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givingagift HelptheStatConsultingGroupby
WhatstatisticalanalysisshouldIuse?
StatisticalanalysesusingSPSS
Introduction
ThispageshowshowtoperformanumberofstatisticaltestsusingSPSS.Eachsectiongivesabriefdescriptionoftheaim
ofthestatisticaltest,whenitisused,anexampleshowingtheSPSScommandsandSPSS(oftenabbreviated)outputwitha
briefinterpretationoftheoutput.YoucanseethepageChoosingtheCorrectStatisticalTestforatablethatshowsan
overviewofwheneachtestisappropriatetouse.Indecidingwhichtestisappropriatetouse,itisimportanttoconsiderthe
typeofvariablesthatyouhave(i.e.,whetheryourvariablesarecategorical,ordinalorintervalandwhethertheyarenormally
distributed),seeWhatisthedifferencebetweencategorical,ordinalandintervalvariables?formoreinformationonthis.
Aboutthehsbdatafile
Mostoftheexamplesinthispagewilluseadatafilecalledhsb2,highschoolandbeyond.Thisdatafilecontains200
observationsfromasampleofhighschoolstudentswithdemographicinformationaboutthestudents,suchastheirgender
(female),socioeconomicstatus(ses)andethnicbackground(race).Italsocontainsanumberofscoresonstandardized
tests,includingtestsofreading(read),writing(write),mathematics(math)andsocialstudies(socst).Youcangetthehsb
datafilebyclickingonhsb2.
Onesamplettest
Aonesamplettestallowsustotestwhetherasamplemean(ofanormallydistributedintervalvariable)significantlydiffers
fromahypothesizedvalue.Forexample,usingthehsb2datafile,saywewishtotestwhethertheaveragewritingscore
(write)differssignificantlyfrom50.Wecandothisasshownbelow.
t-test
/testval = 50
/variable = write.
Themeanofthevariablewriteforthisparticularsampleofstudentsis52.775,whichisstatisticallysignificantlydifferentfrom
thetestvalueof50.Wewouldconcludethatthisgroupofstudentshasasignificantlyhighermeanonthewritingtestthan
50.
Onesamplemediantest
Aonesamplemediantestallowsustotestwhetherasamplemediandifferssignificantlyfromahypothesizedvalue.Wewill
usethesamevariable,write,aswedidintheonesamplettestexampleabove,butwedonotneedtoassumethatitis
intervalandnormallydistributed(weonlyneedtoassumethatwriteisanordinalvariable).
nptests
/onesample test (write) wilcoxon(testvalue = 50).
>whatstat.htm > stat > spss whatstat
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Binomialtest
Aonesamplebinomialtestallowsustotestwhethertheproportionofsuccessesonatwolevelcategoricaldependent
variablesignificantlydiffersfromahypothesizedvalue.Forexample,usingthehsb2datafile,saywewishtotestwhether
theproportionoffemales(female)differssignificantlyfrom50%,i.e.,from.5.Wecandothisasshownbelow.
npar tests
/binomial (.5) = female.
Theresultsindicatethatthereisnostatisticallysignificantdifference(p=.229).Inotherwords,theproportionoffemalesin
thissampledoesnotsignificantlydifferfromthehypothesizedvalueof50%.
Chisquaregoodnessoffit
Achisquaregoodnessoffittestallowsustotestwhethertheobservedproportionsforacategoricalvariabledifferfrom
hypothesizedproportions.Forexample,let'ssupposethatwebelievethatthegeneralpopulationconsistsof10%Hispanic,
10%Asian,10%AfricanAmericanand70%Whitefolks.Wewanttotestwhethertheobservedproportionsfromoursample
differsignificantlyfromthesehypothesizedproportions.
npar test
/chisquare = race
/expected = 10 10 10 70.
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Theseresultsshowthatracialcompositioninoursampledoesnotdiffersignificantlyfromthehypothesizedvaluesthatwe
supplied(chisquarewiththreedegreesoffreedom=5.029,p=.170).
Twoindependentsamplesttest
Anindependentsamplesttestisusedwhenyouwanttocomparethemeansofanormallydistributedintervaldependent
variablefortwoindependentgroups.Forexample,usingthehsb2datafile,saywewishtotestwhetherthemeanforwriteis
thesameformalesandfemales.
t-test groups = female(0 1)
/variables = write.
Becausethestandarddeviationsforthetwogroupsaresimilar(10.3and8.1),wewillusethe"equalvariancesassumed"
test.Theresultsindicatethatthereisastatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenthemeanwritingscoreformalesand
females(t=3.734,p=.000).Inotherwords,femaleshaveastatisticallysignificantlyhighermeanscoreonwriting(54.99)
thanmales(50.12).
