen
12.1.6.2. Benodigde grootheden
iddenveld van de samengestelde staaf
ndvelden van de samengestelde staaf
x(*)

12.1.6.3. Toetsing van het m
12.1.6.4. Toetsing van de ei
12.1.6.4.2 Staven met raamwerkverband
x
x
x
x
x
12.2. Op buiging belaste staven(kipstabiliteit)
12.2.1. Toepassingsgebied
xx
x
12.2.2. Toetsingsregel x
12.2.3. Ongesteunde lengte
12.2.4. Opleggingen en zijdelingse steunen
12.2.5. Het theoretisch elastische kipmoment x (*)
12.3. Op druk en buiging belaste staven
12.3.1. Knikstabiliteit
x
x
12.3.2. Torsiestabilteit x
12.3.3. Torsieknikstabiliteit x
12.4. Op trek en buiging belaste staven

13. Toetsing van de plooistabiliteit x
x 13.1. Algemeen
13.2. Geometrie van het verstijfde en onverstijfde plaatveld x
13.3. Geometrie van de verstijvingen
13.4. Belasting in het vlak van het plaatveld
13.4.1. Normaalspanning in langsrichting
x
x
13.4.2. Schuifspanningen x
13.4.3. Normaalspanningen in dwarsrichting
13.4.4. Platen in en loodrecht op hun vlak belast
SCIA
62
13.5. Belasting op verstijvingen
13.6. Idele kritieke plooispanning van een onverstijfd plaatveld x
13.7. De plooispanning van een onverstijfd plaatveld x
13.7.1. Bepaling van de relatieve slankheid van het plaatveld x
13.7.2. De plooispanning voor een onverstijfd plaatveld met als
opleggingen dwarsverstijving(en) en/of randen

x
13.7.3. De plooispanning voor een onverstijfd plaatveld met ten
inste een langsverstijving als oplegging

m
13.8. Eisen waaraan plaatvelden en verstijvingen moeten voldoen x
13.8.1. Onverstijfd plaatveld x
13.8.2. Dwarsverstijvingen
13.8.3. Langsverstijvingen
13.8.4. Stijfheidseisen te stellen aan langs- en dwarsverstijvingen
13.8.5. Doorsnedecontrole voor langs- en dwarsverstijvingen
13.9. Interactie tussen plooi en knik
een
x (*)
13.9.1. Algem x
13.9.2. Constructies opgebouwd uit plaatvelden al of niet verstijfd
met dwarsverstijvingen

x
13.9.3. Constructies opgebouwd uit plaatvelden verstijfd met
rstijfd met dwarsverstijvingen

langsverstijvingen en/of niet ve
13.9.4. Berekeningen van de dwarsverstijvingen

Section properties
he influence of the bore hole is neglected. T


For each intermediary s
check is performe
ection, the classification is determined and the proper section
d. The classification can change for each intermediary point.
or each load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is
ad case/combination.
F
each lo

SCIA
63

The calculation of the effective area is pe
fy,k).
rformed with the direct method (sigma_d =
n.
eff is the effective section modulus of the cross-section when subject only to moment
section is subject to uniform compre ion.
With these critical properties, the stability check is performed.
or non-prismatic elements, the effective area properties are calculated on each
intermediary section, also for the stability check.

F gle se ns, see ction properties for compressed lattice
t wer angle mbers'.
Torsion check

determined and the proper section check is performed. The classification (and effective
screen.

:
Aeff is the effective area of the cross section when subject to uniform compressio
W
ss

F
or an ctio chapter 'Effective cross-se
o me

For the cros d warping, we refer to Chapter 'Warping
check'.

uilt-in beams
s section check inclusive torsion an
B
or built-in beam sections (IFB, SFB, THQ sections), proper section checks are
uckling length

F

B
the buckling length, we refer tochapter "Calculation of buckling
tio".
t are calculated by using the critical Euler
rce for this member (see Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).

For the calculation of
ra
The buckling properties for a VARH elemen
fo
SCIA
64


For symmetric I sections and RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections, the elastic
oment for LTB Mcr is given by the formula of Ref [2], part 12.2.5.. When the
ctor > 5000, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by the general
fo mula in EC3, Annex F, F.2. Ref [3]. For asymmetric I sections, the elastic critical
oment for LTB Mcr is given by the general formula in EC3, Annex F, F.2. Ref [3].
ment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to Ref.[7], tables 9
s given by
critical m
fa
r
m
For the calculation of the mo
(case 1), 10 and 11.
For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr i

z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
=

L the length of the beam between points which have lateral restraint
(= l
LTB
)

f. [4], part 7 and in particular part 7.7. for channel sections.

Use of diaphragms
G the shear modulus

See also Re


SCIA
65


(1) 2I
(2) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc

-
f,s;d
-
section check of single chord, using internal forces :

4
a Q
M
2
Q
V
N N
f;s;d
G
f;s;d
G
f;s;d G
=
=
=

- section check of single batten, using the internal forces :

4
M
d s; k;
=
a Q
d s; f;
0

2 h
a Q
V
d s; f;
d s; k;
=
For the calculation of Q
f;s;d
, the value of M
y;s;d
is increased with the value of the internal
force M
zz
.

SCIA
66
l
a
ho


Composed rail sections +rail, I+2L+rail,
Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
with buckling influence
(Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL
I+

he influence of the buckling effect into the shear buckling control, is neglected when T
there is a bending moment present, i.e. if <0.9.

SCIA
67
NEN6072 - FIRE RESISTANCE
For more info, we refer to Ref.[8], Ref.[9].
effect Fire actions
The design effects of actions for the fire situation are taken from the results of the
analysis. It is recommended to use the special combination rules according to Ref.[10],
NEN6702 6.2.2., for calculating the internal forces used in the fire resistance check.

This special combinatio

n is given by
rep ; a a ; f rep ; i i q ; f rep g ; f
F Q G + +
rep
Q
i
characteristic value of the variable action
de val n (from fire exposure)
partial saf for permanent actions in the special
combination
=1.0
partial safety factor for variable actions in the special

f;a
partial safety factor for special actions in the special
combination
=1.0
I
an' factor for the variable action

Material properties

with G

F
a;rep
sign ues of special actio

f;g
ety factor
f;q

combination
=1.0

the 'momentaa

=

The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength is
given by :

The yield strength is depending on the steel temperature :

f
d ; y d ; ; y
f
SCIA
68

- =1.0 when 400 C
-
a
( )
26 . 0
1 e
03 . 1
+
=

when 400C <
a
1200 C

with
2 . 39
482
a

=

a
steeltemperature in C
f
y;d

;d
alue for yield strength at increased temperature

T e followin efault p stant during the analysis :

nit mass
design value for yield strength at room temperature
f
y;
design v
h g d roperties are considered to be con
u 7850 kg/m
a

thermal elongation
a
-6
-20) l/l 14 x 10 (
thermal conductivity
a
45 W/mK

ominal temperature-time curve N
he standard temperature-time (ISO 834) curve is used :
with t time in [min]

g

Steel Temperature
T

) 1 t 8 ( log 345 20
10 g
+ + =

a
in an unprotected steel member during a time interval
t

SCIA
69
( )
( )

100

4
a
4
273 3
=
+ =

=
t
t
r
r
r c
a t
a a
a
100
27 67 . 5
t
c

ith nit length [m/m]
th [m/m]
c
a
the ic heat of steel [J/kgK]

a
ass of steel [kg/m]
0.5
c
coefficient of heat transfer by convection
= 25 W/(mK)

he increase of temperature
a
in an insulated (non intumescent coating) steel member
erval

P

w A
m
the exposed surface area per u
V the volume of the member per unit leng
P = A
m
/V

t

a
steel temperature [C]
specif
the unit m

r
resultant emissivity
=

T
during a time int t
( ) ( )
i i
a a
i i
M
i
ef ; d ; i
ef
t
5 /
a
e t
t M
a a
ef
a
d
c 2
c
3
2
1
1
d
1
c
K
=
+
=
=

with A
p
material per unit length [m/m]
i
P
P
K

the area of fire protection
SCIA
70
i
= A
p
/V
c
i
the specific heat of fire protection material [J/kgK]
aterial [m]

ass of steel [kg/m]
t
the increase of the ambient gas temperature during the time

i;d;ef
[W/mK]

e of temperature
a
in an insulated (intumescent coating) steel member
uring a time interval t
P
c
a

d
i
the thickness of the fire protection m

a
the unit m

i
the unit mass of fire protection [kg/m]

a

t
the ambient gas temperature at time t

interval

The increas
d

( ) t

P
i
c
K
a t
a a
ef ; d
a

=

with A
p

V
P
i

c
a
the fic heat of steel [J/kgK]
K
d;ef

t
the area of fire protection material per unit length [m/m]

the volume of the member per unit length [m/m]
= A
p
/V
speci
coefficient of heat transfer of the intumescent coating

a
a

t

i;d;ef
[W/mK]
SCIA
71

Calculation model


- strength
- temperat

I he streng strength (unity check) is calculated after a given time t (e.g.
strength afte e temperature/time domain, the critical steel temperature
a,cr

is computed al temperature, the fire resistance time is calculated (the
time domain

T itical

domain
ure/time domain
n t th domain, the
r 45 min). In th
. From this critic
).
he cr steel temperature
a,cr
is given by :
( )
482 1
1
n

8925 . 0
846 . 3

l 2 . 39 + =

e t=0
on factor
= 1.00 for beams, statically determined, 4 side exposure
e exposure
= 0.85 for beams, s tica ly un eterm
= 0.60 for beams, statically undeterm
= 1.20 for comp ents (inclusive the buckling
check)
= 1.20 for compression and bending elements (inclusive the
buckling and LTB check)

C
cr , a
with

degree of utilization at tim
correcti
= 1.00 for tension elements
= 0.70 for beams, statically determined, 3 sid
ta l d ined, 4 side exposure
ined, 3 side exposure
ression elem
ode Check
l buckling) are performed
ted with the yield strength
r the increased temperature and the correction factor. The checks are performed in the
resistance domain or in the temperature/time domain. Shear buckling is not considered.
The section and stability checks (buckling, lateral torsiona
according to the regulations given in NEN6770/6771, adap
fo
SCIA
72

SUPPORTED SECTIONS

RHS Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
Cold formed section
COM ed section in PRIMAWIN Compos
O Solid tube

T nec onditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
c che

T PPL RS

Z

O

COM

NUM
he
ode
essary data c
ck".

I

RHS

CHS

L

U

Classification x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1) x x x
Section check c x x x x x x x lass 3 x x x x x x
Section check c x x x x lass 4 x x
Stability check x x x x x x x x x x x x class 3 x
Stability check ass 4 x x x x x x cl
Shear buckling eck x x x x ch


SCIA
73
REFERENCES
[1]
asisrekenregels voor overwegend statisch belaste
EN 6770, december 1991
[2]
ber 1991

al rules and rules for buildings
NV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992

[4] R. Maquoi

[5] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994

[6] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
CEN 1996

[7] Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Stabiliteit
NEN 6771, januari 2000

Basiseisen en b
constructies
N

Stabiliteit
NEN 6771, decem

[3] Eurocode 3
Part 1 - 1 : Gener
E
SCIA
74

[8] NEN 6072
Rekenkundige bepaling van de brandwerendheid van bouwdelen
Staalconstructies

Rekenkundige bepaling van de brandwerendheid van bouwdelen
Belastingen en vervormingen TGB 1990
December 1991
[9] NEN 6072/A2 - Wijzigingsblad
Staalconstructies
December 2001

[10] NEN 6702
December 1991

SCIA
75
A

A
ISC - ASD
ISC - ASD CODE CHECK


gn
d Codes

T ble B5.1. (compact, noncompact, or slender
s

T ing criteria :

,F2,F3,F4
plate girders : G2

A g n in the
f able. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters m rked with
( the following chapters.

Manual of Steel Construction
Allowable Stress Desi
Part 5 : Specification an
AISC, Ninth Edition, 1989

he cross section is classified according to Ta
ection).
he member is checked on follow
tension : D1
compression : E2, E3
flexural members : F1
combined forces : H1,H2

more detailed overview for the used articles of the relevant parts is
ollowing t
ive
a
*) have a supplementary explanation

B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B1. Gross Area x
B2. Net Area (*)
B3. Effective Area
B4. Stability
B5. Local Buckling
1.Classification of Steel Sections

2.Slender Compression Elements
(*)
x
x
SCIA
76
B6. Rotational Restraint at Points of Support
B7. Limiting Slenderness Ratios x
B8. Simple Spans
B9. End Restraint
B10. Proportions of Beams and Girders
B11. Proportioning of Crane Girders

D. TENSION MEMBERS
D1. Allowable Stress x (*)
D2. Built-up members
D3. Pin-Connected Members

E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
E1. Effective Length and Slenderness Ratio (*) x
E2. Allowable Stress x
E3. Flexural-torsional Buckling x (*)
E4. Built-up Members
E5. Pin-Connected Compression Members
E6. Column Web Shear

F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS (*)
F1. Allowable Stress : Strong Axis Bending of I-Shaped Members and
Channels
x

x
x
1.Members with Compact Sections
2.Members with Non-Compact Sections
3.Members with Compact or Non-Compact Sections with Unbraded
Length Greater then Lc
x
F2. Allowable Stress : Weak Axis Bending of I-Shaped Members, Solid
ar Plates
2.Members with Non-Compact Sections
x

x
x
Bars and Rectangul
F3. Allowable Stress : Bending of Box Members, Rectangular Tubes and
Circular Tubes
x

x
SCIA
77
2.Members with Non-Compact Sections x
F4. Allowable Shear Stress x
F5. Transverse Stiffeners
F6. Built-up Members
F7. Web-tapered Members

G. PLATE GIRDERS
G1. Web Slenderness Limitations
G2. Allowable Bending Stress x
G3. Allowable Shear Stress with Tension Field Action
G4. Transverse Stiffeners
G5. Combined Shear and Tension Stress

H. COMBINED STRESSES
H1. Axial Compression and Bending x
H2. Axial Tension and Bending x

APPENDIX B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B5. Local Buckling x

lassification of sections C

For each intermediary section, the classification is determined..
For each load case/combination, th critical section classification over the member is
used to perform the code check. However, for non-prismatic sections, the section
lassification is determined for each intermediary section.
Section pro ties
e
c

per

The influence of the bore hole is neglect

ed, i.e. only the gross area is used.
SCIA
78
Buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio".
sing the critical Euler
rce for this member (see Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).
Flexural Torsional Buckling

The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by u
fo

The slenderness ratio for flexural torsional buckling (KL/r)
e
is given by

Fe
E
r
KL
e
=

See Ref. [1], Commentary Chapter E1.
ateral-torsional buckling
The calculation of F
e
is given in Ref. [2], Appendix E.

L
For RHS (Rectangu s and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) ,
the allowable LTB stress is given in F3.
symmetrical legs, the allowable LTB stress is given in Ref. [1],
ress - Design of single-angle members.

For I sections and channel sections, the allowable LTB stress is given in F1.
lar Hollow Section) section
For angle sections with
pp.309-314, Specification for allowable st


z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
=

G the shear modulus
(= l
LTB
)
SCIA
79

See also Ref. [4], part 7.

