Simulator For The LTE Link Level Performance Evaluation

Simulator for the LTE Link Level Performance
Evaluation
Stojan Kitanov
1

1
University for Information Science and Technologies St. Paul, The Apostle
Building at ARM
Ul. Partizanska B.B.
Ohrid 6000
Republic of Macedonia
Abstract. The concepts of 4G have already been much discussed by a number
of global research initiatives and at the moment are in the process of
standardization. Since the 4G concepts have already moved to the
standardization phase, it is time to start working on the building blocks of the
Next Generation of Wireless and Mobile Networks, 5G. LTE provides high
data rates that are needed for the availability of new services and mobile
applications. Therefore LTE is seen as a potential technology candidate for 5G.
This paper describes an LTE link level simulation, which tests the performance
of an LTE link level channel. The simulator offers to carry out single-downlink,
single-cell multi-user, and multi-cell multi-user simulations. The simulation
results will contribute for the network optimization of LTE (and 5G in the
future). Additionally, by adding new functionalities to the simulator, the
researchers can create and test different network scenarios.
Keywords: 5G, 4G, WiFi, WiMAX (802.16), LTE, NGN (Next Generation
Networks), MATLAB, simulator.
1 Introduction
The road towards 4G (4
th
Generation of Wireless Networks) has been the driving
force behind a number of global research initiatives in the last few years. The
concepts of 4G have already been much discussed and at the moment are in the
process of standardization. Since the 4G concepts have already moved to the
standardization phase, it is time to start working on the building blocks of the Next
Generation Wireless and Mobile Networks (referred to as 5G). 5G should make an
important difference and add more services and benefit to the world over 4G. 5G
should be more intelligent technology that interconnects the entire world without
limits. LTE provides high data rates that are needed for the availability of new
services and mobile applications and meets the demands for 5G. Additionally LTE
supports inter-technology mobility, i.e. the ability to support movement of a device
between differing radio access network types. Therefore LTE is seen as a potential
technology candidate for 5G Networks.
ICT Innovations 2011 Web Proceedings ISSN 1857-7288 107
L. Kocarev (Editor): ICT Innovations 2011, Web Proceedings, ISSN 1857-7288
ICT ACT http://ictinnovations.org, Skopje, 2012
This paper describes an LTE link level simulation, which tests the performance of
an LTE link level channel. The simulator offers to carry out single-downlink, single-
cell multi-user, and multi-cell multi-user simulations. Additionally, the simulator can
be utilized to perform real-world measurements with a testbed. It also provides a
possibility for parallel processing of the simulations, and thus reduces the processing
time. The simulation results will contribute for better network optimization of an LTE
network (as well as 5G networks in the future). Additionally, by adding new
functionalities to the simulator, the researchers can create and test different network
scenarios.
The paper is structured as follows. A brief overview of related LTE simulation
platforms and technologies is given in Section 2. A description of the link level
simulation model is provided in Section 3. Furthermore, all relevant simulation
assumptions are introduced those which are applicable for both technologies, and
those being different. The link level simulation results covering SISO, MIMO
diversity and MIMO spatial multiplexing scenarios are shown in Section 4. The
simulation results are discussed in detail, and explanations for the different behavior
of LTE under certain conditions are derived. Finally, the main conclusions are drawn
in Section 5.
2 Related LTE Simulation Platforms and Technologies
A channel simulation is very important in every communication system in order to
evaluate its performance as well as to improve, or optimize it by changing the
systems parameters. So, in order to make the simulator useful it is necessary to make
the channel simulation as realistic as possible, evaluating various methods and
procedures to implement the most appropriate one for each case. In the case of LTE
networks, the simulation has to take into account all the phenomena introduced by the
wireless communication.
Realistic performance evaluations of LTE in terms of coverage, capacity and
quality in a multi cell system require standard compliant simulators. For that reason,
several commercially available LTE simulators have been developed, for example [1-
3]. Additionally Large mobile communication equipment vendors have implemented
their own proprietary simulators. However, simulation has been extensively used
within the research and development of telecommunications, as an engineering tool
for design, implementation and optimization of radio networks for a very long time.
Hence, a diverse range of simulation software and frameworks exist, both free and
commercial, which are able to model complex wireless network systems.
One of the better renowned network simulators is OPNET [4], which is a software
suite containing simulation technologies for network and wireless network simulation
modeling. OPNET also offers data visualization, GUI supported modeling, result
prediction, monitoring and application optimization. OPNET arrives with a
commercial license and requires some detailed implementations to be implemented in
C/C++ programming languages [4].
Another publicly available network simulator is Ns 2 [5], which is a discrete event
simulator maintained as an open source project, originating from UC Berkeley. Ns 2
108 ICT Innovations 2011 Web Proceedings ISSN 1857-7288
provides support for the simulation of TCP, routing and multicast protocols over
wired and wireless networks and is primarily targeted for UNIX systems, even though
it may be built and run on Microsoft Windows with Cygwin support [5].
WinProp Software Suite [6] is a commercial software suite, containing tools for
radio network planning and mobile radio wave propagation simulations, supporting
models of indoor and outdoor environments with different infrastructures. It supports
several network standards such as 2G, 3G, wireless LANs and WiMAX [6].
WarnSim [7], is a simulator for circuit switched wide area radio networks such as
Land Mobile Radio System (LMR), Personal Communication System (PCS) and
Public Safety Wireless Network (PSWN). The simulator is developed in C# .NET and
hence only currently runs on Microsoft Windows platforms with the .NET framework
installed [7].
The computation and visualization software suite MATLAB [8] is another
application extensively used for simulator implementations in radio network
simulation. Several publicly available LTE technology related simulators developed
for MATLAB also exists. One such LTE simulator is developed at the Vienna
University of Technology [9, 10]. It is available for free under an academic, non-
commercial use license and allows researchers to compare algorithms in a
standardized system. Since the source code of all functions is also provided, highest
flexibility for changes and additions as well as support for different platforms is
guaranteed. Therefore this simulator can be considered as a potential simulator for 5G
Networks. Next section reviews the structure of this LTE simulator, as well as the
potential research applications.
3 LTE Simulator Structure
The LTE link level simulator from the Vienna University of Technology [10]
consists of the following functional parts: one transmitting eNodeB, N receiver User
Equipments (UEs), a downlink channel model over which only the Downlink Shared
Channel (DL-SCH) is transmitted, signaling information, and an error-free up-link
feedback channel with adjustable delay. Possible modulations for the DL-SCH are 4-
QAM, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM. The elements of the simulator are shown in Figure 1
and more details are provided in [11].

