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*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SEMINOLE INDIANS OF FLORIDA ***
469
BY
CLAY MacCAULEY.
471
CONTENTS.
Page.
Letter of transmittal 475
Introduction 477
CHAPTER I.
Personal characteristics 481
Physical characteristics 481
Physique of the men 481
Physique of the women 482
Clothing 482
Costume of the men 483
Costume of the women 485
Personal adornment 486
Hairdressing 466
Ornamentation of clothing 487
Use of beads 487
Silver disks 488
Ear rings 488
Finger rings 489
Silver vs. gold 489
Crescents 489
Me-le 489
Psychical characteristics 490
Ko-nip-ha-tco 492
Intellectual ability 493
CHAPTER II.
Seminole society 495
The Seminole family 495
Courtship 496
Marriage 496
Divorce 498
Childbirth 497
Infancy 497
Childhood 498
Seminole dwellings—I-ful-lo-ha-tcoâ——s house499
Home life 503
Food 504
Camp fire 505
Manner of eating 505
Amusements 506
The Seminole gens 507
Fellowhood 508
472 The Seminole tribe 508
Tribal organization 508
Seat of government 508
Tribal officers 509
Name of tribe 509
CHAPTER III.
Seminole tribal life 510
Industries 510
Agriculture 510
Soil 510
Corn 510
Sugar cane 511
Hunting 512
Fishing 513
Stock raising 513
Koonti 513
Industrial statistics 516
Arts 516
Industrial arts 516
Utensils and implements 516
Weapons 516
Weaving and basket making 517
Uses of the palmetto 517
Mortar and pestle 517
Canoe making 517
Fire making 518
Preparation of skins 518
Ornamental arts 518
Music 519
Religion 519
Mortuary customs 520
Green Corn Dance 522
CONTENTS. 3
The Seminole Indians of Florida
473
ILLUSTRATIONS
475
ILLUSTRATIONS 4
The Seminole Indians of Florida
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
those
In
this
Sir:
to
months
embody
On
should.
also
the
language
commonest
sometimes
of
Iconcerning
enlarged
command
have
elaboration
traditions
what
investigation
have
ascertain
conclusion,
aIndian
476account
report,
During
subject
knowledge
to
endeavored
been
is
At
who
particular,
secured,
the
distinctive
Owing
of
the
the
upon
and
English
and
will
able
country.
January,
make
absence
misunderstood,
itthis
among
the
of
that
things.
result
beginning
will
than
without
modes
causes
Itheir
allow;
to
winter
Inumber
little-known
of
hope
would
man
think,
to
Ithe
still
gain
conversation.
as
of
the
in
owe
them
of
IOn
February,
present
manners
was
amy
the
of
ignorance
that,
their
but
beyond
routes
an
be
Seminole
of
completed
little
of
arriving
well
athe
of
thinking,
of
work
life
interpreter
correct
1880-â——81
found
compelled,
under
my
the
notwithstanding
peculiar
speech
extensive
the
amore
reward
remnant
of
and
faithful
visit
my
and
Indians
in
system
travel
athere,
to
the
prevailing
To
language
census
customs,
the
people.
control
of
than
result.
March
add
Ifor
him
study.
disadvantageous
thorough
able
found
their
following
therefore,
Seminole
portraiture
of
in
Iwhat
commonly
something
aof
Indians,
found
Iof
aISouthern
superficial
to
in
For
the
am
gentes,
religious
visited
once
which
but
the
as
even
the
secure
Ianpaper
indebted
have
these
study,
individuals
myself
one
Florida
endeavor
unfortunate
to
powerful
report.
vocabulary
in
of
IFlorida,
of
to
known
rely
Florida,
verify
gradually
me
here
Seminole
Florida
beliefs
reasons
does
their
and
their
it
our
circumstances
obliged
intelligible
may
Seminole
for
upon
placed
partial
knowledge
not
appearance
to
and
people.
as
forms
and
commissioned
aand
much
of
be
accomplish
delays
now
Ilarge
the
observation
treat
acquired
with
submit
increase
the
to
as
found
practices,
on
knowledge
Seminole
and
go
ain
by
of
locations
part
of
interviews
record.
whom
society,
which
possession
among
my
name,
to
of
methods
these
this
and
toenabled
the
of
which
this
possess
this
time
and
the
report
and
Iby
personal
have
But
information
then
Indians
could
sex,
as
of
the
Indian
purpose.
Minneapolis,
you
material
at
upon
with
of
allusion
much
their
the
while
me,
of
Indians
occurred
in
age,
first
more
value
government,
many
to
hold
the
homes
that
tribe
them
as
characteristics,
very
in
social
inquire
as
was
gens,
the
fully
Bureau
Ias
my
here
as
even
State.
has
other
the
Ihave
ignorant
not
simple,
had
except
report
ain
consumed
aof
intercourse
organization,
Minn.,
guide
and
already
material
record
as
collected.
the
into
the
without
the
things
received
Iof
Iof
spent
place
publication
had
is
semblance
in
Seminole
the
Ethnology.
honor
of
perhaps
for
their
only
June
of
respect
been
and
their
intended
manifesting
at
condition
in
future
value
part
of
facts
To
with
from
tribal
my
reaching
ato
have
24,1884.
living.
of
made,
sketch
him,
ofand
to
the
other
of
of
him.
the
The
the
itan
in
and
I
Very respectfully,
CLAY MacCAULEY.
Maj. J. W. Powell,
477
By Clay MacCauley.
INTRODUCTION.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 5
The Seminole Indians of Florida
CHAPTER I.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS.
It will
and
individual
which,
distinguishing
the better
forms
next
be
weas
convenient
to
of
as
call
members
look
the
a psychical
personal,
member
social
at him
for
oflife
of
aas
me
or
qualities.
society.
society;
of
he
his
tohis
isdescribe
own,
in
tribe.
IAs
nevertheless,
his
know
whencesoever
such
relations
theitIFlorida
iswill
impossible
with
there
first
derived,
Seminole
his
attempt
is fellows:
the
to having
man
separate,
as
to they
describe
in
as athe
wepresent
certain
really,
family,
seethehim,
physique
the
themselves,
Seminole.
inhaving
individual
the community,
and
Then
certain
first
certain,
as we
such
ascharacteristics
individuals,
shall
orfrom
inbe
any
the
able
of
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.
INTRODUCTION. 6
The Seminole Indians of Florida
PERSONAL ADORNMENT. 9
The Seminole Indians of Florida
HAIR DRESSING.
allgathered
temple
the
queues.
however,
bold
of
brilliant
an
indeed,
The
is
woman,
and
front
â——banged.â——
negress,
dangling,
Among
hair
the
ancient
their
ear.
sharp
coarse,
women
upon
looking
hair
head
men,
to
of
The
the
Ihair
wool
the
had
did
that
hangs
temple,
snaky
the
at
the
battle
up
to
little
Ibrilliant,
Indian
long
dress
the
close
disposed
combination
recall
not
heads
was
the
whole
and
apex.
down
plaits,
club.
Indian
learn
hair
moustache
nape
and
their
to
twisted
bound,
womanâ——s
the
of
The
person,
the
black
of
another
A
of
For
over
our
that
hanging
comical
of
hair
girls
the
piece
head,
her
only
the
just
of
into
some
school
these
hair
the
more
strip
long
in
the
moustache
isneck.
exception
strip,
above
of
except
many
forehead
commonly
the
appearance
down
of
reason
hair
Indians
bright
crossing
simply
children.
crisp
hair
which
northern
At
ofthe
little
isaover
each
about
being
tresses.
simply
strip
there
ribbon
and
to
and
neck,
are
than
they
sharp
to
worn
her
this
of
temple
than
in
imperial.
about
along
the
wrought
seems
the
are
ainto
black
braided
is
the
Hers
style
small
cones,
among
same
neck
in
commonly
men.
possessors
an
habit
the
athe
to
was
of
face
knot
heavy
inch
more
is
negro
As
width,
be
cheeks
into
From
which
southern
hair
them
generally
of
aaand
an
somewhat
wide,
veritable
plucking
much
atuft
into
dressing
half
exception
used
is
perpendicular
aqueue
and
shoulders
stuck
inline
taken
isthe
camps.
front
breed
running
greater
that
at
allowed
gathered
crossing
shape
and
out
Medusa
the
the
Ilike
care
aof
saw
to
atover
few
end
gave
tied
hair
the
neglect
that
over
the
of
to
was
and
to
as
of
the
with
ears,
head.
from
in
his
aBig
hang
uniform
her
often
the
cone,
athem
the
an
braided
head
head
finish
of
aCypress
abeing
former,
front
their
odd
to
A
most
manner
ribbon,
made
the
sometimes
are
score
the
from
like
style
manner.
to
care
faces.
of
into
what
endowed
repulsive
bottom
by
the
crossing
Swamp.
so
the
ear
or
as
in
of
of
two
the
many
structure.
we
which
more
Iscalp
cutting
to
the
noticed,
The
quite
civilized
of
ornamental
call
ear
often
with
appearance.
hair,
the
spikes
the
of
from
men
Ci-ha-ne,
487the
the
elongated
crown
lobe
asee
The
and,
His
hair
rather
cut
hair
on
the
of a
ORNAMENTATION OF CLOTHING.