Seealso
SPSSLearningModule:AnoverviewofstatisticaltestsinSPSS
WilcoxonMannWhitneytest
TheWilcoxonMannWhitneytestisanonparametricanalogtotheindependentsamplesttestandcanbeusedwhenyoudo
notassumethatthedependentvariableisanormallydistributedintervalvariable(youonlyassumethatthevariableisat
leastordinal).YouwillnoticethattheSPSSsyntaxfortheWilcoxonMannWhitneytestisalmostidenticaltothatofthe
independentsamplesttest.Wewillusethesamedatafile(thehsb2datafile)andthesamevariablesinthisexampleaswe
didintheindependentttestexampleaboveandwillnotassumethatwrite,ourdependentvariable,isnormallydistributed.
npar test
/m-w = write by female(0 1).
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Theresultssuggestthatthereisastatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweentheunderlyingdistributionsofthewritescores
ofmalesandthewritescoresoffemales(z=3.329,p=0.001).
Seealso
FAQ:WhyistheMannWhitneysignificantwhenthemediansareequal?
Chisquaretest
Achisquaretestisusedwhenyouwanttoseeifthereisarelationshipbetweentwocategoricalvariables.InSPSS,the
chisqoptionisusedonthestatisticssubcommandofthecrosstabscommandtoobtaintheteststatisticanditsassociated
pvalue.Usingthehsb2datafile,let'sseeifthereisarelationshipbetweenthetypeofschoolattended(schtyp)and
students'gender(female).Rememberthatthechisquaretestassumesthattheexpectedvalueforeachcellisfiveorhigher.
Thisassumptioniseasilymetintheexamplesbelow.However,ifthisassumptionisnotmetinyourdata,pleaseseethe
sectiononFisher'sexacttestbelow.
crosstabs
/tables = schtyp by female
/statistic = chisq.
Theseresultsindicatethatthereisnostatisticallysignificantrelationshipbetweenthetypeofschoolattendedandgender
(chisquarewithonedegreeoffreedom=0.047,p=0.828).
Let'slookatanotherexample,thistimelookingatthelinearrelationshipbetweengender(female)andsocioeconomicstatus
(ses).Thepointofthisexampleisthatone(orboth)variablesmayhavemorethantwolevels,andthatthevariablesdonot
havetohavethesamenumberoflevels.Inthisexample,femalehastwolevels(maleandfemale)andseshasthreelevels
(low,mediumandhigh).
crosstabs
/tables = female by ses
/statistic = chisq.
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Againwefindthatthereisnostatisticallysignificantrelationshipbetweenthevariables(chisquarewithtwodegreesof
freedom=4.577,p=0.101).
Seealso
SPSSLearningModule:AnOverviewofStatisticalTestsinSPSS
Fisher'sexacttest
TheFisher'sexacttestisusedwhenyouwanttoconductachisquaretestbutoneormoreofyourcellshasanexpected
frequencyoffiveorless.Rememberthatthechisquaretestassumesthateachcellhasanexpectedfrequencyoffiveor
more,buttheFisher'sexacttesthasnosuchassumptionandcanbeusedregardlessofhowsmalltheexpectedfrequency
is.InSPSSunlessyouhavetheSPSSExactTestModule,youcanonlyperformaFisher'sexacttestona2x2table,and
theseresultsarepresentedbydefault.Pleaseseetheresultsfromthechisquaredexampleabove.
OnewayANOVA
Aonewayanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)isusedwhenyouhaveacategoricalindependentvariable(withtwoormore
categories)andanormallydistributedintervaldependentvariableandyouwishtotestfordifferencesinthemeansofthe
dependentvariablebrokendownbythelevelsoftheindependentvariable.Forexample,usingthehsb2datafile,saywewish
totestwhetherthemeanofwritediffersbetweenthethreeprogramtypes(prog).Thecommandforthistestwouldbe:
oneway write by prog.
Themeanofthedependentvariabledifferssignificantlyamongthelevelsofprogramtype.However,wedonotknowifthe
differenceisbetweenonlytwoofthelevelsorallthreeofthelevels.(TheFtestfortheModelisthesameastheFtestfor
progbecauseprogwastheonlyvariableenteredintothemodel.Ifothervariableshadalsobeenentered,theFtestforthe
Modelwouldhavebeendifferentfromprog.)Toseethemeanofwriteforeachlevelofprogramtype,
means tables = write by prog.
Fromthiswecanseethatthestudentsintheacademicprogramhavethehighestmeanwritingscore,whilestudentsinthe
vocationalprogramhavethelowest.
Seealso
SPSSTextbookExamples:DesignandAnalysis,Chapter7
SPSSTextbookExamples:AppliedRegressionAnalysis,Chapter8
SPSSFAQ:HowcanIdoANOVAcontrastsinSPSS?
