Outline for Chapter 8

Define the following terms

Extensions of Mendelian Genetics (Section 8.1, pp 175-178)
Figures to review: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, Table 8.2

Incomplete dominance
Where the hereozygote has a phenotype intermediate to both homozygotes
o Example: Flowers, homozygous dominant = red homozygous recessive = white,
heterozygous = pink

Codominance
Two different alleles of a gene are both expressed
Neither allele is dominant to the other
May be a comination of both fully expressed traits
o Example: Cattle, allele for red hair and allele for white hair. In heterozygote, the
cattle have patchy cotas that consist of an apporoximately equal mixture of white
hairs and red hairs

Polygenic Traits
Controlled by many genes
Affected by environmental components like nutrition and physical activity
o Examples: Bone size and structure

ABO Blood Groups
Categorizing human blood based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates on the
suface of red blood cells
Displays two extensions of Mendelism - codominance and multiple allelism

Multiple Allelism
When there are more than two alleles of a gene in a population
o Example: A, B, and O blood. A and B display codominance, O is recessive

Rh factor
Molecule on the surface of red blood cells
Someone who is positive for this trait has the Rh factor on their red blood cells,
someone who is negative does not.
Positive is dominant to negative

Pleiotropy
Ability of a single gene to cause multiple effects on an individuals phenotype

Hemophilia


Pleiotropic clood-clotting disorder
When missing the clotting factor, blood does not form clots to stop bleeding from a cut
of internal blood vessel damage
Bleed excessively

Sex determination and sex linkage (Section 8.2, pp 178-183)
Figures to review: 8.4. 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8

Autosomes
Non-sex chromosomes
22 pairs

Sex Chromosomes
One pair
X and Y chromosome

Sex Determination
Process of which the sex of an individual is produced
Sperm cells contain either an X or Y chromosome
Egg cells contain an X chromosome

Sex-Linked Genes
Biological sex is inherited along with the X or Y chromosome
Genes found on X are X-linked, genes found on Y are Y-linked
X is much larged than the Y chromosome

X Inactivation
Occurs in all of the cells of a devloping femal embryo
Guarantees that all females actually receive only one dose of the proteins produced by
genes on the X chromosome
Takes place when the embryo implants in the uterus
Irreversible

Y-Linked Genes
Located on Y chromosome
Passed from fathers to sons

Pedigrees (Section 8.3, pp 183-185)
Figures to review: 8.9, 8.10, 8.11, 8.16

Pedigree


A family tree that follows the inheritance of a genetic trait for many generations
of relatives