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Concept of mole/molar ratio

1) How many moles of sodium atoms correspond to 1.56x10


21
atoms of sodium?
2) How many moles of Al atoms are needed to combine with 1.58 mol of O atoms to make aluminum oxide, Al
2
O
3
?
3) How many moles of Al are in 2.16 mol of Al
2
O
3
?
4) Aluminum sulfate, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, is a compound used in sewage treatment plants.
a. Construct a pair of conversion factors that relate moles of aluminum to moles of sulfur for this compound
b. Construct a pair of conversion factors that relate moles of sulfur to moles of Al
2
(SO
4
)
3

c. How many moles of Al are in a sample of this compound if the sample also contains 0.900 mol S?
d. How many moles of S are in 1.16 mol Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
?
5) How many moles of H
2
and N
2
can be formed by the decomposition of 0.145 mol of ammonia, NH
3
?
6) What is the total number of atoms in 0.260 mol of glucose, C
6
H
12
O
6
?
7) What is the mass of 1.00 mol of each of the following elements?
a. Sodium
b. Sulfur
c. Chlorine
8) Determine the mass in grams of each of the following:
a. 1.35 mol Fe
b. 24.5 mol O
c. 0.876 mol Ca
d. 1.25 mol Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

e. 0.625 mol Fe(NO
3
)
3

f. 0.600 mol C
4
H
10

g. 1.45 mol (NH
4
)
2
CO
3

9) Calculate the number of moles of each compound:
a. 21.5 g CaCO
3

b. 1.56 g NH
3

c. 16.8 g Sr(NO
3
)
2

d. 6.98 mg Na
2
CrO
4

Percent composition and empirical formulas
10) Calculate the percentage composition by mass of each element in the following compounds:
a. NaH
2
PO
4

b. NH
4
H
2
PO
4

c. (CH
3
)
2
CO
11) Phencyclidine is C
17
H
25
N. A sample suspected of being this illicit drug was found to have a percentage composition of 83.71%
C, 10.42% H, and 5.61% N. Do these data acceptably match the theoretical data for phencyclidine?
12) How many grams of O are combined with 7.14x10
21
atoms of N in the compound N
2
O
5
?
13) Quantitative analysis of a sample of sodium pertechnetate with a mass of 0.896g found 0.111g Na and 0.477g technetium
(Tc). The remainder was oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of sodium pertechnetate, Na
x
Tc
y
O
z
.
14) A substance was found to be composed of 22.9% Na, 21.5% B, and 55.7% O. What is the empirical formula of this
compound?
15) When 0.684 g of an organic compound containing only C, H, and O was burned in oxygen 1.312g CO
2
and 0.805g H
2
O were
obtained. What is the empirical formula of the compound?
Balancing equations
16) Write the equation that expresses in acceptable chemical shorthand the following statement: Iron can be made to react
with molecular oxygen (O
2
) to give iron oxide with the formula Fe
2
O
3

17) Balance the following reactions:
a. Ca(OH)
2
+ HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
b. AgNO
3
+ CaCl
2
Ca(NO
3
)
2
+AgCl
c. Fe
2
O
3
+ C Fe + CO
3

d. NaHCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

e. C
4
H
10
+ O
2
CO
2
+H
2
O
f. Mg(OH)
2
+ HBr MgBr
2
+ H
2
O
g. Al
2
O
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O
h. KHCO
3
+ H
3
PO
4
K
2
HPO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

i. C
9
H
10
O + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Stoichiometry/limiting reactants
18) Chlorine is used by textile manufacturers to bleach cloth. Excess chlorine is destroyed by its reaction with sodium
thiosulfate, Na
2
S
2
O
3
:
Na
2
S
2
O
3(aq)
+ 4Cl
2(g)
+ 5H
2
O
(aq)
2NaHSO
4(aq)
+ 8HCl
(aq)

a. How many moles of Na
2
S
2
O
3
are needed to react with 0.12mol of Cl
2
?
b. How many moles of HCl can form from 0.12mol of Cl
2
?
c. How many moles of H
2
O are required for the reaction of 0.12mol of Cl
2
?
d. How many moles of H
2
O react if 0.24mol HCl is formed?
19) The incandescent white of a fireworks display is caused by the reaction of phosphorous with O
2
to give P
4
O
10
.
a. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
b. How many grams of O
2
are needed to combine with 6.85g of P?
c. How many grams of P
4
O
10
can be made from 8.00g of O
2
?
d. How many grams of P are needed to make 7.46g P
4
O
10
?
20) In dilute nitric acid, HNO
3
, copper metal dissolves according to the following equation:
3Cu
(s)
+ 8HNO
3(aq)
3Cu(NO
3
)
2(aq)
+ 2NO
(g)
+ 4H
2
O
(aq)