Themany
various
upper
as
sharp
ornamented
ornamenting
embroider
shaped
men clothing
are
angle
parts
figures,
colors
made
asalong
five
of
between
with
the
ofthe
pleasing
are
which
both
ofshirt
this
braids
shirts
used
these
the
men
edge,
are
isand
to
of
or
braids
shoulders.
often
also
and
the
the
stripes,
with
wrought
eye.
women
used
an
women
lie
their
elaborate
side
Ihangs
Occasionally
in
saw
upon
braids
decorating
is
are
byno
ordinarily
just
side,
usually
the
decoration
ornamentation
and
over
garments
parallel
the
athe
embroidered
the
very
more
narrow
skirt
shoulders
towith
into
narrow
or
the
above
inless
colored
odd
the
dress.
curves:
with
cape,
ornamented.
upper
and
the
and
Instripes,
lower
yellow,
back.
sometimes
itattached,
like
edge
wasmanner
The
edge
always
aof
red,
Braids
border
the
same
Iof
quite
think,
and
many
garment
the
inand
of
kinds
brown
straight
tasteful
petticoat.
to
diamond
strips
ofthe
of
the
orbraids.
shirt,
material
dropping
lines
shapes.
of
shirts
The
and
cloth
and
and
Sometimes
women
of
square
The
used
of
much
angles.
into
the for
a
USE OF BEADS.
Mybecuriosity
to
there
with
some
one
These
my
Tiger
was
(probably
filling
head.
about
coveted
attention
sees
the
nothing
the
and
shade
She,
Tailâ——sâ——
equally
beads
the
proud
neck
beads
ambition
as
aspace
however,
peck
of
they
must
as
meaner
was
wear.
burdened.
wearer
blue,
of
to
under
of
can
called
an
be
how
ofThe
the
and
was
inferior
than
burdensome
the
carry.
ofher
many
beads)
wife,
cumbersome
to
costing
Even
certainly
Seminole
only
achin,
the
They
cut
quality
number
strings
agirl
remarkable
gathered
glass
little,
and
(so
are
not
to
babies
squaws
Icovering
worn.
their
of
bead,
particular
was
beads
one,
fewer
if beads
any,
about
are
wearers.
told
Mo-ki,
use
to
about
are
than
better
favored
gather
her
these
her
of
by
as
said
two
beads
aneck
aneck,
who
toIn
quarter
off
trader
women
to
about
the
by
hundred
the
in
be
up
had
among
hanging
quality
their
Big
her
worn
at
to
their
of
come
can
Miami)
her
possessions
an
Cypress
proud
strings
these
by
wear,
necks
of
ears.
inch
down
through
the
night
mammas
$1.75
Indian
or
of
It
ISwamp
as
beads
her
tried
was
more
good
as
many
than
the
back,
awell
women,
an
to
pound.
they
Everglades
with
in
sized
settlement
most
count
strings
effort
as
down
wear.
488by
abeads.
of
Sometimes,
young
varying
those
length,
for
day.
of
the
upon
They
her
to
beads
one
others.
She
worn
and
visit
her
generally
to
quantity
day,
are
had
as
move
old.
breasts,
but
her
by
satisfied
Others
can
tosix
It
â——Young
not
relatives.
gratify
her
of
seems
be
of
quarts
often,
the
were
hungShe
SILVER DISKS.
Conspicuous
shirt
made
of
inside
suspended,
noticed
copper
these
money
fronts,
and
by
the
rifle
gratifying
men,
like
are
circumference.
one
under
shells,
among
pounded
treasures
who
over
and
her
one
may
each
the
vanity
below
quite
bright
depends
be
other
Large
breast.
called
thin,
with
the
brass
ornaments
disks
upon
beads.
Among
made
â——jewelers
not
thimble,
made
only
the
concave,
Asworn
the
ability
eight
many
from
and
disks
bydisks
aand
to
pierced
half
as
women
buckle
other
the
ten
desire
dollars
made
tribe,â——
or
ornaments
with
hanging
are
more
of
ofmay
silver
holes,
one
silver
arebe
among
and
from
are
worn
disks,
and
called
quarters,
another
often
silver
ornamented
by
them.
suspended
â——breast
one
suspended.
but
quarters
toOf
woman.
secure
also
course
by
inwith
and
aashields.â——
them.
One
These
curve
groove
the
half
three
young
possession
across
dollars.
disks
polished
lying
woman
are
the
They
just
The
of Iare
pieces
EAR RINGS.
HAIR DRESSING. 10
The Seminole Indians of Florida
CHAPTER II.
SEMINOLE SOCIETY.
As
relationship
people
shown
embodied,
me
the
their
forces
practically
Indians,
that,
two
Idescendants,
among
adonâ——t
have
very
ICreek
clan
to
Creek.
peoples.
now
as
development
say
in
made
said,
few
either
more
consanguineous
far
or
embodied
their
direct
that
in
The
as
and,
relationships,
gens.
obliterated.
knowâ——
â——as
which
alanguage
or
The
descriptive
in
Ihistory,
careful
the
was
Florida
less
while
the
attention
Ionly
Seminole
attempted
that
in
lies
narrow
able
remotely
far
Dr.
comparison
my
and
forces
seeming
the
Seminole
at
or
kindred
as
to
instead
Ito
L.
the
efforts
â——No
could
in
Creek
Igo,
limits
the
H.
relationships
was
to
social
foundation
by
connected
they
Morganâ——s
get
Florida
difference
my
which,
of
obtain
able
were
are
language,
of
of
full
classificatory
and
are
kin,â——
interpreter
what
athe
tonot
people
insight
the
Seminole
no
in
political
go.â——
with
terms
ofare
may
followed
fact,
of
answer.
same,
society,
Creek
relationships
essentially
one
containing,
and
into
be
of
Consanguinity
would
the
organization;
names
allowing
in
Seminole
another
named
Icustoms,
that,
characteristics
the
found,
marriage
by
their
answer
system
an
beyond
being
those
the
relations
and
to
altogether
lies
for
and
relationship
some
family
or
my
designated
and
example,
the
used.
of
but
inthe
Creek
itswhat
relationships
the
question
of
natural
extent,
so
Affinity
with
equivalent,
first
or
satisfactory
the
names
strong
regulations
in
we
one
that
collateral
Iother
the
by
obtained
the
differences
may
only
ofanother,
applied
has
beyond
the
larger
posterity
the
peoples
in
the
call
by
the
term
result,
which
American
line
have
result
some
with
bounds
their
Creek
to
the
Iâ——kindred.â——
of
shall
of
have
some
ofIbeen
Seminole
those
second
pronunciation
of
â——mother
such
saw
kindred
tribes
influence
of
which
first
yielded,
Indians,
of
the
enough
of
what
answer
the
collateral
diverse
treat
the
guiding
by
kinship
islineal
isCreek
been
ahave
marriage,
and
of
to
as
called
body
tribe,â——
offrom
that
enable
â——I
Ithe
line
in
been
is
find
This
of except
is fo
THE SEMINOLE FAMILY.
The family
places
severaltoSeminole
theconsists
number
families
ofofthe
wives
in
husband,
which
the Florida
duogamy
one orIndian
more
exists.
wives,
may have,
and but
theircertainly
children.heI may
do not
possess
know two.
whatThere
limit tribal
are law
496
COURTSHIP.
I learned
less,
What
member
they
them
the
towards
on
The
of
thence
cotton
both
question.
female
select,
sees
that
follows?
tosides,
the
of
the
cloth
the
an
they
the
from
relatives
young
Indian
following
young
Ifto
desire
loverâ——s
and
He
they
the
their
calls
man.
amaiden
man
decide
prospective
of
bed
the
own
facts
the
his
Ifamaid
canopy—in
she
wedding
young
number,
immediate
of
in
own
concerning
favor
about
to
also
husband.
gens
receive
man
iscostume,
of
some
sixteen
other
willing,
and
relatives
the
take
the
their
who,
if
From
union,
words,
to
formation
years,
no
consisting
news
kinsman
the
other
at
to
that
they
house
an
athe
and
of
council
moment
appropriate
impediment
furnishing
interrogate
the
of
by
asofaaher
double
family:
athe
natural
and
newly
there
husband.
betrothedâ——s
tells
time,
of
consent
the
stands
Ais
impulse
made
athem
young
aprospective
new
go
gentle
The
inshirt.
is
to
bed.
of
the
desires
girlâ——s
warrior,
conveyed
the
his
excitement
way
Thereupon
mother
maidenâ——s
wish.
bride
to
ofatmake
through
the
If
the
relatives
as
a the
in
blanket
to
proposed
there
age
both
her
her
damsel
the
of
kindred
his
then
is
disposition
households.
or
twenty
relatives,
returned
wife.
alliance,
aisconsider
large
not
and
orapiece
tell
MARRIAGE.