W is mo
B

ith th ment Mcr, the critical LTB stress
LT
is calculated :
y
cr
LTB
I
M
=
th the moment of inertia about the major axis

T endern , is given by

wi Iy
he sl ess ratio for LTB
LTB
LTB
LTB
E
=

The allowab ss is calculated using the slenderness
LTB
with the formulas
g Ref
See also Ref. [5], Bijlage E.
tions (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
rail, I+Ud+rail) are
onsidered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.


le LTB stre
iven in .[1], E2.

Haunched sec
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+
c

C sec n (Iw+r w ra I+ il, +2PL rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymm

omposed rail tio s ail, I n+ il, ra I +
etric I sections.
SCIA
80
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
CHS HS) Circular Hollow Section (C
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL etric I shapes Asymm
Cold formed section
O Solid tube

The nec ry data conditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".
he COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.

I

RHS

CHS

L

U

T

PPL

RS

O

COM

NUM
essa
T

Classification x x x x x x x x
x
(1) (1) (1)
Compact section x x x x x

Non-compact section x x x x x x x x
x
x x x
Slender section x x x x x x
Shear buckling check x x x

(1) sections are classified as non-compact section by default.

REFERENCES

[1] Manual of Steel Construction
Allowable Stress Design
AISC, Ninth Edition, 1989
SCIA
81

[2] Manual of Steel Construction
Load & Resistance Factor Design
AISC, First Edition, 1986
3] Manual of Steel Construction
AISC, Volume I, Second Edition, 1995
UCTIONS METALLIQUE
acult des Sciences Appliques, 1988

] NBN B 51-001
Stalen Bouwconstructies

[
Load & Resistance Factor Design

[4] R. Maquoi
ELEMENTS DE CONSTR
Ulg , F
[5
BIN, 5e uitg. April 1977

SCIA
82
A

A
ISC - LRFD
ISC - LRFD CODE CHECK

T are checked according to the regulations given in

oad and Resistance Factor Design
des

The cross se ompact, or slender
s

T owing criteria :

flexural members : F1,Appendix F1, Appendix F2
3, Appendix G5

A more detailed overview for the used articles of the relevant parts is given in the
f pters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with
(*) have a supplem anation the following chapters.

EMENTS
he beam elements
AISC Manual of steel construction
L
Part 16 Specifications and Co
Third Edition
2001

ction is classified according to Table B5.
ection).
1. (compact, nonc
he member is checked on foll
tension : D1
compression : E2, E3, Appendix E3
plate girders : Appendix G2, Appendix G
combined forces : H1,H2
ollowing table. The cha
entary expl
B. DESIGN REQUIR
B1. Gross Area x
B2. Net Area (*)
B3. Effective Area for Tension Members
B4. Stability
B5. Local Buckling ) (*
SCIA
83
1.Classification of Steel Sections
2.Slender Compression Elements

x
3.Slender-Element Compression Sections
x
x
B6. Bracing at Support
B7. Limiting Slenderness Ratios x
B8. Simple Spans
B9. End Restraint
B10. Proportions of Beams and Girders

D. TENSION MEMBERS
D1. Design Tensile Strength x (*)
D2. Built-up members
D3. Pin-Connected Members and Eyebars

E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
E1. Effective Length and Slenderness Limitations
nalysis
x
*) 1.Effective Length
2.Design by Plastic A
x (
E2. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling x
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling x
E4. Built-up Members
E5. Pin-Connected Compression Members

F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS (*)
F1. Design for Flexure
1.Yielding
2.Lateral-Torsional Buckling

x
x
x
F2. Design for Shear x
F4. Beams and Girders with Web Openings

G. PLATE GIRDERS x

SCIA
84
H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES AND
TORSION

H1. Symmetric Members Subject to Bending and Axial Force x
H2. Unsymmetric Members and Members under Torsion and
Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear and/or Axial Force
x
H3. Alternative Interaction Equation for Members under
Combined Stress

APPENDIX B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B5. Local Buckling x

APPENDIX E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION
MEMBERS

E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling x

APPENDIX F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL
MEMBERS

F1. Design for Flexure x
F2. Design for Shear x

APPENDIX G. PLATE GIRDERS
G1. Limitations
G2. Design Flexural Strength x(*)
G3. Design Shear Strength with Tension Field Action x(*)
G4. Transverse Stiffeners
G5. Flexure-Shear Interaction x(*)


ination, the critical section classification over the member is
sed to perform the code check. However, for non-prismatic sections, the section
classification is determined for each intermediary section.

For each load case/comb
u
SCIA
85
Section properties

The influence of the bore hole is neglected, i.e. only the gross area is used.

Buckling length

see Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).

force for this member (

For I sections, channel sections, RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections, T
s, and asymmetric I sections, the critical LTB moment is
.
For angle sections with symmetrical legs, the critical LTB moment is given in Ref. [1],
pp.281-288, Specification for Load and Resistance Factor Design of Single-Angle
members.

sections, rectangular section
given in F1 and Appendix F1
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
=

s of elasticity
G the shear modulus

ee also Ref. [2], part 7.

with E the modulu

(= l
LTB
)

S
SCIA
86
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar +Iw r) a composed rail
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+ra , I+ +ra +2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
considered as equivalent asymmetric sec ons

, I va nd
il PL il, I
I ti .
Use of diaphragms

hear buckling check

S

Compo I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+r quivalent asymmetric I sections.

S PO TIONS
sed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail,
ail) are considered as e
UP RTED SEC

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube

The necessary data conditions for these sections are described in Appendix D.

I

RHS

CHS

L

U

T

PPL

RS

O

COM

NUM
SCIA
87
Compact section x x x x x
Non-compact section x x x x x x x x x x x x
Slender section x x x x x x

(1) sections are classified as non-compact section by default.
EFERENCES

R

el construction
nce Factor Design
Third Edition
2001


[1]
AISC Manual of ste
Load and Resista
[2] R. Maquoi

SCIA
88
C

CM66 CODE CHE
M66
CK

T are checked according to the regulations given in

ITBTP / CTICM

Consulted articles
he beam elements
Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier
Rgles CM Decembre 1966
Editions Eyrolles 1982

T t. 3,2.) and shear (art. 3,3.).

F re considered :
for compression : art. 3,4.
for double bending and axial compression : art. 3,7.

for shear buckling : art 5,212

A verview for the used articles is given for the relevant parts in the
following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with
(*) have a supplementary explanation the following chapters.

he cross-section is checked for tension (art. 3,1), bending (ar
or the stability check, the following criteria a
for compression and bending : art. 3,5
for lateral torsional buckling : art. 3,6.

more detailed o

3 Rgles gnrales concernant les calculs de rsistance et de
dformation

3,0 Donnes numriques x

3,1 Pices soumises traction simple *) x (

3,2 Pices soumises flexion simple ou dvie x
SCIA
89
3,21 Flexion simple (*) x
3,22 Flexion dvie

3,3 Effet de leffort tranchant dans les pices flchies x

3,4 Pices soumises la compression flambement simple
3,40 Gnralits (*) x
3,41 Pices comprimes a parois pleines x
3,42 Pices composes a treilis
3,43 Pices composes a traverses de liaison
3,44 Conditions spciales imposes aux lments comprims a
parois minces
x

3,5 Pices soumises compression avec flexion dans le plan de
flambement

3,50 Principe x
3,51 Coefficient damplification des contraintes de flexion x (*)
3,52 Vrfication des pices a parois pleines

x
3,53 Vrification des pices composes treilis
3,54 Vrification des pices composes traverses de liaison

3,6 Dversement en flexion simple
3,60 Gnralits x
3,61 Pices symtriquement charges et appuyes
3,611 Poutres me pleine x(*)
3,612 Poutres treilis
3,62 Cas des pices soumises deux moments diffrents au droit x(*)
des appuis
3,63 Cas des poutrelles en console parfaitement encastres
3,64 Coeffcients utiliss pour la dtermination de kd
3,641 Coefficient D x
3,642 Coefficient C x(*)
3,643 Coefficient B x(*)
SCIA
90

3,7 Flexion compose
3,70 Domaine dapplication x
3,71 Notations x
3,72 Principe des vrifications x
3,73 Formules enveloppes pour les pices parois pleines x (*)

3,8 Flambement dans les systmes hyperstatiques

3,9 Dformations x

5 Rgles spciales certains lments
5,212 Poutres composes me pleine mes x

Section properties

ties are not taken into account . The net area proper

Plastic coefficient

The plastic coefficients are calculated according to the Ref.[1], 13,212 (Valeurs du
coefficient dadaptation plastique).

Compression members
refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio".
force for this member (see Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).

Factor kf

For the calculation of the buckling length, we

The factor kf is calculated using the formula given in Ref[1], 3,516
3 ; 1
l M
A
1 72
2
M
. 1 25 . 0
k
med
f

+
=

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91
3 . 1
25 . 0
I 0 f Mmed .0, the formula 3,513 is used : k
f

+
=
LTB Check

The LTB c symmetric I sections. For other cross sections the
factor kd=1.0.
For the calculation of the coefficient C, we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for
LTB".
T ffici the table for B given in Ref[1] 3,643,
a g th given in Ref[1] 3,642.

Use of diaphragms
heck is performed for
he coe
nd usin
ent B is calculated by interpolating
e calculated C value with table for C

See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional sta '.

Combined flexion
con nt

The values
fx
is the maxi um value of the bending stress in the member for the
ending around the strong axis. The value
fy
is the maximum value of the bending
stress in the member for the bending around the weak axis.
For non-prismatic sections the values
fx
and
fy
are the local (i.e. in each intermediary
stresses.

m
b
section) bending

Compos Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+ra as equivalent asymmetric I sections.

SUPPORTED SECTIONS
ed rail sections (
il) are considered

I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB,
.)
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92
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube

he COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.

L

U

T

PPL

RS

O

COM

NUM
The necessary data conditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".
T

CHS

I

RHS
Se tion check x x x x c x x x x x x x x
Buck heck x x x x x x x x x x x x ling c
Slender section buckling check x x x x x x x x
LTB Check x
Shear buckling check x x x x

REFERENCES

[1] Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier
CM

ITBTP / CTI
Rgles CM Decembre 1966
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93
C 80

CM66 - ADDITIF 80 CODE CHECK
M66 - ADDITIF

T ing to the regulations given in Ad tif 80

Consulted articles
he beam elements are checked accord di

ied according to art. 5,12. (classification 'plastic' or 'elastic').
he section is checked for tension and compression (art. 4,2), bending (art 4,3), shear
force (art. 4,4), the combination of bending and axial force (art. 4,5 and art 4.6).

For the stability check, the following criteria are considered :
for lateral torsional buckling : art. 5,2.
for compression : art. 5,31.
more detailed overview for the used articles is given in the following table. The
chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a
supplementary explanation in the following chapters.

The cross-section is classif
T
for compression and bending : art. 5,32

A

4 Resistance des sections
4,1 Rgle gnrale (*)
4,2 Effort normale x
4,3 Moment de flexion x
4,4 Effort tranchant x
4,5 Moment de flexion et effort normal x
4,6 Momens de flexion, effort normal et effort tranchant x

5 Stabilit des lments
5,1 Conditions de non voilement local x (*)
5,2 Rsistance au dversement des poutre flchies
5,21 Rgles de contreventement latral au voisinage des sections
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94
plastifies
5,22 Moment ultime de dversement en flexion simple x (*)
5,23 Dimensionnement des entretoises
5,24 Rsistance au dversement en flexion dvie x
5,3 Rsistance au flambement
5,31 Elments simplement comprims x
5,32 Elments comprims et flchis x
5,33 Longueur de flambement (*)


For each in diary section, the classification is determined and the proper section
check is per for each intermediary point.
used to perform ck. So, the stability section classification can change for
e h load ca .
H ever, fo sections, the stability section classification is determined

S tion che
terme
formed. The classification can change
the stability che
se/combination ac
ow r non-prismatic
ec ck

I ectio ns specified in art. 5,1, the sections are
checked according to the regulations given in Ref.[2].
I iona t, the sections are checked according to the regulations
g Ref
f the s ns are not according to the conditio
f a tors
iven in
l moment is presen
.[2].
Compression members

he buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler
force for this member see Calcu critical Euler force for VARH elements).

L l bu lin
T
( lation of
ateral-torsiona ck g

For the calculation of the mom nt factors C1 and C2, we ref r to "Calculation of
moment factors for LTB",
e e
using the EC3 values.
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95

ar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
ctions (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
nsidered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.

Use of diaphragms
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwv
se
co


SUPPORTED SECTIONS

I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB,
.)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube

code check".

I

RHS

CHS

L

U

T

PPL

RS

O

COM

NUM
Classification Add 80 x x
Plastic section check Add
80
x x
Buck:ling check Add 80 x x
LTB check Add 80 x x
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Compression + bendin
Add 80
g x x

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97
REFERENCES

2] Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier
bre 1966

[1] Additif 80

[
ITBTP / CTICM
Rgles CM Decem

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BS5950-1:1990

BS5950-1:1990 CODE CHECK

The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in :

British Standard BS 5950
Structural use of steelwork in
Part1. Code of practice for design in simple
nd continuous construction:hot rolled section
tandard distribution BS5950 Part1 1990 revised in 1992
building
a
British S

Material properties

rades, the yield strength py is defined according to the thickness of
the element (see Table 6 Art.3.1.1.). The standard steel grades are :
rade 50 : yield strength defined between 325 and 355 N/mm
a ield strength defined between 415 and 450 N/mm
, t in mm)
For standard steel g

Grade 43 : yield strength defined between 245 and 275 N/mm
G
Gr de 55 : y

(p
Y
in N/mm

Steel grade

Thickness limits

P
Y

t16 mm 275 N/Mm

t40 mm

265 N/mm

t63 mm

255 N/mm

Grade 43

t100 mm 245 N/mm

t16 mm

355 N/mm
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99

t40 mm 345 N/mm

Grade 50
t63 mm 340 N/mm

t100 mm

325 N/mm

t16 mm

450 N/mm

t25 mm 430 N/mm

t40 mm

415 N/mm

Grade 55

t63 mm

400 N/mm

Remark: For cold-formed section, values for P luenced by the previous table.
Remark : The reduction rules from previous ta alid when the used material
is defined as material for the selected code.

C
y are not inf
ble are only v

onsulted articles

According to Art. 3.5. and table 7, cross sections are classified in 4 types:

ct

A reduction factor is applied to the design st aterial in use for slender
sections by following the rules described in Art. 3.6 and in Table 8. Partial safety factor
of design strength is included in py value.
The section is checked for bending (Art.4.2.), tension (Art.4.6.), compression (Art.4.7.),
shear (Art.4 bined moment and axial force (Art. 4.8.) and biaxial moments
(Art.4.9.). For the stability check, the beam hecked for lateral torsional
b d axial compression. Articles
u heck are the following:

rsional buckling : Art. 4.3.
.
Plastic
Compact
Semi-compa
Slender
rength of the m
.2.3.), com
element is c
uckling, shear buckling, compression an
sed for this stability c
bending with
for lateral to
shear buckling : Art. 4.4.5
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100
bending and axial compression : Art. 4.8.