Fig. 1. Overall simulator structure [11]
At the moment this LTE simulator has implemented the following basic features:
multi-user and HARQ. CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) feedback, and AMC
(Adaptive Modulation Coding), i.e. dynamic assignment of MCSs (Modulation and
Coding Schemes) are under development. The following MIMO modes are supported:
Transmit Diversity, OLSM, and Single-Input Single-Output (SISO), Transmission
Diversity (TD) and Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing (OLSM) modes. Currently
Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing (CLSM) mode is under development. AWGN, Flat
Rayleigh, Block Fading, Fast Fading and uncorrelated Pedestrian B channel are some
of the channel models the following are currently being implemented in the simulator.
The simulator, however, is already prepared for channel-adaptive simulations, that is,
the feedback channel, as well as all MIMO schemes are fully implemented; only
methods for calculating the feedback are missing [11].
A Complete list of simulation parameters for the LTE simulator is given in the
documentation of the LTE simulator [12]. Below are given some of the important
parameters:
number of UEs to simulate,
number of eNodeBs (cells) that will be simulated. Currently support for
multiple eNodeBs is not yet implemented,
Channel Quality Indicators (CQIs) - set of MCSs that are used for the
simulation. According to [13], 15 different CQIs are specified,
transmission modes: single antenna, TD, OLSM, CLSM, and Multiuser
MIMO (not yet implemented); these modes are defined in TS 36.213-820
Section 7.1, page 12 [13],
carrier center frequency in Hz,
Bandwidth: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz.
These bandwidths are equivalent to 6, 15, 25, 50, 75, and 100 Resource
Blocks (RBs) respectively,
number of parallel Hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) processes. The maximum value,
according to [14] is 8,
maximum number of HARQ retransmissions, not including the original
transmission. Valid values are 0, 1, 2 or 3,
Subcarrier Spacing: 15 kHz, or 7.5 kHz (just for MBSFNbased
multicast/broadcast transmissions). Tests were so far performed using the 15
kHz spacing,
cyclic prefix length [15]. Either normal or extended for MBSFN-based
multicast/broadcast transmissions, and
type of channel used. Some of the the available ones are: AWGN (Additive
White Gaussian Noise channel), flat Rayleight channel, as well as tap-delay
based channel models: PedA, PedB, PedBcorr, VehA, VehB, TU, RA, and
HT [16, 17]
The possible research applications of the LTE simulator are given in Figure 2.
Depending on the application we distinguish between three different classes of
simulations that differ greatly in computational complexity. Furthermore, the
simulation code can be utilized to perform real-world measurements with a testbed
[18]. Additionally the simulator can perform parallel processing of the simulations,
and thus reduces the processing time.