Arrangements
of
received
camp,
the
mother-in-law.
cleaves
houses
among
the
white
going
and
for
the
unto
by
manâ——s
are
independent
husbandâ——s
his
of
the
thenceforth
for
the
It
bride.
mate.
isthe
bridegroom,
thehoneymoon,
marriage
From
After
man
housekeeping,
recognized
relatives.
that
and
a time,
being
attime
not
sunset
and
especially
the
he
thus
as
either
often
woman
is
aofcompleted,
wedded
her
an
for
athusband.
as
appointed
the
among
athe
much
pair.
camp
family
thethese
After
The
longer
of
day,
marriage
the
increases,
next
Indians
the
toperiod,
wifeâ——s
the
marriage,
day,
takes
home
who
husband
the
theplace
wedded
leaves
new
ofmother
through
his
by
couple
and
mother-in-law,
father
the
pair
or
wife
what
very
elsewhere,
remain
build
and
appear
isinformal
mother
the
one
atequivalent
together
where
the
or
excepting
and
more
ceremony
home
heinis
ofthethe
DIVORCE.
Themay.
matrimonial
divorce
â——Me
Billyâ——s
divorce.
ended.
division
self-support
wide
usually
just
whether
sexes,
lawfully
she as
home
reaching
to
well
so
isshe
of
497The
desert
cease
donâ——t
accomplished
may
perplexing
property,
off
There
of
is
first
beginnings,
husband,
and
married
at
every
without
her
continue
reply,
the
isauthoritative
husband,
no
or
know;
option
adult,
for
no
or
aâ——He
the
embarrassment
Iuntil
among
husband
the
longer
not.
could
adjustment
healthy
Indian
of
as
white
death
Ineither
well
than
not
the
satisfied
fact,
left
as
no
man.
Indian,
breaks
Florida
learn.
as
with
that
her.â——
of
marriage
tell
of
the
growing
the
So
of
claims
with
me
one.
Ihusband
it
female
interested
pressed
Seminole,
marriage,
far
up.
much.â——
his
What
as
among
In
out
for
Sometimes,
personal
wife,
fact,
ashis
the
of
the
is
well
parties.
have
as
problems
these
hers,
wife,
desertion
question
possession
leaves
elsewhere,
as
All
maintenance
already
in
Indians
male,
from
however,
Although
the
her;
the
upon
respecting
seems
light
some
shape
and
of
she
disposed
end
seems
the
Ko-nip-ha-tco,
itIthe
returns
Ito
facts
is
obtained
in
occurs
of
do
children.
be
concerned,
gentile
disappointment
to
the
property,
not
of
the
learned
be
to
womanâ——s
these
that
know
but
only
her
upon
relationship,
The
most
the
questions,
family,
remains
Ibut
ceremony
athat
think
the
independent
woman
natural
his
hopeful
the
subject
and
itanswer
and
her
future
wife
probable
which
ruin.
mating
which
is,
accompanying
the
own
comes
as
may
was,
How
matter
support,
aisare
rule,
of
that
more
from
theis thea
CHILDBIRTH.
According
aplace
palmetto.
to
she
motherâ——s
one
small
beis
within
born,
for
delivered
lodge,
the
To
to
four
and
birth
this
information
covering
labor
there,
days
ofsecluded
of
herdifficult
her
after
inbabe,
the
achild
sitting
received
its
place
top
which
or
birth.
not
and
followed
the
posture,
far
ais
sides
woman,
prospective
received
fromof
by
her
the
the
awith
hands
prolonged
and
main
structure
mother,
some
cared
grasping
house
elderly
for
sickness.
generally
asofthe
by
athe
strong
her
female
hour
family,
Usually
with
companions.
of
stick
relatives,
her
the
andshe
driven
confinement
large
there,
returns
Rarely
goes
leaves
into
with
at
to
the
is
of
the
approaches,
some
her
ground
the
the
time
home
Indian
cabbage
friends,
the
before
with
child
selects
builds
her
her,
islittle
a
INFANCY.
The
His
goes
of
bind
Indian
(Fig.
sometimes
beside
his
mother
baby,
498him
her
66.)
body
baby,
The
the
own
helplessly
well
is
and,
Seminole
swinging
one
when
way
prompt
into
may
within
and
very
the
onhear
hammock
to
mother,
leaves
aworld,
ayoung,
nourish
board;
limited
her the
or
Ilearns
spends
was
on
of
him
an
area,
little
athe
old
informed,
baby.
and
very
of
fellow
contrary,
his
grandam
the
solicitous
quickly
time,
I heard
camp
toisgo
naked,
she
crooning
not
one
that
ground.
his.
indoes
inher
of
he
the
From
inthese
not
is
care
aahabit
She
hammock,
to
monotonous
trouble
the
for
make
refrains,
does
of
first
him
soothing
his
not
her
she
if
orand,
own
bundle
child
he
refrain
on
gives
falls
her
aas
way
deer
even
nearly
her
him
baby
as
ill,
through
she
skin,
child
with
but,
into
with
as
crouches
as
or
clothing.
athe
I itcould
motionless
song.
far
on
as
perfectly
the
as
best
on
catch
Nevertheless,
possible,
warm
The
the
he thing
free
it,
may.
Florida
ground
earth.
itthus:
she
use
ran
or
CHAPTER II. 11
The Seminole Indians of Florida
SEMINOLE DWELLING.
single
to
driven
From
we
from
I-ful-lo-ha-tcoâ——s
feet.
being
only
The
moved
several
weather
To
by
and
But
may
understand,
covered
Progressive
manâ——s
children,
house
upper
Besides
cause
â——camping
visiting
Ifar
conveyance
of
three
they
and,
through
the
without
tied
At
cover.
homes
animals
in
like
for
found
time.
being
the
asuspending,
from
all
take
the
himself
lower
edge
collection
nearly
mosquitoes.
while
to
single-roofed
Seminoleâ——s
fire
to
Koonti
not
cordially
At
half
the
turbaned
this
it
about
floor
saw-grass
are
appearance
equivalent
four
into
to
Florida
into
me,
families
great
the
two
temporarily
Household
order,
into
the
had
kitchen.
with
usually
pass
covered
the
of
hot
athe
secure
edges
one
description
I-ful-lo-ha-tcoâ——s
three
cypress
the
fit
difficult;
corner
afourth
the
ways
permanent
tangled
five
â——Key
25
some
ground
site
eaten
account
sun
size
balcony.
difficulty
split
unnoticed
502of
upper
offered
Horse
were
Seminole
Indianâ——s
ground
out,â——
Big
feet.
sheltered
over
of
are
burns
of
feet
inclosed
an
marsh
lodges
and
â——campingâ——
above
for
of
distance
sheds.
there
corner
all
cypress
posts.
the
board
what
Cypress
extra
utensils
gathered,
vegetation,
on
almost
The
those
house
leaves
and
where
in
Creek.
but
athe
their
house
three
the
to
in
roof.
He
room
near
West
home
Horse
in
no
height.
and
is
where
some
was,
conduct
one
climate
at
three
frequent
emerged
The
the
floor
supply
is
house,
houses,
Seminoleâ——s
are,
reaching
possesses
no
of
planks
outward
sweet
building.
from
the
length
one
all
houses
the
by
are
In
around
is
(Fig.
Swamp;
in
space
Billyâ——
the
or
needs.
privacy
for
lodges
accompanying
Creek
Ilong
innovations
of
open
houses
made
the
in
this
at
house.
This
noticed
it
entrance
sleeps,
usually
which
two
house
the
of
and
others.
of
course,
the
potatoes.
the
us
convenient
which
67.)
or
rains
we
from
Indians
501are
ago,
around
the
Koonti
sign
Southern
with
on
lower
serves
through
island
also
Islabs;
He
Seminole
of
were
furnished
building
the
in
secured
met
are
The
is
walled
placed
parties—one
is
â——campâ——
aall
one
and
white
suspended
the
Fort
has
these
This
indicated
the
were
into
much
has
palmetto
canopy
other
an
aalike,
sides
in
the
which
were.
rooms.
which
lodges,
The
one
house
on
flour,
fair
amarsh,
building
aerected
elevated
space
the
gone
Davenport.
double
shape
sketch
places.
the
difference
Florida
dry
cotton
in
at
surplus
open
built
Cat
having
which
dry
of
family,
simpler
it
example
is
lodges
and
with
three
water
the
These
of
garden,
with
because,
have
twenty-two
may
floor
the
constructed
footing
Outside,
Fish
the
leaves
further
above
or
from
as
like
and
thin
houses.
for
shows
camp
without
of
use,
cloths,
without
the
bed,
buildings
the
nothing
the
we
food
presence
corners
doors
seem
of
lately
and
there
forty-eight
above
and
Lake
lodges,
his
are
the
cotton
seems
the
of
cane
exception
temporary
which
as
the
and
stood
half
this
at
than
in
afrom
as
saw-grass
what
the
and
family,
he
owned
less
fly
The
atrunk
the
which
uprights
ais
and
rooms.
the
joists
Indians.
been
the
Iin
private
persons,
party
more
the
of
platform.
field
poor
of
has
understood
also
kind
any
of
to
cloth
placed
stand.
there.
general
of
sugar
the
is
comfortable
being
only
jungle
kind
logs.
interior
windows,
an
damp
have
afor
fifty
in
made
aIndians,
by
were
which
other
was
that
kind
wall
the
differed
would
prairie,
of
oblong
structures
stairway
Itor
shape
of
room
means
his
to
They
of
cane
Learning
Florida
During
is,
shaped
very
at
dwelling
been
lodge
Indians
on
calico,
household
the
in
or
located.