A m rview of used articles is given in the following table.

ction properties
for compression : Art. 4.7.
for
ore detailed ove

Part. 3 Se
3.5. Limiting proportions of cross
sections
Art. 3.5.1.
Art. 3.5.2.
Art. 3.5.4.
Table 7
Fig.3
3.6. Slender cross section Art. 3.6.1.
Art. 3.6.2.-3.6.3.
Art. 3.6.4.
Table 8
Part. 4 Design of structural elements
4.2. Member in bending Art. 4.2.1.3. (a) (c)
Shear capacity Art. 4.2.3.
Moment capacity with low shear Art. 4.2.5.
Moment capacity with high shear Art. 4.2.6.
4.3. Lateral torsional buckling

Member in bending Art. 4.3.7.
LTB factor
General Art. 4.3.7.1.
Equivalent uniform moment Art. 4.3.7.2.
Buckling Resistance Art. 4.3.7.3.
Bending strength p
b
Art. 4.3.7.4.
Equivalent slenderness
LT
, , , u, v

Art. 4.3.7.5.
ppendix B. A
Factors m, n Art. 4.3.7.6.
Equal flanged rolled section Art. 4.3.7.7.
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101
Buckling resistance moment for single
angle
Art.4.3.8.

4.4. Plate Girders

General Art. 4.4.1.
Dimensions of webs and flanges Art. 4.4.2.2. Art. 4.4.2.3.
Moment capacity Art. 4.4.4.
Section with slender webs Art. 4.4.4.2. (a)
Shear buckling resistance of thin webs Art. 4.4.5.1.
Design without using tension field action Art. 4.4.5.3. and Appendix H.1.

4.6. Axially loaded tension members

Tension capacity Art. 4.6.1.
Effective Area of simple tension members Art. 4.6.3.1. Art. 4.6.3.3.

4.7. Compression member

Slenderness Art. 4.7.3.2.
Compression resistance Art. 4.7.4.
Compressive strength Art. 4.7.5. Appendix C

4.8. Axially loaded members with
moments

Tension members with moments Art. 4.8.2. + EC3 5.4.9.&Annex
F
Compression members with moments Art. 4.8.3.
Local capacity check Art. 4.8.3.2.
Buckling check with exact approach Art. 4.8.3.3.2.

4.9. Members with biaxial moments

See 4.8.

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102

used to perform the stability check.
So, the stability section classification can change for each load case/combination.
matic sections, the stability section classification is determined
r each intermediary section.

lender cross-section

However, for non-pris
fo
S
r sections are particularly sensitive to local buckling. British Standard code (Art.
efines stress reduction factor to prevent this phenomenon. For webs subject to
axial load and for circular hollow sections, the design strength py should
such that the limiting proportions for semi-compact section are met. For
sections, where a slender outstand is in compression, the design strength should be

Section properties

Slende
.6.) d 3
moments and
e assumed b
other
reduced by the factor given in Table 8.

he net area of a section is taken as its gross section neglecting the deduction due to
ing Art. 4.2.3.
Bending moment
T
fastener holes: Art. 3.3. Shear area of a cross-section is calculated by us

g, it's necessary to determine the shear
apacity. For plastic and compact section with high shear load, moment capacity is
calculated with the plastic modulus only for I and PLL sections (Art. 4.2.6. and 4.8.).
For other cross-section, with plastic or compact section classification, characterised or
Before any calculation of members in bendin
c
not by a low shear load, we assumed that the moment capacity is calculated by using the
same approach than for semi-compact section: the elastic modulus (elastic calculation).

Bending, shear, axial force

For plastic and compact sections, BS5950 Art. 4.8.2. & 4.8.3.2. (b) prescribes a detailed
approach to determine the unity check of axially loaded members with moments. The
detailed relationship allows a greater economy for plastic and compact section . In this
expression, we use a reduced moment capacity Mr respectively about the major and the
minor axis. Those values are determined by using EC3 Art.5.4.9. (see Ref.[5]). For
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semi-compact and slender section, the simplified approach is applied following Art.
4.8.2.and Art. 4.8.3.2. (a).

Lateral torsional buckling

itical lateral torsional
buckling moment is given by the general formula Art. 4.3.7. and Annex B2&3. For

The condition to be satisfied in all the cases is that

For I sections (symmetric and asymmetric PPL), rectangular sections (solid and
hollow), T sections, channel sections and angle section, the cr
other sections, we follow conservative recommendation described in Art. 4.3.7.5. and
calculation proposed in EC3 to determine the elastic critical moment Mcr EC3 Annex
F1.1. Formula (F.1.) see Ref [5].

with

Mb=Sxpb

and

orm moment factor) (m is an equivalent unif

pb is the bending strength and is related to the equivalent slenderness :

in which n is an equivalent slenderness factor.
For beam without loading point between points of lateral restraint, n=1 and m depends
on the ratio of the end moments at the points of restraint.
For beam lo and n depend on the ratio of the
e ment ratio of the larger moment to the mid-
s ee mo
There are th ateral torsional buckling namely:
' pproach lent uniform moment method' with n=1
' i.e. the ' ethod' with m=1
In any given ne method will be admissible, taking into account that it is
always conservative to use m=n=1. Since the publication of BS5950 Part 1 1990, doubt
has been cast on the correctness of using n factors less than 1 in combination with an
e tive len e length of the member L in the calculation of
LTB
.

aded between point of lateral restraint, m=1
nd mo
pan fr
s at the points of restraint and on the
ment.
us two methods for dealing with l
m a
n approach'
' i.e. the 'equiva
equivalent slenderness m
situation, only o
ffec gth L
LTB
less than th
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104
H ever, as nding clarification ina future version of BS5950, it is
recommende f the two following values:
ow a interim measure, pe
d that
LTB
is taken as the smaller o

By using the settings of BS5950, the user can define which method correspond to his
situation or define his choice as the conservative method m=n=1.

aunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
considered as equivalent asymmetric sec ons

Use of diaphragms
H
I ti .

S daption of torsional co tan .

C
ee Chapter 'A ns t'
ompression member

F bm ted o compression, we applied the recommendations given in BS
5950 and Appendix C to determine th com ressive strength.
hear buckling check
or member su it t
e p

S
ections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
ered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
S OR

Composed rail s
I+Ud+rail) are consid

UPP TED SECTIONS

I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .) Symmetric I
CHS n (CHS) Circular Hollow Sectio
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
P Asymmetric I shapes PL
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105
Cold formed section
O Solid tube

The nece ry data conditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".

CHS

L

U

T

PPL

RS

O

COM

NUM
ssa
I

RHS

C tion x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1) lassifica x
Sect heck x ion c class 1 x x x x x x x
Section check x class 2 x x x x x x x
Section check x x x x x class 3 x x x x x x x
Section check ass 4 x x x x x x x x cl
Stability check class 1 x x x x x x x x
Stability check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x

(1)sections are classified as class 3 cross section by default

REFERENCES

[1] British Standard BS5950 Part 1 : 1990+Revised text 1992
Structural use of steel work in building
Part1 Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot
rolled sections

[2] Plastic design to BS5950
J.M. Davies & B.A. Brown
The steel Construction institute

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[3] Steelwork design
Guide to BS5950: Part 1: 1990
Volume 2 Worked examples (revised edition)
[4] Essentials of Eurocode 3
ECCS - N 65, 1991
993-1-1:1992

[6] R. Maquoi

Design Manual for Steel Structures in Building

[5] Eurocode 3
ENV 1

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BS5950-1:
BS5950-1:2000 CODE CHECK
2000

The steel members are checke ng to the recommendations given in :

British Standard BS 5950-1:2
Structural use of steelwork in building
Part1. Code of practice for de lled and welded sections

Material properties
d accordi
000
sign Ro

For standard steel grades, the design strength py is defined according to the thickness of
the element (see Table 9 Cl.3.1.1.). The partial safety factor on design strength is
included in the py value.

Grade S275 : yield strength defined between 225 and 275 N/mm
Grade S355 : yield strength defined between 295 and 355 N/mm
h defined between 410 and 460 N/mm

mits

P
Y


Grade S460 : yield strengt
(p
Y
in N/mm, t in mm)

Steel grade

Thickness li

t16 mm

275 N/Mm

t40 mm

265 N/mm

t63 mm

255 N/mm

Grade S275

t80 mm

245 N/mm
t<100 mm 235 N/mm2
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108
t< 150 mm 225 N/mm2

t16 mm 355 N/mm

t40 mm 345 N/mm

Grade S355

t63 mm

335 N/mm

t80 mm

325 N/mm
t<100 mm 315 N/mm2
t< 150 mm 295 N/mm2

t16 mm

460 N/mm

t40 mm

440 N/mm

t63 mm

430 N/mm

Grade S460

t80 mm

410 N/mm
t< 100 mm 400 N/mm2

Note that the reduced yield/design stresses given in the above table are only applied
when the steel m the designated grades S275, S355 or S460

Governing code clauses
aterial is chosen from

According to Cl. 3.5. and tables 11 and 12, cr are classified in 4 types:

pact
i-compact

The section is checked for shear (Cl 4.2.5 and 4.4.4), bending (Cl.4.2.), tension
(Cl.4.6.), compression (Cl.4.7.), combined mo ial force (Cl. 4.8.) and biaxial
moments (Cl.4.9.). For the stability checks, the potential buckling length is checked for
lateral torsional buckling due to moments, lateral buckling due to compression and
combined bending with axial compression. Re es for this stability check are
the following:

oss sections
Class 1 Plastic
Class 2 Com
Class 3 Sem
Class 4 Slender
ment and ax
levant claus
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pression : Cl. 4.7.

W opriate, restrained or torsional buckling lengths are identified and checked to
A

More detailed clause references are given in the following table.

perties
for lateral torsional buckling : Cl. 4.3.
for com
for bending and axial compression : Cl. 4.8.
here appr
nnex G

Part. 3 Section pro
3.5. Limiting proportions of cross
sections
Cl. 3.5.1.
Cl. 3.5.2.
Cl. 3.5.5.
Cl. 3.5.6
Tables 11 and 12
Fig.5
3.6. Slender cross section Cl. 3.6.1.
Cl. 3.6.2.-3.6.4.
Cl. 3.6.5.
Fig. 8
Part. 4 Design of structural elements
4.2. Member in bending Cl. 4.2.1.1. (a) (d)
Shear capacity Cl. 4.2.3.
Moment capacity with low shear Cl. 4.2.5.2
Moment capacity with high shear Cl. 4.2.5.3
4.3. Lateral torsional buckling

Member in bending Cl. 4.3.6
Lateral-torsional buckling factors
General Cl. 4.3.6.1
Equivalent uniform moment Cl. 4.3.6.2
Buckling Resistance moment Cl. 4.3.6.4
Bending strength p
b
Cl. 4.3.6.5
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110
Equivalent slenderness
LT
, , , u, v,
W
,
x
Cl. 4.3.6.7-9
Annex B.
Factors m Cl. 4.3.6.6.
Equal flanged rolled section l. 4.3.7 C
Buckling resistance moment for single
ngles a
Cl.4.3.8.

4.4. Plate Girders

General Cl. 4.4.1.
Dimensions of webs and flanges Cl. 4.4.3
Moment capacity Cl. 4.4.4.
Section with slender webs Cl. 4.4.4.2
Shear buckling resistance of thin webs Cl. 4.4.5.1(a).
Design without using tension field action Cl. 4.4.5.2. and Annex H.1.

4.6. Axially loaded tension members

Tension capacity Cl. 4.6.1.
Effective Area of simple tension members Cl. 4.6.3.1-3

4.7. Compression members

Segment length Cl. 4.7.1.1
Restraints Cl. 4.7.1.2
Slenderness Cl. 4.7.2
Compression resistance Cl. 4.7.4.
Compressive strength Cl. 4.7.5. Annex C

4.8. Axially loaded members with
moments

Tension members with moments Cl. 4.8.2.
Compression members with moments Cl. 4.8.3.
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111
Local capacity check Cl. 4.8.3.2.
Buckling check simplified method Cl 4.8.3.3.1
Buckling check more exact approach Cl. 4.8.3.3.2.

4.9. Members with biaxial moments

See 4.8.

Slender cross-sections

For each intermediate section, the classification is determined and the proper section
check is performed. The classification can change for each intermediate point.
used to perform the stability check.
So, the stability section classification can change for each load case/combination.
for each intermediate section.

lender sections are particularly sensitive to local buckling. BS 5950-1:2000 generally S
allows for the resultant reduction in strength by the method of effective section
properties adapted from EC3. Refer to 3.6.2-6.

Section properties

The net area of a section is taken as its gross section neglecting the deduction due to
fastener holes: Cl. 3.4. Shear area of a cross-section is calculated by using Cl. 4.2.3.

Moment capacity

Before any calculation of members in bending, it is necessary to determine the shear
capacity. For plastic and compact sections with high shear, moment capacity is
calculated with the plastic modulus only for symmetrical sections (Cl. 4.2.5.3. and 4.8.).
For other sections, with plastic or compact section classification, and high shear,
moment capacity is calculated by the same method as for semi-compact sections using
the elastic modulus (elastic calculation).

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Bending, shear, axial force/capacity interaction

For plastic and compact sections, BS5950 Cl. 4.8.2. & 4.8.3.2. (b) prescribes a detailed
approach to determine the unity check (utilisation) of axially loaded members with
moments. The detailed relationship allows a greater economy for plastic and compact
sections . In this expression, reduced moment capacities Mr respectively about the
major and the minor axis are calculated in accordance with Annexe I2 . For semi-
compact and slender sections, the simplified approach is applied following Cl. 4.8.2.and
Cl. 4.8.3.2. (a).

Lateral torsional buckling due to major axis moments

The lateral-torsional buckling resistance moment M
b
is calculated in accordance with Cl
4.3.6 for each potential buckling length between adjacent lateral restraints
The lateral-torsional bending strength p
b
is calculated in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.5 and
his bending strength is dependent on the equivalent slenderness
LT
ted in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.7-9.

he moment gradient (shape of the moment diagram between restraints) is allowed for
Annex B 2.1. T
which is calcula
T
by means of the equivalent uniform moment factor m
LT
in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.6
and Table 18.

Torsional buckling about an eccentric axis (Annex G)

This form of buckling under the action of axial compression and/or major axis bending
is also known as restrained buckling and distortional buckling. The term `torsional
ng and is not related to torsion loading or torsion moment
effects. Torsional buckling may occur in any member segment between compression
f ints which has intermediate restraints to the tension flange. It is therefore
load comb rtal frames rafters and
columns. The program carry out a stability
check in accordance with BS 5950-1:2000 Cl. 5.3.4 and Annex G.
Lateral b
refers to the mode of buckli
lange restra
ination dependent. It is particularly important in po
will detect any potential buckling length and
uckling due axial compression

T latera ember or segment between
lateral res culated in accordance with Cl 4.7.4. The compressive strength p
c

a ng f using the strut curves appropriate to
the section type, thickness and ulae
of Annex pendent on the slenderness per Cl 4.7.2
he l buckling compression resistance P
c
of any m
traints is cal
llowi or buckling is calculated using Cl. 4.7.5
axis of buckling (Table 23) as expressed in the form
C. This compressive strength is de

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Combined axial and bending buckling unity check/utilisation

The interaction of axial and bending buckling effects is measured by the two simplified
formulae given in Cl 4.8.3.3.1.
ing and is applied to the member length
ints. The second equation refers to the interaction of lateral-
rsional buckling due to the moment field and lateral buckling due to axial
restraints.
-sections and Cl.
4.8.3.3.3 for CHS and RHS sections. It is permissible to take the more favourable result.
tilisation),
(shape of the moment diagram between restraints) is allowed for
e equivalent uniform moment factor m
LT
in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.6
and Table 18 for lateral-torsional buckling. For flexural (in plane) buckling the factors
mx, my and myx are obtained from Table 26.

