Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and The Madness of Crowds by Mackay, Charles, 1814-1889

MEMOIRS
OF
EXTRAORDINARY POPULAR DELUSIONS
AND THE
Madness of Crowds.
By CHARLES MACKAY, LL.D.
AUTHOR OF âEGERIA,â âTHE SALAMANDRINE,â ETC.
ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS.
Nâen dÃ©plaise Ã ces fous nommÃ©s sages de GrÃ¨ce,
En ce monde il nâest point de parfaite sagesse;
Tous les hommes sont fous, et malgrÃ© tous leurs soÃ®ns
Ne diffÃ¨rent entre eux que du plus ou du moins.
BOILEAU.
LONDON:
OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY,
227 STRAND.
1852.
CONTENTS.
• Volume I.
♦ Contents.
♦ List of Engravings.
♦ Preface.
♦ The Mississippi Scheme.
♦ The South-Sea Bubble.
♦ The Tulipomania.
♦ The Alchymists.
♦ Modern Prophecies.
♦ Fortune-Telling.
♦ The Magnetisers.
♦ Influence of Politics and Religion on the Hair and Beard.
• Volume II.
♦ Contents.
♦ List of Engravings.
♦ The Crusades.
MEMOIRS OF EXTRAORDINARY POPULAR DELUSIONS AND THE Madness of Crowds. 1

Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, by Charles Mackay
♦ The Witch Mania.
♦ The Slow Poisoners.
♦ Haunted Houses.
♦ Popular Follies of Great Cities.
♦ Popular Admiration of Great Thieves.
♦ Duels and Ordeals.
♦ Relics.
INDEX.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVWYZ
• Abraham, Noah, and Moses said to have been alchymists, i. 95, 114.
• Acre besieged in the Third Crusade, ii. 69;
♦ its surrender to the Christians, 71.

• Addisonâs account of a Rosicrucian, i. 177;
♦ his opinion on duelling, ii. 281.

• Agricola, George, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 145.
• Agrippa, Cornelius, memoir, and portrait of, i. 138;
♦ his power of raising the dead and the absent, 142.

• Aislabie, Mr., Chancellor of the Exchequer, his participation in the South-Sea fraud, i. 73, 78;
♦ rejoicings on his committal to the Tower, 79.

• Alain Delisle. (See Delisle.)
• Albertus Magnus, his studies in alchymy, i. 99;
♦ portrait of, 100;

♦ his animated brazen statue destroyed by Thomas Aquinas, 100;
♦ his power to change the course of the seasons, 101.
• Alchymists, the, or Searches for the Philosopherâs Stone and the Water of Life, i. 94-220;
♦ natural origin of the study of Alchymy, its connexion with astrology, &c., i. 94;
♦ alleged antiquity of the study, 95;
♦ its early history, 96;
♦ Memoirs of Geber, 96;
♦ Alfarabi, 97;
♦ Avicenna, 98;
♦ Albertus Magnus, with portrait, Thomas Aquinas, 99;
♦ Artephius, 102;
♦ Alain Delisle, 102;
♦ Arnold de Villeneuve, with portrait, 103;
♦ receipt for the elixir vitÃ¦ ascribed to him, 103;
♦ Pietro dâApone, 104;
♦ Raymond Lulli, with portrait, 105;
♦ Roger Bacon, 110;
♦ Pope John XXII., 111;
♦ Jean de Meung, 112;
CONTENTS. 2
♦ Nicholas Flamel, 113;
♦ George Ripley, 118;
♦ Basil Valentine, 119;
♦ Bernard of Treves, 119;
♦ Trithemius, 124;
♦ MarÃ©chal de Rays, 125;
♦ Jacques CÅur, 132;
♦ inferior adepts of the 14th and 15th centuries, 135;
♦ progress of the infatuation in the 16th and 17th centuries, 137-189;
♦ Augurello, 137;
♦ Cornelius Agrippa, with portrait, 138;
♦ Paracelsus, with portrait, 142;
♦ George Agricola, 145;
♦ Denis Zachaire, 146;
♦ Dr. Dee, with portrait, and Edward Kelly, 152;
♦ Dr. Deeâs âShewstoneâ (engraving), 154;
♦ the Cosmopolite, 163;
♦ the Rosicrucians, 167;
♦ Jacob BÃ¶hmen, 177;
♦ Mormius, 178;
♦ Borri, 179;
♦ inferior Alchymists of the 17th century, 185;
♦ their impositions, 188;
♦ Alchymy since that period, 189-220;
♦ Jean Delisle, 189;
♦ Albert Aluys, 197;
♦ the Count de St. Germain, 200;
♦ Cagliostro, 206;
♦ present state of Alchymy, 220.
• Alexius I., Emperor, his treatment of the Crusaders, ii. 17-19;
♦ imprisons the Count of Vermandois, 23;

♦ is compelled to release him, 24;
♦ his fear of the Crusaders, 25;
♦ his treachery at Nice, 28;
♦ neglects the Crusaders at Antioch, 35, 42.
• Alexius III., usurping the Greek empire, is expelled by the Crusaders, ii. 77.
• Alexius IV. made Emperor of the Greeks by the aid of the Crusaders, ii. 77;
♦ his deposition and murder, 78.

• Alexius Ducas (Murzuphlis) chosen Emperor instead of Alexius IV., ii. 78;
♦ defeated by the French and Venetians, 79.

• Alfarabi, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 97.
• Almanac-makers: Lilly, Poor Robin, Partridge, Francis Moore, Matthew Laensbergh, i. 240.
• Aluys, Albert, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 97.
• American laws against duelling, ii. 299.
• Amsterdam, witches burnt at, ii. 160.
• Animal Magnetism. (See Magnetism.)
• Andrews, Henry, the original of âFrancis Moore,â portrait, i. 244.
• Anna Comnena, her notices of the Crusaders, ii. 22, 25.
INDEX. 3
• Anne, Queen, duels in her reign, ii. 289;
♦ her efforts to suppress them, 292.

• Antioch, besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 29;
♦ is taken by treachery, 32;

♦ sufferings of the Crusaders from famine and pestilence, 35;
♦ pretended discovery of the Holy Lance (engraving), 37;
♦ battle, and defeat of the Turks, 38;
♦ retaken by Saladin, 63.
• Aquinas, Thomas, his studies in Alchymy, i. 99;
♦ he destroys an animated brazen statue, 100;

♦ his magical performances, 101.
• Arabia, the chief seat of the Alchymists, i. 96.
• Arnold de Villeneuve. (See De Villeneuve.)
• Arras, view of the Town-hall, ii. 101;
♦ persecution of the Waldenses at, 115.

• Art, works of, destroyed by the Crusaders at Constantinople, ii. 79.
• Artephius, his extravagant pretensions as an Alchymist, i. 102.
• Astrology, its prevalence in England, i. 243;
♦ account of Lillyâs prophecies, 244;

♦ its connexion with Alchymy.
♦ (See the Alchymists, Dr. Dee, &c.)
• Augurello the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 137.
• Augury, an almost exploded study, i. 272.
• Aurea-crucians, a sect founded by Jacob BÃ¶hmen, i. 177.
• Avicenna the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 98.
• Bacon, Lord, portrait of, ii. 286;
♦ his opposition to duelling, 285, 287.

• Bacon, Roger, his pursuit of Alchymy, i. 110;
♦ his scientific discoveries, 111.

• Bagnone, Francisco, the magnetiser, i. 272.
• Bailly, M., his account of Mesmerâs experiments, i. 281, 293.
• Baldarroch Farm-house, âhaunted,â ii. 235;
♦ investigation by the elders of the kirk; the noises caused by servant-girls, 237.
• Baldwin (King of Jerusalem), joins the Crusaders at Nice, ii. 27;
♦ becomes prince of Edessa, 30, 41;

♦ succeeds Godfrey as King of Jerusalem, 48;
♦ bible of his queen (engraving), 50.
• Baldwin, Count of Flanders, chosen Emperor of the Greeks, ii. 80.
• Ballads. (See Songs.)
• Bamberg, view in; witches executed there, ii. 162.
• Banditti in Italy, ii. 256.
INDEX. 4
• Banking schemes of John Law, i. 4.
• Bank of England, its competition with the South-Sea Company, i. 48, 66.
• Baptism mocked in the witchesâ âSabbaths,â ii. 109.
• Barbarin, Chevalier de, his experiments in animal magnetism, i. 286.
• Barbarossa, the Emperor, commences the Third Crusade; his death, ii. 63, 64.
• Barthelemy, Peter, his pretended vision and discovery of the âholy lance;â its effect on the Crusaders;
battle of Antioch, the Turks defeated, ii. 35-40;
♦ charged with falsehood, subjected to the fiery ordeal, and burnt to death, 41.
• Bastille, the. (See Paris.)
• Bavaria, ordinance against moustaches, i. 302.
• Beards forbidden to be worn; religious and political prejudices, i. 296-303.
♦ (See Hair.)
• Beckmannâs remarks on the tulip, i. 86.
• âBeggarâs Opera,â its popularity and immoral influence, ii. 258.
• Berangerâs Song, âThirteen at Table,â i. 257.
• Bernard of Treves, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 119.
• Best and Lord Camelford, their fatal duel, ii. 297.
• Bethlehem, Shrine of the Nativity (engraving), ii. 43;
♦ Richard I. arrives there; view of the city, ii. 73.

• Bible of the Queen of Baldwin, King of Jerusalem, (engraving), ii. 50.
• âBlue Beard,â the MarÃ©chal de Rays his supposed prototype, i. 132.
• Blunt, Sir John, Chairman of the South-Sea Bubble, his share in the fraud, i. 63, 74, 77;
♦ his examination by Parliament, 75;

♦ his property confiscated, 81;
♦ Popeâs sketch of him, 74.
• Bodinus, his persecution of witches, ii. 159.
• Boerhave, his belief in Alchymy, i. 185.
• Bohemund, his courage displayed in the Crusades, ii. 21, 28, 30, 31, 35, 38, 39;
♦ takes Antioch, by treachery in the garrison, 32;

♦ is made Prince of Antioch, 32, 41.
• BÃ¶hmen, Jacob, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 177.
• Bonfires on Tower Hill, on the committal of the South-Sea schemers, i. 79.
• Booker, an astrologer, notice of, i. 244.
• Boots, torture of the (engraving), ii. 131.
• Borri, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 179.
• Bourdeaux, haunted house at, ii. 221.
• Bourges, house of Jaques CÅur (engraving), i. 134.
• Boyd, Captain, killed in a duel, ii. 293.
• âBrabant Screen,â the, a caricature of the South-Sea Bubble, i. 76.
• Breda, siege of, i. 270.
• Bremen, Nadelâs escape from prison, ii. 257.
• Brinvilliers, Madame de, her atrocious murders; escape from France; subsequent trial and execution,
ii. 208-214;
♦ relics of her fate anxiously sought after, 305.