At
the
each
tent,
aupon
of
platform.
one,
clothing,
ain
are
consists
shelter
one
water
seem
the
Koonti
field.
Tus-ko-naâ——s
structure
at
and
an
partitions,
building
we
had
close
clearing,
fact,
camp.
from
made
by
than
to
extended
which
simply
stretched
Tak-o-si-mac-laâ——s
the
Indians.
excepting
some
the
ellipse,
woman
island,
which
of
made
entered
so
as
from
which
been
the
in
to
When
covered
Ionly
them
together
wet
Täl-la-häs-ke
those
their
general
close
awas
ground,
on
of
effects
and
The
use
This
be
upper
protection
like
itand
to
square
awhich
our
forced
one
the
and
account
season,
necessary.
floors,
athe
occupies
who
it
Four
throughout
sheet
aobliged
we
the
houses.
across
wading
use
over
of
covered
at
was
perhaps
wall
seems
straw
from
guide
Seminole
ground
wife
longer
after
style.
out
floor,
and
the
hand;
arrived
elevated
large
on
as
told
is
of
or
to
ridge
probably
stretched
and
camp,
tents
however,
of
aHorse
the
southern
perhaps
of
pronged
seemingly
these
and
hat.
oblong
leave
against
ato
Iwas
our
when
dwelling;
me,
There
and
platform.
clearing
use
had
but
Me-le,
tortuous
the
diameter
A
are
ceiling.
leave
building
be
poles
at
the
and
three
make
business,
shelter
had
platform
annoying
where
some
from
are
suddenly
camp
Creek,
their
the
sufficient
secured
cane
for
the
tribe,
for
in
are,
40
gnats
others
sticks
Indians
it
my
made
in
and
shore
privilege
shape,
and
when
any
In
is
way
by
awet
yet
the
time
The
the
fire.
Iat
field,
not
Ithe
30
isifwhite
onof
AMUSEMENTS.
But
itself.
amusements
of
with
houses
piece
â——hide
build
play
earth
Through
would
the
Iâ——a
well
home.
master
self-assertion
Seminole
and
need
the
deer
kill
her
affectionate.
one
one
adjusted
asmall
aof
Especially
white
only
bit
To
call
without
for
â——merry-go-round.â——
dance.â——
children
small
sees
land
skin.
day
them
of
household
the
their
and
â——teetotums.â——
tubers
add
manâ——s
cloth
the
the
sitting
and,
and
mother
in
The
birds,
they
seek.â——
being
that
dolls
opposition
little
seek
family
among
observed
sticking
about
wrapped
four
had
near
the
and
isbelongs
and
aSeminole
first
cheerful,
children
tyrant;
thrust
at
relations
as
an
the
on
aname
home,
to
blades
dried
They
of
inch
about
to
that
returning
children,
know
the
atheir
sharp
the
peculiar
them
had
were
home
in
deer
its
use
not
among
Indianâ——s
it,
of
mother
These,
diameter
and
parents:
members
invented
sticks
or
grass
the
Carrying
only
â——camps.â——
keeping
skin,
say
various
life
something
todomestic
dancing
the
by
they
is
do
working
goes
into
of
which
consequently,
afound
various
athe
or
are
sports
subject
aquick
ahave
the
on
child.
dozen
received.
small
will
rope,
thickness
mutually
lay
importance
that
ground,
without
on
and
been
are
members
twirl
before
of
without
The
the
stick,
or
serves
manufacture
sleeping
indulged
the
more
â——turkey-hunting.â——
Boys
roots
Ibetween
there
Seminole
confiding,
discord.
name
of
obtained
actual
they
them
just
afrom
being
of
of
take
of
match
is
and
it
the
say
in.
these
as
astiff
no
lord
the
aher
The
kind
atheir
awell
ahas
eating,
Indian
Iâ——corn
they
and,
constraint
â——see-saw,â——
slave;
took
and
list
palms
and
of
connection
things
father
aof
bows
as
the
of
carry
doll,
in
twice
resonant.
some
grass
family
but
this.
the
them
the
of
household.
going.
isand
i.e.,
aalso
the
field.â——
in
children
as
Indianâ——s
beyond
The
trouble
and
rifle.
which
family
with
in
long,
arrows
hands,
aengaged
They
The
Florida
children
bundle
called
Children
I her
noticed
question
to
making
have
The
might
sport
intercourse.
had
were
and
play
learn
gens,
They
â——deer-food.â——
of
are,
in
father
not
build
taken
way,
sit
go
they
as
rags,
â——leap
amusing
set
some
what
but
as
have
master
around
yet
into
well
to
is
little
intimate
called
afrom
aboth
learned
rule,
spinning
The
children
the
we
the
stick
the
bein
athat
the
bushes
she
game
frog,â——
so
small
his at
onof a
507
TRIBAL ORGANIZATION.
Thethe
of
consequently
form
Cat
with
as
Corn
â——Tallahassee
nearly
Fish
Florida
the
of
Dance
past
Fish
government,
others.
Lake
the
was
Eating
Seminole,
may
whole
left
and
much
Tcup-ko
take
in
Indiansâ——
Creek,
Cow
of
ato
broken
comparatively
place
the
considered
which
Creek
calls
Big
population
atup
Cypress,
his
the
settlements
through
gopeople
three
inhabitants
astodisorganized
ato
Fish
tribe,
and
last
the
wars
â——Tallahassee
live
Eating
Miami
Indian
named
have
of
with
inataaCreek
condition.
people.
Territory,
least
the
settlements
large
very
United
the
if
imperfect
measure
Ithey
Indians.â——
three
learned,
There
the
States.
and
desire
few
southern
independent
organization.
not
is,moreover,
Indians
These
however,
toattake
those
He
settlements
wars
remaining
says
part
of
that
of
among
The
having
or
the
in
that
the
without
the
complete
north.
submit.
they
ceremony
these
in
festival.
ended
Florida
are
civil
The
Indians
The
tribal
in
notconnection
the
of
were
people
â——the
the
society
atransfer
simple
Green
of sameâ——
SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.
So far
and
medicine
settlement,
upon big
the
asmedicine
affairs
there
man.
annually,
is
These
ofaman
common
the
atwo
tribe.
of
council,
areseat
509 called
the
composed
ofSeminole,
government,
the Tus-ta-nûg-ul-ki,
ofTûs-ta-nûg-ge,
minor
it ischiefs
located
from
oratâ——great
Fish
and
the various
his
Eating
brother,
heroesâ——
Creek,
settlements,
HÅ—s-pa-ta-ki,
where of
meets
reside
the tribe.
and
the
also
passes
head
Ata this
chief
TRIBAL OFFICERS.
settlements,
What
addition
thetoofficial
what
except
Iorganization
have
at the
just
onewritten,
on
of Cat
theonly
tribe
Fishthat
Lake.
is I there
doThese
notare
know.
were
several
My
classified
Indians
respondent
as
with
follows:
could
official
nottitles,
tell me.
living
I learned,
at each in
of the
Settlements Chief and War chiefs Little chiefs Medicine men.
medicine man.
Big Cypress Swamp 2 2 1
AMUSEMENTS. 13
The Seminole Indians of Florida
Miami River 1 1
Fish Eating Creek 1 1
Cow Creek 2
Total 1 3 2 5
NAME OF TRIBE.
I made
Seminole
â——a
me
â——Seminoleâ——
true
men.â——
and
appropriate
no
the
I-yuk-sa,
renegades.