The first equation refers to flexural buckl
between major axis restra
to
compression and is applied to potential buckling lengths between minor axis
Clause 4.8.3.3.2 provides a more exact method for symmetrical I
(Lower u
The moment gradient
by means of th

Torsion effects

The current version of the BS 5950-1:2000 steel check does not deal with torsion
oments. Any torsion moments generated by the frame analysis will be ig m nored.
ost steel structures do not in fact rely on torsion effects to transmit loads.
Where it d n ry ers torsion moments as part of the
primary lo system lternative checks should be made. The BS 5950-1:1990 steel
check does deal with torsion.

SUPPORTED SECTIONS
M
is foun ecessa for memb to sustain
ad , a

etric I shapes (UB, UC, IPE, HEA, HEB, .) I Symm
RHS Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS) [hot rolled or cold formed]
CHS Circular H Se (CHS) [hot rolled or cold formed] ollow ctions
L Angle sections and double angles
U Channel sections and double channels
T T sections
PPL Asymmetric I shapes used in haunches
RS Rectangular single plate sections

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SIA263

SIA263 CODE CHECK


SIA263
Construction en acier
SIA263:2003

Material properties
The most common steel grades are used in SIA263. Their mechanical properties are
described in table 1 SIA263. The following table gives the yield strength for each type
of grade commonly used in function of the nominal web thickness:

40<t<=100 t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100

fy fu fy fu
S235 235 360 215 340
S 235
S275 275 430 255
S 275
410
S355 355 5
S 355
10 335 490
S460 460 55
S 460
0 430 530

Consulted articles
The classification described in SIA263 is based on the calculation method. The
c the method used respectively to determine the
i the section and the stability check. By facility, we can
alculation method in SIA263 distinguish
nternal forces and to perform
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115
o on method of SIA263 and the section
c

According to SIA263 Table 5a-5b , cross sections are classified in 4 types:

s 4

The first letter of the classification denomination is related to the method used to
c second letter indicates if we perform the
s a plastic approach. Finally, we must note
that the steel code SIA263 is essentially oriented for symmetrical and bisymmetrical
profile like I profiles. In the present modulus, others profiles are calculated by using a
c assification) and EC3 prescriptions.

T pression, shear, combination of bending and
a ement is checked for lateral torsional
buckling, shear buckling, compression and bending with axial compression. A more
detailed overview for the used articles is given in the following table :

Analyse structurale et dimensionnement
bviously make a parallel between the calculati
lassification proposed in EC3.
PP (plastic-plastic) or class 1
EP (elastic-plastic) or class 2
EE (elastic-elastic) or class 3
EER (elastic-elastic reduced) or clas
alculate internal forces in the structure. The
ection and the stability check with a elastic or
lassic elastic approach (EE cl
he section is checked for tension, com
xial forces. For the stability check, the beam el

4
4.1 Gnralits x
4.2 Bases de l'analyse structurale et du dimensionnement
4.3 Modlisation
4.3.1 Classification des sections

x
4.4 Rsistance des sections
4.4.1 Effort normal

x
4.4.2 Flexion x
4.4.3 Effort tranchant x
4.4.4 Flexion et effort tranchant x
4.4.5 Flexion et effort normal x
4.4.6 Sollicitations multiaxiales x
4.5 Stabilit
4.5.1 Flambage

x
4.5.2 Dversement des poutres flchies x
4.5.3 Flexion et compression x
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116
4.5.4 Voilement des lments plans comprims x
4.5.5 Voilement des lments plans cisaills x
4.8 Situtation de projet incendie
4.8.1 PRINCIPES x
4.8.2 Proprits de l'acier en cas d'incendie x
4.8.5 Mthode de calcul simplifie x
5 Elments de construction
5.1 POUTRES ET POTEAUX DES CLASSES DE SECTION 1
ET 2

x
5.3 Elments comprims section compose
5.3.1 Barres trsillones ( travers de liaison) x
5.4 Poutres composes me pleine
5.4.1 Rsistance la flexion

x
5.4.2 Rsistance l'effort tranchant x
5.4.3 Interaction entre flexion et effort tranchant x
Annexe B Moment critique de dversement lastique Mcr x
Annexe C Echauffement des lments de construction en cas
d'incendie
x

Section classification
ection, the classification is determined and the proper section
ed. The classification can change for each intermediary point. For each
ad case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is used to
s, the stability section
lassification is determined for each intermediary section.

ction
For each intermediary s
check is perform
lo
perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for each
load case/combination. However, for non-prismatic section
c
Slender cross-se
4). The using of a reduced area implies the
recalculation of the shear centre position, the inertia and the elastic modulus.

rties

The design of a section that not satisfies the table 5 of SIA263 is always performed by
using a reduced area. This classification correspond to the EER method. The
determination of a reduced area is based on the effective width of each compression
element in the current section (Art. 4.5.
Sections prope

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117
The holes due to fastener are neglected in the area of a section

metric I profile, we don't have to perform any lateral torsional buckling
heck if N
Ed
/N
pl,Rd
0.15 and the conditions provided in Table 6 SIA263 are satisfied.
SIA263 in the LTB check, we use prescriptions given in EC3 Annex F. Those rules
moment for lateral torsional buckling for
) and non symmetrical (formula F.1. EC3) sections
around the minor axis.
PL and, T only with compression in flange, characterised by a
e have to determined before any calculation irc, defined as the
radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange plus 1/3 of the
, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
ctions.

For double sym
c
For any other case, a LTB check must be perform.
Calculations described in Annex B for I,U and PPL can be applied to T sections only if
the flange is subjected to compression. Otherwise, as for section not supported by
allow us to determine a elastic critical
symmetrical (formula F.2 EC3
In the case of I, U, P
reduced area or not, w
compression web area, taken about an axis in the plane of the web.

ections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail s
considered as equivalent asymmetric I se

Use of diaphragms

e Chapter 'Adaption of torsion Se

al constant'.
Shear buckling

Composed rail sections il, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+rail) are considered as e

Stability check
(Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+ra
quivalent asymmetric I sections.

c I profile PP or EP, SIA263 provides specific formula to perform
e stability check of member submitted to biaxial moment. For other sections, non
la is provided to design

For double symmetri
th
symmetric or from EE and EER classification, a general formu
ember under mono-axial sollicitations. m

Torsion check

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118
check'.

Built-in beams

SIA263 - FIRE RESISTANCE

ire actions effect E F
fi

tuation E
fi,d,t
are taken from the results of the
analysis. It is recommended to use the accidental combination rules, for calculating the
ternal forces used in the fire resistance check.

n by

with G
k
k,i
characteristic value of the variable action i
alues of accidental action from fire exposure
2,j
combination coefficients
P
k
characteristic value of prestressing action
Material properties
The design effects of actions for the fire si
in

The accidental combination is given by
The accidental combination is give
G
k
+ P
k
+ A
d
+
2,i
Q
k,i

Q
A
d
design v

material properties are depending on the steel temperature.
Strength and deformation properties :

he T

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119
20 , a
20

=
, E , a
, y , y
E k
f k

The variatio functio alue for yield strength k
y,
and
modulus of elasticity k
E
5.

In the simplified calcu sidered to
be constant ng the a
al elongation l/l 14 x 10
-6
(
a
-20)
=
, y
f
E
n in n of the steel temperature of the v
,
is given by tables in ref.[1], Figure 1
lation method, the following default properties are con
duri nalysis :

therm
thermal conductivity 45 W/mK
a

Temperature analysis - Thermal actions

In this part, the nominal temperature-time curves and the related net heat flux are
described. For more info, EC3 Chapter 'Temperature analysis - Thermal actions'
ominal temperature-time curve N
See EC3 Chapter 'Nomi

Net heat flu
nal temperature-time curve'.
x
See EC3 Chapter 'Net h

Steel Temperature
eat flux'

See Ref.[1], Annexe C.

The increase of temper ber during a time interval
t

ature in an unprotected steel mem
a,t
t h
V
c
/ A
d , net
a a
m
t , a

=

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120
with A
m
the exposed surface area per unit length [m/m]
c
a
h the net heat flux per unit area [W/m]
m]
The factor A
m
/V should not be taken as less than 10m
-1
net,d
t

a
the unit mass of steel [kg/

a,t
in an insulated steel member during a time interval t

( )
( )
V /
c
3
p
a a

p
the area of fire protection material per unit length [m/m]
ific heat of steel [J/kgK]
at of fire protection material [J/kgK]
the thickness of the fire protection material [m]

seconds
tion [kg/m]

a,t

g,t
crease of the ambient gas temperature during the time
interval
e fire protection material

The value
1 e t
1
c d
V / A
t , g
10 / t , a t , g
a a p
p p
t , a

=

A d
c
p
p p
=

with A
c
a
the spec
c
p
the specific he
d
p
the time interval [second t s]
The value should not be taken as more than 30

a

p
the unit mass of fire protec

g,t
the in
p
the thermal conductivity of th
[W/mK]
a,t
0.0

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121

For the increase of temperature
a,t
in an insulated steel member with intumescent
coating, we refer to the NEN specifications, Chapter 'Steel Temperature'.

C culatio al n model


- strength
- era
the strength domain, the strength R
fi,d,t
(unity check) is calculated after a given time t
(e.g. strength after 45 min). In the temperature/time doma cri cal s eel
temperature
cr,d
s c puted. From this cri al t perature, the fire resistance time
fi,d

is calculated (the tim dom in).

Code Check
domain
temp ture/time domain

n I
in, the ti t
i om tic em t
e a

The section and stability checks (buckling, late l to iona buc ling are erfor ed
accord the regu Ref.[1], 4.8.5.

For each memb r, classification th the section eck and e
tability check are performed.

ion : art. 4.8.5.2.
resistance for tension members : art. 4.8.5.4.
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. 4.8.5.5..
- resistance for beams (class 1,2,3) : art. 4.8.5.6., art. 4.8.5.7., art. 4.8.5.8.
members (class 4) : art. 4.8.5.9.

SUPPORTED SECTIONS
ra rs l k ) p m
ing to lations given in
e the of e cross section, ch th
s
The following checks are executed :

- classification of cross sect
-
- resistance for

I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .) Symmetric I
CHS Hollow Section Circular
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122
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section
O Solid tube

I

RHS

CHS

L

U

T

PPL

RS

Z

O

COM

NUM
Classification x x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)
Section check PP x x(2) x(3)
Section check EP x x(2) x(3)
Section check EE x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check EER x x x x x x
Stability check PP x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EP x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EE x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EER x x x x x x
LTB x x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4)

(2) check according to EN 1993-1-1
(3) check according to ENV 1993-1-1
(4) general formula for Mcr

REFERENCES

[1] SIA263
Construction en acier
SIA263:2003

[2] SIA263/1
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123
Construction en acier / Spcification complmentaires
SIA263/1:2003

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124
G 17-8

THE GBJ 17-88 CODE CHECK
BJ 8

The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in :
National standard of the Peoples Republic of China
for de n of steel structures
GBJ 17-88
eijing 199

Material properties

Code sig
B 5

he used steel grades are
16Mnq
15Mn
15Mnq
For Steel3, the following groups are defined according to the element thickness (in
sections
T

Grade3
16Mn

mm):

Group Diameter or thickness of bars Thickness of L-, I- and U Thickness of Plates
1 <=40 <=15 <=20
2 >40-100 >15-20 >20-40
3 >20 >40-80

T
Group Thickness f fv fce
he design values are (in N/mm)

Steel fy
Steel3 1
3
215
200
190
125
115
110
320
320
320
5

235
2
23
235
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125
Steel Group Thickness f fv fce fy
16Mn
16Mnq
<=16
17-25
26-36
315
300
290
185
175
170
445
425
410
5
5
5
34
34
34
15Mn
15Mnq
<=16
17-25
26-36
350
335
320
205
195
185
450
435
415

0
390
390
39

with f the resistance design value for tension, compression, bending
(N/mm)
fv the resistance design value for shear (N/mm)
aring resistance (N/mm)
fy the yield strength (N/mm)

R aterial
is defined as material for the selected code. If they are not defined as GBJ material, the
f g rule is used

f = 0.91 x yield strength
fv = 0.58 x yield strength

Consulted articles

fce the be

emark : The reduction rules from previous table are only valid when the used m
ollowin

tion and elements are checked according to part 4 and 5. When plastic design is
allowed, part 9 is supported.
A detailed overview for the used articles of the relevant parts is given in the
following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted.

4. Calculation of flexural members
The sec
more

4.1.Strength
4.1.1.
4.1.2.
*) x (
x
4.2.Overall stability (*)
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126
4.2.1.
4.2.3.

4.2.2.
4.2.4.
x
x
x
x
4.3.Local stability ) (*
4.3.1.
4.3.2.

x 4.3.3.
4.3.9.
x
x
x

5.Calculation of axially loaded members and members
ubjected to combined axial load and bending

s
5.1.Axially loaded members
5.1.1.
5.1.2.
x(*)
(*) x
5.2.Members subjected ot combined axial load and
bending

5.2.1.
5.2.2.
x(*)

5.2.5.
x
x
5.3.Effective length and allowable slenderness ratio (*)
5.4.Local stability of compression members
5.4.1.
5.4.2.
x
x
x
x (*)
5.4.3.
5.4.4. x
5.4.5.

9.Plastic design
9.1.General requirements
9.1.3.
9.1.4.
x
x
9.2.Calculation of members (*)
9.2.1. x
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127
9.2.2.
9.2.3.
9.2.4.
x
x
x
9.3.Allowable slenderness and detailing requirements

Appendix 1 Overall stability factor of beams
A1.1.Simply supported beam of uniform welded I section x
A1.2.Simply supported beam of rolled I section x
A1.3.Simply supported beam of rolled channel section x
A1.4.Cantilever beams of doubly symmetric I section x
A1.5.Approximate calculation of overall stability factors x

Appendix 2 Calculation of local stability of girder web
A2.1.Web plate strengthened with transverse stiffeners x(*)
A2.2.Web strengthened with transverse and longitudinal
stiffeners
A2.2.Web strengthened with transverse, longitudinal and
short stiffeners

Appendix 3 Stability factor of axially loaded compression x
members

Section properties

The influence of the net section is neglected, i.e. only the gross area is used.

The local compressive stress
c
, is considered as 0.0.

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128
Buckling curves

For welded I and PPL sections the default value for the buckling curve about the weak
xis is b. This can be changed to c on users request.

a
Buckling length

or the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio".
f ce for thi force for VARH elements").

L l tors
F
or s member (see "Calculation of critical Euler
atera ional buckling

The LTB check is g sections : I section, U section, RHS
section, T section, PPL section.
For the othe e, the factor
b
= 1.0.

sections (Iw il, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
c sidered a

Local stability of compressed members
supported for the followin
r section typ
+rail, Iwn+rail, I+ra
on s equivalent asymmetric I sections.

d the effective area
properties over the member are used to perform the stability check. However, for non-
prismatic sections, the section classifica are
determined for each intermedi se n to er rm he bil ch k.