Fig. 2. Overview of different possible simulation scenarios in the LTE simulator [11]

The single-downlink simulation only covers the link between one base-station and
one user-equipment [11]. Such a set-up allows for the investigation of
channel estimators,
channel tracking,
channel prediction,
synchronization algorithms, for example [19, 20],
MIMO gains,
AMC feedback including feedback mapping optimization, for example [21],
receiver structures [22], neglecting interference and impact of the scheduling,
modeling of channel encoding and decoding [23], and
physical layer modeling [24, 25] crucial for system level simulations.
The single-cell multi-user simulation covers the links between one base-station and
multiple users [11]. This set-up now additionally allows for the investigation of
receiver structures, taking the influence of the scheduling into account,
multi-user precoding [26],
resource allocation and scheduling, and
multi-user gains.
The multi-cell multi-user simulation is by far the most computationally demanding
scenario and covers the links between multiple base-stations and multiple users [11].
This set-up allows for the realistic investigation of
interference-aware receiver techniques [27, 28],
interference management, including cooperative transmissions [29], and
network based algorithms like joint resource allocation and scheduling.
The LTE simulator can also be used to provide the signal processing part for a
testbed [30 - 33]. Therefore, in the LTE simulator the transmitter and receiver sub-
functions are clearly separated required for real-world measurements utilizing
physically separated testbed transmitters and receivers. Testbed measurements also
inherently offer another desirable degree of realism. The impact of RF impairments
on the LTE link performance can be investigated easily for different components. In
simulations, such an analysis would require a very detailed RF modeling, like in [34].
4 LTE Link Level Simulator Results
This section provides some simulation results that were obtained using the
standard compliant LTE link level simulator described in Section 3. The common
simulation settings for the results presented in the next two sections are summarized
in Table 1. The simulation results test the performance of an LTE transmission on an
uncorrelated PedB channel and flat Rayleigh channel for several transmission modes.
Since currently the feedback calculation for the Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing
(CLSM) mode is not implemented, only the Single-Input Single-Output (SISO),
Transmission Diversity (TD) and Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing (OLSM) modes
are simulated.
In a MIMO-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission
system the SNR is the measurement for channel quality information and is a key
factor of link error prediction. The SNR in the simulator is defined as the subcarrier
SNR (that is the sum of the data subcarrier signal powers divided by sum of the noise
powers received on all data subcarriers) [11].
Table 1. Basic Settings used for the simulation of LTE
Parameter Value
Number of User Equiments (UEs) 1
Bandwidth 1.4 MHz
Retransmissions 0 and 3
Channel Type Flat Rayleigh, PedB uncorrelated
Filtering
Receiver Type
Simulation Length
Transmit modes
Block Fading
Soft Sphere Decoder
5000 frames
SISO, TD (21, and 42) and OSLM (42)
To obtain the Block Error Ratio (BLER) and throughput for the Modulation and
Coding Scheme (MCS) corresponding to each CQI value, AWGN simulations were
performed. The MCS determines both the modulation alphabet and the Effective
Code Rate (ECR) of the channel encoder. Figure 3 shows the BLER results of CQIs
1-15 without using HARQ. Each curve is spaced approximately 2 dB from each other.
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
BLER, 1.4MHz, SISO AWGN, 5000 subframes
B
L
E
R
SNR [dB]

CQI 1
CQI 2
CQI 3
CQI 4
CQI 5
CQI 6
CQI 7
CQI 8
CQI 9
CQI 10
CQI 11
CQI 12
CQI 13
CQI 14
CQI 15
Fig. 3. BLER curves obtained from SISO AWGN simulations for all 15 CQI values.
From CQI = 1 (leftmost) to CQI = 15 (rightmost)
The BLER curves for a flat Rayleigh channel, for the number of retransmissions
equal to 0 (HARQ = 0) and 3 (HARQ = 3) are shown in Figure 4 and 5, respectively.
It can be noticed that SNR shifts to the left due to the presence of HARQ. Similar
simulation results can be obtained for PedB (uncorrelated Pedestrian B) channel.
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
BLER, CQI 7, PedB, 5000 subframes, flat rayleigh, 0 re-tx
B
L
E
R
SNR [dB]

SISO
TxD 2x1
TxD 4x2
OLSM 4x2

Fig. 4. BLER, flat Rayleigh channel, no HARQ

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
BLER, CQI 7, PedB, 5000 subframes, flat rayleigh, 3 re-tx
B
L
E
R
SNR [dB]