Seminole.
several
coward.â——
Big
they
Kän-yuk-sa
to
Cypress
â——pointâ——
the
reject.
efforts
This
Indians
people
same
Swamp
In
qualities,
to
Ko-nip-ha-tco
their
discover
gone
there,
isIndian
their
call
own
Arkansas
they
or
and
themselves
word
informed
the
â——tip,â——
language
that
say,
said,
tribal
for
the
Seminole.â——
isâ——Me
what
me
name
â——Tallahassee
it
Indians
◗Kän-yuk-sa
means
that
weby
i.e.,
the
know
who
no
which
â——a
point
people
Sem-ai-no-le;
had
He
asthese
Florida.
of
wanderer,â——
meant
gone
Indians.â——
south
ground,
Indians
Is-ti-tca-ti,â——
west
that
of
ItSeminole
the
isor
at
timidity
now
composed
peninsula.
the
Caloosahatchie
and,
designate
bidding
cow,
and
i.e.,
when
offlight
AtSeminole
of
◗Kän-yuk-sa
I-kan-a,
themselves.
the
used
the
River,
from
northern
Government
asâ——ground,â——
deer,
adanger
atterm
Miami
The
camps
Seminole
of
are
name
were
reproach,
red
the rabbit;
the
name
510
CHAPTER III.
AGRICULTURE.
Soil.
Corn.
Prominent
excellent
other
single
swamps
cleared
suited
soil
carry
to
they
and
Danceâ——
hominy
flour.â——
that
From
or
producers
â——camping
we
provide
my
crushing
at
is
there
the
must
already
guessed,
511 Sugar
Tommyâ——sâ——
agriculture
Indians,
—The
this
wholly
bladed
to
this
companion,
—The
of
and
cylinders
and
the
land
is
flour
make
trees,
of
much
time
among
This
only
the
of
climate,
prairies
ground
is
mentioned.
perhaps
hoe
without
chief
fields
under
seventeen
what cane.
celebrated.
ait
cane.
outâ——
special
vines,
of
against
Imeal
acake
is
common
of
the
do
Capt.
pure
profit
product
eaten
of
they
Iawhich,
of
and
the
not
The
heard
industries
gravel,
rude
is
underbrush,
from
Southern
provision,
white
the
made,
F.
feet
produced
They
finest
select
know.
keep
to
and
in
juice
—Another
When
sugar
on
A.
sort
of
described
themselves.
however,
future.
one
great
or
stones,
residue.
making
the
Hendry,
their
had
after
weeds
sugar
which,
was
is
of
more
Iisto
field
Florida.
the
am
generally
southern
quantities.
their
cultivation.
agriculture.
by
left
&c.,
four
But,
agriculture
having
caught
corn
or
under
product
cane
in
from
awere
Iand
as
This
is
their
of
slow
met
improvidence
rocks.
acres
one
length.
as
Itan
said
There,
Myers,
ripens,
eating
seems
grown
they
the
plantation.
been,
in
so
the
is
in
â——exceedingly
the
homes
has
and
Then
of
to
in
various
then
loosely
the
To
It
The
growing
impression,
is
To
forty-eight
have
be
their
but
extent.
is
with
tedious
sirup.
strained
to
ahad
in
corn.
each
interiors
reduced
it
soft,
quantity
obtain
Florida
that
very
be
America;
to
is
no
agriculture
aever
kinds
is
adjusted
However,
plant
cultivated
family
that
This
The
soil
they
The
vegetation,
black,
season
pleasant
not
process.
was
the
seen.
Indians
of
by
however,
the
unsurpassed
of
cane
followed
only
becomes
corn,
might
sirup
the
but
belong,
boiled
mortar
and
it
iron
beautiful
that
annual
inIt
is
nothing
is
to
which
agricultural
more
people
rich,
The
they
sweet
the
was
very
laid
have
the
and
that
full
the
until
that
by
edible
and
year
by
corn
festival
hammocks
are
Indians
sugar
two
as
aside
taste.
tin
half
he
fertile.
had
meal,
brought
apotatoes,
in
of
serious
more
right
they
apestle
pleasuring
the
not
may
wholly
vessels,
fertility
is
the
inches
passing
the
been
in
cane.
and
implement
hulled
proper
wise
white
called
do
of
had
than
the
Big
To
gather
juice
to
consequences.
one
gradually
use
grown
not
melons,
which
unproductive
or
what
months
In
an
kettles,
constructed
and
Cypress
enough
luxury.
this
and
as
hundred
the
for
more
was
consistency
and
growing
attempt
almost
athe
needing
extent
is
manifold
there
athe
â——Green
abound
they
agreement
lost
few
required.
or
of
pails,
in
finest
used
It
to
Swamp
germ
any
impalpable
May
diameter,
was
to
have
or
in
make
was
this
the
weeks
two
only
and
grow
more
the
in
and
wheat
thing
was
return.
at
cut
Indians
the
and
they
is
the
rude
settlement
it
process
for
â——Old
with
to
cans,
the
Corn
together,
out,
reached.
enough
aacres
largest
form
June
else
and,
be
are
source
which
mills,
dust.
The
so
and
the
of
of
asI
TRIBAL OFFICERS. 14
The Seminole Indians of Florida
KOONTI. 15
The Seminole Indians of Florida
INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 16
The Seminole Indians of Florida
ARTS.
INDUSTRIAL ARTS.
Utensils
Weapons.—They
Weaving
Uses
In the
centuries,
religion,
some
these
pots.
pottery
even
made
hunting
long
by
every
single
twisted
are,
clothing
basket
protecting
of
and
the
like of
manufacture
tree
leaves
reference
the
artistic
tree
arrow
from
as
to
that
knives
small the
Gradually,
Indians
of
male
leaves
piece
adults,
durable
theand and
amakers.
whatever
deer
is
knives,
the
rule,
stone.
of and
language,
which
while
aFlorida
is
the palmetto.—In
impulse,
articles
the
in
very
they implements.—The
utensils,
of
to
rawhide; basket
remarkable.
bedding
flat
and
to
tipped
for
the
body
water
chestnut;
the
mulberry
Even
From
hatchets,
see
ittherefore,
they
baskets
nutritious
dress
in
the
tribe
has
Indians.
way
of
manners,
use
from
that
Iwith
their
tight
bark the
its
or
andmaking.—The
implements,
purposes
could,
the
found
are
earthenware,
the
not
timber,
over
in
among
swamp
supplied
axes,
the
aarrows
which,
furnishes
word
led
roofs
the
From
continue
and
sharp
other
texture
twelve
iron
were
little
and
dampness
sieves
them
art
chop
of
and,
the
palatable
for
are
kettle
cane,
the
are
customs,
to
elastic
hunting.
the
conical
itof
weapons,
by
Florida
is
preferring
years
stone,
to
necessary,
made
add
for
them
meat,
the
making
trunk
of
Seminole
fabrics
crisp
adopt
and
this
of
domestic
special
cane
of
use
to
wood
article
of
roll
with
the
for
â——Tcat-to,â——
etc.
the
has,
of
what
sometimes
Indians.
connection
like
age
&c.,
of
517the
pottery
and
manufactured
the
white
proximity
of
tin
ground
weave
and
material
the
The
use
nevertheless,
Indians
that
white
of
to
sheet
Iof
houses;
tree
service.
instead,
have
Seminole
bow
provide
food,
is
in
They
man
rifle
the
hard
of
died
from
the
cloth
their
are
iron.
manâ——s
from
our
Ialready
have
strangers.
and
from
of
call
serves
was
to
wood
frames
with
out
neither
made;
Iron
celery
this
four
homes,
himself
be
for
The
by
arrow,
the
are
attention
met
induced
which
better
among
eaten
the
implements
white
has
clothing;
people
and
placed
them
to
covering
skill
not
the
and
make
necessities
stalk.
For
leaves
six
civilization
knives
been
but
with
vary
in
now
they
tough
either
them,
of
men.
platforms
much
them
feet
to
example,
every
to
on
no
nor
the
applied
athe
in
weavers.
make
the
their
of
record.
longer
nearly
rifle.
in
fiber
They
raw
likewise
and
length
purchase
to
better.
young
the
inestimable
tender
way
for
Europeans
length;
appropriate
lodges
in
twine
or
of
now,
stalk
The
it
which
invention
to
are
matters
two
for
than
baked;
was
their
from
men
Their
Itiron.
new
have
in
bow,
the
seems
it.
of
as
and
feet
are
their
easy
alies
in
houses
They
two
the
Ifor
growth
bowstring
They
purposes
small
few
value
of
its
believe,
covered
supplanted
rope
as
in
the
for
and
between
to
fan
own
for
the
government,
to
taste
length.
now
wants
no
their
use
be
purchase
way,
of
four
have
are
the
palmetto,
last
atlonger
earthenware
customary
the
great
is
made,
of
there
and
of
the
made;
ancestors
own
isfor
three
feet;
somewhat
the
however,
With
expressed
the
war,
those
palmetto
made
top
beds
strength
is
buy
stems
hoes,
use
bow
is
they
of
they
these
or,
no
of
aof
its
for
of
ARTS. 17
The Seminole Indians of Florida
ORNAMENTAL ARTS. 18
The Seminole Indians of Florida
USE OF MEDICINES.
