CAD SYSTEM

CAD-CAM
UNIT II
CAD
CAD is related with the use of computers to
support the design function.
CAD is the design activity that involves the
effective use of the computer to create,
modify or document an engineering design.
CAD
CAD System: information system that
automates the design process of any object.
CAD
Benefits of CAD:
Increases productivity
Improves the quality of the design
Improves the design documentation
Creates a manufacturing data base
Cost savings
CAD
CAD success:
Time reduction invested on the exploration cycles.
The interactive graphic systems allow to make
modifications in the model and to immediately observe
the changes produced in the design.
It allows to automatically make the detailed drawing and
the design documentation, and it makes possible the
usage of numerical methods to make simulations over
the model, as an alternative for prototype construction.
CAD
Usage of CAD in manufacturing:
37% on drafting
32% on engineering activities
16% routine work
15% on BOM`s generation
CAD
Traditional phases of design:
1. A design is generated as a result of a need.
2. Problems is defined and a brainstorm is performed
over what is going to be designed.
3. All the preliminary points are developed and syntetized
to make the design.
4. A representative model is developed about what is
being designed (prototype).
5. The model is evaluated and revised, it is tested, and
depending on its performance, next step is taken.
CAD
Traditional phases of design:
6. Documentation of what has been made and developed
in the design.
7. A final adjustment is made with the participation of all
the members on the team.
8. The design presentation is made.
CAD
Regardless of what software is used, the process
for a product design is the following:
Preliminar design: here it is specified what the
product will do, how is it, what is it for, its physical
characteristics, etc.
Model trial and evaluation: the performance of the
developed model is evaluated; prototypes or trials can
be made in order to accept, modify or to reject the
product.
CAD
Product design process: (cont)
Final design: the final point of the design must be
supported by the top management, as well as other
departments in the company through a formal
organization of the project and where the work methods
are communicated to all the members.
CAD
CAD stages:
Geometric modeling
Engineering analysis
Design revision and evaluation
Automated drawing and documentation
CAD
Geometric modeling:
Implies the existance of a graphic display and interaction
with the computer in order to generate the geometry
and topology of the part.
It also implies a data base and an appropiate data
structure where the part description can be stored.
CAD
Geometric modeling:
Geometry is the language for the design and
manufacturing for at least discrete parts:
Different geometric modelings:
2-D.- represents an engineering drawing that typically shows
three orthogonal views of the part, with or without hidden lines.

3-D.- represents a solid model that can be manipulated to obtain
different views or information from the part.
CAD
Geometric modeling:
2 Dimensions
3 Dimensions
CAD
Geometric modeling aspects:
One single view is not enough to represent the triple
dimensionality of the part.
Sometimes, even three views are not enough, however,
the drawer can add some additional views of sections of
the part.
A manufactured part can be defined first in terms of its
geometry and then in terms of other parameters (material
type and functionality).
CAD
Geometric modeling aspects:
Geometry includes:
Dimensions
Tolerances
Surface finish
Surface and edge definition
Distance between two parts
CAD
Aspects of geometric
modeling:
Drawers and designers quickly
realize about the correct and
incorrect ways to communicate
their designs.

Over or subdimensioning will
cause the part to be fabricated
incorrectly o that the
manufacturing engineer requests
an additional clarification.
CAD
R 16
CAD
CAD
CAD
CAD
The design cycle, using a CAD system, is affected only
because of the inclusion of a simulation stage between the
creation of the model and the generation of drafts.

This simple modification supposes an important saving
during the duration of the design process, since it allows to
accelerate the moment where some design errors are
detected.
CAD
Two dimensions (2D): Except for a few, most of the CAD /
CAM systems began implementing geometric tools in two
dimensions. Today, they are still used, even though they do
not provide the best productivity, not even in only 2-D
drawings.
CAD
Two dimensions (2D): (Cont.) The software must be able
to:
Draw through projections
Accept the international drawing and measurement
formats
Have a high velocity
Have libraries
Have a good styles set, letters fonts
Be scalable.

