You are on page 1of 9

1

AE 321 Solution of Homework #5


1. (55=25 POINTS)
Given the displacement field
u
x
= x
2
+ 20 ( ) 10
4
m, u
y
= 2yz 10
3
m, u
z
= z
2
xy ( )10
3
m
(a) Before deformation, the distance between ( ) ( ) 7 , 5 , 2 , , P z y x P = and ( ) ( ) 9 , 8 , 3 , , Q z y x Q =
is given by
( ) ( ) ( ) m 741 . 3 14 4 9 1 7 9 5 8 2 3
2 2 2
= = + + = + + = ds .
The position of points P and Q after deformation is determined using the following relation
u x X

+ = (1.1)
Using Equation (1.1), the positions after deformations are
( ) ( )
m 039 . 7 070 . 5 0024 . 2
m 10 5 2 7 10 7 5 2 10 20 2 7 5 2
3 2 3 4 2
z y x P
z y x z y x P P
e e e X
e e e e e e u x X

+ + =

+ + + + + + = + =


( ) ( )
m 057 . 9 144 . 8 0029 . 3
m 10 8 3 9 10 9 8 2 10 20 3 9 8 3
3 2 3 4 2
z y x Q
z y x z y x Q Q
e e e X
e e e e e e u x X

+ + =

+ + + + + + = + =


The distance between the given points, i.e. P and Q, after deformation is
( ) ( ) ( ) m 8109 . 3 039 . 7 057 . 9 070 . 5 144 . 8 0024 . 2 0029 . 3
2 2 2
= + + = dS .
Therefore, the change in distance between P and Q is
m 0692 . 0 7417 . 3 8109 . 3 = = ds dS
(b) Lagrangian strain tensor E
ij
= c
ij
L
=
1
2
u
i, j
+ u
j, i
+ u
k,i
u
k, j
( ) (1.2)
2
Infinitesimal strain tensor c
ij
=
1
2
u
i, j
+ u
j,i
( ) (1.3)
The components of the Lagrangian strain tensor are:
5 10
5
4x +10
4
4x
2
+100y
2
( ) | |
5 10
7
xy 5 10
4
y 1 + 2 10
3
z ( )
5 10
4
4z +10
3
4z
2
+ x
2
( ) | |
5 10
4
2y x ( ) 1 + 2 10
3
z ( )
2 10
3
z +10
3
y
2
+ z
2
( ) | |






(

(
(
(
(

The components of the infinitesimal strain tensor are
2 10
4
x 0 5 10
4
y
2 10
3
z 5 10
4
2y x ( )
2 10
3
z






(

(
(
(
(
.
Note that this is nothing but the above results for E
ij
, with all second (and higher) order
terms neglected.

(c) The rotation tensor e
ij
=
1
2
u
i , j
u
j ,i
( ) (1.4)

e
ij
| |
=
0 0 5 10
4
y
0 0 5 10
4
2y + x ( )
5 10
4
y 5 10
4
2y + x ( ) 0






(

(
(
(
(


(d) The Lagrangian and the infinitesimal strain tensors are each evaluated at
( ) 3 , 1 , 2 = = = z y x :

E
ij | |
= 10
6
400.58 1 503
1 6020 2012
503 2012 6020





(

(
(
(

3
c
ij
| |
= 10
6
400 0 500
0 6000 2000
500 2000 6000





(

(
(
(

Clearly, by comparing the components of the Lagrangian and the infinitesimal strain tensors, we
can conclude that E
ij | |
~ c
ij | |
. This means that in this case one can assume small
deformation gradients.

(e) Compatibility equations 0
, , , ,
= +
ik jl jl ik ij kl kl ij
c c c c (1.5)
Only 6 independent equations are obtained from (1.5), namely,
( ) 0 0 2 0 0 0 2
2 2
2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
y x x x y y
xy yy
xx
c c
c

( ) 0 0 2 0 0 0 2
2
2
2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
z y y y z z
yz
zz
yy
c
c
c

( ) 0 0 2 0 0 0 2
2 2 2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
z x z z x x
xz xx zz
c c c

0 0 0 0 0 0
2
2
2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
z y x x y x z x
xx
yz
xz
xy
c
c
c
c

0 0 0 0 0 0
2
2
2 2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
x z y y z y x y
yy
zx
yx yz
c
c
c c

0 0 0 0 0 0
2
2 2
2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
y x z z x z y z
zz
xy zy
zx
c
c c
c

Therefore, the given displacement field is compatible.