SPSSLibrary:UnderstandingandInterpretingParameterEstimatesinRegressionandANOVA
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KruskalWallistest
TheKruskalWallistestisusedwhenyouhaveoneindependentvariablewithtwoormorelevelsandanordinaldependent
variable.Inotherwords,itisthenonparametricversionofANOVAandageneralizedformoftheMannWhitneytestmethod
sinceitpermitstwoormoregroups.WewillusethesamedatafileastheonewayANOVAexampleabove(thehsb2data
file)andthesamevariablesasintheexampleabove,butwewillnotassumethatwriteisanormallydistributedinterval
variable.
npar tests
/k-w = write by prog (1,3).
Ifsomeofthescoresreceivetiedranks,thenacorrectionfactorisused,yieldingaslightlydifferentvalueofchisquared.
Withorwithoutties,theresultsindicatethatthereisastatisticallysignificantdifferenceamongthethreetypeofprograms.
Pairedttest
Apaired(samples)ttestisusedwhenyouhavetworelatedobservations(i.e.,twoobservationspersubject)andyouwantto
seeifthemeansonthesetwonormallydistributedintervalvariablesdifferfromoneanother.Forexample,usingthehsb2
datafilewewilltestwhetherthemeanofreadisequaltothemeanofwrite.
t-test pairs = read with write (paired).
Theseresultsindicatethatthemeanofreadisnotstatisticallysignificantlydifferentfromthemeanofwrite(t=0.867,p=
0.387).
Wilcoxonsignedranksumtest
TheWilcoxonsignedranksumtestisthenonparametricversionofapairedsamplesttest.YouusetheWilcoxonsigned
ranksumtestwhenyoudonotwishtoassumethatthedifferencebetweenthetwovariablesisintervalandnormally
distributed(butyoudoassumethedifferenceisordinal).Wewillusethesameexampleasabove,butwewillnotassumethat
thedifferencebetweenreadandwriteisintervalandnormallydistributed.
npar test
/wilcoxon = write with read (paired).
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Theresultssuggestthatthereisnotastatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenreadandwrite.
Ifyoubelievethedifferencesbetweenreadandwritewerenotordinalbutcouldmerelybeclassifiedaspositiveand
negative,thenyoumaywanttoconsiderasigntestinlieuofsignranktest.Again,wewillusethesamevariablesinthis
exampleandassumethatthisdifferenceisnotordinal.
npar test
/sign = read with write (paired).
Weconcludethatnostatisticallysignificantdifferencewasfound(p=.556).
McNemartest
YouwouldperformMcNemar'stestifyouwereinterestedinthemarginalfrequenciesoftwobinaryoutcomes.Thesebinary
outcomesmaybethesameoutcomevariableonmatchedpairs(likeacasecontrolstudy)ortwooutcomevariablesfroma
singlegroup.Continuingwiththehsb2datasetusedinseveralaboveexamples,letuscreatetwobinaryoutcomesinour
dataset:himathandhiread.Theseoutcomescanbeconsideredinatwowaycontingencytable.Thenullhypothesisisthat
theproportionofstudentsinthehimathgroupisthesameastheproportionofstudentsinhireadgroup(i.e.,thatthe
contingencytableissymmetric).
compute himath = (math>60).
compute hiread = (read>60).
execute.
crosstabs
/tables=himath BY hiread
/statistic=mcnemar
/cells=count.
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McNemar'schisquarestatisticsuggeststhatthereisnotastatisticallysignificantdifferenceinthe
proportionofstudentsinthehimathgroupandtheproportionofstudentsinthehireadgroup.
OnewayrepeatedmeasuresANOVA
Youwouldperformaonewayrepeatedmeasuresanalysisofvarianceifyouhadonecategoricalindependentvariableanda
normallydistributedintervaldependentvariablethatwasrepeatedatleasttwiceforeachsubject.Thisistheequivalentofthe
pairedsamplesttest,butallowsfortwoormorelevelsofthecategoricalvariable.Thistestswhetherthemeanofthe
dependentvariablediffersbythecategoricalvariable.Wehaveanexampledatasetcalledrb4wide,whichisusedinKirk's
bookExperimentalDesign.Inthisdataset,yisthedependentvariable,aistherepeatedmeasureandsisthevariablethat
indicatesthesubjectnumber.
glm y1 y2 y3 y4
/wsfactor a(4).
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Youwillnoticethatthisoutputgivesfourdifferentpvalues.Theoutputlabeled"sphericityassumed"isthepvalue(0.000)
thatyouwouldgetifyouassumedcompoundsymmetryinthevariancecovariancematrix.Becausethatassumptionisoften
notvalid,thethreeotherpvaluesoffervariouscorrections(theHuynhFeldt,HF,GreenhouseGeisser,GGandLower
bound).Nomatterwhichpvalueyouuse,ourresultsindicatethatwehaveastatisticallysignificanteffectofaatthe.05
level.