• Brown, Sir Thomas, portrait of; his belief in witchcraft, ii. 151.
INDEX. 5
• Bubble Companies, contemporaneously with the South-Sea Scheme, their extravagant character, i. 52;
♦ profits of the promoters, 53;

♦ declared unlawful, 55, 86;
♦ companies dissolved, 57.
• âBubble Cards,â or Caricatures, i. 60, 61.
• Buckingham, Villiers, Duke of, his rise in the favour of James I., ii. 197;

♦ suspected to have poisoned the king, 201.
• Byron, Lord, his trial for the murder of Mr. Chaworth in a duel, ii. 292.
• Byron, Lord, his poetical villains, ii. 259.
• Cagliostro, memoir of, i. 206;
♦ his adventures in London, 209;

♦ view of his house, 215;
♦ implicated in the theft of the diamond necklace, tried and acquitted, 216-220;
♦ again in London, imprisonment and death at Rome, 220.
• Cagliostro, the Countess, i. 208;
♦ his accomplice; her wit, beauty, and ingenuity, 213-216.

• Cambridge University, annual sermon against witchcraft, ii. 127.
• Camelford, Lord, killed in a duel, ii. 297.
• Camhel, Sultan, his generosity to the Christians, ii. 84, 85.
• Campbell, Major, his duel with Capt. Boyd, and execution, ii. 293.
• Candlemas Eve, superstitious customs, i. 258.
• Cant phrases. (See Popular follies.)
• Cards. (See Fortune-telling.)
• Caricatures, referring to the Mississippi Scheme (four engravings), i. 25, 29, 37, 40, 44.
• Caricatures of the South-Sea Bubble (seven engravings), i. 60, 61, 68, 70, 76, 82, 84.
• Casaubon, his account of Dr. Deeâs intercourse with spirits, i. 155.
• âChambre Ardente,â instituted by Louis XIV. for the trial of poisoners, ii. 214, 283.
• Change Alley during the South-Sea Bubble (engraving), i. 60.
• Charlemagne, his edicts against witches, ii. 109.
• Charles I. prevents a duel, ii. 287.
• Charles II., his disgraceful conduct in reference to a duel, ii. 288.
• Charles VI. of France, his studies in Alchymy, i. 117;
♦ his work on that subject, 136.

• Charles IX. of France, his patronage of Nostradamus, i. 246;
♦ portrait of, ii. 119;

♦ his belief in witchcraft, 120.
• Chaworth, Mr., killed by Lord Byron in a duel, ii. 292.
• Chemistry, its connexion with Alchymy; valuable discoveries of the Alchymists, i. 207, 221.
• Children in the Crusades; their personal bravery, ii. 45;
♦ are sold to slavery, 81.

• Children executed for witchcraft, ii. 163, 179, 181.
• Christina, Queen of Sweden, her patronage of Alchymy, i. 183, 185.
INDEX. 6
• Clermont, Urban II. preaches the Crusade there; cathedral of (engraving), ii. 9.
• Cock-Lane Ghost, history of the deception; views of the âhaunted house,â ii. 228, 230.
• CÅur, Jaques, memoir of, i. 132;
♦ his house at Bourges (engraving), 132.

• Cohreddin, Sultan, his generosity to the Christians, ii. 84, 85.
• Coke, Chief Justice, portrait of, ii. 199;
♦ the poisoners of Sir Thomas Overbury tried by him, 198.

• Collins, Joseph, contriver of mysterious noises at Woodstock Palace, ii. 224.
• Comets regarded as omens, i. 223, 225;
♦ actually dangerous, 228.

• Conrad, Emperor of Germany, joins the Crusades, ii. 56;
♦ reaches Jerusalem, 60;

♦ returns to Europe, 62.
• Constance, view of the town gate, ii. 116;
♦ witches executed there, 117, 160.

• Constantinople during the Crusades, ii. 17, 23-26, 56, 77-80;
♦ view of, 78.

• Contumacy (refusing to plead to a criminal charge); its severe punishment, ii. 199.
• Cornhill at the time of the South-Sea Bubble (engraving), i. 51.
• Cosmopolite, the, an anonymous alchymist, memoir of, i. 163.
• Cowleyâs poetical description of the tulip, i. 86;
♦ his lines on relics of great men, ii. 308.

• Craggs, Mr. Secretary, portrait of, i. 64;
♦ his participation in the South-Sea Bubble, 64, 71, 73, 77, 78;
♦ his death, 80.
• Craggs, Mr., father of the above, his participation in the fraud; his death, i. 80.
• Criminals, anxiety to possess relics of their crimes, ii. 306.
♦ (See Thieves.)
• Cromwell, Sir Samuel, his persecution of âThe Witches of Warbois,â ii. 126.
• Cross, trial or ordeal of the, ii. 264.
• Cross, the true. (See Relics.)
• Crusades, The, ii. 1-100;
♦ differently represented in history and in romance; pilgrimages before the Crusades, ii. 2;
♦ encouraged by Haron al Reschid; pilgrims taxed by the Fatemite caliphs; increase of
pilgrimages in anticipation of the millenium, 3;
♦ oppressions of the Turks; consequent indignation of the pilgrims, 4;
♦ Peter the Hermit espouses their cause; state of the public mind in Europe, 5;
♦ motives leading to the Crusades, 6;
♦ Peter the Hermit stimulates the Pope; his personal appearance, 7;
♦ council at Placentia, 8;
♦ the Pope preaches the Crusade at Clermont, 9;
INDEX. 7
♦ enthusiasm of the people, 10;
♦ increased by signs and portents, 11;
♦ zeal of the women, 12;
♦ crowds of Crusaders, 13;
♦ âThe truce of Godâ proclaimed; dissipation of the Crusaders, 14;
♦ popular leaders; Walter the Penniless, and Gottschalk, 15;
♦ conflicts with the Hungarians, 15, 16;
♦ Peter the Hermit defeated; arrives at Constantinople, 17;
♦ the Emperor Alexius; dissensions and reverses of the first Crusaders, 18;
♦ Peter the Hermit assisted by Alexius, 19;
♦ fresh hordes from Germany and France; their cruelty to the Jews, 20;
♦ defeated in Hungary; fresh leaders; Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh count of Vermandois, Robert
duke of Normandy, Robert count of Flanders and Bohemund, 21;
♦ the immense number of their forces; Hugh of Vermandois imprisoned, 23;
♦ his release obtained by Godfrey of Bouillon, 24;
♦ insolence of Count Robert of Paris; weakness of Alexius, 25;
♦ the siege of Nice, 26;
♦ barbarity of the Crusaders and Musselmen; anecdote of Godfrey of Bouillon, 27;
♦ Nice surrenders to Alexius; battle of DorylÅum, 28;
♦ improvidence and sufferings of the Crusaders, 29, 30;
♦ the siege of Antioch, 29, 31;
♦ Crusaders reduced to famine, 30;
♦ Antioch taken by treachery in the garrison (engraving), 32;
♦ the city invested by the Turks, 34;
♦ increasing famine and desertion, 35;
♦ Peter Barthelemy, his pretended vision, and discovery of the âHoly Lanceâ (engraving),
35-37, 40;
♦ revival of enthusiasm, 38;
♦ battle of Antioch, and defeat of the Turks, 38;
♦ dissensions, 40;
♦ fate of Peter Barthelemy, 41;
♦ Marah taken by storm, 42;
♦ shrine of the nativity at Bethlehem, (engraving), 43;
♦ first sight of Jerusalem (engraving), 44;
♦ the city besieged and taken, 45;
♦ Peter the Hermitâs fame revives, 46;
♦ Jerusalem under its Christian kings, 48;
♦ Godfrey of Bouillon succeeded by Baldwin; continual conflicts with the Saracens; Edessa
taken by them, 50.
♦ Second Crusade:âSociety in Europe at its commencement, 52;
◊ St. Bernardâs preaching; Louis VII. joins the Crusaders, 53-55;

◊ receives the cross at Vezelai (engraving), 54;
◊ is joined by Conrad emperor of Germany and a large army, 56;
◊ their reception by Manuel Comnenus, 57;
◊ losses of the German army, 58;
◊ progress to Nice, and thence to Jerusalem, 60;
◊ jealousies of the leaders; siege of Damascus, 61;
◊ further dissensions; the siege abandoned, 62.
♦ Third Crusade:âProgress of chivalry, 62;
INDEX. 8
◊ successes of Saladin, 63;
◊ Barbarossa defeats the Saracens, 64;
◊ Crusade joined by Henry II. and Philip Augustus, 64;
◊ they meet at Gisors (engraving), 65;
◊ the Crusade unpopular, 66;
◊ delayed by war between France and England, death of Henry II.; Richard and Philip
proceed to Palestine, 67;
◊ Richard attacks the Sicilians, 68;
◊ arrives at Acre, 69;
◊ siege and surrender of the city, 71;
◊ dissensions, Philip returns to France, Saladin defeated at Azotus, 72;
◊ Crusaders reach Bethlehem (engraving), retreat agreed on, 73;
◊ Jaffa attacked by Saladin and rescued by Richard, peace concluded, Richardâs
imprisonment and ransom, 74.
♦ Fourth Crusade, undertaken by the Germans; its failure, 75.
♦ Fifth Crusade:âFoulque, Bishop of Neuilly, enlists the chivalry of France; assisted by the
Venetians; siege of Zara, 76;
◊ Crusaders expel Alexius III. from Constantinople, 77;

◊ Alexius IV. deposed, 78;
◊ Murzuphlis defeated by the Crusaders and Venetians, 79;
◊ Baldwin count of Flanders, elected emperor; Pilgrimages to Jerusalem; children
undertaking the Crusade are betrayed to slavery, 80.
♦ Sixth Crusade, prompted by the Pope, 81;
◊ undertaken by the King of Hungary; pursued in Egypt; Damietta taken, 82;

◊ Cardinal Pelagius and John of Brienne, 83;
◊ dissensions and reverses; Damietta abandoned, 84.
♦ Seventh Crusade:âUndertaken by Frederick II. of Germany, 84;
◊ intrigues against him; he is excommunicated, 85;

◊ crowns himself King of Jerusalem, 86;
◊ supported by the Templars and Hospitallers (engraving), 86;
◊ returns to Germany, 87.
♦ Eighth Crusade, commenced in France, 87:
◊ battle of Gaza; Richard earl of Cornwall; truce agreed on; the Korasmins take
Jerusalem, 88;
◊ they subdue the Templars, but are extirpated by the Syrian sultans, 90.
♦ Ninth Crusade, began by Louis IX., 90;
◊ joined by William Longsword (engraving), 91;

◊ the Crusade unpopular in England, 91-97;
◊ Damietta taken, 93;
◊ battle of Massoura; Louis taken prisoner by the Saracens; his ransom and return, 94;
◊ excitement in France, 95.
♦ Tenth Crusade, by Louis IX. and Prince Edward of England, 95;
◊ Louis dies at Carthage, 96;

◊ Edward arrives at Acre, 97;
INDEX. 9
◊ defeats the Turks at Nazereth; is treacherously wounded; the legend of Queen
Eleanor, 98;
◊ her tomb at Westminster (engraving); a truce concluded; Edward returns to England;
subsequent fate of the Holy Land, 99;
◊ civilising influence of the Crusades, 100.
• Currency in France, the Mississippi scheme, i. 4.
• DâAguesseau, Chancellor of France, his opposition to the Mississippi scheme, i. 11;
♦ portrait of; his financial measures, 33.