Concerning
taking
not
knows
plant
know.
which
various
of aNor
plant
the
is an
herbs
did
use
the
antidote
I by
learn
forthe
leaves
their
what
to
Indians
ofthe
ailments.
which,
the
noxious
of
Indians
medicine
eaten,
What
effects
think
will
part
against
of
cure
ofincantation
the
thethe
poison
sickness,
origin
bite or
of
and
ivysorcery
Ia or
learned
effects
rattlesnake,
so-called
plays
of
only
dreams.
in
poison
and
that
the
that
they
healing
Me-le
oak.
heare
knows
told
in
ofthe
disease
mealso
habit
that
ofIhe
of
ado
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
I close thislife.
Seminole chapter by putting upon record a few general observations, as an aid to future investigation into
STANDARD OF VALUE.
anything,
The
they
keeps
buck standard
seem
call
skins,
hisâ——Kan-cat-ka-hum-kinâ——
accounts
receives
tofor
have
ofwhich
value
adopted,
awith
piece
the
among
the
trader
of524
Indians
paper
theallows
atFlorida
least
marked
in single
twelve
atIndians
(literally,
the
inmarks
this
Big
â——chalks.â——
isway:
Cypress
now
or
â——one
pencil
taken
Swamp
strokes.
from
markThe settlement,
the
onFor
Indian,
the
currency
example,
groundâ——).
not
is of
twenty-five
wishing
an
theIndian
United
At
then
cents,
brings
Miami
States.
to purchase
which
to
a The
trader
himunit
â——IIII—IIII—IIII.
J. W. E. owes Little Tiger $3.◗
At his
and returns
next visit
it to Little
the Indian
Tigermay changed
buy fiveas follows:
â——marksâ—— worth of goods. The trader then takes the paper
â——IIII—III.
J. W. E. owes Little Tiger
$1.75.â——
Thus
his
about
Miami
What
â——Tcat-to
name
Tcat-to
the
words
Their
but own
word
could
the
the
for
methods
$2,000.
â——Nak-ho-tsi
Indians
Ko-na-wa
possession.
account
means
iron
primitive
gainKo-na-wa.â——
and
This
no
of
do
silver;
is
measuring
light
a(i.e.,
metal,
is,
standard
kept
considerable
The
however,
upon
with
stone
Tcat-to
until
value
is also
â——La-ni,â——
of
are
the
beads)
all
of
â——Ko-na-waâ——
value
Ko-na-wa,â——
an
the
now,
terms
the
business
the
amount
name
was,
â——marksâ——
among
purchases
probably,
he used
then,
for
inlarger
the
the
stone.
as
or
the
made
those
Seminole
barter
which
equivalents
than
yellow,
primitive
â——Tcat-toâ——
at
means
of
would
and
are
is,
Miami
the
added,
was
literally,
sale
crossed
white
money.
beads,
be
for
isby
of
the
our
it
suggested
ornamental
man.
the
means
off,
â——paper
and
average
With
measurements.
Indians,
when
probably
Iâ——Tcat-to,â——
questioned
gold.
â——Hat-ki,â——
tofor
the
me
plumage.
I For
the
stone
was
originally
trader
byrest
greenbacks
informed,
my
their
beads.â——
takes
of
respondent
word
the
meant
while
the
or
tribe,
isthey
for
white,
paper
annually
stone.
itmoney,
for
closely,
use
is the
into
the
added,
the
DIVISIONS OF TIME.
Isame
also as
gained
that used
but little
for summer,
knowledge
andofintheir
theirdivisions
year are twelve
of time.months,
They have
designated,
the year,respectively:
the name for which is the
1. ×la-fÅ−ts-u-tsi, Little Winter.
2. Ho-ta-li-ha-si, Wind Moon.
3. Ho-ta-li-ha-si-çlak-o, Big Wind Moon.
4. Ki-ha-su-tsi, Little Mulberry Moon.
5. Ki-ha-si-çlat-o, Big Mulberry Moon.
6. Ka-too-ha-si.
7. Hai-yu-tsi.
8. Hai-yu-tsi-çlak-o.
9. O-ta-wÅ−s-ku-tsi.
10. O-ta-wÅ−s-ka-çlak-o.
11. I-ho-li.
12. ×la-fo-çlak-o, Big Winter.
When
go
as
new
525 Ihome.
Ican,
days,
suppose
moon
I asked
not
He
and
inmaking
Täl-la-häs-ke
meant
that
the
these
west
the
to
are,
what
spelling
answer,
and
intopart
sweeping
meof
about
how
atwould
these
least,
long
ten
his
words
be
numbered
days
he
hand
desirable
would
could
thence.
fromby
stay
be
corrections.
west
The
reference
improved,
attohis
day
east
present
isto
to
The
divided
but
successive
where
ofmonths
camp,
Ithe
reproduce
by
the
sunterms
he
appear
moon
positions
inmade
the
them
descriptive
would
sky
toreply
be
of
phonetically
from
divided
the
be
by when
moon
dawn
of
pointing,
the
simply
he
to
at
positions
assunset.
should
nearly
tointo
the
NUMERATION.
appear
The Florida
from Indians
the following
can count,
list: by their system, indefinitely. Their system of numeration is quinary, as will
1. Hûm-kin.
2. Ho-ko-lin.
3. To-tei-nin.
4. Os-tin.
5. Tsaq-ke-pin.
6. I-pa-kin.
7. Ko-lo-pa-kin.
8. Tci-na-pa-kin
9. Os-ta-pa-kin.
10. Pa-lin.
11. Pa-lin-hûm-kin, i.e., ten one, &c.
20. Pa-li-ho-ko-lin, i.e., two tens.
As a guide
intercourse
little
finger,
hand
purpose
down
eight finger
resting
as
upon
and
thetowards
the
with
of
its
number
fore
upon
the
palm,
forefinger
me
and
left,
the
aof
will
and
middle
knowledge
thumb
then
horses
serve.
raising
onthe
fingers
the
of
ofright
He
the
next,
which
his
ofwished
left,
the
of
hands,
forefinger
and
the
Iprimitive
he
had
then
left;
to
counted
thumbs
made
count
the
finally
upon
manner
thumb
inquiry.
touching,
eight.
the
the
he
remaining
next
shut
of
He
upon
counting
first
the
left
the
the
counted
hand
fourth
placed
numbers
thumb;
the
finger,
and
the
method
fingers
leaving
onthumb
little
then
theoutspread,
used
fingers
right
now
the
of the
by
thumb
hand,
the
of
an
right
thumb
he
the
old
using
on
showed
hand
right
man
the
offor
next
upon
the
hand
inthis
me
his
right
the
SENSE OF COLOR.
Concerning
very
brown,
some
many
from
yellowâ——s
distinction
the names
limited
scarlet
other
other
which
when
between
colors
colors,
the
to
degree.
was
lightest
pink.
sense
asked
his
to
shading
green
Black
Ahim
perception
of
and
about
name
color
aand
most
and
from
â——yellow
one
for
among
blue,
white
delicate
yellow
was
violet
or but
the
were
distinct
these
to
other
as
he
tint.
black,â——
green.
Iclear
applied
Indians,
examined
Icolor.
and
thought
to
Athe
his
to
name
I names
found
dark
and
further
sight,
that
for
for
orange
atthat
he
and
red
one
gray,
I was
used
my
followed
for
time
and
which
never
informant
these
proper.
thence
I had
certain
awas
hesuccession
But
found
had
toaataâ——white
aleast
that
appropriate
list
name
himof
he
possessed
of
making
colors
for
would
colors
blue
black.â——
names
through
not
aall
he
itclear
to
exchange
the
applied
Also
only
way
toFor
for
a to
526
EDUCATION.
TheRev.
About
by feeling
ten
Mr.
years
of
Frost,
the
ago
tribe
now
an attempt,
is
at antagonistic
Myers,the
Fla.
only
He
to attempt
even
did not
such
in
succeed.
primary
modern times,
education
to establish
as reading,
schools
writing,
among
and them
calculation.
was made
SLAVERY.
Byareference
breed
Indians.
to
women.
ago
think,
the
negress,
among
rather
Florida
I sawoffered
Me-leand
to
the
nothing
goes
Indians
the
Seminole.
thepopulation
and
atwo
place
and
held
comes
negresses
could
Itof
negroes
has
refuge
table,
asnot
been
heinas
hear
itsees
for
the
will
said
slaves,
fugitive
tribe
of
fit.
be
that
anything
No
noticed
live
but
these
one
bondmen
my
apparently
attempts
to
negroes
that
impression
justify
there
andon
were
to
this
gradually
are
control
terms
isstatement.
slaves
three
to the
ofhis
negroes
made
perfect
and
contrary.
movements.
One
are
them
equality
and
still
Indian
The
members
seven
held
Florida
Itis,
with
may
aspersons
I slaves
know,
of
the
be
Indians,
their
that
other
of
by
married
tribe.
long
mixed
the
I
HEALTH.