Seealso
SPSSTextbookExamplesfromDesignandAnalysis:Chapter16
SPSSLibrary:AdvancedIssuesinUsingandUnderstandingSPSSMANOVA
SPSSCodeFragment:RepeatedMeasuresANOVA
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Repeatedmeasureslogisticregression
Ifyouhaveabinaryoutcomemeasuredrepeatedlyforeachsubjectandyouwishtorunalogisticregressionthataccountsfor
theeffectofmultiplemeasuresfromsinglesubjects,youcanperformarepeatedmeasureslogisticregression.InSPSS,this
canbedoneusingtheGENLINcommandandindicatingbinomialastheprobabilitydistributionandlogitasthelinkfunctionto
beusedinthemodel.Theexercisedatafilecontains3pulsemeasurementsfromeachof30peopleassignedto2different
dietregimentsand3differentexerciseregiments.Ifwedefinea"high"pulseasbeingover100,wecanthenpredictthe
probabilityofahighpulseusingdietregiment.
GET FILE='C:\mydata\exercise.sav'.
GENLIN highpulse (REFERENCE=LAST)
BY diet (order = DESCENDING)
/MODEL diet
DISTRIBUTION=BINOMIAL
LINK=LOGIT
/REPEATED SUBJECT=id CORRTYPE = EXCHANGEABLE.
Theseresultsindicatethatdietisnotstatisticallysignificant(WaldChiSquare=1.562,p=0.211).
FactorialANOVA
AfactorialANOVAhastwoormorecategoricalindependentvariables(eitherwithorwithouttheinteractions)andasingle
normallydistributedintervaldependentvariable.Forexample,usingthehsb2datafilewewilllookatwritingscores(write)as
thedependentvariableandgender(female)andsocioeconomicstatus(ses)asindependentvariables,andwewillincludean
interactionoffemalebyses.NotethatinSPSS,youdonotneedtohavetheinteractionterm(s)inyourdataset.Rather,
youcanhaveSPSScreateit/themtemporarilybyplacinganasteriskbetweenthevariablesthatwillmakeuptheinteraction
term(s).
glm write by female ses.
Theseresultsindicatethattheoverallmodelisstatisticallysignificant(F=5.666,p=0.00).Thevariablesfemaleandses
arealsostatisticallysignificant(F=16.595,p=0.000andF=6.611,p=0.002,respectively).However,thatinteraction
betweenfemaleandsesisnotstatisticallysignificant(F=0.133,p=0.875).
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Seealso
SPSSTextbookExamplesfromDesignandAnalysis:Chapter10
SPSSFAQ:HowcanIdotestsofsimplemaineffectsinSPSS?
SPSSFAQ:HowdoIplotANOVAcellmeansinSPSS?
SPSSLibrary:AnOverviewofSPSSGLM
Friedmantest
YouperformaFriedmantestwhenyouhaveonewithinsubjectsindependentvariablewithtwoormorelevelsanda
dependentvariablethatisnotintervalandnormallydistributed(butatleastordinal).Wewillusethistesttodetermineifthere
isadifferenceinthereading,writingandmathscores.Thenullhypothesisinthistestisthatthedistributionoftheranksof
eachtypeofscore(i.e.,reading,writingandmath)arethesame.ToconductaFriedmantest,thedataneedtobeinalong
format.SPSShandlesthisforyou,butinotherstatisticalpackagesyouwillhavetoreshapethedatabeforeyoucan
conductthistest.
npar tests
/friedman = read write math.
Friedman'schisquarehasavalueof0.645andapvalueof0.724andisnotstatisticallysignificant.Hence,thereisno
evidencethatthedistributionsofthethreetypesofscoresaredifferent.
Orderedlogisticregression
Orderedlogisticregressionisusedwhenthedependentvariableisordered,butnotcontinuous.Forexample,usingthehsb2
datafilewewillcreateanorderedvariablecalledwrite3.Thisvariablewillhavethevalues1,2and3,indicatingalow,
mediumorhighwritingscore.Wedonotgenerallyrecommendcategorizingacontinuousvariableinthiswaywearesimply
creatingavariabletouseforthisexample.Wewillusegender(female),readingscore(read)andsocialstudiesscore
(socst)aspredictorvariablesinthismodel.Wewillusealogitlinkandontheprintsubcommandwehaverequestedthe
parameterestimates,the(model)summarystatisticsandthetestoftheparallellinesassumption.
if write ge 30 and write le 48 write3 = 1.
if write ge 49 and write le 57 write3 = 2.
if write ge 58 and write le 70 write3 = 3.
execute.
plum write3 with female read socst
/link = logit
/print = parameter summary tparallel.