• Damascus, besieged by the Crusaders (engraving), ii. 61.
• Damietta besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 83, 93.
• Dances of witches and toads, ii. 108, 109.
• DâAncre, the MarÃ©chale, executed for witchcraft, ii. 166.
• Dandolo, Doge of Venice, his encouragement of the Crusaders, ii. 76.
• DâApone, Pietro, his studies in alchymy; his command of money; charged with heresy, is tortured,
and dies in prison, i. 104;
♦ portrait of, ii. 140.

• DâArgenson, French minister of finance, a supporter of the Mississippi scheme, i. 11, 42;
♦ portrait of, 42.

• Dead, the. (See Raising the Dead.)
• De Bouteville, a famous duellist, temp. Louis XIII., ii. 280;
♦ beheaded by the justice of Richelieu, 281.

• Dee, Dr., memoir and portrait of, i. 152;
♦ his âshew-stoneâ in the British Museum (engraving), 154.

• De Jarnac and La Chataigneraie, their famous duel, ii. 273.
• Deleuze, M., his absurd theories on animal magnetism, i. 291.
• Delisle, Alain, an alchymist, i. 102.
• Delisle, Jean, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 189;
♦ his success in transmuting metals, attested by the Bishop of Senes, 193;

♦ his imprisonment and death, 197.
• Delrio, his persecution of witches, ii. 159.
• De Meung, Jean, author of the Roman de la Rose, his study of alchymy, his libel on the fair sex, i.
112.
• Demons, popular belief in, ii. 105;
♦ their powers and propensities, 106, 107;

♦ their meetings or âSabbaths,â 107.
♦ (See Witchcraft and the Alchymists.)
• De Nogent, his description of Peter the Hermit, ii. 7;
♦ of the enthusiasm of the first Crusaders, 12, 23.

• De Rays, MarÃ©chale, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 125.
• De Rohan, Cardinal, his patronage of Cagliostro, i. 213-215;
♦ his connexion with Marie Antoinette and the diamond necklace, 216-220.
INDEX. 10
• DâEslon, a pupil of Mesmer, i. 276, 280.
• Desmarets, Minister of France, his belief in alchymy, i. 192.
• Devil, the, old popular notions of, ii. 103;
♦ various forms assumed by him, 106, 107;

♦ presided at the witchesâ âSabbath,â 108;
♦ his appearance to De Rays and Agrippa, i. 129, 142.
• De Villeneuve, Arnold, his skill as a physician, astrologer and alchymist (with portrait), i. 103.
• DâHorn, Count, murders a broker, and steals his Mississippi bonds (engraving), i. 21;
♦ efforts to save his life, inflexibility of the Regent, his execution, 22, 23.
• Diamond, famous, purchased by the Regent Orleans, i. 27.
• Diamond Necklace of Marie Antoinette, history of the theft, i. 206-220.
• Diamonds worn by the Count St. Germain, i. 203;
♦ his power of removing flaws in, 204.

• Digby, Sir Kenelm, a believer in the virtues of âweapon-salve,â i. 265.
• Diseases cured by imagination, i. 262, 272;
♦ pretended influence of magnetism, 262.

♦ (See the Magnetisers.)
• Divination, its popularity; by cards, the tea-cup, the palm of the hand, the rod, and other modes, i.
251.
• âDomdaniel,â or Witchesâ Sabbath. (See Witchcraft.)
• DorylÃ¦um, battle of, ii. 28.
• Dowston, John, an English alchymist, i. 136.
• Dramas on the adventures of thieves; their popularity and evil influence, ii. 253, 257-260.
• Dreams, interpretation of, i. 253.
• Dreams on particular nights, i. 258.
• Dream-books, their extensive sale, i. 254.
• Du Pompadour, Madame, and the Count de St. Germain, i. 201.
• Dupotet, M., his account of Mesmerâs experiments, i. 279, 285.
• Drummer of Tedworth. (See Haunted Houses.)
• Du Barri, Vicomte, killed in a duel at Bath, ii. 293.
• Duels and Ordeals, ii. 261-301;
♦ the ordeal by combat, or trial by battle, its natural origin; authorised by law, 262;
♦ discouraged by the clergy, 263;
♦ the oath upon the Evangelists, 264;
♦ judgment by the cross, 264;
♦ fire-ordeal, 265;
♦ ordeals used by modern Hindoos, 265;
♦ water ordeal, 265;
♦ the corsned, or bread and cheese ordeal, 266;
♦ ordeals superseded by judicial combats, 267;
♦ duels of Ingelgerius and Gontran (engraving), 269;
♦ De Montfort and the Earl of Essex, 270;
♦ Du Guesclin and Troussel (engraving), 261, 271;
♦ Carrouges and Legris, 272;
♦ La Chataigneraie and De Jarnac, 273;
♦ LâIsle-Marivaut and Marolles, 276;
INDEX. 11
♦ the Dukes de Beaufort and de Nemours, 282;
♦ Count de Bussy and Bruc, 282;
♦ frivolous causes of duels, 270, 271, 276, 282, 292, 296;
♦ their prevalence in France, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282;
♦ the custom opposed by Sully and Henry IV.; council at Fontainebleau (engraving), and royal
edict, 277-279;
♦ efforts of Richelieu to suppress duelling, 280;
♦ De Bouteville, a famous duellist, beheaded by the justice of Richelieu; opinion of Addison on
duelling, 281;
♦ duels in Germany, 282;
♦ severe edict by Louis XIV., 283;
♦ singular laws of Malta, 284;
♦ judicial combat in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; Lord Bacon opposes duelling, 285;
♦ Lord Sanquirâs duel with Turner; his execution for murder; combat between Lord Reay and
David Ramsay prevented by Charles I., 287;
♦ Orders of the Commonwealth and Charles II. against the practice; Duke of Buckinghamâs
duel with Earl Shrewsbury; disgraceful conduct of Charles II., 288;
♦ practice of seconds in duels fighting as well as principals, 280, 288;
♦ arguments of Addison, Steele, and Swift, 288;
♦ duels in England; Sir C. Deering and Mr. Thornhill; Duke of Marlborough and Earl Pawlet;
Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun; trial of General Macartney, 289-292;
♦ Wilson killed by John Law, i. 3;
♦ Mr. Chaworth killed by Lord Byron, ii. 292;
♦ Vicomte Du Barri by Count Rice, the Duke of York and Colonel Lennox, 293;
♦ Irish duels, 294;
♦ Major Campbell executed for the death of Captain Boyd, 296;
♦ Macnamara and Montgomery; duels of German students, 297;
♦ Best and Lord Camelford, 297;
♦ Frederick the Great and Joseph II. of Austria opposed to duelling, 298;
♦ other European edicts; laws of America, 299;
♦ general reflections, 300.
• Du Guesclin and Troussel, their duel (engraving,) ii. 261, 271.
• Du Fresnoyâs history of the Hermetic Philosophy, i. 95, 96.
• Duncan, Gellie, and her accomplices tried for witchcraft; their absurd confessions, ii. 129-135.
• Duval, Claude, popular admiration of; Butlerâs ode to his memory, ii. 255.
• Earthquakes prophesied in London, i. 224, 230.

• Edessa taken by the Crusaders, ii. 30;
♦ retaken by the Saracens, 50.

• Edward I., his great seal (engraving), ii. 97.
• Edward II. joins the last Crusade, ii. 95;
♦ arrives at Acre, 97;

♦ treacherously wounded, 98;
♦ his patronage of Raymond Lulli the alchymist, i. 108;
♦ its supposed motive, 135.
• Edward IV., his encouragement of alchymy, i. 135.
• Edward VI., his patronage of Dr. Dee, i. 152.
• Egypt, the Crusaders in, ii. 83, 84, 90, 92, 93.
• Elias claimed as a Rosicrucian, i. 175.
INDEX. 12
• Elixir VitÃ¦. (See Alchymists.)

• Eleanor, Queen of Edward II., her tomb at Westminster (engraving), ii. 99.
• Elizabeth, Queen, her patronage of Dr. Dee, i. 153, 162.
• Elwes, Sir Jervis, his participation in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, his execution, ii. 194,
197, 199.
• End of the world prophesied in the year 999, i. 222;
♦ by Whiston in 1736, 223.

• Epigrams on John Law and the Mississippi Scheme, i. 24, 37.
• Essex, Countess of, afterwards Countess of Somerset. (See Somerset.)
• Executions for witchcraft. (See Witchcraft.)
• Ezekiel claimed as a Rosicrucian, i. 175.
• Falling stars regarded as omens, i. 223;
♦ falling stars and other meteors before the Crusades, ii. 11.
• Faria, the AbbÃ©, the magnetiser, i. 294.
• Fashion of short and long hair, beards, and moustaches, i. 296-303.
• Female Crusaders. (See Women.)
• Feudalism at the commencement of the Crusades, ii. 5.
• Fian, Dr., tortured for witchcraft, ii. 131.
• Finance in France; the Mississippi scheme, i. 2, 6.
• Fire-ordeal. (See Duels and Ordeals.)
• Flamel, Nicholas, the alchymist, memoir of i. 113.
• Florimond on the prevalence of witchcraft, ii. 115.
• Flowers, fruits, and trees, their significance in dreams, i. 254.
• Fludd, Robert, the father of the English Rosicrucians, memoir of, i. 173;
♦ introduces âweapon-salveâ in England, 265.

• Follies of great cities; cant, or slang phrases, ii. 239-248.
• Fontainebleau, council held by Henry IV. and edict against duelling (engraving), ii. 278.
• Food, its necessity denied by the Rosicrucians, i. 176.
• Forman, Dr., his participation in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 194.
• Fortune-Telling, i. 242-258;
♦ presumption of man; his anxiety to penetrate futurity, 242.