How many grams of HNO
3
are needed to dissolve 11.45g of Cu?
21) The reaction of powdered aluminum and iron(II)oxide,
2Al
(s)
+ Fe
2
O
3(s)
Al
2
O
3(s)
+ 2Fe
(l)

produces so much heat the iron that forms is molten. Because of this, railroads use the reaction to provide molten steel to
weld steel rails together when laying track. Suppose that in one batch of reactants 4.20mol Al was mixed with 1.75mol
Fe
2
O
3
.
a. Which reactant, if either, was the limiting reactant?
b. Calculate the mass of iron (in grams) that can be formed from this mixture of reactants.
22) Silver nitrate, AgNO
3
, reacts with iron(III) chloride, FeCl
3
, to give silver chloride, AgCl, and iron(III) nitrate, Fe(NO
3
)
3
. A
solution containing 18.0g AgNO
3
was mixed with a solution containing 32.4g FeCl
3
. How many grams of which
reactant remains after the reaction is over?
Theoretical and percent yield
23) Barium sulfate, BaSO
4
, is made by the following reaction:
Ba(NO
3
)
2(aq)
+ Na
2
SO
4(aq)
BaSO
4(s)
+ 2NaNO
3(aq)

An experiment was begun with 75.00g of Ba(NO
3
)
2
and an excess of Na
2
SO
4
. After collecting and drying the product, 63.45g
BaSO
4
was obtained. Calculate the theoretical yield and percent yield of BaSO
4
.
24) Aluminum sulfate can be made by the following reaction:
2AlCl
3(aq)
+ 3H
2
SO
4(aq)
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3(aq)
+ 6HCl
(aq)

It is quite soluble in water, so to isolate it the solution has to be evaporated to dryness. This drives off the volatile HCl, but
the residual solid has to be treated to a little over 200C to drive off all the water. In one experiment, 25.0g of AlCl
3
was
mixed with 30.0g H
2
SO
4
. Eventually, 28.46g of pure Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
was isolated. Calculate the percent yield.
Answers
1) 2.59x10
-3
mol Na atoms
2) 1.05mol Al
3) 4.32mol Al
4) a. 2mol Al/3mol S b. 3mol S/1mol Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
c. 0.600mol Al d. 3.48mol S
5) 0.0725mol N
2
and 0.218mol H
2

6) 3.76x10
24
atoms
7) a. 23.0g Na b. 32.1g S c. 35.3g Cl
8) a. 75.4g Fe b. 392g O c. 35.1g Ca d. 388g Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

e. 151g Fe(NO
3
)
2
f. 34.9g C
4
H
10
g. 139g (NH
4
)
2
CO
3

9) a. 0.215mol b. 0.0916mol c. 0.0794mol d. 4.31x10
-8
mol
10) a. 19.2% Na, 1.68% H, 25.8% P, 53.3% O
b. 12.2% N, 5.26% H, 26.9% P, 55.6%O
c. 62.0% C, 10.4% H, 27.6% O
11) Theoretical data (83.89% C, 10.35% H, 5.76% N) are consistent with experimental results.
12) 0.474g O
13) NaTcO
4

14) Na
2
B
4
O
7

15) C
2
H
6
O
16) 4Fe + 3O
2
2Fe
2
O
3

17)
a. Ca(OH)
2
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
b. 2AgNO
3
+ CaCl
2
Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ 2AgCl
c. 2Fe
2
O
3
+ 3C 4Fe + 3CO
3

d. 2NaHCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O + 2CO
2

e. 2C
4
H
10
+ 13O
2
8CO
2
+ 10H
2
O
f. Mg(OH)
2
+ 2HBr MgBr
2
+ 2H
2
O
g. Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
h. 2KHCO
3
+ H
3
PO
4
K
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O + 2CO
2

i. C
9
H
10
O + 14O
2
9CO
2
+ 10H
2
O
18) a. 0.030mol Na
2
S
2
O
3
b. 0.24mol HCl c. 0.15mol H
2
O
d. 0.15mol H
2
O
19) a. 4P + 5O
2
P
4
O
10
b. 8.85g O
2
c. 14.2g P
4
O
10
d. 3.26g P
20) 30.31g HNO
3

21) a. limiting reactant is Fe
2
O
3
b. 195g Fe is formed
22) 26.7g of FeCl
3
are left over
23) theoretical yield = 66.98g BaSO
4
, % yield = 94.73%
24) % yield = 88.74%

Limiting Reagents and Percentage Yield Worksheet
1. Consider the reaction

I
2
O
5
(g) + 5 CO(g) -------> 5 CO
2
(g) + I
2
(g)

a) 80.0 grams of iodine(V) oxide, I
2
O
5
, reacts with 28.0 grams of carbon monoxide, CO.
Determine the mass of iodine I
2
, which could be produced?

b) If, in the above situation, only 0.160 moles, of iodine, I
2
was produced.
i) what mass of iodine was produced?
ii) what percentage yield of iodine was produced.
2. Zinc and sulphur react to form zinc sulphide according to the equation.