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Theresultsindicatethattheoverallmodelisstatisticallysignificant(p<.000),asareeachofthepredictorvariables(p<
.000).Therearetwothresholdsforthismodelbecausetherearethreelevelsoftheoutcomevariable.Wealsoseethatthe
testoftheproportionaloddsassumptionisnonsignificant(p=.563).Oneoftheassumptionsunderlyingordinallogistic(and
ordinalprobit)regressionisthattherelationshipbetweeneachpairofoutcomegroupsisthesame.Inotherwords,ordinal
logisticregressionassumesthatthecoefficientsthatdescribetherelationshipbetween,say,thelowestversusallhigher
categoriesoftheresponsevariablearethesameasthosethatdescribetherelationshipbetweenthenextlowestcategory
andallhighercategories,etc.Thisiscalledtheproportionaloddsassumptionortheparallelregressionassumption.
Becausetherelationshipbetweenallpairsofgroupsisthesame,thereisonlyonesetofcoefficients(onlyonemodel).If
thiswasnotthecase,wewouldneeddifferentmodels(suchasageneralizedorderedlogitmodel)todescribetherelationship
betweeneachpairofoutcomegroups.
Seealso
SPSSDataAnalysisExamples:Orderedlogisticregression
SPSSAnnotatedOutput:OrdinalLogisticRegression
Factoriallogisticregression
Afactoriallogisticregressionisusedwhenyouhavetwoormorecategoricalindependentvariablesbutadichotomous
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dependentvariable.Forexample,usingthehsb2datafilewewillusefemaleasourdependentvariable,becauseitisthe
onlydichotomousvariableinourdatasetcertainlynotbecauseitcommonpracticetousegenderasanoutcomevariable.
Wewillusetypeofprogram(prog)andschooltype(schtyp)asourpredictorvariables.Becauseprogisacategorical
variable(ithasthreelevels),weneedtocreatedummycodesforit.SPSSwilldothisforyoubymakingdummycodesforall
variableslistedafterthekeywordwith.SPSSwillalsocreatetheinteractiontermsimplylistthetwovariablesthatwillmake
uptheinteractionseparatedbythekeywordby.
logistic regression female with prog schtyp prog by schtyp
/contrast(prog) = indicator(1).
Theresultsindicatethattheoverallmodelisnotstatisticallysignificant(LRchi2=3.147,p=0.677).Furthermore,noneof
thecoefficientsarestatisticallysignificanteither.Thisshowsthattheoveralleffectofprogisnotsignificant.
Seealso
Annotatedoutputforlogisticregression
SPSSTopics:LogisticRegression
Correlation
Acorrelationisusefulwhenyouwanttoseetherelationshipbetweentwo(ormore)normallydistributedintervalvariables.For
example,usingthehsb2datafilewecanrunacorrelationbetweentwocontinuousvariables,readandwrite.
correlations
/variables = read write.
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Inthesecondexample,wewillrunacorrelationbetweenadichotomousvariable,female,andacontinuousvariable,write.
Althoughitisassumedthatthevariablesareintervalandnormallydistributed,wecanincludedummyvariableswhen
performingcorrelations.
correlations
/variables = female write.
Inthefirstexampleabove,weseethatthecorrelationbetweenreadandwriteis0.597.Bysquaringthecorrelationandthen
multiplyingby100,youcandeterminewhatpercentageofthevariabilityisshared.Let'sround0.597tobe0.6,whichwhen
squaredwouldbe.36,multipliedby100wouldbe36%.Hencereadsharesabout36%ofitsvariabilitywithwrite.Inthe
outputforthesecondexample,wecanseethecorrelationbetweenwriteandfemaleis0.256.Squaringthisnumberyields
.065536,meaningthatfemalesharesapproximately6.5%ofitsvariabilitywithwrite.
Seealso
Annotatedoutputforcorrelation
SPSSLearningModule:AnOverviewofStatisticalTestsinSPSS
SPSSFAQ:HowcanIanalyzemydatabycategories?
MissingDatainSPSS
Simplelinearregression
Simplelinearregressionallowsustolookatthelinearrelationshipbetweenonenormallydistributedintervalpredictorandone
normallydistributedintervaloutcomevariable.Forexample,usingthehsb2datafile,saywewishtolookattherelationship
betweenwritingscores(write)andreadingscores(read)inotherwords,predictingwritefromread.
regression variables = write read
/dependent = write
/method = enter.
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Weseethattherelationshipbetweenwriteandreadispositive(.552)andbasedonthetvalue(10.47)andpvalue(0.000),
wewouldconcludethisrelationshipisstatisticallysignificant.Hence,wewouldsaythereisastatisticallysignificantpositive
linearrelationshipbetweenreadingandwriting.