♦ Judicial astrologers: Lilly, 243.
♦ Astrology in France, Louis XI., Catherine de Medicis, Nostradamus (portrait), 246;
♦ the Medici family, 247;
♦ Antiochus Tibertus, 247;
♦ horoscope of Louis XIV. 249;
♦ Keplerâs excuse for astrology, 249.
♦ Necromancy, Geomancy, Augury, Divination, 250;
♦ various kinds of divination; cards, the palm, the rod, &c., 251;
♦ interpretation of dreams, 253.
• Foulque, Bishop of Neuilly, promoter of the fifth Crusade, ii. 76.
• France, its finances in the eighteenth century; the Mississippi scheme, i. 5, 6;
♦ the Crusade preached there, ii. 8;

♦ the cathedral of Clermont (engraving), ii. 9;
♦ executions for witchcraft, ii. 119, 122, 174;
INDEX. 13
♦ existing belief in witchcraft there, ii. 189;
♦ the slow poisoners in, ii. 208;
♦ immense rage for duelling in France, 276, 277, 279, 280;
♦ alchymy in France. (See the Alchymists, Paris, Tours, &c.)
• Franklin, an apothecary, his participation in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 195, 198, 199.
• Frederick the Great, his opposition to duelling, ii. 298.
• Frederick II., Emperor of Germany, undertakes the Crusade, ii. 84;
♦ crowns himself king at Jerusalem, 86;

♦ returns to Germany, 87.
• Frederick III. of Denmark, his patronage of alchymy, i. 183.
• Gambling speculations. (See Mississippi Scheme and South-Sea Bubble.)

• Garinet, Jules, his Histoire de la Magie en France, ii. 105, 109, 122, 189, 221.
• Gateway of Merchant-Tailorsâ Hall, with South-Sea speculators (engraving), i. 62.
• Gay, the poet, his shares in the South-Sea Company, i. 65.
• Geber, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 96;
♦ his scientific discoveries; English translation of his work, 97.

• Geomancy described, i. 250.
• Geoffrey, M., his exposure of the tricks of alchymists, i. 188.
• George I., his speeches and proclamation on the South-Sea Bubble, i. 47-55, 69;
♦ his grief on the death of the Earl of Stanhope, i. 75.

• George III. refuses to pardon Major Campbell for the death of Capt. Boyd in a duel, ii. 294.
• Germany, executions for witchcraft, ii. 118;
♦ duelling in, 282, 298;

♦ alchymy in, encouraged by the emperors, i. 119, 135, 158;
♦ the Rosicrucians in, 178;
♦ animal magnetism in, 290.
• Gesner, Conrad, the first tulip cultivator, portrait of, i. 85.
• Ghosts. (See Haunted Houses.)
• Gibbon, Edward, grandfather of the historian, his participation in the South-Sea fraud, i. 73, 77;
♦ heavily fined, 81;

♦ his grandsonâs account of the proceedings, 81.
• Gisors, meeting there of Henry II. and Philip Augustus (engraving), ii. 65.
• Glanvill, Rev. J., his work on witchcraft, ii. 148, 224.
• Glauber, an alchymist, i. 187.
• Glen, Lincolnshire, belief in witches there, ii. 185.
• Gnomes. (See the Rosicrucians.)
• Godfrey of Bouillon, his achievements in Palestine (engraving), ii. 21-24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 38,
39, 42, 46, 48.
• Gold, sought by the Alchymists. (See Alchymists.)
• Gottschalk, a leader of the Crusaders, ii. 15, 20.
• Gowdie, Isabel, her confession of witchcraft, ii. 136.
• Graftonâs Chronicle, account of Peter of Pontefract, i. 235.
• Greatraks, Valentine, his wonderful cures, i. 269-272.
• Great Seal of Edward I. (engraving), ii. 97.
• Gregorian chant, its merit tested by the ordeal of fire, ii. 266.
INDEX. 14
• Guise, the Duke of, his attempt to poison Gennaro Annese, ii. 202.
• Guizot, M., his remarks on the Crusades, ii. 51.
• Gustavus Adolphus an alchymist, i. 187.
• Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, besieges Acre, ii. 69.
• Hair, its length influenced by religious and political prejudices; legislative enactments, i. 296;
♦ short hair of the Normans (engraving), i. 297, 303;

♦ St. Wulstanâs antipathy to long hair, 297;
♦ Serlo cuts off the hair of Henry I. (engraving), 296, 298;
♦ Louis VII. and his queen, 299;
♦ William âLongbeard,â 300;
♦ Roundheads and Cavaliers, 301;
♦ Peter the Great taxes beards, 301.
• Hale, Sir Matthew, portrait of, ii. 148;
♦ his belief in witchcraft, 157.

• Hamilton, Duke of, his duel with Lord Mohun, ii. 290.
• Harcouet, his receipt for the Elixir VitÃ¦, i. 103.
• Harley, Earl of Oxford, the originator of the South-Sea Company, portrait of, i. 46.
• Haroun al Reschid, the Caliph, his encouragement of Christian pilgrims, ii. 3.
• Hastings, recent belief in witchcraft there, ii. 187.
• Hatton, Lady, her reputation for witchcraft; her house in Hatton Garden, (engraving), ii. 186.
• âHaunted Houses,â popular belief in, ii. 217-238;
♦ a house at Aix la Chapelle, cause of the noises discovered, ii. 218;

♦ alarm caused by a rat, 219;
♦ the monks of St. Bruno, their trick to obtain the haunted palace of Vauvert, 220;
♦ houses at Tours and Bordeaux, 221;
♦ the story of Woodstock Palace, 222;
♦ Mr. Mompessonâs house at Tedworth, 224;
♦ the âCock Lane Ghost,â history of the deception; believed in by the learned (engravings),
228;
♦ the Stockwell ghost, 234;
♦ Baldarroch farm-house, 235;
♦ effect of education and civilisation, 238.
• Hawkins, Mr., engravings from his Collection of Caricatures, i. 29, 44.
• Haygarth, Dr., his exposure of Perkinsâs âMetallic Tractors,â i. 289.
• Hell, Father, his magnetic cures; his connexion with Mesmer, i. 283.
• Henry I., his hair cut short by Serlo, his chaplain (engraving), i. 262, 264.
• Henry II. joins the third crusade (engraving), ii. 64.
• Henry VI. issues patents to encourage alchymy, i. 118, 135.
• Henry VIII., his invitation to Cornelius Agrippa, i. 140.
• Henry, Prince, son of James I. suspected to have been poisoned, ii. 200.
• Henry II. of France, his patronage of Nostradamus, i. 246;
♦ said to have prohibited duelling, ii. 273, 275;

♦ his death in the lists, 276.
• Henry IV. of France, portrait of, ii. 277;
♦ his opposition to duelling, 277, 279.
INDEX. 15
• Hermes Trismegistus, the founder of alchymy, i. 95.
• Hermetic Philosophy. (See the Alchymists.)
• Heydon, John, an English Rosicrucian, i. 175.
• Heywood, his life and prophecies of Merlin, i. 233.
• Highwaymen. (See Thieves.)
• Hogarthâs caricature of the South-Sea Bubble (engraving), i. 82.
• Holland, the tulip mania. (See Tulip Mania.)
• Hollowayâs lectures on animal magnetism, i. 287.
• Holt, Chief Justice, his opposition to the belief in witchcraft, ii. 152.
• âHoly Lance,â the, its pretended discovery (engraving), ii. 37.
• Hopkins, Matthew, the âwitch-finder general,â his cruelty and retributive fate, (engraving), ii.
143-146.
• Horoscope of Louis XIV., i. 249.
• Hugh count of Vermandois imprisoned at Constantinople, ii. 21, 23;
♦ at the siege of Nice, 26;

♦ quits the Crusaders, 42.
• Human remains ingredients in charms and nostrums, i. 272.
• Hungary plundered by the Crusaders, ii. 15, 16, 20, 21.
• Hutchinson, Dr., his work on witchcraft, ii. 123.
• Imps in the service of witches. (See Demons and Witchcraft.)

• Ingelgerius count of Anjou, his duel with Gontran (engraving), ii. 269.
• Innocent III. and IV., promoters of the Crusades, ii. 75, 80, 81.
• Innocent VIII., his bull against witchcraft, ii. 117.
• Innspruck, view of (engraving), i. 181.
• Invisibility pretended by the Rosicrucians, i. 169, 178.
• Isaac Comnenus attacked by Richard I., ii. 69.
• Isaac of Holland, an alchymist, i. 136.
• Isnik, the Crusaders defeated at (with view of Isnik), ii. 19.
• Italy, slow poisoning in (see Poisoning);
♦ the banditti of, ii. 256.
• Jaques CÅur the alchymist, memoir of, i. 132.

• Jaffa besieged by Saladin, and saved by Richard I., ii. 74;
♦ view of, ii. 89;

♦ defended by the Templars against the Korasmins, ii. 90.
• James I., his belief in the virtue of âweapon salve,â i. 266;
♦ portrait of, ii. 134;

♦ charges Gellie Duncan and others with witchcraft, 129;
♦ their trial, confessions and execution, 129-135;
♦ his work on âDemonology,â 139;
♦ his supposed secret vices; his favoritism to the Earl of Somerset, the poisoner of Sir Thomas
Overbury; himself thought to have died by poison, 193-202;
♦ his severity against duelling, 287.
• Jean De Meung. (See De Meung.)
• Jerusalem (and see Crusades), engravings, ii. 44, 47, 49;
INDEX. 16
♦ first pilgrims to, ii. 2;
♦ besieged and taken by the Crusaders, 45;
♦ its state under the Christian kings, 48, 49;
♦ council of the second Crusade there, 60;
♦ captured by Saladin, 63.
• Jewell, Bishop, his exclamations against witchcraft, ii. 124.
• Jews plundered and murdered by the Crusaders, ii. 20.
• Joan of Arc, her execution (engraving), ii. 114.
• John XXII. (Pope), his study of Alchymy, i. 111.
• Johnson, Dr., on the âBeggarâs Opera,â ii. 258.
• Joseph II. of Austria, his opposition to duelling, ii. 298.
• Judicial astrology. (See Astrology.)
• Judicial combats. (See Duels.)
• Karloman, King of Hungary, his contest with the Crusaders, ii. 20.
• Kelly, Edward, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 152.
• Kendal, Duchess of, her participation in the South-Sea fraud, i. 76, 77.
• Kent, Mr., accused of murder by the âCock Lane Ghost,â ii. 229.
• Kepler, his excuse for astrology, i. 250.
• Kerbogha, leader of the Turks defeated at Antioch, ii. 34, 38, 39.
• Kerr, Robert, afterwards Earl of Somerset. (See Somerset.)
• Kircher abandons his belief in alchymy, i. 185, 183;
♦ his belief in magnetism as a remedy for disease, 264.

• Knight, ââ, Treasurer of the South-Sea Company, his apprehension and escape, i. 76.
• Knox, John, portrait of; accused of witchcraft, ii. 128.
• Koffstky, a Polish alchymist, i. 136.
• Labourt, France, 200 witches executed, ii. 166.

• La Chataigneraie and De Jarnac, their famous duel, ii. 273.
• La ChaussÃ©e, the accomplice of Madame de Brinvilliers, his execution, ii. 212.
• Lady-day, superstitions on, i. 258.
• Lamb, Dr., the poisoner, attacked and killed in the streets (engraving), ii. 202.
• âLancashire witchesâ executed, ii. 141.
• Laski, Count Albert, his reception by Queen Elizabeth, his studies in alchymy, i. 155;
♦ is victimised by Dee and Kelly, 157.