The system can be based in vectors or points on the space,
being the first the most indicated one, since it should be
able to detail the 3-D models breakouts and have the
possibility to be amplified in a 3-D system.
CAD
Two and a half dimensions
(2-D):

Implies the system to
handle data of depth of the
model and normally offer to
show the apperance of a
tridimensional model using
the bidimensional
techniques with orthogonal
representations.
CAD
2-D: (Cont.)
The 2-D systems can function for design and
manufacturing of simple products, and are very useful for
companies whose products consist more of purchased parts
in which interphases, interactions and interferences among
parts are given more than to be calculated. However the 2-
D system provide limited quality improvements and
productivity for a slightly higher cost than 2D systems.
CAD
Three dimensions (3D): Modeling in 3D is the entry gate to
a complete CAD / CAM environment.

Despite the 3D systems are not necessarily used for all the
design, engineering and manufacturing environments, many
of the tridimensional CAD / CAM systems can reproduce the
functions of a 2D and 2-D design if required.
CAD
3D Systems:
Wireframe: In the wireframe system, the 3D model is
created and saved only as a geometric representation of
arists and points inside the model. The 3D wireframe
models are really transparent and for this reason they
require an experienced user and a great deal of
knowledge over the model before clearly understanding
the representation.
CAD
3D Systems:
Wireframe: (cont)

One advantage of the 3D systems is the automatic
generation of views and drafts from a part of the
models. This helps with the quality, productivity,
preparation and manufacture of the product. However,
the wireframe system requires a great effort to display
clean images from the complete 3D model.
CAD
3D systems:
Wireframe:
CAD
3-D Systems:
Surfaces: The addition of information to the surfaces of
a 3D model results on improved graphical images when
traspassed to manufacturing applications like CNC.

The surface modeling allows various precision grades
in the CAD/CAM model, from very precise, in the case of
planned or ruled surfaces, or revolutioned surfaces,
down to lower levels of precision in sculptured surfaces.
CAD
3-D Systems:
Surfaces:
CAD
3-D Systems:

Solids: Solid modeling is the last geometric modeling
method for the CAD/CAM environment. Being a
determinant factor to automate the design through the
manufacturing process, this tool allows to store precise
information over given parts.

Solid models can be divided into CSG (Constructive
Solid Geometry) and BREP (Boundary Representation).
CAD
3-D Systems:
Solids:

CSG consists in primary boxes like cubes,
cylinders, cones, torus, etc., taking out parts from
them to create a solid image model.

BREP solids can be stored in two ways:
1. With true surfaces and topology of a model
2. Only with organized surfaces such that when it
needs to calculate something it would do so,
without having it stored as in the first case
CAD
3-D Systems:
CSG Solids:
CAD
3-D Systems:
CSG Solids:
CAD
3-D Systems:
BREP solids
Intersecting in b-rep is tricky, but the advantage is that the results can be
used directly in raytracers or CAD-systems.
CAD
Engineering Analysis:
It is related with the product engineering design analysis
and evaluation.
Product manufacturing, functional and operational
parameters can be calculated with E.A.
CAD
Engineering Analysis:
One of the engineering analysis techniques most
frequently used is the finite element analysis.
Other analysis techniques are:
Tolerance analysis
Design optimization
Mechanisms analysis
Mass property analysis
CAD
Finite Element Analysis:
It is a powerful numeric analysis process used in the
engineering applications.
The FEA is used to analyze and study the functional
performance of an object by dividing it in a number of
small blocks, called finite elements.
CAD
CAD
Steps for FEA:
The object is divided in a mesh of elements that forms a
model of a real object.
This process is called meshing.
Each element is a simple figure like a square, triangle or
cube, or other standard figure.
From this, an information matrix of these figures or
continuum is formed.
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF FEA IN
MODELING
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF FEA IN
MODELING
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF FEA IN
MODELING
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF FEA IN
MODELING
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF FEA IN
MODELING
CAD
A wide range of objective functions
(variables within the system) are available
for minimization or maximization:
Mass, volume, temperature
Strain energy, stress strain
Force, displacement, velocity, acceleration
Synthetic (User defined)