Seealso
RegressionWithSPSS:Chapter1SimpleandMultipleRegression
Annotatedoutputforregression
SPSSTopics:Regression
SPSSTextbookExamples:IntroductiontothePracticeofStatistics,Chapter10
SPSSTextbookExamples:RegressionwithGraphics,Chapter2
SPSSTextbookExamples:AppliedRegressionAnalysis,Chapter5
Nonparametriccorrelation
ASpearmancorrelationisusedwhenoneorbothofthevariablesarenotassumedtobenormallydistributedandinterval(but
areassumedtobeordinal).Thevaluesofthevariablesareconvertedinranksandthencorrelated.Inourexample,wewill
lookforarelationshipbetweenreadandwrite.Wewillnotassumethatbothofthesevariablesarenormalandinterval.
nonpar corr
/variables = read write
/print = spearman.
Theresultssuggestthattherelationshipbetweenreadandwrite(rho=0.617,p=0.000)isstatisticallysignificant.
Simplelogisticregression
Logisticregressionassumesthattheoutcomevariableisbinary(i.e.,codedas0and1).Wehaveonlyonevariableinthe
hsb2datafilethatiscoded0and1,andthatisfemale.Weunderstandthatfemaleisasillyoutcomevariable(itwould
makemoresensetouseitasapredictorvariable),butwecanusefemaleastheoutcomevariabletoillustratehowthecode
forthiscommandisstructuredandhowtointerprettheoutput.Thefirstvariablelistedafterthelogisticcommandisthe
outcome(ordependent)variable,andalloftherestofthevariablesarepredictor(orindependent)variables.Inourexample,
femalewillbetheoutcomevariable,andreadwillbethepredictorvariable.AswithOLSregression,thepredictorvariables
mustbeeitherdichotomousorcontinuoustheycannotbecategorical.
logistic regression female with read.
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Theresultsindicatethatreadingscore(read)isnotastatisticallysignificantpredictorofgender(i.e.,beingfemale),Wald=
.562,p=0.453.Likewise,thetestoftheoverallmodelisnotstatisticallysignificant,LRchisquared0.56,p=0.453.
Seealso
Annotatedoutputforlogisticregression
SPSSTopics:LogisticRegression
SPSSLibrary:Whatkindofcontrastsarethese?
Multipleregression
Multipleregressionisverysimilartosimpleregression,exceptthatinmultipleregressionyouhavemorethanonepredictor
variableintheequation.Forexample,usingthehsb2datafilewewillpredictwritingscorefromgender(female),reading,
math,scienceandsocialstudies(socst)scores.
regression variable = write female read math science socst
/dependent = write
/method = enter.
Theresultsindicatethattheoverallmodelisstatisticallysignificant(F=58.60,p=0.000).Furthermore,allofthepredictor
variablesarestatisticallysignificantexceptforread.
Seealso
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RegressionwithSPSS:Chapter1SimpleandMultipleRegression
Annotatedoutputforregression
SPSSTopics:Regression
SPSSFrequentlyAskedQuestions
SPSSTextbookExamples:RegressionwithGraphics,Chapter3
SPSSTextbookExamples:AppliedRegressionAnalysis
Analysisofcovariance
AnalysisofcovarianceislikeANOVA,exceptinadditiontothecategoricalpredictorsyoualsohavecontinuouspredictorsas
well.Forexample,theonewayANOVAexampleusedwriteasthedependentvariableandprogastheindependent
variable.Let'saddreadasacontinuousvariabletothismodel,asshownbelow.
glm write with read by prog.
Theresultsindicatethatevenafteradjustingforreadingscore(read),writingscoresstillsignificantlydifferbyprogramtype
(prog),F=5.867,p=0.003.
Seealso
SPSSTextbookExamplesfromDesignandAnalysis:Chapter14
SPSSLibrary:AnOverviewofSPSSGLM
SPSSLibrary:HowdoIhandleinteractionsofcontinuousandcategoricalvariables?
Multiplelogisticregression
Multiplelogisticregressionislikesimplelogisticregression,exceptthattherearetwoormorepredictors.Thepredictorscan
beintervalvariablesordummyvariables,butcannotbecategoricalvariables.Ifyouhavecategoricalpredictors,theyshould
becodedintooneormoredummyvariables.Wehaveonlyonevariableinourdatasetthatiscoded0and1,andthatis
female.Weunderstandthatfemaleisasillyoutcomevariable(itwouldmakemoresensetouseitasapredictorvariable),
butwecanusefemaleastheoutcomevariabletoillustratehowthecodeforthiscommandisstructuredandhowtointerpret
theoutput.Thefirstvariablelistedafterthelogisticregressioncommandistheoutcome(ordependent)variable,andallof
therestofthevariablesarepredictor(orindependent)variables(listedafterthekeywordwith).Inourexample,femalewillbe
theoutcomevariable,andreadandwritewillbethepredictorvariables.
logistic regression female with read write.
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Theseresultsshowthatbothreadandwritearesignificantpredictorsoffemale.