When the web ratio ( dept /thickness) does not conform to th requ rem nts, the web is
r ulating k nd ta lity check A idth of 2 t
w

s each side f th web take int ac un
For each intermediary section, the ratios are determined. The section classification and
the effective area properties are determined for each intermediary section for performing
the section check.
or each load case/combination, the critical section classification an F
tion and the effective area properties
ary ctio p fo t sta ity ec
e i e
educed for calc of the section chec a s bi . w 0
qrt(235/f ) on
y
o e is n o co t.
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129

y
w
f
235
t 20 d=


I+Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.

SUPPORTED SECTIONS

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube

code check"
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130

I

RHS

CHS

L

U

T

PPL

RS

O

COM

NUM
Plastic (single bend ing) x x
Compact section (w x x x x ith ) x x
Non-compact secti x x x x x x x x x x on
S ction x lender se x x x x x
N kling x x x x ormal buc x x x x x x x x
LTB x x x x x
Shear buckling x x x
Plastic stability
bending)
x x check (single

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131
REFERENCES

[1] Chinese Steel Code
(Chinese version)
standard of the Peoples Republic of
Code for design of steel structures
GBJ 17-88
Beijing 1995

GBJ 17-88

.[2] National
China
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132
KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK

THE KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK
aterial properties M
The following design values are used :

teel fy
=40 mm
fy
t>40 mm
S
t<
SS41
SPS41
240 220
SPSR41
SS50 280 260
SS55 380 380

with fy the yield strength (N/mm)

The following steel characteristics are valid :
odulus of elasticity 210000 N/mm
shear modulus 81000 N/mm
10-6
7850 kg/m

m
coefficient of linear thermal expansion 12 x
density
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133
Consulted articles

he section and elements are checked according to part 2 and 3. The shear buckling
c article 7.5.2. The classiffication of sections is based on the
rules of part 4.
A more detailed overview for the used articles of the relevant parts is given in the
following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted.

T
heck is perfromed using

TEXT

2.Allowable stress

2.1.Structural material x
2.1.1.Allowable tensile stress x
2.1.2.Allowable shear stress x
2.1.3.Allowable compressive stress x
2.1.4.Allowable bending stress (*)
x a)
b)
c)
x
x
2.1.5.Allowable bearing stress

3.Load and stresses

3.3.Combined stresses (*)
3.3.1.Compression force and bending moment x
3.3.2.Tensile force and bending moment x (*)
3.3.3.Shear force and tensile stress

4.Width-Thickness ratio of plates (*)
4.1.1.Cantilever plate x
4.1.2.Two side fixed plate x
4.1.3.Effective area x
4.2.CHS section and thickness ratio x
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134

5. Tensile member

6.Compressive member

6.1.Slenderness ratio x
6.2.Buckling length x(*)

7.Beam element

7.5.Stiffener
7.5.2.Buckling verification of the web
a)
x

Section classification

For each load case/combination, the critical section classification and the effective area
properties over the member are used to perform the code check. However, for non-
prismatic sections, the section classification and the effective area properties are
etermined for each intermediary section.
When the element properties dont satisfy the limiting values for the ratios, the section
i sified slender. ave to be reduced for the calculation of the stresses.
F tstand mpressi the part that is situated on the fixed side, remains.
T e length of the part b l on
the limiting ratio.

d
s clas
or ou
as
co
The section h
on elements,
h is calculated by the equation in which the ratio b/t is equa

For internal compression elements, the remaining parts are symmetrically divided to the
end of the elements. The length of the part d is calculated by the equation in which the
ratio d/t is equal on the limiting ratio.
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135

The reduced section properties are calculated for I, U, PPL, RHS and Cold formed
ections-types.

Section properties
s
The slenderness ratios (for buckling and LTB) are calculated with the full section
properties.

he influence of the bore hole is neglected, i.e. only the gross area is used. T

Buckling length

For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculatio
he buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using
n of buckling ratio"
the critical Euler
rce for this member(see "Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements") .
T
fo

For I sections, PPL sections, U sections RHS and CHS sections, the formulas from 2.1.4
are used.
or the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by F

z
2
t
z
2
z
EI I L
Mcr
+ =
2 2
GI L Iw EI

with L LTB length
E modulus of elasticity
G shear modulus
warping constant
It torsion constant
Iz

Iw

moment of inertia about minor axis
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136
With this moment Mcr, the critical LTB stress
LTB
is calculated :

y
cr
LTB
I
M
=

with Iy

The slendern s ratio fo

moment of inertia about major axis
es r LTB
LTB
, is given by
LTB
LTB
E
=

The allowab TB str TB with the formulas
given in 2.1.3.

+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
Combined stresses
le L ess is calculated using the slenderness L
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn

, the following formulas are used :

For compression and bending

1
f
t t
1
f
c
by
f
c
f
t
by bx
by bx
bx
c
+
+
+

For tension and bending, the following formulas are used :

c
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137
1
c
by
+
1
f
t t
by bx t
+ +
f f
c
f
by bx
bx
bx

ith
c
norm l compression stress

t
normal tension stress
c
b
bending compression stress
t
b
bending tension stress
c
bx
bending compression stress around x axis
t
bx
bending tension stress around x axis
c
by
bending compression stress around y axis
t
by
bending tension stress around y axis
f
t
allowable tension stress
f
c
allowable compression stress
owable bending stress
wable bending stress around x axis
f allowable bending stress around y axis

t
+
t

w a

f
b
all
f
bx
allo
by

I +ra etric I sections.

SUPPORT
+Ud il) are considered as equivalent asymm
ED SECTIONS

L Angle section
U Channel section
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138
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube

T onditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
c

RHS

CHS

L

U

T

PPL

RS

O

COM

NUM
he necessary data c
ode check"

I
Slender sections x x x x x
Allowable stresses x x x x x x x x x x x x
Shear buckling x x x

REFERE ES NC

K an S d
(Korean Version)
1983

Extracts Korean Standard
(Internal English Vers
Translated by Karam Kim - 19.03.1998

Structural Standard of
B ing tecture
(internal english document)

[1] ore tandar

[2]
ion)
[3] Regulations of
uild Archi
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139

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140
BSK 99

BSK 99 CODE CHECK

Boverket, Byggavdelningen, 2000

M

BSK 99
StalKonstruktioner
aterial properties

F gth fyk and ten trength fuk
a ness of the element (see Ref. [1 tab.2:21a and
tab.2:21b)

T

Steel
s Poisson Unit mass
(kg /m
3
)
Extensibility
(m/m K)
Ultim
tensil
strength
(N/mm
2
)
Yield
strength
(N/mm
2
)
or standard steel grades, the characteristic yield stren sile s
re defined according to the thick ],
he standard steel grades are :
Name Type E-modulu
(N/mm
2
)
ate
e
S235 Steel 210000 0.
S 235
3 7850 12*10
-6
340 235
S275 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
410 275
S 275
S355 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
490 355
S 355
S420 Steel 210000 0.3
S 420
7850 12*10
-6
500 420
S460
S 460
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
530 460
S500 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
590 500
S 500
S550
S 550
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
640 550
S620
S 620
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
700 620
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141
S690 Steel 210000
S 690
0.3 7850 12*10
-6
770 690

(

Steel grade Thickness fuk fyk
fyk, fuk in N/mm, t in mm)
S235, S 235 0 < t <= 16 340 235
16 < t <= 40 340 225
40 < t <= 63 340 215
63 < t <= 80 340 215
80 < t <=100 340 215
S275, S 275 0 < t <= 16 410 275
16 < t <= 40 410 265
40 < t <= 63 410 255
63 < t <= 80 410 245
80 < t <=100 410 235
S355, S 355 0 < t <= 16 490 355
16 < t <= 40 490 345
40 < t <= 63 490 335
63 < t <= 80 490 325
80 < t <=100 490 315
S420, S 420 0 < t <= 16 500 420
16 < t <= 40 500 400
40 < t <= 63 500 390
S460, S 460 0 < t <= 16 530 460
16 < t <= 40 530 440
40 < t <= 63 530 430
S500, S 500 0 < t <= 50 550 500
50 < t <= 100 550 480
S550, S 550 0 < t <= 50 640 550
50 < t <= 100 640 550
S620, S 620 0 < t <= 50 700 620
50 < t <= 100 700 580
S690, S 690 0 < t <= 50 770 690
50 < t <= 100 760 650

Rem re only valid when the used material
previous table.
ark : The reduction rules from previous table a
is defined as material for the selected code.

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142
Consulted articles

The cross-section is classified according to Table 6:211a . (class 1,2 or 3).
he section is checked for tension (art. 6:22), compression (6:23), bending (6:24), shear
:26), torsion (art. 6:27), the combination of bending and axial force (art.

ore detailed overview for the used articles is given for part 6:2 in the following
ed with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a

6:2.Calculation of the capacity of construction elements
T
force (art. 6
:25). 6

A m
table. The chapters mark
upplementary explanation in the following chapters. s

6:21.Limiting values of slenderness for cross section parts x
6:211.Classes of cross sections x (*)
6:212.Design methods for the different section classes x (*)
6:22.Tensile force x
6:23.Compression force x
6:231. Initial curvature, initial inclination and load eccentricity
6:232.Loss of restraint x (*)
6:233.Reduction factor for flexural buckling x
6:24.Bending moment x
6:241.Cross section classes x (*)
6:242.Shape factors in flexure x (*)
6:243.Bending moment x
6:244.Lateral torsional buckling x (*)
6:2441.Lateral bracing of beam x
6:2442.Reduction factor for LTB x
6:25. Bending and axial force
6:251.Section check x
6:252.Flexural buckling x
6:253.Flexural-torsional buckling x
6:26.Shear force and concentrated load
6:261.Shear force x(*)
6:262.Web crippling under concentrated force
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143
6:263.Local compression
6:27.Torsional moment x
6:271.Pure torsion x
6:272.Warping
6:273.Torsional moment, shear force and bending moment x


check is performed using the actual internal forces. The classification can change for
each intermediary point.


The calculation of the effective area properties is performed according to the rules given
in [5], part :23 and :24.

etermined and the proper section check is performed. The classification (and effective
screen.
is the ctive a when subject to uniform compression.
Weff is the effective sec e cross-section when subject only to moment
about the relevant axi ability check is
performed.

Section pro ties
d
Aeff effe rea of the cross section
tion modulus of th
s. With these properties, the section and st
per

6:22 ; 6:243 51 ; 6: into account .

Section che
; 6:2 261 : The net area properties are not taken
ck

- Double symmetric I
- Solid sec s (O, R S) use the formula (6:251c)
- For single bending, the sections U, PPL, T use formula (6:251a). For double
bending the biaxial state of stress is consulted.
All other cases use the biaxial state of stress.

The (bi)axial stress check is given by formula (3:412a) and (3:412c):
sections (I) use the formula (6:251a) and (6:251b)
tion S) and hollow sections (RHS, CH
-
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144

yd
2 2
x
f 3 +
yd x
f

with =1.1

Compression members

6:232 : For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling
ratio". The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical
Euler force for this member (see "Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH
lements") .
For class 3 sections, the sed, including the calculating of
Idef.

Stability check for tors d torsional-flexural buckling
e

rules given in [5], part :34 are u
ional buckling an

See [5], part :37.
The design buckling resistance for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be
o tained usi he follo b ng t wing reduction factor
c
and slenderness
c
:

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145
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
c
c
0
0
y
y
y , cr
T , cr y , cr T , cr y , cr T , cr y , cr TF , cr
2
0
2
z
2
y
2
0
2
T
m
t
2
0 g
T , cr
TF , cr T , cr cr
cr cr
cr
A N
N
=
yk eff
f A
c
1
16 . 1
i
y
i
l
E
4
2
1
y i i i
l
EC
GI
i A
1
) , min(
+
=
=
+ +
=
+ + =

+ =
=
=

f
yk

cr
the critical stress

cr,T
the elastic critical stress for torsional buckling

cr,TF
G the shear modulus
I
T
the torsion constant of the gross section
M
y
0
l
y
the buckling length for flexural buckling about the yy-axis

1 =

with
C
i
i
z
l
T
the buckling length of the member for torsional buckling
y the position of the shear center

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146

The calculation of
cr
based on [6], part 6.2.3.(5).

Alterna ly to th egulations given in 6 2442. for bisymmetric sections, the elastic
critica oment for LTB Mcr for I section (symme
( r Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) sections, can
b ed using he rmula given by the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. [3]
For the calculation of the moment factors C1 "Calculation of
m factors for TB".

tive
l m
e r :
s tric and asymmetric), RHS
Rectangula
e calculat t fo .
, C2 and C3 we refer to
oment L
z
2
t
z
2
z
2
EI
LGI
I
Iw EI
+

E he m dulus f el stic y
restraint (= l
LTB
)
Mcr

=
L
with t o o a it
G the shear modulus
Iw

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147

See also Ref. rt 7.7. for channel sections.

F las used.

sections d+rail) are

Use of d
[ ] 4 , part 7 and in particular pa
s 3 section, I
zdef
according to [5], part :44 is or c
(Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+U
iaphragms


Shear force ( shear buckling)

The shear buckling check is using the values for
v
from table 6:261 in column 2.

The valu d)) taken as below :

e for
w
is (according to [5], part :26, (18:26
2
w
a
34 . 5 00 . 4 k 1
+ = <

w
2
w
w
k w
w
b
b
a
if
b
b
a
if
E t
k
. 0

=

k
the modulus of elasticity
f
yk
the yield strength
a the field length
b
w
the field height
t
w
the web thickness

yk
w
f
b 81

a
00 . 4 34 . 5 k 1
+ =

with E
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148
a
bw

ns (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
ered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
Composed rail sectio
I+Ud+rail) are consid

Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .) I
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube

The necess nditions for these sections are described in chapter "Profile
sections are not read out of the profile library.

RS

O

COM

NUM
ary data co
The COM and NUM

I RHS CHS L U T PPL

Section check x x x x x x x x x x x x
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149
double bending
Class 3 support x x x x x x
Buck:ling check x x x x x x x x x x x x
LTB check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Compression + bending
ouble bending
x
d
Compression + bending
single bending
x x x x x x x x
Compression + LTB x
le bending

doub
Shear buckling x x x x
Torsional check x


REFERENCES

el Structures
I Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, Publication 118, 1989
- 1 : General rules and rules for buildings
] R. Maquoi
ENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUE

orsten Hglund
C E Fritzes AB, Stockholm
[1] BSK 99
StalKonstruktioner
Boverket, Byggavdelningen, 2000

[2] Swedish Regulations for Ste
BSK
SB

[3] Eurocode 3
Part 1
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992

[4
ELEM
[5] T
K18, Dimensionering av Stalkonstruktioner
Utdrag ur Handboken Bygg, kapitel K18 och K19
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150

[6] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
gn of steel structures Eurocode 3 : Desi
CEN 1996

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151
IS 800

IS:800 CODE CHECK


IS 800 Draft version
Material properties

The following steel grades are supported :

Grade/
Classification
Yield stress(Mpa)
Ultimate
tensile
stress(Mpa)
A/Fe410WA 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
B/Fe410WB 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
C/Fe410WC 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
Fe440W 300(<16mm), 290(16mm to 40mm), 280(>41mm to 63mm) 440 A
Fe440WB 300(<16m ), 280(>41mm to 63mm) 440 m), 290(16mm to 40mm
Fe490 350(<16mm), 330(16mm to 40mm), 320(>41mm to 63mm) 490
Fe490B (<16m m) 490 350 m), 330(16mm to 40mm), 320(>41mm to 63m
Fe540 410(<16mm), 390(16mm to 40mm), 380(>41mm to 63mm) 540
Fe540B mm), 380(>41mm to 63mm) 540 410(<16mm), 390(16mm to 40

The string in the column Grade/Classification is used to determine the proper yield
stress reduction.