In in
found
deaths
settlement;
of
settlement
however,
there
And
children,
these
they
is thetheir
Täl-la-häs-ke;
Iin
are
reports,
introduction
was
that
ofthe
certainly
as
only
Ifavor.
the
informed
Iwas
another
year
the
was
Ideaths
four
have
told
consequence
past.
assured
increasing
to
persons.
was
by
by
no
and
during
this
Täl-la-häs-ke
some
others
reason
of
that
the
report
Täl-la-häs-ke◗s
One
the
their
last
of
no
white
that
toapast
deaths
Iwas
of
modify
sort
number.
said
about
people
these
year
of
of
that
had
said
aepidemic
two
my
deaths
had
child,
at
Their
the
occurred
togeneral
Miami
years
been
health
me,
at
was
appearance
at
Cow
before
â——Twenty
very
wife,
that
one
either
statement
of
of an
Creek
the
few.
several
of
atthere
old
there
the
Seminole
Cat
indicates
I woman,
settlement.
had
that
northern
had
Fish
children
or
moons
trustworthy
at
the
been
Lake
is
Miami
excellent
O-pa-ka,
health
good.
camps.
ago,
had
considerable
At
settlement;
during
the
died
heap
of
As
information
health
Admitting
at
the
Big
confirming
atthe
pickaninnies
the
Seminole
the
Cypress
another
and
fatality
Fish
year.
Indian
their
the
Eating
concerning
this
On
Swamp
was
among
is
correctness
camp
environment
die!â——
good
the
statement,
of
Creek
contrary,
anear
and
sister
the of
that
I
527
CHAPTER IV.
NATURE.
through
bands
pine
stretches
â——islandsâ——
elevation
slight
traveled
skirting
Before
â——Bad
as
or
distance
reached
good
darkness
started
splashing
Indian,
search.
â——Buck
On
however,
than
sources,
have
Beyond
district
and
It
modification
prairie
along
modifications,
we
Over
Seminole
The
growing
our
There
protect
Then
with
the
fertility
richly
environment
they
Southern
ais,
perceptible
to
Caloosahatchie
February.
needed,
scattered
fierce,
Floridaâ——s
unchanged
appearance
what
pond,
imperceptible
by
swamps
which
contrast
isthe
6from
taken
the
traversed
our
soil
horse
beds
starting
trees,
the
in
ponds
description
few
feet
atree
need.
woods.
the
its
no
is
this
camping
the
the
elevation,
Big
but
was
of
rewarded.
stream.
was
the
closeness
sun.
this
land
in
nightfall
from
with,
A
following
journey
called
â——Devilâ——s
is
of
the
cypress
so
origin
that
real
that
were
are
necessity,
of
deciduous
high
grass
all
greater
on
lands
covered
to
abundance
aFlorida,
attached
of
and
the
middle
wide
black
through
Indians.
in
where
and
quite
of
Even
water
Cypress
Country,â——
soil
certainly
differed
level
growth
to
watery
except
several
This
natural
of
drier
aPens.â——
than
dense
point
in
point.
the
more
midwinter;
The
place
shores
comparative
third
excessive
of
only
on
twilight,
place
be
and
so
filled
surrounded
the
degrees
again
Indeed,
all,
were
ground.
only
pine
the
that
and
barren
that
River,
ground
the
in
mass
what
soil,
Iswamps
the
we
at
there
should
or
sparseness
for
the
of
sluggish
But
that
prairies.
soil
of
have
Iwith
awinter
the
country
were
deeper
growth
day
unlike
aNearly
that
February
at
to
prairie
Of
topography
of
its
on
Swamp,
miles
elevations
reached,
less
started
cannot
called
seeming
their
from
trees
Seminole
trail
or
until
woods.
succession
in
reached
with
way
Florida
to
country
day
nothing
awe
swamp
of
rising
nightfall,
Imy
which
across
has
dwarf
suddenly
region
the
greatest
distance
is
the
â——hammocksâ——
athe
from
in
over
need
be
grass
at
given
Captain
heat
food,
without
in
width
we
took
yet,
slight
made
small
we
generally
growth
from
there
they
buggy
â——dry
and
the
aSouthern
was
any
aalready
water
surroundings
seen
and
the
half
We
barrenness
part
by
of
the
sky
water
an
around
across
be
growth
short
Gardenâ——
afind
Through
this
of
aindicates
to
or
not
had
palmetto.
dry
Ithe
on
which
which,
level
for
in
and
swamps
trees,
to
our
few
rims
refers
both
saw-grass
immense
other
have
flow
large
surpassed.
is
it
â——Buck
are
had
or
Everglade
of
covered
Myers
depth
by
our
of
settlement
depression
the
were
growth,
rain.
everywhere.
but
of
the
the
of
appeared
which
the
Hendry
dry
and
repeat
sun
expanse
was
discomfort
such
land
all
district
the
crossed
6and
distance
depressions.
tall
with
way
the
inches
been
his
what
sixty
well
swamps
of
as
headwaters
ato
animal
way
pond
of
found
and
Florida
climate
just
we
edge
season.â——
that
part
to
enough
country.
to
weird
was
better
having
combination
without
was
grasses.
the
land
indicated,
people
this
20
water
to
own
whole
that
and
cypress
into
the
only
water
out
scrub
The
that
most
my
what
on
traveled
said.
with
and
expanse
the
are
miles
described.
during
of
moist
my
occupied
asked
of
marshes,
inches
began
asharpness
of
above
so
Plantings
region
in
no
from
thin
character
Icomposed
abounding
from
ordinary
upon
and
their
in
Pens.â——
the
people,
stream,
eyes,
ride
defined
part
the
our
in
pine
than
trees
called
had
to
grasses.
comparative
the
grass;
hot
from
northern
athe
of
there
The
for
Indian
clouds.
has
palmetto
Near
living
wood
the
Our
the
The
being
or
midyear
trees.
make
Big
forest
The
Seminole
and
water,
vegetable,
our
of
district;
and
the
streams,
country.
one
or
that
Big
way
of
in
Myers
entered.
the
we
that
darkness.
aat
one
trees
well
of
that
more,
was
already
were
plain.
temperature
breeching.
the
cold,
vast
The
and
way,
that
of
in
by
ended
the
third
depth;
first
most
Cypress
about
The
from
Indian
first
Seminole
so
following
submerged
there
cypress
islands
there,
are
effort
could
of
dead
foot
country
Cypress
afternoon
treeless.
These
one
to
Six
clothing
towards
The
Southern
we
cypress
principally
we
trackless.
the
defined
Kissimmee
senses
fertility;
as
were
called,
Fish
State
and
the
being
covered
expanse
this
water
Ko-nip-ha-tco
pause,
it
step
my
followed
Where
was
but,
and
range
soon
day
day,
of
for
In
Ito
moist
drove
miles
feel
find
north
been
for
was
it
level.
nine
Indians,
absence
night
then
obtainable
have
for
serves
not
companion
boundary
It
country
dotted
river,
cypress
the
two
than
attention
climate
was
Eating
not
Swamp
swamps.
by
upon
aon
lay
of
was
Icould
making
jolted
Swamp,
took
between
after
the
They
have
and
the
awas
description,
long
currents
dry,
broken
of
tell
was
but
oâ——clock
said;
and
we
Florida
from
there
way
land
of
day
all
land,
the
which
with
struggle
near
said,
The
of
feet
There
through
scarcely
those
barren
of
need
to
Ak-ho-lo-wa-koo-tci.
by
where
the
ocean.
immediate
the
pine
River
whether
at
of
passing
trees
the
aencircled
water
dazzling
leaving
that
Creek
been
told
generally.
distance
night:
other
discover,
in
are
through
it
we
groups
supply
cattlemen,
we
into
and
burden.
it
cypress
deep.
superabundant
near
Myers
enough
hanging
of
is
shade,
was
there
with
pine
aThe
in
ground
is
Caloosahatchee
by
topography
shape
day.
suffices
said
whether
followed
30
were
which
of
confined
and
the
fire.
open
alying
529were
is
of
the
were
that
with
subtropical;
sand
that
ends
we
driven
for
the
water,
pool
and
ring
swamps
possible
hand,
more
and
intervals
called
substantially
settlement
Now
pine
aisland
here
Athere
based
is
â——prairies.â——
the
we
lie
he
The
were
oak
clusters.
them,
we
northern
We
crossed
white
is
visible
existence.
this
thick
from
brought
Everglades.
some
swamp,
region
As
here
sheets
under
together
wagon
dense
environment
south
awe
grass.
in
hills
mark
without
at
mosses
of
I40
or
could.
the
one
were
main
to
subtropical
island
one
he
and
clothing
left
there
we
crossed
growth.
and
by
monotonous
water,
Cat
were
we
was
into
to
part
slight
marsh.
were
well
we
upon
miles
note
of
physically,
what
and
clumps
Everglades
to
it
could
sand,
which
impenetrable
marked
the
passed
with
channels
the
of
Myers,
morning
foliage,
to
of
there
started
At
seemed
yet
harvests,
two
it,
Fish
is
road
Usually,
street
awere
starless,
in
tell,
us
there
what
of
Under
on
is
June.
and
4or
to
defined
wetting
the
ponds.
me
swamp
there
water
in
advances
that
afact
depression,
among
the
was
As
but
â——Bad
heat
the
from
character
would
also
miles
we
to
athe
So
For
what
Generally,
over
the
or
plain,
shade
take
hammock
miles
the
Lake.
extends
one
islands
cypress
had
Caloosahatchee
of
air
no
seeking,
the
Ithrough
is
of
notes
one
climate.
same
characteristic
the
By
shelter
upon
level
on
that
were
more
harness
flowers,
have
of
to
contrary,
is
his
in
perhaps
scrub
by
surrounded
in
midst
Myers,
called
ascenery
landmarks.
plants.