Seealso
Annotatedoutputforlogisticregression
SPSSTopics:LogisticRegression
SPSSTextbookExamples:AppliedLogisticRegression,Chapter2
SPSSCodeFragments:GraphingResultsinLogisticRegression
Discriminantanalysis
Discriminantanalysisisusedwhenyouhaveoneormorenormallydistributedintervalindependentvariablesandacategorical
dependentvariable.Itisamultivariatetechniquethatconsidersthelatentdimensionsintheindependentvariablesfor
predictinggroupmembershipinthecategoricaldependentvariable.Forexample,usingthehsb2datafile,saywewishtouse
read,writeandmathscorestopredictthetypeofprogramastudentbelongsto(prog).
discriminate groups = prog(1, 3)
/variables = read write math.
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Clearly,theSPSSoutputforthisprocedureisquitelengthy,anditisbeyondthescopeofthispagetoexplainallofit.
However,themainpointisthattwocanonicalvariablesareidentifiedbytheanalysis,thefirstofwhichseemstobemore
relatedtoprogramtypethanthesecond.
Seealso
discriminantfunctionanalysis
SPSSLibrary:AHistoryofSPSSStatisticalFeatures
OnewayMANOVA
MANOVA(multivariateanalysisofvariance)islikeANOVA,exceptthattherearetwoormoredependentvariables.Inaone
wayMANOVA,thereisonecategoricalindependentvariableandtwoormoredependentvariables.Forexample,usingthe
hsb2datafile,saywewishtoexaminethedifferencesinread,writeandmathbrokendownbyprogramtype(prog).
glm read write math by prog.
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Thestudentsinthedifferentprogramsdifferintheirjointdistributionofread,writeandmath.
Seealso
SPSSLibrary:AdvancedIssuesinUsingandUnderstandingSPSSMANOVA
GLM:MANOVAandMANCOVA
SPSSLibrary:MANOVAandGLM
Multivariatemultipleregression
Multivariatemultipleregressionisusedwhenyouhavetwoormoredependentvariablesthataretobepredictedfromtwoor
moreindependentvariables.Inourexample,wewillpredictwriteandreadfromfemale,math,scienceandsocialstudies
(socst)scores.
glm write read with female math science socst.
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Theseresultsshowthatallofthevariablesinthemodelhaveastatisticallysignificantrelationshipwiththejointdistribution
ofwriteandread.
Canonicalcorrelation
Canonicalcorrelationisamultivariatetechniqueusedtoexaminetherelationshipbetweentwogroupsofvariables.Foreach
setofvariables,itcreateslatentvariablesandlooksattherelationshipsamongthelatentvariables.Itassumesthatall
variablesinthemodelareintervalandnormallydistributed.SPSSrequiresthateachofthetwogroupsofvariablesbe
separatedbythekeywordwith.Thereneednotbeanequalnumberofvariablesinthetwogroups(beforeandafterthewith).
manova read write with math science
/discrim.
* * * * * * A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e -- design 1 * * * * * *
EFFECT .. WITHIN CELLS Regression
Multivariate Tests of Significance (S = 2, M = -1/2, N = 97 )
Test Name Value Approx. F Hypoth. DF Error DF Sig. of F
Pillais .59783 41.99694 4.00 394.00 .000
Hotellings 1.48369 72.32964 4.00 390.00 .000
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Wilks .40249 56.47060 4.00 392.00 .000
Roys .59728
Note.. F statistic for WILKS' Lambda is exact.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EFFECT .. WITHIN CELLS Regression (Cont.)
Univariate F-tests with (2,197) D. F.
Variable Sq. Mul. R Adj. R-sq. Hypoth. MS Error MS F
READ .51356 .50862 5371.66966 51.65523 103.99081
WRITE .43565 .42992 3894.42594 51.21839 76.03569
Variable Sig. of F
READ .000
WRITE .000
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Raw canonical coefficients for DEPENDENT variables
Function No.
Variable 1
READ .063
WRITE .049
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Standardized canonical coefficients for DEPENDENT variables
Function No.
Variable 1
READ .649
WRITE .467
* * * * * * A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e -- design 1 * * * * * *
Correlations between DEPENDENT and canonical variables
Function No.
Variable 1
READ .927
WRITE .854
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Variance in dependent variables explained by canonical variables
CAN. VAR. Pct Var DE Cum Pct DE Pct Var CO Cum Pct CO
1 79.441 79.441 47.449 47.449
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Raw canonical coefficients for COVARIATES
Function No.
COVARIATE 1
MATH .067
SCIENCE .048
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Standardized canonical coefficients for COVARIATES
CAN. VAR.
COVARIATE 1
MATH .628
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SCIENCE .478
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Correlations between COVARIATES and canonical variables
CAN. VAR.