Consulted articles

The cross-se n is clas
he section is checked for tension (Section 6), compression (Section 7), bending (Section
) and the combination of forces (Section 9).
ctio sified according to Table 3.1.
T
8
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152

ore detailed overview for the used articles is given in the following table. The
hapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a
upplementary explanation in the following chapters.

3.7. Classification of Cross Section x(*)
A m
c
s

6.1. Tension members x
6.2. Design strength due to Yielding of Gross section

7.1. Design Strength x(*)

8.2. Design strength in bending x
8.2.1. Laterally supported beam
8.2.1.1. Section with slender webs x
8.2.1.2. When factored shear force < 0.6 Vd x
8.2.1.3. When factored shear force > 0.6 Vd x
8.2.2. Laterally unsupported beam x
8.2.2.1. Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling moment x
8.4. Shear x
8.4.1. The n inal plastic shear resistance om x
8.4.2. Resis nce to she ta ar buckling x

9.1. Genera x l
9.2. Combi Shear a ned nd bending x
9.3. Combined Axial Force and Bending Moment x

Appendix F x

Remarks
- the design of slender compression elements is outside the scope of this
implementation
- the shear buckling check is only using the Simple Post Critical Method
-
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153

sification can change for each intermediary point.
tion, the critical section classification over the member is
sed to perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for
ility section classification is determined
each int

T ss s
- ss 1
- class 2
- class 3
- class 4

The class 4 (slender) section check is not supported. For this sections a class 3 (semi-
c ct) s ed.

S on pr
check is performed. The clas
For each load case/combina
u
owever, for non-prismatic sections, the stab H
for ermediary section
he cro ections are classified as
cla : plastic

: compact
: semi-compact
: slender section
ompa ection check is perform
ecti operties

T are

Section check
he net a properties are not taken into account .

of high shear for cla In the cas
fa
e ss 3 sectio, the allowable normal stress is reduced with a
ompression members
ctor (1-). When torsional shear stress is present, the VonMisis criterium is checked.

C

force for this member (see "Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elem

S eck for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling
ents") .
tability ch

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154
The design buckling resistance N
b,Rd
for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be
axis, and with relative
slenderness given by :

obtained using buckling for buckling around the weak
( ) ( ) [ ]
1
4
2
1
1
GI
) m
0
0
,
, , , , , , ,
2
0
2 2 2
0
2 2
0
,
,
=
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
i
y
i
l
E
y i i i
l
EC
i A
y
y
y cr
T cr y cr T cr y cr T cr y cr TF cr
z y
T
m
t
g
T cr
TF cr
A cr

with f
yb

cr
the critical stress

cr,T
the elastic critical stress for torsional buckling

cr,TF
G the shear modulus
I
T
the torsion constant of the gross section
C
M
i
y
i
z
l
T
the buckling length of the member for torsional buckling
y
0
the position of the shear center
l
y
the buckling length for flexural buckling about the yy-axis

, in(
,T cr
=
cr
=
f
yb
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155

torsional buckling

Lateral-
e or LTB Mcr for I sections (symmetric and asymmetric),
HS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular Hollow Section)
sections, can be calculated using the formula given by Annex F.

or the calculation of the moment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of
moment factors for LTB".

h elastic critical moment f T
R
F
z
2
t
EI

z
2
2
I
Iw
L
EI
cr
=

with the modulus of elasticity
G e shear modulus
z
LGI
M
E
th
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156
restraint (= l
LTB
)

Use of diaphragms

SUPPORTED SECTIONS

tandard sections are defined :

The following s

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section ( sheet welded, section
pairs, )
O Solid tube

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157
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158
In the following matrix is shown which sections are supported for the different analysis
parts in the Indian steel Code check :

I

RHS CHS L U T PPL RS Z O COM NUM
Section Classification x x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)
Section check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check class 4
Stability check c lass 2 x x x
Stability check cl x x x x x x x x x x ass 3 x x x
Stability check c lass 4
Shear buckling x check x x

) secti s are c

REFERE ES
(1 on lassified as class 3 cross section by default.
NC

1] 00 [ IS:8
2005
CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO
INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO

For the calculation of buckling ratio, several methods can be applied.
The general method is described in chapter "Calculation buckling ratio general
formula". For crossing diagonals, the buckling ratio is explained in chapter "Calculation
buckling ratios for crossing diagonalS". For VARH elements, the critical Euler force is
calculated according to the method given in chapter "Calculation of critical Euler force
for VARH elements". For lattice tower members, see the chapter "Calculation buckling
ratio for lattice tower members".
CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIO GENERAL FORMULA

For the calculation of the buckling ratios, some approximate formulas are used. These
formulas are treated in reference [1], [2] and [3].

The following formulas are used for the buckling ratios (Ref[1],pp.21) :

for a non sway structure :

24) + 11 + 5 + 24)(2 + 5 + 11 + (2
12)2 + 4 + 4 + 24)( + 5 + 5 + (
= l/L
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

for a sway structure :

4 +
x
x = l/L
1
2

with L the system length
E the modulus of Young
I the moment of inertia
Ci the stiffness in node I
Mi the moment in node I
Fi the rotation in node I

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159

2 1 2 1
2
1
2
2 1
8 + ) + (
+ 4
= x
EI
L
C
=
i
i

i
i
i
M
=
C

The values for M
i
and
i
are approximately determined by the internal forces and the
deformations, calculated by load cases which generate deformation forms, having an
affinity with the buckling form. (See also Ref.[5], pp.113 and Ref.[6],pp.112).
The following load cases are considered :
load case 1 : on the beams, the local distributed loads qy=1 N/m and qz=-100 N/m
are used, on the columns the global distributed loads Qx = 10000 N/m and Qy
=10000 N/m are used.
load case 2 : on the beams, the local distributed loads qy=-1 N/m and qz=-100 N/m
are used, on the columns the global distributed loads Qx = -10000 N/m and Qy= -
10000 N/m are used.

The used approach gives good results for frame structures with perpendicular rigid or
semi-rigid beam connections. For other cases, the user has to evaluate the presented
bucking ratios.
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160

CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIOS FOR CROSSING DIAGONALS

For crossing diagonal elements, the buckling length perpendicular to the diagonal plane,
is calculated according to Ref.[4], DIN18800 Teil 2, table 15. This means that the
buckling length s
K
is dependant on the load distribution in the element, and it is not a
purely geometrical data anymore.
In the following chapters, the buckling length sK is defined,

with s
K
buckling length
l member length
l
1
length of supporting diagonal
I moment of inertia (in the buckling plane) of the member
I
1
moment of inertia (in the buckling plane) of the
supporting diagonal
N compression force in member
N
1
compression force in supporting diagonal
Z tension force in supporting diagonal
E elastic modulus

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161

Continuous compression diagonal, supported by continuous tension diagonal
N
N
Z
Z
l/2
l1/2

l 5 . 0 s
l I
l 1 I
1
l N 4
l Z 3
1
l s
K
3
1
3
1
K

=

See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 1.

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162
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by pinned tension diagonal
N
N
Z
Z
l/2
l1/2

l 5 . 0 s
l N
l Z
75 . 0 1 l s
K
1
K

=

S

ee Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 4.
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163
Pinned compression diagonal, supported by continuous tension diagonal
N
N
Z
Z
l/2
l1/2

) 1
l Z
l N
(
4
l Z 3
) I E (
1
l Z
l N
l 5 . 0 s
1
2
2
1
d 1
1
K
=

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164
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by continuous compression diagonal
N
N1
N1
l/2
N
l1/2

l 5 . 0 s
l I
l 1 I
1
l N
l N
1
l s
K
3
1
3
1
1
K

+
=


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165
Continuous compression diagonal, supported by pinned compression diagonal
N
N
N1
N1
l/2
l1/2

1
1
2
K
l N
l N
12
1 l s
+ =

See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 3 (2).

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166
Pinned compression diagonal, supported by continuous compression diagonal
N
N
N1
N1
l/2
l1/2

)
N
l N
12
(
l
l N
) I E (
l 5 . 0 s
1
1
2
1
2
3
d
K

=

CALCULATION OF CRITICAL EULER FORCE FOR VARH ELEMENTS
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 3 (3).

Definitions

A llows :

The member has the properties of a symmetric I secion (formcode=1), where only the
height is linear variable along the member. The system length for buckling around the
local yy axis (strong axis), is equal to member length.
For this non-prismatic section, the critical Euler force is given in Ref[7].

VARH element is defined as fo
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167

force Calculation of the critical Euler

For a VARH element (form node i to node j), we can define

L beam length
i j
E modulus of Young
N
cr
critical Euler force
R
i
, R
j
beam stiffness at end i and j

by :

I
i
, I
j
moment of inertia at end i and j
A, A sectional area at end i and j
The stiffness R and R' is given
EI
L
R
=
R
EI
L
R
=
R
M
= R
i
j j
i
i i

I
I
=
i
j

The critical Euler force is given by

L
EI
=
N
2
i 2
cr

To calculate , the next steps are followed :
1. Calculate L, I
i
, I
j
, R
i
, R
j
, R'
i
, R'
j
,

2. We suppose that
2
1
>
1 -

3. Calculate a, b, c and d as follows

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168
)] ln cotg( +
2
1
(
1) - (
+ [1
1
= d
]
1 -
) ln ( sin
- [1
1
= c = b
)] ln cotg( -
2
1
1)( - ( + [1
1
= a
4
1
-
) 1 - (
=
2
2
2
2
2

4. For a beam in non-sway system, we solve

0 =
R R
bc) - (ad +
R
d +
R
a + 1
j i j i

For a beam in sway system, we solve

0 = bc)) - (ad - d + c - b - (a
R R
+ - ) d - (1
R
+ ) a - (1
R
2
j i
2 2
j
2
i

5. When a solution is found, we check if

2
1
>
1 -

6. If not, then recalculate a,b,c en d as follows :

]
) - (
) ) +
2
1
( - ) -
2
1
1)(( - (
+ [1
1
= d
]
) - (
1) - ( 2
- [1
1
= c = b
]
-
) ) +
2
1
( - ) -
2
1
1)(( - (
+ [1
1
= a
-
-
2
- 2
-
2

and resolve the proper equation of 4.

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169
CALCU TION BUCKLING RATIO FOR LATTICE TOWER MEMBERS LA
6771 is selected, the following buckling
onfiguration can be selected. For each configuration, the critical slendernesses to be
considered, are defined.
When the national code EC3 or NEN6770/
c
The values are taken from Ref.[8].
y
y
z z
v
v

We defi

i
yy
radius of gyration around yy axis
i
zz
radius of gyration around zz axis

ith the option 'Bracing members are sufficiently supported', the effective
slendernesses may be reduced as follows :
- for vv-axis :
ne :
i
vv
radius of gyration around vv axis
W
vv 7 . 0 35 . 0 + =
- for yy-axis : yy 7 . 0 50 . 0 + =
The buckling curve 'b' is used..

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170

Leg with symmetrical bracing

vv
i
L
=

Leg with intermediate transverse support

yy
i
L
=

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171
Leg with staggered bracing

vv
yy
i
52 . 1 ) 2 a , 1 a max(
i
L
=
=

Single Bracing

vv
i
L
=

Single Bracing with SBS (Secondary Bracing System)

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172

yy
2
vv
1
i
L
i
L
=
=

Cross bracing

yy
com
com
y
E
E
com
com
com
com
1 b
1
com
sup
2 b com b
'
2
zz
2
yy
2
1
i
L
f
E
58 . 0 70 . 0 K
L
K
1
1 25 . 0 K
0 . 1 5 . 0
K
1
1 25 . 0
F
F
K
1
L K L K
i
,
i
L
=
=
=
+ =
+
+
+ +
= =
=
=
1
1
L
=
1 b
1 38 . 0 75 . 0 K

+ =
' '
vv
L L
i
L

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173

with L
com
Length of compressed member (L2 from figure)
com
Force in compressed member (L2 from figure)
F
sup
Force in supporting member (member crossing member L2)
E Modulus of Young
f
y
Yield strength

Cross bracing with SBS
F

3 b com b
'
3
zz
'
3
yy
'
3
zz
2
yy
2
vv
1
L K L K L
i
L
,
i
L
i
L
,
i
L
i
L
= =
=
=
=

with L
com
Length of compressed member (L3 from figure)
F
com
Force in compressed member (L3 from figure)
F
sup
Force in supporting member (member crossing member L3)
K
b
See Chapter 'Cross bracing'

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174
K Bracing

zz yy
i i
3
2 2
vv
1
L
,
L
,
L
L
=
=
i
=
3
zz yy
L
i i

Horizontal Bracing

L
1 R 0
P
P
R
73 . 0 R 316 . 0 R 085 . 0 k
i
L
k
1
2
2
vv

=
+ =
=

with P
1
Compression load
P
2
Tensile load

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175
Horizo S ntal Bracing with SB

L

1 R 0
P
P
R
73 . 0 R 316 . 0 R 085 . 0 k
i
L
k
1
2
2
yy

=
+ =
=

with P
1
Compression load
P
2
Tensile load
iscontinuous Cross bracing with horizontal member

D

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176

N1 N2
N1 N2
F F
a
a

( ) + =
=
cos ) 2 N 1 N ( , F max F
i
a
,
i
a 2
Sd
vv yy

with F normal force to check
F
Sd
actual compression force in horizontal member
N1 tensile force in diagonal
N2 compression force in diagonal

REFERENCES

[1] Handleiding moduul STACO VGI
Staalbouwkundig Genootschap
Staalcentrum Nederland
5684/82
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177

ate formula for effective end-fixity of
J.Aero.Sc. Vol.16 Feb.1949 pp.116

Stabiliteit voor de staalconstructeur
uitgave Staalbouwkundig Genootschap
Stahlbauten : Stabilittsflle, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
November 1990
Controleregels voor lijnvormige constructie-elementen
IBBC Maart 1987

Basiseisen en basisrekenregels voor overwegend statisch belaste constructies
NEN 6770, december 1991
Flambement des poteaux inertie variable
Construction Mtallique 1-1981

[8] NEN-EN 50341-3-15
Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 45 kV - Part 3: Set of National
Normative Aspects
Number 15: National Normative Aspects (NNA) for The Netherlands

[2] Newmark N.M. A simple approxim
columns
[3]

[4] DIN18800 Teil 2

[5] Rapportnr. BI-87-20/63.4.3360

[7] Y. Gala
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178
CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS FOR LTB

UCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS INTROD
or determining the moment factors C1 and C2 for lateral torsional buckling (LTB), we
use the standard tables which are defined in Ref.[1] Art.12.25.3 table 9.1.,10 end 11.

tribution is compared with some standard moment distributions.
his standard moment distributions are moment lines generated by a distributed q load, a
nodal F load, or where the moment line is maximum at the start or at the end of the beam.