Myers,
most
which,
us
and
with
So
passed
too,
then
are
proper,
object
and
in
the
pine
be
but
me
asomewhat
528night
with
or
natural
many
us
place
the
Excepting
the
guidance
banks.
These
through
summer
jungle
of
the
is
as
in
our
far
rising
already
of
like
called
twenty
from
swamp,
soon
Countryâ——
the
feet.
little
there
to
than
more
been
from
palmetto.
of
inclosing
saw-grass
month
the
is
civilization,
my
islands,
harness
the
however,
that
Iwould
hardly
soil
as
pine
we
fruit,
15
journey,
of
was
do
by
entered
places
in
visited
was
athe
hunter
seems
summer.
acypress
country,
are
They
the
We
midst
journey
we
slight
the
of
from
swamp
would
to
wide
our
amiles
which
of
their
cut
made
away
almost
pine
left
any
itthan
bythe
But
from
of
sun.
stated,
woods
we
drier
of
say
vines
in
and
River.
shows
these
wide
not
were
anorth
any
of
athe
the
to
is
ait,
our
of
the
5we
in
be
MAN.
When
exceptional
epidemic
persons
prosperity
great
vigorous
origin
ancestors,
are.
They
history,
importance
Seminole.
of
It
will
been
manâ——s
passions,
face
eighteenth
Englishman,
received
embittered
conciliate
disastrous
aliens.
Indian
the
men
with
sake
Seminole
comparatively
But
and
certain,
new
successfully
as
if
dislike
between
these
isenemies,
we
them
present,
weapons,
excepting
white
especially
soon
It
possible
either
with
factors
now
of
the
able
danger
seek,
are
Indians
which
531is
we
in
has
It
of
the
their
as
an
from
are
through
red
The
them
the
and
is
use
now
aand
disease,
the
man
on
are
consider,
to
or
extending
wars
There
Ithey
perish
been
centuries
era
therefore,
white
and
great
by
only
in
at
influence
danger
what
have
are
they
men.
repel
province
contend,
been
stock,
the
lies
to
and
implements,
that
of
has
Indians
Florida
some
old
other
the
may
in
strong,
last
their
aand
has
in
the
small
determined
conquer.
are
beginning
of
their
proper
secured.
exciting
of
border
and
in
is
the
been
settlements
which
received
Spaniard,
man.
men
said,
in
will
even
The
and
noticed,
becoming
attempts
the
become
learned
our
late
than
no
parts
which
few
from
environment.
the
in
the
the
effects
population.
over
rapid
powers.
Indian
have
the
fearless,
has
now
from
he
last
connection
of
when
whose
farther
cattlemen
preserved
people,
that
their
The
policy,
years,
line
futile
Spanish
their
others
peninsula
A
of
wild
become?
the
human
The
him
530been
nearly
domestic
often
half
to
long
enough
appropriated
except
change
that
our
the
different
race
two
in
Spain,
at
the
of
possible
in
few
and
we
tribe,
wise
direct
of
career
injurious
Indian
This
attempt
to
retreat
and
present
animals
turn,
and
haughty,
Florida
these
to
Seminole
century;
of
friends,
comparatively
he
country,
ago
peoples
strays
Myers,
remember
of
open
words,
warriors
environment
the
To
two
sometimes
by
do
The
their
with
to
enough
through
is
sixty
was
must
If
some
to
moral
hostile
Ihis
kept
from
utensils,
may
their
two
these
believe
chiefly
Indian
him
to
arouse
has
to
we
want
refrain
centuries,
hostility.
or
being
moving
into
or
are,
kind.
career,
these
accompaniments
the
be
forgetting
which
Miami,
but,
the
for
and
years
take
remain,
we
the
anger
they
young
become
have
is
be
justice,
poisonous
strength
the
struggles
may
places,
forced
subjects.
to
or
natural
scene
that
with
the
about
Seminole
their
policy,
them
can
the
country
made
that
it
as
independent.
meet
from
In
fabrics
know
facts,
place.
teaching
decadence
will
has
ago,
never
they
of
possible
now
lines
make
him,
Seminole
all
they
For
fact,
braves
Bartow,
did
reverse
easily
only
as
they
service
no
he
of
too
into
to
at
their
the
had
to
have
arousing
know,
necessities,
what
it
that
with
they
can
or
that
more
the
The
This
frequently
of
he
yet
war
effect
reptiles,
enter
infrequent
are
for
really
in
nature
an
some
drain
received
weak
some
have
Indians
close,
ano
of
see
the
show
still
an
tragic
that
most
go.
they
to
effort
of
different
may
he
clothing,
native
large
always
man
Fort
of
Iand
some
may
people
country.
Spanish
the
than
effect
aBut
have
unsettled
submit
white
how
what
except
degree
Lake
been
can
to
been
accepted
the
It
exceptions,
can
has
the
future
with
unavoidable
cannot
be
aSeminole
to
that
Meade,
rather
is
past
contend
degrade
on
immigration
to
with
the
three
that
willingness
of
to
renewed
moral,
no
intervals.,
vindictiveness
also
much
produce
made
make
do
their
made
upon
have
itfriends.
our
Okeechobee
kept
stay
population
encouragement,
the
administration
they
the
whatever
&c.
missionaries
to
in
The
near
they
has
longer
in
unlike
much
any
it,
than
state,
contend
centuries
before
Government
aarousing
prairies
and
aimpulse
products
the
been,
and
from
physical
them
more
Mentally,
our
in
civilization
strength
been.
successfully
need
and
other
peaceful
future
have,
have
friendly
cattle
warfare.
among
Through
the
with
appropriated
oncoming
harm
Indians
retreat,
any
contact
Tampa,
and
the
friend
destroy
to
becoming
of
said,
the
separate
influences
favorably
not
are
Man
tribe
places
always
successfully
and
but
break
dealers
and
past
Indians
to
is
in
athe
nature.
when
of
life
before
needed
and,
brave
white
specially
closing
them
and
intercourse
to
resist
excepting
the
of
that
and
in
now
Spaniard,
the
are
European
with
aside
is
has
European
at
of
the
all,
which,
he
initiate
so
them.
it,
against
of
large
down
becoming
hosts,
in
aIndian
prosperous
lived
the
and
savage.
ally.
friendly
these
or
and
has
warâ——s
never
seventeenth
Everglades,
easy
The
indolent
go
might
time
population
however,
situated
we
that
contact
the
practically
might
men
the
to
from
in
American
traders
Seminole,
independent.
for
Hitherto
measure
guard
maintain
known.
can
until
proud
with
within
the
Already,
intruders,
wars
but
southern
aupon
he
to
aIndians
not
his
Frenchman,
he
civilization,
been
of
has
new
have
purposes
few
that
affect
The
them
can
with
ancient
conquer
of
ultimately
afor
has
white
and
neighbor
the
more
far
now,
seeking
of
against
centers
future.
been
the
factor
people
the
epoch
religious
our
consequences.
which
able
into
But
no
few
nothing
prevented
physical
make
and
the
distant,
their
itknown
white
Union
them
effeminate.
are
an
that
injuriously
to
settlements,
land
but
had
they
whites
violent
longer
man
borders
face
barriers
now
Florida,
white
the
to
of
Up
him;
of
intheir
they
in
of
barter
has
some
it
such
and
for
in
its
man.
of
trade.
they
no
new
have
and
to
only
from,
their
all
ideas
that
athe
but
and
the
just
the
as
as
532
DIVISIONS OF TIME. 20
The Seminole Indians of Florida
INDEX
Big Cypress Swamp Seminole settlement 477, 478, 499, 507, 529
Billy, brother of Key West Billy 492-494, 499, 528
Brown, Lieutenant, aid of, among Seminole 489
Catfish Lake Seminole settlement 477, 478, 509
Cow Creek Seminole settlement 477, 478
Cypress swamps, Florida 527-529
Devilâ——s Garden, Florida 478
Hendry, F. A., aid in Florida 492, 511, 528
Key West Billy 484, 485
Koonti, preparation of 513-516
Seminole tradition of origin of 519
Me-le the Seminole 489, 490
Miami River Seminole settlement 477, 478
The word â——TEOK-KO-CLACOâ—— in the Green Corn Dance diagram may be an error for
◗TEOK-KO-×LACO◗.
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