4
2. (61=6 POINTS) In order to obtain a single-valued continuous displacement field, the strain
field must satisfy the compatibility equations. Then:
2
0 2 2 2 0 2
2 1
12
2
1 1
22
2
2 2
11
2
B
A B A A
x x x x x x
= = + =
c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c c c c

( ) satisfied! 0 0 2 0 0 0 2
3 2
23
2
2 2
33
2
3 3
22
2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
x x x x x x
c c c

( ) satisfied! 0 0 2 0 0 0 2
3 1
13
2
3 3
11
2
1 1
33
2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
x x x x x x
c c c

satisfied! 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 2
11
1 1
23
2
2 1
13
2
3 1
12
2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
x x x x x x x x
c c c c

satisfied! 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3
22
2
2 2
31
2
3 2
21
2
1 2
23
2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
x x x x x x x x
c c c c

satisfied! 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1
33
2
3 3
12
2
1 3
32
2
2 3
31
2
= + =
c c
c

c c
c

c c
c
+
c c
c
x x x x x x x x
c c c c

From the results of the compatibility equations we can conclude the strain will be valid if the
following relation is satisfied:
2
B
A =






5
3. The infinitesimal strain tensors for simple extension and simple shear deformation are
presented in the following table:
Simple Extension
u
1
= Ax
1
, u
2
= u
3
= 0
Simple Shear
u
1
= Bx
2
, u
2
= u
3
= 0
c
11
= u
1,1
= A
c
12
= c
21
=
1
2
u
1,2
+ u
2,1
( )= 0
c
13
= c
31
=
1
2
u
1, 3
+ u
3,1
( )= 0
c
22
= u
2,2
= 0
c
23
= c
32
=
1
2
u
2,3
+ u
3,2 ( )
= 0
c
33
= u
3, 3
= 0

c
ij | |
=
A 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0





(

(
(
(

c
11
= u
1,1
= 0
c
12
= c
21
=
1
2
u
1,2
+ u
2,1
( )=
B
2
c
13
= c
31
=
1
2
u
1, 3
+ u
3,1
( )= 0
c
22
= u
2,2
= 0
c
23
= c
32
=
1
2
u
2,3
+ u
3,2
( )= 0
c
33
= u
3, 3
= 0

c
ij | |
=
0
B
2
0
B
2
0 0
0 0 0








(

(
(
(
(
(
(



The figures below show the original and final shape of an initially rectangular volume element
that was subjected to simple extension and simple shear.


(2 POINTS) (2 POINTS)
(2 POINTS)
(2 POINTS)
6
4. Direction cosines of AC:
( ) 11 12 13
1/ 2, 0, 1/ 2 ( , , ) o o o
Direction cosines of BD:
( )
( )
21 22 23
1/ 6, 2 / 3, 1/ 6 , , o o o
(see also handout given in class explaining how to construct the direction cosine tensor, Q
ij
)
(a)
axes the of any to parallel Element the of Strain Normal
Length Undeformed
Length d Undeforme - Length Deformed
Elongation Relative
=

=
=
ds
ds dS

Since we are interested in determining the relative elongation of AC and BD, it is
necessary to find the normal strains along these lines. The infinitesimal strains along x
1
,
x
2
, and x
3
axes are known, and since the infinitesimal strain is a tensor of second order, it
can be rotated to obtain the components of the infinitesimal strain at any direction using
the transformation law.