• Lavigoreux and Lavoisin, the French poisoners executed, ii. 215.
• Law, J., projector of the Mississippi scheme, his romantic history, i. 1;
♦ his house in the Rue de Quincampoix, Paris (engraving), i. 13.

• Law, Wm., his participation in the Mississippi scheme, i. 9, 42.
• Le Blanc, the AbbÃ©, on the popularity of Great Thieves, ii. 251.
• Lennox, Col., his duel with the Duke of York, ii. 293.
• LiÃ¨ge, Madame de Brinvilliers arrested there, ii. 213.
• Lille, singular charges of witchcraft at, ii. 169.
• Lilly, the astrologer, account of, i. 243.
• Lipsius, his passion for tulips, i. 86.
• London, the plague of 1665, i. 228;
♦ inundation prophesied in 1524, i. 228;
INDEX. 17
♦ the Great Fire, 230.
♦ (See also Cagliostro, Change Alley, Cornhill, Merchant Taylorsâ Hall, Tower, Westminster.)
• Longbeard, William, cause of his name, i. 300.
• Longsword, William (engraving), joins the ninth Crusade, ii. 91.
• Loudun, the curate of, executed for witchcraft, ii. 168.
• Louis VII. cuts short his hair, and loses his queen, i. 299;
♦ joins the Crusaders, ii. 53;

♦ is consecrated at St. Denis, 55;
♦ reaches Constantinople and Nice, 58;
♦ his conflicts with the Saracens, 59;
♦ arrival at Jerusalem, 60;
♦ his sincerity as a Crusader, 61;
♦ returns to France, 62.
• Louis IX. undertakes the ninth Crusade, ii. 90;
♦ his valour at the battle of Massoura, 94;

♦ taken prisoner, 94;
♦ his ransom and return, 94;
♦ his second Crusade, 95;
♦ effigy of (engraving), 220.
• Louis XI., his encouragement of astrologers, i. 246.
• Louis XIII., prevalence of duelling in his reign, ii. 280.
• Louis XIV., his bigotry and extravagance, i. 5, 6;
♦ remonstrated with by his Parliament on his leniency to supposed witches, ii. 171;
♦ establishes the âchambre ardenteâ for the trial of poisoners, 214, 283;
♦ his horoscope, 249;
♦ his severe edict against duelling, 283.
• Louis XV., his patronage of the Court St. Germain, i. 201, 204.
• âLoup-garouâ executed in France, ii. 120.
• Loutherbourg, the painter, his alleged cures by animal magnetism, i. 288.
• Lulli, Raymond, a famous alchymist, his romantic history, with portrait, i. 105;
♦ his treatment by Edward II., 135.

• Lyons, view of, ii. 160.
• Macartney, General, second to Lord Mohun, his trial for murder, ii. 292.
• Mackenzie, Sir George, portrait of, ii. 138;
♦ his enlightened views on witchcraft, 137.

• Macnamara and Montgomery, frivolous cause of their fatal duel, ii. 297.
• Magnetisers, the, i. 262-295;
♦ effect of imagination in the cure of diseases, i. 262, 272.

♦ Mineral Magnetism: Paracelsus its first professor, 263;
♦ diseases transplanted to the earth; Kircher; âweapon-salve,â 264;
♦ controversy on its merits, 265;
♦ Sir Kenelm Digbyâs âpowder of sympathy,â 266;
♦ other delusions, 268.
INDEX. 18
♦ Animal Magnetism: wonderful cures by Valentine Greatraks, i. 269-272;
♦ Francisco Bagnoni, Van Helmont, Gracian, Baptista Porta, &c., 272;
♦ Wirdig, Maxwell, 273;
♦ the convulsionaires of St. Medard, i. 273;
♦ Father Hell, 274;
♦ Anthony Mesmer, his history and theory, 275;
♦ Mesmer, 276-283;
♦ DâEslon adopts his views, 278, 280, 281;
♦ encouragement to depravity afforded by his experiments, 282, 293;
♦ exposures by MM. Dupotet and Bailly, 279, 281;
♦ Marquis de Puysegur, 283;
♦ Chevalier de Barbarin, 286;
♦ Mainauduc, Holloway, Loutherbourg, 287, 288;
♦ Perkinsâs âMetallic Tractorsâ exposed by Dr. Haygarth, 289;
♦ absurd theories of Deleuze, 291;
♦ the AbbÃ© Faria, fallacies of the theory of, 294.
• Mainauduc, Dr., his experiments in animal magnetism, i. 287.
• Malta, its singular laws on duelling, ii. 284.
• Mansfield, Lord, trial of the âCock-lane Ghostâ conspirators before him, ii. 234.
• Manuel Comnenus, his treatment of the Crusaders, ii. 56, 58, 59.
• Marie Antoinette, history of the diamond necklace, i. 216-220.
• Marlborough, Duke of, his duel with Earl Pawlet, ii. 289.
• Massaniello, relics of his fate treasured by the populace, ii. 305.
• Massoura, battle of, the Saracens defeated, ii. 94.
• Mayer, Michael, his report on the Rosicrucian doctrines, i. 168.
• Maxwell, William, the magnetiser, i. 273.
• Medicis, Catherine di, her encouragement of astrologers, i. 246.
• Medici family, predictions respecting them, i. 247.
• Merchant Taylorsâ Hall, view of gateway, i. 62.
• Merlin, his pretended prophecies, i. 232;
♦ his miraculous birth, 236;

♦ Spenserâs description of his cave, 237.
• Mesmer, Anthony, the founder of animal magnetism, his history and theory, i. 275;
♦ his theory and practice, 276;

♦ elegance of his house at Paris, 278;
♦ infatuation of his disciples, 282.
• Metals, transmutation of. (See Alchymists.)
• Meteoric phenomena, their effect in inciting to the Crusades, ii. 3, 11.
• Meteors regarded as omens, i. 223.
• Milan, plague of 1630 prophesied, i. 225;
♦ fear of poisoners, Mora and others executed, 226;

♦ appearance of the devil, 227.
• Millenium, the, universally expected at the end of the tenth century, ii. 3.
• Mississippi Scheme, the, its history, i. 1-44;
♦ financial difficulties in France, expedients of the Regent Orleans, i. 6;

♦ official peculation and corruption, 7;
♦ John Lawâs propositions; his French cognomen, âLass;â his bank established, 9;
INDEX. 19
♦ his notes at a premium; branch banks established; Mississippi trading company established;
bank made a public institution; extensive issue of notes, 10;
♦ opposition of the Parliament, 11;
♦ the Regent uses coercion; Mississippi shares rise, 12;
♦ the Company of the Indies formed; magnificent promises; immense excitement and
applications for shares; Lawâs house in the Rue de Quincampoix (engraving), 13;
♦ hunchback used as a writing-desk (engraving), 15;
♦ enormous gains of individuals, 14, 16, 19, 20, 26;
♦ Lawâs removal to the Place VendÃ´me, 14;
♦ continued excitement, 15;
♦ removal to the Hotel de Soissons (engraving), 15;
♦ noble and fashionable speculators, 17;
♦ ingenious schemes to obtain shares (engraving), 18;
♦ avarice and ambition of the speculators; robberies and murders, 20;
♦ a broker murdered by Count dâHorn, and robbed of shares (engraving), 21;
♦ temporary stimulus to trade, and illusive prosperity; Law purchases estates, and turns
Catholic, 24;
♦ his charity and modesty, 25;
♦ caricatures of him, as Atlas, 25;
♦ âLuciferâs new row barge,â 29;
♦ in a car drawn by cocks, 40;
♦ increase of luxury in Paris, 26;
♦ the Regent purchases the great diamond, 27;
♦ symptoms of distrust; coin further depreciated, 28;
♦ use of specie forbidden, at Lawâs suggestion, 29;
♦ popular hatred excited, 30;
♦ fall of shares, 31;
♦ conscription for the Mississippi gold mines (engraving), 31;
♦ further issue of notes, and increased distrust and distress, 32;
♦ payment stopped, and Law dismissed from the ministry, 33;
♦ his danger from the populace, 33, 35, 38;
♦ DâAguesseauâs measures to restore credit (portrait), 34;
♦ run on the Bank, 34;
♦ fatal accidents in the crowd, 34;
♦ the Mississippi and India companies deprived of their privileges, 39;
♦ Law leaves France, 40;
♦ DâArgensonâs dismissal and unpopularity, 42;
♦ Lawâs subsequent history and death, 43;
♦ caricatures of the scheme in its success and failure, 25, 29, 37, 40, 44.
• Modern prophecies, i. 222-241.
• Mohra, in Sweden, absurd charges of witchcraft, and numerous executions, ii. 177.
• Mohun, Lord, his duel with the Duke of Hamilton, ii. 290.
• Mompesson, Mr., his âhaunted houseâ at Tedworth, ii. 224.
• Money Mania. (See the Mississippi Scheme and South-Sea Bubble.)
• Montesquieu âEsprit des Loix,â ii. 262-267.
• Montgomery and Macnamara, frivolous cause of their fatal duel, ii. 297.
• More, Hannah, on animal magnetism, i. 287.
• Mormius, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 178.
• Mortlake, Dr. Deeâs house at, i. 153, 162.
• Moses cited by alchymists as an adept, i. 95;
INDEX. 20
♦ claimed as a Rosicrucian, 175.
• Moustaches, fashion of wearing, i. 302.
• Mummies, an ingredient in charms and nostrums, i. 271.
• Muntingâs history of the tulip mania, i. 87.
• Nadel, Mausch, a German robber, ii. 257.

• Naiades. (See the Rosicrucians.)
• Nantwich, Nixonâs prophecy of its fate, i. 240.
• Naples, arrest and execution of La Tophania, the slow poisoner, ii. 207.
• Napoleonâs willow at St. Helena and other relics, ii. 307.
• NaudÃ©, Gabriel, his exposure of the Rosicrucians, i. 173.
• Necromancy, its connexion with alchymy, i. 129;
♦ danger of its practice, 250.

• New England, women, a child, and a dog, executed as witches, ii. 180.
• Nice besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 26.
• Nixon, Robert, the Cheshire prophet, i. 238.
• Noah, the patriarch, a successful alchymist, i. 95.
• Noises. (See Haunted Houses.)
• Normandy, witches in, ii. 172.
• Nostradamus, the astrologer; his prophecies (portrait), i. 246.
• Oath on the Evangelists and holy relics, a test of innocence, ii. 264.
• Odomare, a French alchymist, i. 136.
• Official peculation in France under the Regent Orleans, i. 7.
• Omens: winding-sheets, howling dogs, death-watch, âcoffins,â shivering, walking under ladders,
upsetting salt, thirteen at table, piebald horses, sneezing, dogs, cats, bees, itching; Oriental belief in
omens, i. 255.
♦ (See Comets, Falling Stars, and Meteors.)