The standard moment distributions which is closest to the current moment distribution, is
taken for the calculation of the factors C1 and C2.
he factor C3 is taken out of the tables F.1.1. and F.1.2. from Ref.[2] - Annex F.

CALCULATION MOMENT FACTORS

F
The current moment dis
T

T

load

Moment distribution generated by q

For EC3, IS800 and CM66 :

if M2

C
*
C2 = 0.45 A* [1 + C* e ( + )]

if M2

< 0
1 = A
*
(1.45 B
*
+ 1) 1.13 + B
*
(-0.71 A
*
+ 1) E
D*
> 0
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179
C1 = 1.13 A
*
+ B
*
E
*
C2 = 0.45A
*

For DIN18800 and ONORM4300 :

if M2 < 0

C1 = A
*
(1.45 B
*
+ 1) 1.12 + B
*
(-0.71 A
*
+ 1) E
*
C2 = 0.45 A
*
[1 + C
*
e
D*
( + )]

if M2 > 0

C1 = 1.12 A
*
+ B
*
E
*
C2 = 0.45A
*

with :
l
+q | M2 | 8
l
q
= A
2
2
*

l
+q | M2 | 8
| M2 | 8
= B
2
*

ql
| M2 | 94
= C
2
*

)
ql
| M2 |
-72( = D
2
2
*

for DIN18800 / ONORM 4300 :

0.77 - 1.77 = E
*

for EC3 Code and IS800 :

2.70 < E*
0.52 + 1.40 - 1.88 = E*
2

for NEN6770/6771, SIA263 Code :

E*=1.75-1.05*+0.30* and E*<2.3

for CM66 :

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180
2.70 < E*
0.52 + 1.40 - 1.88 = E*
2

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181

load Moment distribution generated by F

M2 < 0

C1 = A
**
(2.75 B
**
+ 1) 1.35 + B
**
(-1.62 A
**
+ 1) E
**
C2 = 0.55 A
**
[1 + C
**
e
D**
( + )]

M2 > 0

C1 = 1.35 A
**
+ B
**
E
**
C2 = 0.55 A
**

with :
+Fl | M2 | 4
Fl
= A
* *
+Fl | M2 | 4
Fl
= B
* *

Fl
| M2 | 38
= C
* *

)
Fl
| M2 |
-32( = D
2 * *

The values for E
**
can be taken as E
*
from chapter "Moment distribution generated by q
load".
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182
Moment line with maximum at the start or at the end of the beam

C2 = 0.0

f IN1880 RM 4300 or D 0 / ONO

0.77 - 1.77 = 1 C
for EC3 Code / IS800 :

52 1.40 - 1.88
2

2.70 < 1 C and
0. + = 1 C

for CM66 :

( )
2 2
1 152 . 0 1
3
= 1 C
+ +

for NEN6770/6771, SIA263 Code :
E*=1.75-1.05*+0.30* and E*<2.3

REFERENCES

Stabiliteit
NEN 6771 - 1991

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183
[2] Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992

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184
PROFILE CONDITIONS FOR CODE CHECK
NTRODUCTION TO PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS I
The standard profile sections have fixed sections properties and dimensions, which have
to be present in the profile library.
The section properties are described in chapter "Data for general section stability
check".
The required dimension properties are described in chapter "Data depending in the
profile shape".
DATA FOR GENERAL SECTION STABILITY CHECK

The following properties have to be present in the profile library for the execution of the
section and the stability check :

Description Property number
Iy moment of inertie yy 8
Wy elastic section modulus yy 10
Sy statical moment of area yy 6
Iz moment of inertia zz 9
Wz elastic section modulus zz 11
Sz statical moment of area zz 7
It* torsional constant 14
Wt* torsional resistance 13
A0 sectional area 1
Iyz centrifugal moment 12
iy radius of gyration yy 2
iz radius of gyration zz 3
Mpy plastic moment yy 30
Mpz plastic moment zz 31
fab fabri
0=rolled section (default value)
1=welded section
105 cation code
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185
2=cold formed section

he fabrication code is not obligatory.
hen the section is made out of 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can be
alculated by the calculation routine in the profile library. When this is not the case,
by the user in the profile library.

The plastic moments are calculated with a yield strength of 240 N/mm.
T

W
c
these properties have to be input
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186
DATA DEPENDING IN THE PROFILE SHAPE
I section

mcode 1 For
PSS Type .I.

Property Description
49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
74 W
140 wm1
61 R1
146

109 1

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187
B
s
w
t
R
R1
a
H

HS

R

Formcode 2
PSS Type .M.

49 H
48 B
67 s
66 R

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188
109 2

B
s
H
R

CHS

mcode 3 For
PSS Type O. .R

64 D
65 s
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189

109 3

D
w

Angle section

Formcode 4
PSS Type .L.

49 H
48 B
44 t
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190
61 1 R
66 R

74 W1
75 W2
76 W3

109 4

B
R
R1
w1
w2
t
w3
w1
w2

C ctio hannel se n

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191
Formcode 5
PSS Type .U.

49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R

68
41
61 R1
146

109 5

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192
B
s
H
t
R
R1
a

T section

Formcode 6
PSS Type .T.

49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
61 R1
62 R2
146 1
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193
147 2

109 6

B
s
t
R
a1
H
a2
R1
R2

Full rectangular section

Formcode 7
PSS Type .B.

48 B
67 H
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194

109 7

B
H

Full circular section

ode 11 Formc
PSS Type .RU.

64 D

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195
109 11

D

Asymmetric I section

code 101

Form
PSS Type

49 H
48
44
47 s
42 Bt
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196
43 Bb
45 tt
46 tb
66 R

109 101

R
H
Bt
Bb
tt
tb

Z

section

mcode 102

For
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197
PSS Type .Z.

49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
67 R
61 R1

109 102

B
s
t
H
R
R1

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198
General cold formed section

Each section is considered as a composition of rectangular parts. Each part represents a
plate unit which is considered as element for defining the effective width. The start and
end parts are considered as unstiffened elements, the intermediate parts are considered
as stifffened parts.
This way of definition of the section assumes that the area is concentrated at its centre
line. The rounding in the corners are ignored.

Description Property number Value
form code 109 110

Dy* 22
Dz* 23
CM* 26
buckling curve around yy axis 106 (1)
buckling curve around zz axis 107 (1)
buckling curve for LTB 108 (1)

) The values for the buckling curves are defined as follows :
1 = buckling curve a
2 = buckling curve b
(1
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199
3 = buckling curve c
4 = buckling curve d
The conditions are that the section is an open profile. Only the geometry commands O,
L etry description.
made out of 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can be
alculated by the calculation routine in the profile library. The properties from the
r tion lated by the code check.

When the section is made out of more then 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can
NOT be calculated by the calculation routine in the profile library. The properties from
the reduced section can be calculated, except for the marked properties. These
properties have to be input by the user in the profile library.

mcode 110

, N, A may be used in the geom

When the section is
c
educed sec can be calcu
For
PSS Type

44 s
61 r
48 B
142 sp
143 e2
68 H

109 110

Remark :
r is rounding, special for KLS section (Voest Alpine)
sp is number of shear planes

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200
B
H
e2
s

ld formed angle section Co

Formcode 111
PSS Type

44 s
61 r
48 B
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201

68 H

109 111

B
s
H
r

Cold formed channel section

Formcode 112
PSS Type

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202

44 s
61 r
48 B

49 H

109 112

B
s
H
r

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203
Cold formed Z n sectio

code 113

Form
PSS Type

44 s
61 r
48 B

49 H

109 113

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204
B
s
H
R

Figure 1

Cold formed C section

Formcode 114
PSS Type

44 s
61 r
48 B

49 H
68 c
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205

109 114

B
s
H
r
c

Figure 2

Cold formed Omega section

Formcode 115
PSS Type

44 s
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206
61 r
48 B

49 H
42 c

109 115

B
s
H
c
R

Rail type KA

Formcode 150
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207
PSS Type .KA.

148 h1
149 h2
150 h3
151 b1
152 b2
153 b3
154 k
155 f1
156 f2
157 f3
61 r1
62 r2
63 r3
158 r4
159 5 r
160 a

109 150

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208
r1
r2
r4
r3
r5
b3
k
b2
b1
f3
f2
f1
h1
h3
h2

R ype K

ail t F

Formcode 51 1
PSS Type .KF.

48 b
154 k
49 h
153 b3
155 f1
157 f3
148 h1
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209
149 h2
61 r1
62 r2
63 3 r

109 151

r1
r2
r2
r2
r2
r3
k
b
b3
f3
f1
h
h1
h2

Rail type KQ

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210
Formcode 152
PSS Type .KQ.

48 b
154 k
49 h
153 b3
155 f1
149 h2
150 3 h
61 r1

109 152

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211
b
k
b3
r1
h3
h2
f1

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212

WARPING CHECK

STRESS CHECK

In cross sections subject to torsion, the following is checked :

Ed , w Ed , t Ed , Vz Ed , Vy Ed , t ot
Ed , w Ed , Mz Ed , My Ed , N Ed , t ot
M
y 2
Ed , t ot
2
Ed , t ot
0 M
y
Ed , t ot
M
y
Ed , t ot
f
1 . 1 3
3
f
f
+ + + =
+ + + =

+

with

fy the yield strength

tot,Ed
the total direct stress

tot,Ed
the total shear stres

M
=
M0
(class 1,2 and 3 section)
=
M1
(class 4 section)

M0
the partial safety f tance of cross-sections
where failure is caused by yielding (=1.1)
the partial safety
where failure is caused by buckling (=1.1)
the direct stress due to the axial force on the relevant
effective cross-section

My,Ed
the direct stress due to the bending moment around y axis on
the relevant effective cross-section

Mz,Ed
the direct stress due to the bending moment around z axis on
the relevant effectiv

w,Ed
the direct stress due to warping on the gross cross-section

Vy,Ed
the shear stress due ss
s

actor for resis

M1
factor for resistance of cross-sections
N,Ed

e cross-section
to shear force in y direction on the gro
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213
cross-section

Vz,Ed
the shear stress due to shear force in z direction on the gross
cross-section

t,Ed
the shear stress du t. Venant) torsion on the
gross cross-section

w,Ed
the shear stress due the gross cross-section
The warping effect is considered for standard I sections and U sections, and for (=
cold formed sections) sections. The def ctions and U sections, and
sections are described in "Profile conditions

T her standard sections ( RHS, CHS rectangular
sections) are considered as warping free. See also Ref.[2], Bild 7.4.40.

C ULATION OF THE DIRECT STRESS DUE TO WARPING

e to uniform (S
to warping on

inition of I se
for code check".
he ot , Angle section, T section and
ALC

The direct stress due to warping is given by (Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3, Ref.[3])

m
, w
C
M w
Ed
w M
=

w
the bimoment
w
M
the unit warping
C
m
I sections

with M

For I sections, the value of w
M
is given in the tables (Ref. [2], Tafel 7.87, 7.88). This
value is added to the profile library. The diagram of w
M
is given in the following figure:
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214

The direct stress due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure).
The value for wM can be calculated by (Ref.[5] pp.135) :

m M
4
h b
1
=

with b the section width
h
m
the section height (see figure)

U sections
w

For I sections, the value of w
M
is given in the tables as w
M1
and w
M2
(Ref. [2], Tafel
7.89). This values are added to the profile library. The diagram of w
M
is given in the
following figure :

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215

due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure).
sections
The direct stress

The values for w
M
are calculated for the critical points according to the general
approach given in Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3 and Ref.[8] Part 27.

The critical points for each part are shown as circles in the figure.

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216
CALCULATION OF THE SHEAR STRESS DUE TO WARPING

The shear stress due to warping is given by (Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3, Ref.[3])

=
s
0
M
w
m
xs
tds
t C
M

with the warping torque (see "Standard
warping torque, bimoment
on")

I sections
Ed , w
M
xs

diagrams for
and the St.Venant torsi
w
M

the unit warping
C
m
t
the element thickness

The shear stress due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure)

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217

For I sections, we have the following :
A
4
w t b
tds w
M
2 / b
0
M
=

=

U sections, sections

Starting from the w
M
diagram, we calculate the value

f critical points.
The shear stres due to warping is calculated in these critical points (see circles in
f
s
0
M
tds w
or the
s
igures)

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218

PLASTIC CHECK
For doubly symmetric I sections of class 1 and class 2 (plastic check), the interaction
f la given in Ref.[10] is used.

ormu
b
tw
tf
h H
y y
z
z

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219
Used variables

Section Properties
A sectional area
b width
H heigth of section
t
f
flange thickness
t
w
web thickness
h = H - t
f

A
w
= 1.05 (h+t
f
) t
w
for rolled section
A
w
= h t
w
for welded sections
f f
t b 2 A =
A
A
f
f
=

f w
1 =
W
z,pl
plastic section modulus around z
axis
W
y,pl
plastic section modulus around y
axis

Material Properties
f
y,d
yield strength
y,d
shear strength

Internal forces
N
Sd
normal force
M
y,Sd
bending moment around y axis
M
z,Sd
bending moment around z axis
M
w,Sd
bimoment
V
y,Sd
shear force in y direction
V
z,Sd
shear force in z direction
M
xp,Sd
torque due to St. Venant
M
xs,Sd
warping torque

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220
Plastic capacities
N
pl,Rd
= A f
y,d

M
z,pl,Rd
= W
z,pl
f
y,d

V
z,pl,Rd
= A
w

y,d

d , y
2
w 2
f Rd , pl , xp
2
t
h bt
+ =

M
M
y,pl,Rd
= W
y,pl
f
y,d

2
h
M M
Rd , pl , z Rd , pl , w
=

V
y,pl,Rd
= A
f

y,d

2
h
V M
Rd , pl , y Rd , pl , xs
=

Rd , pl
Sd
N
N
n =

Rd , pl , y
Sd , y
y
M
M
m =

Rd , pl , z
Sd , z
z
M
M
m =

Rd , pl , w
Sd , w
w
M
M
m =

Rd , pl , y
Sd , y
y
V
V
v =

Rd , pl , z
Sd , z
z
V
V
v =

Rd , pl , xp
Sd , xp
xp
M
M
m =

Rd , pl , xs
Sd , xs
xs
M
M
m =

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221
Shear force reduction
( )
w w z
2
z w
xp
2
z z
1 s 5 . 0 for
1 2
m v
>
=
+ =

=
( )
( )
f f y
2
y f
xp
2
y xs y
1 s 5 . 0 for
1 2
m v m
= >
=
+ + =

Sign
p=sign ( M
z,Sd
x M
w,Sd
)

( )
2
s
n
p 1
s 4
s
m m
m m
m m
1
w w
w w
f f
w z
w z
w z
s
=
w w
s w w s
s
n
p 1 s 4

Unity checks :

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222
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
s
m
p
s
m
s 2
n s 2 1 m
and
1
s
m
p
s
m
s 2
n s 2 1 m
s n if
1
s
m
s
m
s 2
s
n
s 1 m
s n if
f
w
f
z
2
f f
w w f y
f
w
f
z
2
f f
w w f y
w w
f
w
f
z
2
f f
w w
w w f y
w w
+
+
+ +
+
>
+ +
+ +

m
m

R e values between must be >0.