Zn + S ---------> ZnS

If 25.0 g of zinc and 30.0 g of sulphur are mixed,
a) Which chemical is the limiting reactant?
b) How many grams of ZnS will be formed?
c) How many grams of the excess reactant will remain after the reaction is over?
3. Which element is in excess when 3.00 grams of Mg is ignited in 2.20 grams of pure oxygen?
What mass is in excess? What mass of MgO is formed?
4. How many grams of Al
2
S
3
are formed when 5.00 grams of Al is heated with 10.0 grams S?
5. When MoO
3
and Zn are heated together they react

3 Zn(s) + 2 MoO
3
(s) ----------> Mo
2
O
3
(s) + 3 ZnO(s)

What mass of ZnO is formed when 20.0 grams of MoO
3
is reacted with 10.0 grams of Zn?
6. Silver nitrate, AgNO
3
, reacts with ferric chloride, FeCl
3
, to give silver chloride, AgCl, and ferric nitrate,
Fe(NO
3
)
3
. In a particular experiment, it was plannned to mix a solution containing 25.0 g of AgNO
3
with
another solution containing 45.0 grams of FeCl
3
.

a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

b) Which reactant is the limiting reactant?

c) What is the maximum number of moles of AgCl that could be obtained from this mixture?

d) What is the maximum number of grams of AgCl that could be obtained?

e) How many grams of the reactant in excess will remain after the reaction is over?
7. Solid calcium carbonate, CaCO
3
, is able to remove sulphur dioxide from waste gases by the reaction:

CaCO
3
+ SO
2
+ other reactants ------> CaSO
3
+ other products

In a particular experiment, 255 g of CaCO
3
was exposed to 135 g of SO
2
in the presence of an excess amount of
the other chemicals required for the reaction.

a) What is the theoretical yield of CaSO
3
?

b) If only 198 g of CaSO
3
was isolated from the products, what was the precentage yield of CaSO
3
in this
experiment?
8. A research supervisor told a chemist to make 100 g of chlorobenzene from the reaction of benzene with
chlorine and to expect a yield no higher that 65%. What is the minimum quantity of benzene that can give 100
g of chlorobenzene if the yield is 65%? The equation for the reaction is:

C
6
H
6
+ Cl
2
-----------> C
6
H
5
Cl + HCl
benzene chlorobenzene
9. Certain salts of benzoic acid have been used as food additives for decades. The potassium salt of benzoic acid,
potassium benzoate, can be made by the action of potassium permanganate on toluene.

C
7
H
8
+ 2 KMnO
4
-------> KC
7
H
5
O
2
+ 2 MnO
2
+ KOH + H
2
O
toluene potassium
benzoate

If the yield of potassium benzoate cannot realistically be expected to be more than 68%, what is the minimum
number of grams of toluene needed to achieve this yield while producing 10.0 g of KC
7
H
5
O
2
?
10. Aluminum dissolves in an aqueous solution of NaOH according to the following reaction:

2 NaOH + 2 Al + 2 H
2
O -----> 2 NaAlO
2
+ 3 H
2


If 84.1 g of NaOH and 51.0 g of Al react:
i) Which is the limiting reagent?
ii) How much of the other reagent remains?
iii) What mass of hydrogen is produced?
11. Dimethylhydrazine, (CH
3
)
2
NNH
2
, was used as a fuel for the Apollo Lunar Descent Module, with N
2
O
4
being used
as the oxidant. The products of the reaction are H
2
O, N
2
, and CO
2
.

i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion reaction.

ii) If 150 kg of (CH
3
)
2
NNH
2
react with 460 kg of N
2
O
4
, what is the theoretical yield of N
2
?

iii) If a 30 kg yield of N
2
gas represents a 68% yield, what mass of N
2
O
4
would have been used up in the
reaction?
12. Magnesium metal reacts quantitatively with oxygen to give magnesium oxide, MgO. If 5.00 g of Mg and 5.00 g
of O
2
are allowed to react, what weight of MgO is formed, and what weight of which reactant is left in excess?
13. Adipic acid, C
6
H
10
O
4
, is a raw material for the making of nylon and it can be prepared in the laboratory by the
following reaction between cyclohexene, C
6
H
10
, and sodium dichromate, Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
in sulphuric acid.

3 C
6
H
10
(l) + 4 Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
(aq) + 16 H
2
SO
4
(aq) --------->
3 C
6
H
10
O
4
(aq) + 4 Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
(aq) + 4 Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 16 H
2
O

There are side reactions. These plus losses of product during its purification reduce the overall yield. A typical
yield of purified adipic acid is 68.6%.

(a) To prepare 12.5 grams of adipic acid in 68.6% yield requires how many grams of cyclohexene?

(b) The only available supply of sodium dichromate is its dihydrate, Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
2H
2
O. (Since the reaction occurs in
an aqueous medium, the water in the dihydrate causes no problems, but it does contribute to the mass of what
is taken of this reactant). How many grams of this dihydrate are also required in the preparation of 12.5 grams
of adipic acid in a yield of 68.6%?

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