• Oneiro-criticism; interpreting dreams. (See Dreams.)
• Ordeals. (See Duels and Ordeals.)
• Orleans, Duke of. (Regent of France) portrait of; his patronage of the Mississippi Scheme, i. 5;
♦ his financial errors, 10, 12, 33, 41;

♦ enforces the execution of Count DâHorn for murder, 23;
♦ his purchase of the celebrated diamond, 27;
♦ his ill-treatment of Law, 33.
• Orleans, Duchess of, her remarks on the Mississippi scheme, i. 5, 19, 24, 35, 36.
• Ortholani, a French alchymist, i 136.
• Overbury, Sir Thomas, portrait of, ii. 195;
♦ poisoned by the Earl and Countess of Somerset and their accomplices, 193-201.
• Palestine. (See the Crusades.)

• Palmistry. (See Fortune-Telling.)
• Paper currency, introduced in France by John Law, i. 4.
• Paracelsus, memoir and portrait of, i. 142;
♦ his singular doctrines, 145;

♦ the first of the magnetisers, 262.
INDEX. 21
• Paris, the Palais Royal (engraving), i. 12;
♦ John Lawâs house, Rue de Quincampoix (engraving), 13;

♦ Hotel de Soissons (engraving), 16;
♦ incidents of the Mississippi scheme (four engravings), i. 15, 18, 21, 31;
♦ the Place de GrÃªve (engraving), ii. 192;
♦ the Bastile (engraving), ii. 209;
♦ house of Nicholas Flamel, in the rue de Marivaux, i. 118;
♦ the Rosicrucians in, i. 170-173;
♦ Mesmerâs house; his experiments, 278.
• Parsons and his family, concoctors of the âCock Lane Ghostâ deception, ii. 228.
• Paulâs Cross, Dr. Lamb, the poisoner, attacked and killed there (engraving), ii. 202.
• Persecution of alleged witches. (See Witches.)
• Peter the Great taxes beards (portrait), i. 267.
• Peter the Hermit. (See the Crusades.)
• Peter of Lombardy, an alchymist, i. 136.
• Peter of Pontefract, his false prophecies described by Grafton, i. 234.
• Petronella, the wife of Nicholas Flamel, i. 116.
• Philalethes, Eugenius, a Rosicrucian, i. 175.
• Philip I. excommunicated, ii. 8.
• Philip Augustus joins the third crusade (engraving), ii. 64, 66;
♦ his jealousy of Richard I., 69, 71;

♦ returns to France, 72.
• Philip IV., portrait of, ii. 112;
♦ his persecution of the Templars, ii. 113.

• Philosopherâs stone, searchers for the. (See Alchymists.)
• Pietro DâApone. (See DâApone.)
• Pigray on witchcraft in France, ii. 122.
• Pilgrimages to Jerusalem before the Crusades, ii. 2.
• Pilgrimâs staff (engraving), ii. 56.
• Place de GrÃªve (engraving), ii. 192;
♦ Madame de Brinvilliers; La ChaussÃ©e and others executed there for poisoning, 212, 213,
215.
• Plague at Milan prophesied, i. 225.
• Plays on the adventures of thieves, their evil influence, ii. 253, 257.
• Poisoning, in Greece and Rome; its spread in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries;
declared high treason in England, ii. 192;
♦ Sir Thomas Overbury poisoned; full history of his case, with portraits of Overbury, the Earl
and Countess of Somerset, Lord Coke, and Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, 193-201;
♦ suspicious death of Prince Henry, son of James I., 200;
♦ Buckingham said to have poisoned James I., 201;
♦ fate of Dr. Lamb, the poisoner (engraving), 202;
♦ slow poisoning in Italy, its general prevalence; employed by the Duke of Guise; much used
by Roman ladies to poison husbands, 203;
♦ trial and execution of La Spara and others; other women punished, 204;
♦ atrocious crimes of La Tophania; the nature of her poison; protected in sanctuary by the
clergy of Naples; seized by the viceroy, tried, and executed, 206-208.
INDEX. 22
♦ In France: Exili, Glaser, and Sainte Croix, the first criminals, 208;
♦ Madame de Brinvilliers and Sainte Croix; their crimes and punishment, 208-214;
♦ M. de Penautier charged with poisoning; popular mania for the crime, 214;
♦ Lavoisin and Lavigoreux executed, 215;
♦ charges against the Marshal de Luxembourg and the Countess of Soissons; recent revival of
the crime in England, 216.
• Pope, his sketch of Sir John Blunt, Chairman of the South-Sea Company, i. 74.
• Popular Follies of Great Cities, ii. 239-248.
♦ Cant or slang phrases:
◊ âQuoz,â 240;
◊ âWhat a shocking bad hat,â 240;
◊ âHookey Walker,â 241;
◊ âThere he goes with his eye out,â 242;
◊ âHas your mother sold her mangle?â 242;
◊ âFlare up,â 242;
◊ âDoes your mother know youâre out?â 244;
◊ âWho are you?â 244.
♦ Songs:
◊ âCherry ripe,â 246;

◊ âThe Sea,â 247;
◊ âJim Crow,â 247.
• Portraits.âJohn Law, i. 1;
♦ the Regent Orleans, 5;

♦ DâAguesseau, 34;
♦ DâArgenson, 42;
♦ Earl of Sunderland, 80;
♦ Harley Earl of Oxford, 46;
♦ Sir Robert Walpole, 49;
♦ Mr. Secretary Craggs, 64;
♦ Conrad Gesner, the first tulip cultivator, 85;
♦ Albertus Magnus, 100;
♦ Arnold de Villeneuve, 103;
♦ Raymond Lulli, 105;
♦ Cornelius Agrippa, 138;
♦ Panacelsus, 142;
♦ Dr. Dee, 152;
♦ Philip IV., ii. 112;
♦ Charles IX., 119;
♦ John Knox, 128;
♦ James I., 134;
♦ Sir George Mackenzie, 138;
♦ Pietro dâApone, 140;
♦ Sir Matthew Hale, 148;
♦ Sir Thomas Brown, 151;
♦ Louis XIV., 177;
♦ Henry Andrews, the original of âFrancis Moore,â i. 244;
♦ Nostradamus, 246;
INDEX. 23
♦ Peter the Great, 267;
♦ Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 195;
♦ Villiers duke of Buckingham, 198;
♦ Lord Chief Justice Coke, 199;
♦ Earl and Countess of Somerset, 200, 201;
♦ Henry IV. of France, 277;
♦ Lord Bacon, 286.
• Political prejudices and enactments against long hair and beards, i. 296-303.
• Poetry and romance, their obligations to the Rosicrucians, i. 179.
• Powell, Chief Justice, his opposition to the belief in witchcraft, ii. 152.
• Prophecies: Plague of Milan, i. 225;
♦ plague of London, 1665, inundation of London, 1528, 228;

♦ great fire, 1666; earthquake, 1842, 230;
♦ Mother Shipton, with view of her cottage, 232, 241;
♦ Merlin, 232-238;
♦ Peter of Pontefract, 234;
♦ Robert Nixon the Cheshire prophet, 238;
♦ almanac-makers, 240 (see Fortune-Telling);
♦ end of the world, 222, 224;
♦ earthquakes, 224.
♦ (See Modern Prophecies, the Crusades, Peter Barthelemy, &c.)
• Puysegur, the Marquis de, his discovery of clairvoyance; his magnetic elm, i. 283-286.
• Raising the dead and absent, a power ascribed to Cornelius Agrippa, i. 142;
♦ and Cagliostro, 217.

• Raleigh, Sir Walter, an inveterate duellist, abandons the custom, ii. 297.
• Raymond of Toulouse, a leader of the first crusade, ii. 21, 26, 29, 31, 34, 45, 46;
♦ his supposed collusion with Peter Barthelemy, 35, 37, 41;

♦ at the siege of Jerusalem, 46.
• Raymond Lulli. (See Lulli.)
• Reinaldo, a leader of the first crusade, ii. 18.
• Relics, brought by the early pilgrims from Palestine, ii. 2;
♦ swearing on, a test of innocence, 264;

♦ fragments of the true cross; bones of saints; tears of the Saviour; tears and milk of the Virgin;
Santa Scala at Rome; relics of Longbeard, Massaniello, La Brinvilliers, Dr. Dodd, Fauntleroy,
Thurtell, Corder, Greenacre, Thom, Shakspere, Napoleon, Waterloo, 302-308.
• Religious prejudices and ordinances against long hair and beards, i. 296-303.
• Rhodes, Richard I. at (engraving), ii. 69.
• Rice, Count, tried for killing Du Barri in a duel, ii. 293.
• Richard I. sets out for Palestine, ii. 67;
♦ attacks the Sicilians, 68;

♦ arrives at Rhodes (engraving), 69;
♦ his queen Berengaria (engraving), 70;
♦ captures Acre, 71;
♦ reaches Bethlehem (engraving), 73;
♦ his concern on being obliged to retreat, 74;
INDEX. 24
♦ his reputation in Palestine, 74.
• Richelieu an alchymist, i. 198;
♦ his opposition to duelling, ii. 279, 280.

• Ripley, George, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 118.
• Robert duke of Normandy, a leader of the Crusades, ii. 21, 31, 39, 46.
• Robert count of Flanders, a leader of the first Crusade, ii. 21, 30, 31.
• Robert of Paris (Count), his insolence to the Emperor Alexius, ii. 25;
♦ killed at the battle of DorylÃ¦um, 29.

• Robin Hood, popular admiration of, ii. 250.
• Robinson, Ann, the Stockwell âGhost,â ii. 234.
• Rochester, Viscount, afterwards Earl of Somerset. (See Somerset.)
• Roger Bacon. (See Bacon.)
• Romance and poetry, their obligations to the Rosicrucians, i. 179.
• Rosenberg (Count), a patron of Dr. Dee, i. 159.
• Rosicrucians, the, their romantic doctrines; history of their progress, i. 167;
♦ their poetical doctrines, sylphs, naiades, gnomes, and salamanders, 172, 179.
• Rouen, view in, ii. 171;
♦ the Parliament remonstrate with Louis XIV. on his leniency to suspected witches, 172.
• Rudolph (I. and II.), Emperors, their encouragement of alchymy, i. 158, 165.
• Rupecissa, John de, a French alchymist, i. 136.
• Russia, tax on beards imposed by Peter the Great, i. 301.
• âSabbaths,â or meetings of witches and demons, ii. 107, 133.
♦ (See Witchcraft.)
• Sainte Croix, the slow poisoner in France, his crimes and death, ii. 208, 211.
• Saints, relics of, ii. 304.
• Saladin, his military successes, ii. 63;
♦ his defence of Acre, 69, 71;

♦ defeated at Azotus, 72;
♦ and at Jaffa, 74.
• âSaladinâs tithe,â a tax enforced by the Crusaders, ii. 65.
• Salamanders. (See the Rosicrucians.)
• Santa Scala, or Holy Stairs, at Rome, ii. 304.
• Schinderhannes, the German robber, ii. 256.
• Scotland, witchcraft in. (See Witchcraft.)
• Scott, Sir Walter, his anachronisms on the Crusades, ii. 74, 98.
♦ âScratching Fanny,â or the Cock Lane Ghost; her remains in the vault of St. Johnâs Church,
Clerkenwell, ii. 230.
• Seal of Edward I. (engraving), ii. 97.
• Seifeddoulet, the Sultan, his reception of Alfarabi, the alchymist, i. 98.
• Semlin attacked by the Crusaders, ii. 15.
• Sendivogius, a Polish alchymist, i. 164, 165.
• SenÃ©s, Bishop of, his report on Jean Delisleâs success in alchymy, i. 193.
• Serlo cuts off the hair of Henry I. (engraving), i. 296, 298.
INDEX. 25
• Seton, the Cosmopolite, an alchymist; memoir of, i. 163.