CAD
A number of softwares have been developed for
engineering analysis capable of developing a wide
range of applications.
These softwares make the FEA and other steps of
Engineering Analysis much more efficient.
CAD
These software applications include:
Static Analysis
Dinamic Analysis
Heat Transfer Analysis
Plastic Analysis
Fluids Flow Analysis
Movement Analysis
Tolerance Analysis
CAD
There are some other Engineering Analysis types:
Structural analysis consists of linear and non-linear models.
Linear models use simple parameters and assume that the
material is not plastically deformed. Non-linear models consist
of stressing the material past its elastic capabilities. The
stresses in the material then vary with the amount of
deformation.
CAD
There are some other Engineering Analysis types:
Vibrational analysis is used to test a material against
random vibrations, shock, and impact. Each of these
incidences may act on the natural vibrational frequency of the
material which, in turn, may cause resonance and subsequent
failure.
CAD
There are some other Engineering Analysis types:
Fatigue analysis helps designers to predict the life of a
material or structure by showing the effects of cyclic loading
on the specimen. Such analysis can show the areas where
crack propagation is most likely to occur. Failure due to
fatigue may also show the damage tolerance of the material.
CAD
There are some other Engineering Analysis types:
Heat Transfer analysis models the conductivity or thermal
fluid dynamics of the material or structure. This may consist
of a steady-state or transient transfer. Steady-state transfer
refers to constant thermoproperties in the material that yield
linear heat diffusion.
CAD
Some of the most common CAD/CAM commercial
systems are:
AutoCAD
Solidworks
Solidsedge
PDGS
CATIA
I-DEAS
UNIGRAPHICS
CAD
Design evaluation and
revision:
After finishing the
preliminar design, this
needs to be optimized.

This optimization has very
specific objectives like a
minimum weight in the
object or to reduce the
vibrations to a certain point.
CAD
Design evaluation and revision:
The analysis process in order to achieve such objectives
is called process optimization.
The process optimization is based on the design
variables, restrictions and objectives provided by the
designers.
Some alternatives are also explored in order to find the
optimal solution.
CAD
Design evaluation and revision :
This analysis is different to the preliminary design or to
any other conecpt design where the design variables and
some restrictions are determined.
There is a number of softwares that can realize this
analysis.
CAD
Documentation and Information Interchange:
The main problem about the information interchange is
the softwares incompatibility.

This mainly affects the process planning and the
manufacturing of products due to the distortion or
missing information.
CAD
Documentation and Information Interchange:
There are two ways to solve this problem:
To develop compatible systems (integration of two commercial
products)
To have a neutral format of data interchange to share
information.
If a file is neutral, it means that it can be utilized by
various systems.

CAD
Documentation and Information Interchange:
If the model of an object can be transferred among
systems, important benefits can be obtained:
Design time is reduced
Reduction of errors that may occurr during the design phase
A document translator is utilized for this kind of
operations which can be direct or indirect.
CAD
Documentation and Information Interchange:

Direct translation: the translator is capable of translating
only the information of a couple of systems.

Indirect translation: when a predefinite data base
structured is installed. Neutral files can be used with
this.
CAD
Documentation and Information Interchange:
The preprocessor translates the data base from the
neutral file format to the system format when this reads
the data base.
The postprocessor translates the given format of the
data base to a neutral file format when an ouput of
information is realized.
One disadvantage of this strategy is that it is
slower thatn the direct translation.
CAD
Considerations for the information exchange:
The wireframes must be compact to be stored and to
retrieve information more quickly.
The neutral file, in consequence, must be small too.
The future versions of the format must be reversibly
compatible, compared to prior editions.
Among the most common standard files are IGES and
PDES, as well as the DXF files.