O
A
C
D
B
x
1
x
2
x
3
(2 POINTS)
7
x
2
x
1
B
B
A
A
D
|/2
|/2
Therefore, taking x
1
and x
2
along CA and DB separately, the relative elongations of CA
and DB will be given as follows:

( ) ( )
( )
'
11
'
of Elongation Relative c =

=
AC
AC AC
ds
ds dS
AC

( ) ( )
( )
' '
22
Relative Elongation of
DB DB
DB
dS ds
DB
ds
c

= =
Using the transformation law
'
kl ki lj ij
c o o c = :
33 13 13 32 12 13 31 11 13 23 13 12 22 12 12 21 11 12 13 13 11 12 12 11 11 11 11
'
11
c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c + + + + + + + + =
'
22 21 21 11 21 22 12 21 23 13 22 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 21 31 23 22 32 23 23 33
c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c = + + + + + + + +

Since the direction cosines of AC and DB are known, substituting
' '
11 22
Relative Elongation of 0.015 and Relative Elongation of 0.000333 AC DB c c = = = =
(b) The change of angle of two elements initially at right angle is given by the angle | as
follows:
A and B are the positions of A and B after certain
deformation.
For infinitesimal deformation,
12
2c | = (1)
In our case, since CA is along
'
1
x and DB is along
'
2
x ,
we have to calculate
'
12
c using the transformation law:

'
12 11 21 11 11 22 12 11 23 13 12 21 21 12 22 22 12 23 23 13 21 31 13 22 32 13 23 33
c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c o o c = + + + + + + + +
Substituting the known values for o,
(1 POINT)
(1 POINT)
(2 POINTS)
(2 POINTS)
(4 POINTS
FOR
CORRECT
SCHEMATIC)
(2 POINTS)
8
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
12
2
1 1 1 2 1 2
0.02 0.003 0 0 0 0 0 0.02
2 6 2 6 2 6
1 2 1 1
0.02 0.01
2 6 2 6
1.617 10 rad
c

| | | | | | | | | | | |
= + + + + + + +
| | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
| | | | | | | |
+ +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
=

Substituting into (1), we get
( ) = = =

85 . 1 rad 10 233 . 3 rad 10 617 . 1 2
2 2
| = = Z 85 . 1 ADB of Change |
(c) Using an expression as in the case for stress,
04 . 0 01 . 0 01 . 0 02 . 0
33 22 11 1
= + + = + + = = c c c c
ii
Q

( ) ( ) | |
5
33 23
23 22
33 31
13 11
22 21
12 11 2 2
2
10 1 . 9
) 02 . 0 )( 02 . 0 ( ) 01 . 0 )( 01 . 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 01 . 0 )( 02 . 0 ( ) 003 . 0 )( 003 . 0 ( ) 01 . 0 )( 02 . 0 (
tr tr
2
1

=
+ + =
+ + = =
c c
c c
c c
c c
c c
c c
c c Q

( ) ( )( ) | |
6 2 2
3
10 09 . 6 0 0 01 . 0 003 . 0 003 . 0 02 . 0 01 . 0 02 . 0 det

= + + = = c Q
(d) The principal strains can be found by solving the equation ( ) 0 det = I c .
( ) ( )
3 2
0.02 0.003 0
0.01 0.02 0.003 0.02
det 0.003 0.01 0.02 0 0.02 0.003 0
0.02 0.01 0 0.01
0 0.02 0.01
0.04 0.000091 0.000006 0




= =

+ =
0102 . 0 0197 . 0 0304 . 0
3 2 1
= = =
For 0304 . 0
1 1
= = c ,

(
(
(

= =
(
(
(

(
(
(



685 . 0
700 . 0
201 . 0
0
0304 . 0 01 . 0 02 . 0 0
02 . 0 0304 . 0 01 . 0 003 . 0
0 003 . 0 0304 . 0 02 . 0
1
^
3
2
1
n
n
n
n

(2 POINTS)
(1 POINT)
(1 POINT)
(1 POINT)
(2 POINTS)
(1 POINT)
9
For 0197 . 0
2 2
= = c ,

(
(
(

= =
(
(
(

(
(
(



192 . 0
093 . 0
977 . 0
0
0197 . 0 01 . 0 02 . 0 0
02 . 0 0197 . 0 01 . 0 003 . 0
0 003 . 0 0197 . 0 02 . 0
2
^
3
2
1
n
n
n
n

For 0102 . 0
3 3
= = c ,

(
(
(

= =
(
(
(

(
(
(

+
+
+
703 . 0
708 . 0
070 . 0
0
0102 . 0 01 . 0 02 . 0 0
02 . 0 0102 . 0 01 . 0 003 . 0
0 003 . 0 0102 . 0 02 . 0
3
^
3
2
1
n
n
n
n


(1 POINT)
(1 POINT)

You might also like