• SevignÃ©, Madame, her account of Madame de Brinvilliers, ii. 208, 213.
• Shakespereâs Mulberry-tree, ii. 307.
• Sharp, Giles, contriver of mysterious noises at Woodstock Palace, ii. 224.
• Shem, the son of Noah, an alchymist, i. 95.
• Sheppard, Jack, his popularityâlines on his portrait by Thornhill, ii. 252;
♦ evil effect of a novel and melo-dramas representing his career, 253.

• Sherwood Forest, and Robin Hood (engraving), ii. 249, 250.
• Shipton, Mother, her prophecy of the fire of London, i. 230;
♦ her popularity, 231;

♦ view of her cottage, 241.
• Simeon, the Patriarch, a promoter of the Crusades, ii. 7.
• Slang phrases. (See Popular Follies.)
• Slow Poisoners, the. (See Poisoning.)
• Smollett, on history and the South-Sea Bubble, i. 67.
• Soliman the Sultan, his conflict with the Crusaders, ii. 18.
• Somerset, the Earl of (poisoner of Sir Thos. Overbury), portrait of, ii. 200;
♦ his origin and rise at court; supposed vicious connexion with James I.; his intrigue and
marriage with the Countess of Essex; the murder of Overbury; the earlâs trial and sentence,
193-201.
• Somerset, the Countess of, her participation in the murder of Sir Thos. Overbury, with portrait, ii.
201.
• Songs:
♦ on the Mississippi scheme, i. 36;

♦ on the South-Sea Bubble, 50;
♦ on famous thieves, ii. 260;
♦ on witchcraft, popular in Germany, 165;
♦ popularity of âCherry Ripe,â âThe Sea,â âJim Crow,â 246.
• Songs, Berangerâs âThirteen at Table,â i. 257.
• Songs of the Rosicrucians, i. 168, 204.
• Sorcery. (See Witchcraft and Alchemy.)
• Sorel, Agnes, her patronage of Jacques CÅur, the alchymist, i. 132.
• South-Sea Bubble, history of, i. 45-84;
♦ the Company originated by Harley, Earl of Oxford; its primary object, 45;
♦ visionary ideas of South-Sea trade; restrictions imposed by Spanish Government, 46;
♦ proposals to Parliament to reduce the debt; capital increased to twelve millions; success of the
Company, 47;
♦ its application to take the whole state debt; counter application by the Bank of England; the
former adopted by Parliament; stock rises from 130 to 300, 48;
♦ Sir R. Walpoleâs warning; directorsâ exertions to raise the prices, 49;
♦ bill passed; great demand for shares, 50;
♦ other bubble schemes started and encouraged, 51, 52;
♦ eighty-six of them dissolved, 55, 57;
♦ shares at 400; fall to 290, but raised by the directorsâ schemes, 51;
♦ dividend declared; increased excitement, 52;
♦ Swiftâ lines on Change Alley; extent of the delusion; frauds of schemers, 54;
INDEX. 26
♦ fears of the judicious; bubble companies proclaimed unlawful, 55;
♦ continued excitement; stock at 1000, 62, 63;
♦ Sir John Blunt, the chairman, sells out; stock falls; meeting of the company; Mr. Secretary
Craggs supports directors, 63;
♦ increased panic; negociation with Bank of England, 64, 65;
♦ they agree to circulate the companyâs bonds, 66;
♦ total failure of the company; social and moral evils of the scheme, 67;
♦ arrogance of the directors; petitions for vengeance on them; Kingâs speech to Parliament, 69;
♦ debates thereon, 69, 71;
♦ punishment resolved on, 70;
♦ Walpoleâs plan to restore credit; officers of the company forbidden to leave England, 71;
♦ ministers proved to have been bribed by shares, 73, 77;
♦ directors apprehended; treasurer absconds, 73;
♦ measures to arrest him, 73, 74;
♦ directors expelled from Parliament, 74;
♦ chairmanâs examination, 75;
♦ treasurer imprisoned at Antwerp, but escapes, 76;
♦ reports on the details of the fraud, 76;
♦ Mr. Stanhope, Secretary to Treasury, charged but acquitted; dissatisfaction thereon, 78;
♦ Mr. Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer, committed to the Tower, and consequent
rejoicings (engraving), 79;
♦ Sir George Caswall punished; the Earl of Sunderland acquitted; death of Mr. Secretary
Craggs, and his father, participators in the fraud, 80;
♦ heavy fines on the directors; account of these proceedings by Gibbon the historian, 81;
♦ measures adopted to restore credit, 83;
♦ caricatures by Hogarth and others (seven engravings), 60, 61, 68, 70, 76, 82, 84.
• South-Sea House, view of, i. 45.
• Spara, Hieronyma, the slow poisoner of Rome, her trial and execution, ii. 205.
• Speculations. (See Money Mania, the Mississippi Scheme, South-Sea Bubble, and Bubble Schemes.)
• Spenser, his description of Merlin and his cave, i. 232, 237.
• Spirits. (See Demons, Witchcraft, Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus, &c.)
• Sprenger, a German witch-finder; his persecutions, ii. 118-159.
• St. Bernard preaches the second Crusade, ii. 53, 55;
♦ his miracles, 56;

♦ failure of his prophecies, 62.
• St. Dunstan and the devil, ii. 103.
• St. Evremond, his account of the impositions of Valentine Greatraks, i. 270.
• St. Germain (Count de), the alchymist, memoir of, i. 200;
♦ his profusion of jewels, 203;

♦ his pretensions to long life, 205.
• St. Johnâs Eve, St. Markâs Eve, St. Swithinâs Eve, superstitious customs, i. 258.
• Stanhope, Earl, supports the proposition to punish the directors of the South-Sea Company, i. 72, 73;
♦ is stigmatised in Parliament, and dies suddenly, 75.

• Stanhope, Charles, secretary to Treasury;
♦ his participation in the South-Sea fraud, i. 77, 78;

♦ his acquittal by parliament, and consequent disturbances, 78.
INDEX. 27
• Stedinger, the, a section of the Frieslanders; their independence; accused of witchcraft by the Pope,
and exterminated by the German nobles, ii. 110, 111.
• Stephen, king of Poland, his credulity and superstition, i. 159.
• Stock jobbing. (See South-Sea Bubble.)
♦ âStock Jobbing Cards,â or caricatures of the South-Sea Bubble (two engravings), i. 60, 61.
• Stonehenge ascribed to Merlin, i. 237.
• Suger dissuades Louis VII. from the Crusade, ii. 55-62.
• Sully, his wise opposition to duelling, ii. 279
• Sunderland, Earl of, portrait of, i. 80;
♦ his participation in the South-Sea Bubble, i. 50, 77, 78;

♦ discontent at his acquittal, 80.
• Superstitions on the 1st of January, Valentine Day, Lady Day, St. Swithinâs Eve, St. Markâs Eve,
Candlemas Eve, Midsummer, St. Johnâs Eve, 29th February, 258.
• Surrey and the fair Geraldine; the vision shewn by Cornelius Agrippa, i. 142.
• Sweden, executions for witchcraft, ii. 177.
• Sylphs. (See the Rosicrucians.)
• Syria. (See the Crusades.)
• Tancred, his achievements in the first Crusade, ii. 26, 35, 38, 39, 45.
• Tax on beards imposed by Peter the Great, i. 301.
• Tedworth, Wiltshire, the âhaunted houseâ there; narrative of the deception, ii. 224.
• Tempests caused by witches, ii. 102, 106, 133, 134.
• Templars, Knights, subdued by Saladin, ii. 63;
♦ support Frederick II. in the seventh Crusade, 86;

♦ their subsequent reverses, 87, 90, 99;
♦ accused of witchcraft, 112;
♦ persecuted by Philip IV.; the grand master burnt, 113.
• TÃªtenoire, a famous French thief, ii. 255.
• Theatrical productions, on the lives of robbers; their pernicious influence, ii. 253-257.
• Thieves, Popular admiration of Great, ii. 249-260;
♦ Robin Hood, ii. 250;

♦ Dick Turpin, 251;
♦ Jack Sheppard, 252;
♦ Jonathan Wild, 254;
♦ Claude Duval, 255;
♦ Aimerigot TÃªtenoire, 255;
♦ Cartouche; Vidocq, 256;
♦ Italian banditti, 256, 257;
♦ Schinderhannes and Nadel, 257;
♦ evil influence of the âBeggarsâ Operaâ and other plays on the subject of thieves 253, 257,
258;
♦ Lord Byronâs âCorsairâ and Schillerâs âRobber,â 259.
• Thomas Aquinas. (See Aquinas.)
• Tiberias, battle of, ii. 63.
• Tibertus, Antiochus, his wonderful prophecies, i. 248.
• Toads dancing at the witchesâ âSabbaths,â ii. 108.
• Tophania, La, a famous poisoner in Italy, her crimes and execution; the nature of her potions, ii. 206.
INDEX. 28
• Torture, its cruelty exposed by the Duke of Brunswick, ii. 170.
♦ (See Witchcraft.)
• Toulouse, witches burnt at, ii. 160.
• Tournaments and judicial combats. (See Duels.)
• Tours, haunted house at, ii. 221.
• Tower Hill, bonfires on the committal of participators in the South-Sea Bubble (engraving), i. 79.
• Tower of London, Raymond Lulli the alchymist said to have practised there, i. 109;
♦ poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 195.

• Transmutation of metals. (See Alchymists.)
• Trees, their significance in dreams, i. 254;
♦ susceptible of magnetic influence, 284.