STANDARD DIAGRAMS FOR WARPING TORQUE, BIMOMENT AND THE
{ } emark : th
ST.VENANT TORSION

The following 6 standard situations are given in the literature (Ref.[2], Ref.[3]).
The value is defined as follows :

m
t
C E
I G
=

with M
x
the total torque
= M
xp
+ M
xs

M
xp
the torque due to St. Venant
M
xs
the warping torque
w
the bimoment
I
T
the torsional constant
C
M

M

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223
G the shear modulus

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224

Torsion fixed ends, warping free ends, local torsional loading Mt

x

M
L

a M
L
t

b M
t

M
M
xb
xa
=
=
M
xp
for a
side
= ) x cosh(
) L sinh(
) b sinh(
L
b
M M
t xp

M
xp
for b
side
+ = ) ' x cosh(
) L sinh(
) a sinh(
L
a
M M
t xp

M
xs
for a
side
= ) x cosh(
) L sinh(
) b sinh(
M M
t xs

M
xs
for b
side
= ) ' x cosh(
) L sinh(
) a sinh(
M M
t xs

M
w
for a side

) L sinh(

= ) x sinh(
) b sinh( M
M
t
w

M
w
for b side

) L sinh(

= ) ' x sinh(
) a sinh( M
M
t
w

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225
Tor Mt sion fixed ends, warping fixed ends, local torsional loading

M
x

L
a M
M
L
b M
M
t
xb
t
xa
=
=

M
xp
for a

= M M
t xp
side

+
3 D
L
1 k 2 k b

M
xp
fo
side
r b
= 4 D
L
M M
t xp

1 k a 2 k
M
xs
fo
side
r a 3 D M M
t
=
xs
M
xs
for b

4 D M M
t xs
=
side
M
w
for a side
1 D
M
M
t
=
w
M
w
for b side
2 D
M
M
t
w

=

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226
( )
( )
( )
( )
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L ) b
)
2
L
tanh( 2
sin
2 k
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
) L sinh(
) b sinh( ) a sinh( b sin
k
) L sinh(
) 2 k
4 D
sinh
3 D
) ' x sinh( 1 k ) a sinh( ) x ( 2 k
sinh
1 D
+ =

=
=
+ +
) L sinh( 2
1
) L sinh(
sinh( ) a sinh( b a ) b sinh( ) a h(

)
2
L
tanh(
2
L )
2
L
tanh( 2
+
2
a
1
) L sinh(
) b sinh( ) a h(
+
1 =
' x cosh( 1 k ) a sinh( ) x cosh( +
) L sinh(
) ' x cosh( 1 k ) x cosh( 2 k ) b (
+
) L sinh(
sinh
2 D =
) L sinh(
) ' x sinh( 1 k ) x sinh( 2 k ) b (
+ +
=
SCIA
227

Torsion fixed ends, warping free ends, distributed torsional loading mt

M
x

2
L m
M
2
L m
M
t
xb
t
xa
=

M
xp

=
) L sinh(
) ' x cosh( ) x cosh(
) x
2
L
(
m
M
t
xp

M
xs

) L sinh(

=
) ' x cosh( ) x cosh( m
M
t
xs

M
w

) L sinh(
1
2
+ sinh( ) x sinh( m
t
=
) ' x
w
M

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228
Torsion fixed ends, war istributed torsional loading mt ping fixed ends, d

M
x

2
L m
M
2
L m
M
t
xb
t
xa
=

M
xp

=
) L sinh(
) k 1 ( ) x
2
L
(
m
M
t
xp

M
xs

=
) L sinh(
) k 1 (
m
M
t
xs

M
w

=
) L sinh(
) ' x sinh( ) x sinh(
) k 1 ( 1
m
M
2
t
w

)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
1 k
=
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229

One end free, other end torsion and warping fixed, local torsional loading Mt

M
x

t xa
M M =

M
xp

=
) L cosh(
) ' x cosh(
1 M M
t xp

M
xs

=
) L cosh(
) ' x cosh(
M M
t xs

M
w

=
) L cosh(
) ' x sinh( M
M
t
w

ne end free, other end torsion and warping fixed, distributed torsional loading mt O

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230

M
x

L m
t
M
xa
=

M
xp

) x cosh( L ' x
t
m
+
=
) L cosh(
) x sinh( )) L sinh( L 1 (
M
xp

M
xs

=
) L cosh(
) x sinh( )) L sinh( L 1 (
) x cosh( L
m
M
t
xs

M
w

+
+
=
) L cosh(
) x cosh( )) L sinh( L 1 (
) x sinh( L 1
m
M
t
w

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231
DECOMPOSITION OF ARBITRARY TORSION LINE

There the EPW solver does not take into account the extra DOF for warping, the
determination of the warping torque and the related bimoment, is based on some
he following end conditions are considered :
standard situations.

T

warping free

warping fixed

This results in the following 3 beam situations :

situation 1 : warping free / warping free

situation 2 : warping free / warping fixed

situation 3 : warping fixed / warping fixed

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232

Decomposition for situation 1 and situation 3

The arbitrary total torque line is decomposed into the following standard situations :

n number of torsion lines generated by a local torsional loading Mt
n

one torsion line generated by a distributed torsional loading mt
one torsion line with constant torque Mt
0

The values for Mxp, Mxs and Mw are taken from the previous tables for the local
rsional loadings Mt
n
and the distributed loading mt. The value Mt
0
is added to the M
xp

alue.

Decomposition for situation 2
to
v

The arbitrary total torque line is decomposed into the following standard situations :

one torsion line generated by a local torsional loading Mt
n

one torsion line generated by a distributed torsional loading mt

The values for Mxp, Mxs and Mw are taken from the previous tables for the local
torsional loading Mt

and the distributed loading mt.

REFERENCES
ules Supplementary rules for cold formed thin
heeting
CEN 1996

[1] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
Part 1-3 : General r
gauge members and s
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233
[2] Stahl im Hochbau
14. Auglage Band I/ Teil 2
Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dsseldorf 1986

[3] Kaltprofile
3. Auflage
Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dsseldorf 1982
Carl, Lindner
Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe
Verlag von Wilhem ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1972

D erg
K ne und Kranba n Ausfhrung
B . Teubner, Stut

] D t-Richtlinie 01
B ssung und konstruktive Gestaltung von Tragwerken aus
d wandigen kalt
Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft, Kln 1992

[7] Esa Prima Win
Steel Code Check Manual
SCIA
EPW 3.10

[8] C. Petersen
Stahlbau : Grundlagen der Berechnung und baulichen Ausbildung von
Stahlbauten
Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig 1988
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992

[4] Roik,
[5] ietrich von B
ra hnen Berechnung Konstruktio
.G tgart 1988

[6 AS 6
eme
nn geformten Bauteilen

[9] Eurocode 3
SCIA
234

[10] I. Vayas,
Interaktion der plastischen Grenzschnittgrssen doppelsymmetrischer I-
Querschnitte
Stahlbau 69 (2000), Heft 9

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235
CHECK OF NUMERICAL SECTIONS

STRESS CHECK

The stress calculation for a numerical section is as follows :
z
z
Vz
y
y
Vy
z
Mz
W
=
zz
x
Vz Vy tot
2
tot
2
tot vm
A
V
A
V
M
A
N
3
=
=
=
+ =
+ =

with
vm
the VonMises stress, the composed stress

tot
the total normal stress

tot
the total shear stress

N
the normal stress due to the normal force N
normal stress due to the bending
ent Myy around y axis

Mz
the norma stress due to the bending

Vy
the shear stress due to shear force Vy in y
direction

Vz
the shear stress due to shear force Vz in z
direction
Mz My N tot
+ + =
N
y
yy
My
W
=
M

My
the
mom
moment Mzz around z axis
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236
Ax the sectional area
Ay the shear area in y direction
Az the shear area in z direction
Wy the elastic section modulus around y axis
Wz the elastic section modulus around z axis

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237
USE OF APHRAGMS
ADAPTION OF TORSIONAL CONSTANT
DI

See Ref.[1], Chapter 10.1.5., Ref.[2],3.5 and Ref.[3],3.3.4..

When diaphragms (steel sheeting) are used, the torsional contant It is adapted for
symmetric/asymmetric I sections, channel sections, Z sections, cold formed U, C , Z
sections.

The torsional constant It is adapted with the stiffness of the diaphragms :

12
s
I
) t h (
I E 3
C
100
b
C 2 . 1 C
125 b if
100
b
C
s
EI
k C
C
1
C C
G
l
vorhC I
s
s
k , P
a
100 k , A
a
2
a
100 k , A
eff
k , M
k , P k , A k , M
2
2
t id , t
=
=
=
+
+ =

with l the LTB length
G the shear modulus
vorhC
the actual rotational stiffness of diaphragm

C
M,k
the rotational stiffness of the diaphragm
C
A,k
the rotational stiffness of the connection between the diaphragm
and the beam
C
P,k
the rotational stiffness due to the distortion of the beam
k numerical coefficient
200 b 125 if
a
< < 5
I
1 1 1
+ =
vorhC
C

SCIA
238
= 2 for single or two spans of the diaphragm
= 4 for 3 or more spans of the diaphragm
EI
eff
bending stiffness of per unit width of the diaphragm
s spacing of the beam
b
a
the width of the beam flange (in mm)
C
100
rotation coefficient - see table
h beam height
t thickness beam flange
s thickness beam web

REFERENCES

SCIA
239
[1] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
CEN 1996

00 (11.90)
Werner-Verlag, Dsseldorf

] Beuth-Kommentare
Stahlbauten
Erluterungen zu DIN 18 800 Teil 1 bis Teil 4, 1.Auflage
Beuth Verlag, Berlin-Kln 1993

[2] E. Kahlmeyer
Stahlbau nach DIN 18 8
[3
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240
SECTION CHECK FOR BUILT-IN BEAMS (IFB, SFB, THQ
SECTIONS)
INTRODUCTION

For the national codes EC3, NEN6770/6771, DIN18800 and SIA263, special checks are
performed for built-in beams, according to Ref.[1].
R PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY DUE TO PLATE BENDING EDUCTION OF

bu
e1
e2=bo
bo
tu
0.5 q 0.5 q

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241
bu
e1
e2=bo
bo
tu
0.5 q 0.5 q
to

bu
e1
bo
tu
0.5 q 0.5 q
e2=0
to

When the lower plate is loaded by q-load (uniform distributed load), the effective area
of the loaded plate (flange) for the calculation of the plastic capacity is reduced as
follows :

for THQ and IFB beams :

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242
( ) ( )
( )
=

=
+ +
=
=
1 1
t f t
q e e
b 6
e e e e 2 3 3 t
1
A A
u y u
M 2 1
u
2 1 2 1 u
u eff , u

for SFB beam :

with e
1
, e
2
, t
u
, b
u
see the figures above
q load on flange, plate (as N/m)
f
y
yield strength

M
partial safety factor
see formula

u
=

o
analog to
u
, but with
b
u
=b
o
e
1
=b
o
t
u
=t
o
e
2
=t
w

PLASTIC INTERACTION FORMULA FOR SINGLE BENDING AND SHEAR
o o u u eff
A A A + =

FORCE

The following plastic interaction formula can be used, when single bending around yy-
axis M
y,Sd
, in combination with shear force V
z,Sd,
is acting :

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243
SCIA
244
y , pl
f m
Rd , z , pl
Sd , z
m
v
Rd , y , pl
Sd , y
W 2
h A
0 . 1
V
V
A
A
M
M
=

with M
y,Sd
, V
z,Sd
internal forces
M
pl,y,Rd
plastic bending capacity around yy axis
V
pl,z,Rd
plastic shear capacity in z direction
A
v
shear area (see figure)
A
m
= A - | A
o,x
- A
u,x
| (see figure)
h
f
= h+t
u
/2-t
o
/2 (see figure)
W
pl,y
plastic section modulus around yy axis - reduced if necessary

PLASTIC CHECK FOR PLATE IN BENDING

The following condition for the plate in bending must be verified :

( ) ( )
0 . 1
t
e e
t f
1 q
t f
1 q
4
3
u
2 1
u y
M
2
u y
M
+
+
+

with e
1
, e
2
, t
u
see figures
q load on flange, plate (as N/m)
= q
max
+q
min

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245
(Ksi)
q
q q
min max

=
f
y
yield strength

M
partial safety factor

0.5 q (1+Ksi) 0.5 q (1-Ksi)

STRESS CHECK FOR SLIM FLOOR BEAMS

Normal stress check

At the edges of the bottom plate, the following composed stress check is performed :

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246
( )
12
t
Ix
2
e e
) q , q ( M
2
t
I
M
f
3
u
2 1
min max x
u
x
x
y
M
y 2
y y x
2
x
=
=
=
+

Shear stress check in plate

In the middle of the bottom plate, transverse shear stress is checked :

u
min max
M
y 2
x
t
) q , q (
2
3
f
3
=
+

Torsion check due to unbalanced loading

for IFB and SFB beams :

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247
12
b Et
EI
GI
EI
h 2 L
L
L
tanh
2
QeL
M
h t b
M
2
3
L
L
L
L
tanh
1
2
QeL
M
I
t M
3
f
3
o o
o
t
o
f k
k
k
max , w
f o o
max , w
max , w
k
k
max , t
t
o max , t
max , t
M
y
max , w max , t
=
=
=
=
=
=
+

with t
o
, b
o
see figures
h
f
= h+t
u
/2-t
o
/2 (see figure)
I
t
torsional constant for complete section
E modulus of Young
G shear modulus
L system length for L
yz

Q,e see figure

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248
Q
e

for THQ beams :

2
V
b
e
1
4
qL
Rd , z , pl
f

with e, bf see figure
h
f
= h+t
u
/2-t
o
/2 (see figure)
q load on flanges, plate (as N/m)
= q
max
+q
min

(Ksi)
q
q q
min max

=

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249
q max q min
bf
e e

REFERENCES

[1] Multi-Storey Buildings in Steel
Design Guide for Slim Floors with Built-in Beams
ECCS N 83 - 1995

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250

EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR
LATTICE TOWER ANGLE MEMBERS
EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR COMPRESSED LATTICE
TOWER ANGLE MEMBERS
The effective cross-section properties shall be based on the effective width b
eff
of the
leg. See Ref.[1], Chapter J.2.3.

b

The effective width shall be obtained from the nominal width of the leg, assuming
uniform stress distribution :

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251
b b
f
235
43 . 0 K
K 4 . 28
t
b
eff
y
c
c
p
p
p
=
=
=

=
=

For rolled angle :

2
p
p
p
p
p
98 . 0
213 . 1
91 . 0
2 213 . 1 91 . 0
0 . 1 91 . 0
= >
= <
=

For cold formed angle :

2
p
p
p
p
p
98 . 0
213 . 1
3
404 . 0
5
213 . 1 809 . 0
0 . 1 809 . 0
= >
= <
=

with t the thickness
b the nominal width
f
y
the yield strength in Mpa

REFERENCES
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252

[1] EN 50341-1:2001
Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 45 kV Part 1: General
requirements

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253

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SCIA.

ESA PT Steel Code Check

coating, we refer to the NEN specifications, Chap

the actual rotational stiffness of diaphragm

the area of fire protection material per unit length [m/m]

combined forces : H1,H2

for double bending and axial compression : art. 3,7.

bending and axial compression : Art. 4.8.

pression : Cl. 4.7.

sinh( ) a sinh( b a ) b sinh( ) a h(

the actual rotational stiffness of diaphragm

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