The Structure of

Flowering Plants
1
Aidhm
Section 1
1. Label a diagram of the external parts of a
typical flowering plant and state their
function.
2. Define meristem and state its locations

2
External Structure
Over ground shoot
system
Under ground
root system
4
The Root System
5
1. Tap root: One
main root
2. Fibrous roots: Mass of
small roots from one stem
3. Adventitious roots: Do
not grow from radicle
What type of roots are seen in the
following
6
Root Functions
1. Anchor
2. Absorb water
and minerals
3. Transport
4. Food storage
(carrots)
Four Root Zones
Protection Zone
Meristematic Zone
Elongation Zone
Differentiation Zone
Root Zones
A root cap protects
the cells as the root
pushes through the
soil
Protection Zone
Root Zones
Meristem: Plant
tissue capable of
mitosis. Produces
new cells for
growth
Found in root and
shoot tips
New cells get longer
using plant growth
regulators e.g. auxins
Elongation Zone
Root Zones
Root Zones
2. Ground Tissue: between
dermal and vascular tissue.
Makes up bulk of plant
1. Dermal tissue: surrounds
and protects plant
All cells are similar. They
develop into
Differentiation Zone
3. Vascular tissue: xylem
and phloem
Stem Types
Stems are long and
hollow to allow transport
of water
Stem Parts
Node: Point on stem where leaf
is attached
Internode: Region on stem
between two nodes
Bud: Potential growth point that
may develop into a shoot, leaf or
flower
Axil: Angle between leaf and
stem. Axillary buds located there
Lenticel: Opening on stem to
allow for gas exchange



Stem Functions
1. Support
2. Photosynthesis in green
parts
3. Transport water and
minerals from the roots
to all parts of the plant
4. Transport food from the
leaves to all parts of the
plant
5. Food storage
Leaf Structure
Petiole: stalk of the leaf
The petiole, midrib and
veins contain xylem and
phloem
Venation
Venation: pattern of veins in a leaf
Parallel: Veins run alongside each
other (found in monocots)
Net: Veins are in a network (found in
dicots)
Leaf Functions
1. Photosynthesis
2. Transpiration
3. Gas exchange
4. Food storage
Flowers
For reproduction





For seed dispersal
For reproduction
19
Fruit
Learning check
20
Can you..
1. Label a diagram of the external parts of a
typical flowering plant and state their
function.
2. Define meristem and state its locations

21
Aidhm
Section 2
22
1.To identify the 3 types of tissue in flowering
plants
2.Describe the structure and function of xylem
and phloem
Tissues in flowering plants
Tissues in flowering plants
1. Dermal tissue (epidermis)
Covers plant like human skin
Main function: protection
Secondary function:
Protects plant from water loss
(by secreting waxy cuticle) and
entry of pathogens
Root hairs are an extension.
Water and minerals diffuse
through them into the plant


Tissues in flowering plants
2. Ground tissue
Is the bulk of the plant. The area between
dermal and vascular tissue
Functions:
Photosynthesis
storage of waste and food
strength and support

Tissues in flowering plants
3. Vascular tissue
Transport tissue
Xylem:
transports minerals and water
from roots to leaves
2 types: xylem tracheids and
xylem vessels
Phloem:
transports food
2 types: phloem sieve tubes and
companion cells


Xylem
Living contents die
on maturity. Xylem
is dead tissue



Xylem Tracheids
Xylem Vessels
28
Both tracheids
and vessels
contain lignin.
Lignin is a
strengthening
material
found in some
plant cell
walls
Lignin
Tracheids



Long cells tapered at both
ends.
Hollow
Pits - allow water and
minerals to move
sideways from cell to
cell
Overlap
Primitive. Found in
coniferous trees
Vessels
More efficient at
transporting than
tracheids.
Tubular form when
cells join end to end.
End walls break down
to form a continuous
tube
Pits to allow sideways
movement of water
Found in flowering plants
Xylem tissue
31
Phloem:
Living tissue



Companion Cells
Each sieve tube has an
attached companion cell.
Controls the activities of
the sieve tube
Contains nucleus and
cytoplasm
Sieve Tubes
Long, tubular.
Lots of sieve tube
elements joined end
to end
Has end walls called
sieve plates
Walls are made of
cellulose
Phloem

34
Xylem versus Phloem
Learning Check
35
1. Label







2.
Can you
36
1.Identify the 3 types of tissue in flowering
plants
2.Describe the structure and function of xylem
and phloem
Syllabus
Section 3
37
1. Identify 3 types of tissue in LS and TS of
roots and stems.
2.Know the difference between
monocotyledons and dicotyledons : how many
seed leaves they have
3.Prepare a TS of a dicot stemand examine
under the microscope


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38
Roots
TS
39
Roots
LS
40
Stem
TS
41
Tissue types in L.S. of stem
42
43
TS Root
LS Root
TS Stem
LS Stem
Can you label the following
44
45
Monocots (monocotyledons) Dicots (dicotyledons)
Two groups of flowering plants
46
Monocots (monocotyledons) Dicots (dicotyledons)
Two groups of flowering plants
One cotyledon
Herbaceous plants
Two cotyledons
Herbaceous plants or
woody plants
Differences between Monocots & Dicots
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
Number of
cotyledons
One Two
Arrangement of
vascular
bundles in the
stem

Scattered in the
stem

In a ring pattern
Leaf venation Parallel Netted
Number of
flower parts
In threes In fours and fives
Woody or
herbaceous
Almost all are
herbaceous
May be woody or
herbaceous
48
49
To prepare and examine a
TS of a dicot stem
Use celery (herbaceous
easy to cut)
Wet the blade reduces
friction
Cut stem at 90 degrees
to avoid wedge shaped
sections
Store in petri dish of
water prevents drying
out
View under microscope,
taking the usual
precautions

50
Learning Check
1. What is meant by dicot
2.
3. Label
Syllabus
Section 3
51
1. Identify 3 types of tissue in LS and TS of
roots and stems.
2.Know the difference between
monocotyledons and dicotyledons : how many
seed leaves they have
3.Prepare a TS of a dicot stem and examine
under the microscope


END
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