• Trial by Battle. (See Duels and Ordeals.)
• Trithemius, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 124.
• Trois-Echelles executed for witchcraft, ii. 120.
• Troussel, William, his duel with the Constable Du Guesclin (engraving), ii. 261, 271.
• âTruce of God,â the, proclaimed by the first Crusaders, ii. 14.
• âTrue Cross,â fragments of the, ii. 3, 71.
♦ (See Relics.)
• Tulip Mania;
♦ the flower first introduced into Europe by Gesner, portrait of Gesner, i. 85;
♦ great demand for plants in Holland and Germany, introduced in England from Vienna, the
flower described and eulogised by Beckmann and Cowley, 86;
♦ rage for bulbs in Holland and their enormous prices, 87;
♦ amusing errors of the uninitiated, 88;
♦ marts for the sale of bulbs, jobbing and gambling, ruinous extent of the mania and immense
profits of speculators, 89;
♦ âtulip-notariesâ appointed, sudden loss of confidence and fall of prices, meetings, deputation
to the government, 90;
♦ unfulfilled bargains repudiated by the law courts, 91;
♦ the mania in England and France, 91;
♦ subsisting value of choice bulbs, 92.
• Tunis invaded by the Crusaders, ii. 96.
• Tunbridge Wells, a witch doctor there in 1830, ii. 189.
• Turner, Mrs. her participation in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 194, 198, 199.
• Turpin, Dick, popular admiration of, ii. 251.
• Undines. (See the Rosicrucians.)

• Urban II. preaches the Crusade (frontispiece), ii. 7.
• Valentine, Basil, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 119.

• Valentineâs Day superstitions, i. 258.
• Vauvert, the ruined palace at, haunted, ii. 220.
• Vezelais, cathedral of (engraving), ii. 54.
• Villars, Marshal, his opposition to the Mississippi scheme, i. 16.
• Vulgar phrases. (See Popular Follies.)
• Visions, pretended. (See Barthelemy, Agrippa, and Dr. Dee.)
INDEX. 29
• Waldenses, the, persecuted and burnt at Arras, ii. 115.

• Walpole, Sir Robert, his warning of the evils of the South-Sea bubble, portrait of him, i. 49-55;
♦ his measures to restore credit, 70, 71.

• Walter the Penniless, a leader of the first Crusade, ii. 15, 18.
• Warbois, the witches of, absurd charges against them, their execution, ii. 125.
• âWater of Life,â searchers for. (See Alchymists.)
• Water ordeal. (See Duels and Ordeals.)
• âWeapon-salve,â controversy respecting, i. 265.
• âWehr-wolvesâ executed, ii. 120, 168.
• Westminster Abbey, Raymond Lulli, the alchymist, said to have practised there, i. 109;
♦ tomb of Queen Eleanor (engraving), ii. 99.

• Weston, Richard, an accomplice in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 194, 198, 199.
• Wharton, Duke of, his speeches on the South-Sea Bubble, i. 50, 75.
• Whiston, his prophecy of the end of the world, i. 223.
• William of Tyre preaches the Crusade, ii. 63, 65.
• Wilson, ââ, killed in a duel by John Law, i. 3.
• Wirdig, Sebastian, the magnetiser, i. 273.
• Witchcraft:âAccount of the witch mania, ii. 101-191;
♦ popular belief in witches, ii. 102;

♦ their supposed compacts with the devil; popular notions of the devil and demons, 103;
♦ witches could secure their services, 107;
♦ their meetings or âSabbaths,â 107, 133, 166, 169, 171;
♦ frequent persecution on the pretext of witchcraft, 110;
♦ the Stedinger, a section of the Frieslanders, exterminated on that charge, 110;
♦ the Templars accused of witchcraft; the Grand Master and others burnt; execution of Joan of
Arc (engraving), 113;
♦ combined with heresy as a charge against religious reformers, 114;
♦ the Waldenses persecuted at Arras; their confessions under torture; belief common to
Catholics and Reformers; Florimond on the prevalence of witchcraft, 115;
♦ witches executed at Constance; Bull of Pope Innocent VIII.; general crusade against witches,
117;
♦ Sprengerâs activity in Germany; Papal commissions, 118;
♦ executions in France; sanctioned by Charles IX., 119, 122;
♦ Trois Echelles, his confessions and execution, 120;
♦ âmen-wolves,â executed, 121;
♦ English statutes against witchcraft, 123;
♦ Bishop Jewellâs exclamations, 124;
♦ the witches of Warbois; absurd charges and execution of the victims, 125;
♦ annual sermon at Cambridge, ii. 127;
♦ popular belief and statutes in Scotland, 127, 154;
♦ charges against the higher classes; against John Knox, 128;
♦ numerous executions; trial of Gellie Duncan and others, 129;
♦ James I., his interest in the subject; Dr. Fian tortured (engraving), 131;
♦ confessions of the accused, 132;
♦ their execution; further persecution, 135;
♦ case of Isabel Gowdie, 136;
♦ opinions of Sir George Mackenzie (portrait), 136, 155;
♦ death preferred to the imputation of witchcraft, 137, 139;
INDEX. 30
♦ King Jamesâs âDemonology,â 139;
♦ the âLancashire witchesâ executed, 141;
♦ Matthew Hopkins, the âwitch-finder generalâ (engraving), 143;
♦ his impositions, cruelty, and retributive fate, 148;
♦ âcommon prickersâ in Scotland, 146;
♦ Mr. Louis, a clergyman, executed, 147;
♦ Glanvilleâs Sadducismus Triumphatus, 148;
♦ witches tried before Sir Matthew Hale (portrait); Sir Thomas Brownâs evidence (portrait);
conviction and execution, 148-152;
♦ trials before Chief Justices Holt and Powell, 152, 153;
♦ the last execution in England, in 1716, 153;
♦ Scotch laws on the subject, 154;
♦ various trials in Scotland 155-158;
♦ last execution in Scotland, in 1722, 158;
♦ proceedings of Sprenger in Germany, Bodinus and Delrio in France, 159;
♦ executions at Constance, Toulouse, Amsterdam, and Bamberg, 160-162;
♦ numerous executions at Wurtzburg, including many children, 163;
♦ others at Lendheim, 164;
♦ the âWitchesâ Gazette,â a German ballad, 165;
♦ the MarÃ©chale DâAnere executed, 166;
♦ 200 executions at Labourt, 166;
♦ âweir-wolves,â belief in, 168;
♦ Urbain Grandier, curate of Loudun, executed, 169;
♦ singular cases at Lisle, 169;
♦ the Duke of Brunswickâs exposure of the cruelty of torture, 170;
♦ diminution of charges in Germany, 171;
♦ singular remonstrance from the French Parliament to Louis XIV. on his leniency to witches,
171;
♦ executions at Mohra, in Sweden, 177;
♦ atrocities in New England; a child and a dog executed, 180;
♦ the last execution in Switzerland in 1652, 182;
♦ the latest on record, in 1749, at Wurtzburg, 184;
♦ witches ducked in 1760, 185;
♦ Lady Hattonâs reputation for witchcraft; her house in Cross Street, Hatton Garden,
(engraving), 186;
♦ the horse-shoe a protection against witches, 187;
♦ belief in witchcraft recently and still existing, 187;
♦ witch-doctors still practising, 189;
♦ prevalence of the superstition in France, 189;
♦ âfloating a witchâ (engraving), 191.
• Women accompanying the Crusades in arms, ii. 12, 57, 67.
• Woodstock Palace a âhaunted house;â account of the noises, and their cause, ii. 222;
♦ view of, 217.

• Wulstan, Bishop, his antipathy to long hair, i. 297.
• Wurtzburg, numerous executions for witchcraft, ii. 162, 184;
♦ view in, 183.
• York, Duke of, his duel with Col. Lennox, ii. 293.
INDEX. 31
• Zara besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 76.

• Zachaire, Denis, the Alchymist, his interesting memoir of himself, i. 146.
THE END
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INDEX. 39

Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and The Madness of Crowds by Mackay, Charles, 1814-1889

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MEMOIRS

ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS.

Nâen dÃ©plaise Ã ces fous nommÃ©s sages de GrÃ¨ce,

En ce monde il nâest point de parfaite sagesse;

Tous les hommes sont fous, et malgrÃ© tous leurs soÃ®ns

Ne diffÃ¨rent entre eux que du plus ou du moins.

MEMOIRS OF EXTRAORDINARY POPULAR DELUSIONS AND THE Madness of Crowds. 1

♦ its surrender to the Christians, 71.

♦ his opinion on duelling, ii. 281.

♦ his power of raising the dead and the absent, 142.

♦ rejoicings on his committal to the Tower, 79.

♦ portrait of, 100;

♦ imprisons the Count of Vermandois, 23;

♦ his deposition and murder, 78.

♦ defeated by the French and Venetians, 79.

• Anne, Queen, duels in her reign, ii. 289;

♦ her efforts to suppress them, 292.

♦ is taken by treachery, 32;

♦ he destroys an animated brazen statue, 100;

♦ persecution of the Waldenses at, 115.

♦ account of Lillyâs prophecies, 244;

• Bacon, Lord, portrait of, ii. 286;

♦ his opposition to duelling, 285, 287.

♦ his scientific discoveries, 111.

♦ becomes prince of Edessa, 30, 41;

♦ Richard I. arrives there; view of the city, ii. 73.

♦ his examination by Parliament, 75;

♦ takes Antioch, by treachery in the garrison, 32;

♦ relics of her fate anxiously sought after, 305.

♦ profits of the promoters, 53;

♦ portrait of, 198;

• Cagliostro, memoir of, i. 206;

♦ his adventures in London, 209;

♦ his accomplice; her wit, beauty, and ingenuity, 213-216.

♦ his work on that subject, 136.

♦ portrait of, ii. 119;

♦ are sold to slavery, 81.

♦ his house at Bourges (engraving), 132.

♦ the poisoners of Sir Thomas Overbury tried by him, 198.

♦ actually dangerous, 228.

♦ reaches Jerusalem, 60;

♦ witches executed there, 117, 160.

♦ view of, 78.

♦ his lines on relics of great men, ii. 308.

◊ St. Bernardâs preaching; Louis VII. joins the Crusaders, 53-55;

◊ Crusaders expel Alexius III. from Constantinople, 77;

◊ undertaken by the King of Hungary; pursued in Egypt; Damietta taken, 82;

◊ intrigues against him; he is excommunicated, 85;

◊ joined by William Longsword (engraving), 91;

◊ Louis dies at Carthage, 96;

• DâAguesseau, Chancellor of France, his opposition to the Mississippi scheme, i. 11;

♦ portrait of; his financial measures, 33.

♦ portrait of, ii. 140.

♦ portrait of, 42.

♦ beheaded by the justice of Richelieu, 281.

♦ his âshew-stoneâ in the British Museum (engraving), 154.

♦ his success in transmuting metals, attested by the Bishop of Senes, 193;

♦ their powers and propensities, 106, 107;

♦ of the enthusiasm of the first Crusaders, 12, 23.

♦ various forms assumed by him, 106, 107;

♦ his power of removing flaws in, 204.

♦ pretended influence of magnetism, 262.

• Earthquakes prophesied in London, i. 224, 230.