SISO
TxD 2x1
TxD 4x2
OLSM 4x2
Fig. 5. BLER, flat Rayleigh channel, 3 retransmissions
In Figure 6, the throughput curves are plotted for every CQI value. Here, HARQ is
switched off and no retransmissions are performed. The SNR gap from the achievable
capacity is around 2 dB for most of the CQI values. Similar throughput performance
is achieved if HARQ is enabled. The reason for the similar performance is that in an
AWGN channel the switching between the modulation and coding schemes can be
done perfectly and hardly any retransmissions are required (although allowed if
necessary).
In Figures 7 and 8, the data throughput of SISO, 21 transmit diversity (TxD), 42
transmit diversity, and 42 Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing (OLSM) is compared
when transmitting over a flat Rayleigh channel. In this simulation we set the CQI to a
fixed value of seven and the maximum number of HARQ retransmissions set to zero
(Figure 7) and the maximum number of HARQ set to three (Figure 8).
The maximum throughput values achieved by the different MIMO schemes in
Figure 7 and 8 depends on the number of transmit antennas and on the number of data
streams (layers). If more transmit antennas are utilized for the transmission, more
pilot symbols are inserted in the OFDM frame and thus lower maximum throughput
can be achieved. In the case of OLSM, two spatially separated data streams are
transmitted thus leading to twice the maximum throughput of the 42 TD system.
Note that the results in Figure 10 were obtained without channel adaptive pre-coding.
An additional gain of the TD schemes can therefore be expected when the PCI is
utilized. Similar simulation results can be obtained for an uncorrelated ITU Pedestrian
B channel.
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
throughput, 1.4MHz, SISO AWGN, 5000 subframes
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

[
M
b
p
s
]
SNR [dB]

CQI 1
CQI 2
CQI 3
CQI 4
CQI 5
CQI 6
CQI 7
CQI 8
CQI 9
CQI 10
CQI 11
CQI 12
CQI 13
CQI 14
CQI 15

Fig. 6. Throughput performance over an AWGN channel for individual CQIs without HARQ
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
throughput, CQI 7, PedB, 5000 subframes, flat rayleigh, 0 re-tx
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

[
M
b
p
s
]
SNR [dB]

SISO
TxD 2x1
TxD 4x2
OLSM 4x2

Fig. 7 Throughput performance over a flat Rayleigh channel (CQI 7, no retransmissions)
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
throughput, CQI 7, PedB, 5000 subframes, flat rayleigh, 3 re-tx
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

[
M
b
p
s
]
SNR [dB]

SISO
TxD 2x1
TxD 4x2
OLSM 4x2

Fig. 8. Throughput performance over a flat Rayleigh channel (CQI 7, 3 HARQ retransmissions)
The simulation results show that the simulator is functioning. The simulation
results will contribute for better network optimization of an LTE network. In future,
more focus should be dedicated on multi-cell multi-user simulation scenarios. This
includes interference-aware receiver techniques [27, 28], interference management,
including cooperative transmissions [29], network based algorithms like joint
resource allocation and scheduling, as well as, inter-technology mobility, i.e. the
ability to support movement of a device between differing radio access network types.
Since LTE is seen as a potential technology candidate for 5G Networks (Next
Generation Mobile and Wireless Networks), the simulation results from this LTE
Link Level Simulator will contribute for better network optimization of 5G networks.
Additionally, by adding new functionalities to the simulator, the researchers can
create and test different network scenarios for LTE as well as future 5G networks.
5 Conclusion
This paper provides means of how to simulate the link level of an LTE network.
Firstly, related LTE simulation platforms and technologies were discussed in Section
2. Then from all these LTE simulation platforms and technologies, the simulator from
Vienna University of Technology [10] was chosen as the most convenient simulator
for research purposes. This is because the simulator is available for free under an
academic, non-commercial use license and allows researchers to compare algorithms
in a standardized system. Since the source code of all functions is also provided,
highest flexibility for changes and additions as well as support for different platforms
is guaranteed. An overview of the structure of this simulator, as well as the possible
research applications were given in Section 3. The simulator tests the performance of
an LTE link level channel. The simulator offers to carry out single-downlink, single-
cell multi-user, and multi-cell multi-user simulations. Additionally, the simulator can
be utilized to perform real-world measurements with a testbed. It also provides a
possibility for parallel processing of the simulations, and thus reduces the processing
time. The LTE link level simulation results were discussed in Section 4. The
simulation results tested the performance of an LTE transmission on an uncorrelated
PedB channel and flat Rayleigh channel for several transmission modes: the Single-
Input Single-Output (SISO), Transmission Diversity (TD) and Open Loop Spatial
Multiplexing (OLSM) modes. The BLER curves and the Throughput performance
results were displayed. The simulation results show that the simulator is fully
functioning. The simulation results will contribute for better network optimization of
an LTE network. In future, more focus should be dedicated on multi-cell multi-user
simulation scenarios. This includes interference-aware receiver techniques [27, 28],
interference management, including cooperative transmissions [29], network based
algorithms like joint resource allocation and scheduling, as well as, inter-technology
mobility, i.e. the ability to support movement of a device between differing radio
access network types.
Since LTE is seen as a potential technology candidate for 5G Networks (Next
Generation Mobile and Wireless Networks), the simulation results from this LTE
Link Level Simulator will contribute for better network optimization of 5G networks.
Additionally, by adding new functionalities to the simulator, the researchers can
create and test different network scenarios for LTE as well as future 5G networks.
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