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1.

A) Induced drag is a force that occurs when an object changes the direction of the airflow
coming at it. This drag force is caused by the lift force. This force occurs because of the
difference in pressure between the top and bottom of the wing. This causes a spiral effect in
the airflow to form at the wing tips.
B) Form drag is a force that is the resistance of an object as it moves through the air. It is called
form drag because this force depends on the shape of the object. More aerodynamic objects
will have less form drag than bigger, bulkier ones.
C) Skin friction is the friction between the molecules on the surface of an object moving through
the air and the molecules of air. The amount of skin friction depends on the type of gas and the
type of material that the object is made out of.
D) An aircraft that moves very quickly may experience wave drag. Wave drag occurs as an
aircraft approaches the speed of sound and shockwaves are created. The amount of wave drag
depends on how fast the aircraft is moving.
E) Parasitic drag includes form drag, skin friction, and interference drag. Interference drag is
when the airflow of two separate objects combine.
2. A) The lift force increases with an increasing angle of attack.
B) The drag also increases with an increasing angle of attack.
C) The surfaces velocity decreases with an increasing angle of attack.
D) Pressure of the upper surface decreases as angle of attack increases.
The increased angle of attack to 15 degrees makes the wing less streamlined in shape, so it will
meet more air resistance. This is shown in the picture because the blue lines no longer directly flow
around the wing and instead there is some dead space directly behind the wing.

3.
a) As the thickness increases, lift increases.
b) As the thickness increases, drag first decreases but then starts to increase.
c) As the thickness increases, the surface velocity also increases.
d) As the thickness increases, the pressure also increases.

4.
a) As the camber increases, lift also increases.
b) As the camber increases, drag also increases.
c) As the camber increases, the upper surface velocity increases while the lower surface velocity
decreases.
d) As the camber increases, the pressure increases very little.

5.
a) The lift coefficient is around 0 at 0 degrees angle of attack.
b) If the angle is too high, then drag will eventually start to overpower the lift because the shape
of the wing will cause too much air resistance.

6.
a) The lift coefficient is around 40 when the angle of attack is zero.
b) Because the wing is no longer flat, the drag greatly increases after a certain angle of attack.
This shape of the wing causes a lot of air resistance when the angle of attack is increased.

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