Covariate 1
MATH .929
SCIENCE .873
* * * * * * A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e -- design 1 * * * * * *
Variance in covariates explained by canonical variables
CAN. VAR. Pct Var DE Cum Pct DE Pct Var CO Cum Pct CO
1 48.544 48.544 81.275 81.275
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Regression analysis for WITHIN CELLS error term
--- Individual Univariate .9500 confidence intervals
Dependent variable .. READ reading score
COVARIATE B Beta Std. Err. t-Value Sig. of t
MATH .48129 .43977 .070 6.868 .000
SCIENCE .36532 .35278 .066 5.509 .000
COVARIATE Lower -95% CL- Upper
MATH .343 .619
SCIENCE .235 .496
Dependent variable .. WRITE writing score
COVARIATE B Beta Std. Err. t-Value Sig. of t
MATH .43290 .42787 .070 6.203 .000
SCIENCE .28775 .30057 .066 4.358 .000
COVARIATE Lower -95% CL- Upper
MATH .295 .571
SCIENCE .158 .418
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
* * * * * * A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e -- design 1 * * * * * *
EFFECT .. CONSTANT
Multivariate Tests of Significance (S = 1, M = 0, N = 97 )
Test Name Value Exact F Hypoth. DF Error DF Sig. of F
Pillais .11544 12.78959 2.00 196.00 .000
Hotellings .13051 12.78959 2.00 196.00 .000
Wilks .88456 12.78959 2.00 196.00 .000
Roys .11544
Note.. F statistics are exact.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EFFECT .. CONSTANT (Cont.)
Univariate F-tests with (1,197) D. F.
Variable Hypoth. SS Error SS Hypoth. MS Error MS F Sig. of F
READ 336.96220 10176.0807 336.96220 51.65523 6.52329 .011
WRITE 1209.88188 10090.0231 1209.88188 51.21839 23.62202 .000
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EFFECT .. CONSTANT (Cont.)
Raw discriminant function coefficients
Function No.
Variable 1
READ .041
WRITE .124
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Standardized discriminant function coefficients
Function No.
Variable 1
READ .293
WRITE .889
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Estimates of effects for canonical variables
Canonical Variable
Parameter 1
1 2.196
* * * * * * A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e -- design 1 * * * * * *
EFFECT .. CONSTANT (Cont.)
Correlations between DEPENDENT and canonical variables
Canonical Variable
Variable 1
READ .504
WRITE .959
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Theoutputaboveshowsthelinearcombinationscorrespondingtothefirstcanonicalcorrelation.Atthebottomoftheoutput
arethetwocanonicalcorrelations.Theseresultsindicatethatthefirstcanonicalcorrelationis.7728.TheFtestinthis
outputteststhehypothesisthatthefirstcanonicalcorrelationisequaltozero.Clearly,F=56.4706isstatistically
significant.However,thesecondcanonicalcorrelationof.0235isnotstatisticallysignificantlydifferentfromzero(F=
0.1087,p=0.7420).
Factoranalysis
Factoranalysisisaformofexploratorymultivariateanalysisthatisusedtoeitherreducethenumberofvariablesinamodel
ortodetectrelationshipsamongvariables.Allvariablesinvolvedinthefactoranalysisneedtobeintervalandareassumed
tobenormallydistributed.Thegoaloftheanalysisistotrytoidentifyfactorswhichunderliethevariables.Theremaybe
fewerfactorsthanvariables,buttheremaynotbemorefactorsthanvariables.Forourexample,let'ssupposethatwethink
thattherearesomecommonfactorsunderlyingthevarioustestscores.Wewillincludesubcommandsforvarimaxrotation
andaplotoftheeigenvalues.Wewilluseaprincipalcomponentsextractionandwillretaintwofactors.(Usingtheseoptions
willmakeourresultscompatiblewiththosefromSASandStataandarenotnecessarilytheoptionsthatyouwillwanttouse.)
factor
/variables read write math science socst
/criteria factors(2)
/extraction pc
/rotation varimax
/plot eigen.
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Communality(whichistheoppositeofuniqueness)istheproportionofvarianceofthevariable(i.e.,read)thatisaccounted
forbyallofthefactorstakentogether,andaverylowcommunalitycanindicatethatavariablemaynotbelongwithanyofthe
factors.Thescreeplotmaybeusefulindetermininghowmanyfactorstoretain.Fromthecomponentmatrixtable,wecan
seethatallfiveofthetestscoresloadontothefirstfactor,whileallfivetendtoloadnotsoheavilyonthesecondfactor.The
purposeofrotatingthefactorsistogetthevariablestoloadeitherveryhighorverylowoneachfactor.Inthisexample,
becauseallofthevariablesloadedontofactor1andnotonfactor2,therotationdidnotaidintheinterpretation.Instead,it
madetheresultsevenmoredifficulttointerpret.
Seealso
SPSSFAQ:WhatdoesCronbach'salphamean?
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