Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX 1

Comparison Matrix

Mary Bower

Grand Canyon University-LDR-802

September 3, 2014









Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX 2
Comparison Matrix

Article 1-Theory of
Trait
Article 2-Theory of
Skill
Title/Author(s)
Functional Dysphonia During
Mental Imagery: Testing the Trait
Theory of Voice Disorders.

Mersbergen, M; Patrick, C, and
Glaze, L.

Validation and piloting of direct
observation of practical skills tool to
assess intubation in the Chilean
context.
Delfino, Alejandro E.
Chandratilake, Madawa
Altermatt, Fernando R
Echevarria, Ghislaine



Persistent
GCU Library
Link
eds.b.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:
2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?
sid=f3c23d0c-d7cf-47df-9678-
c852e3028d0c%40sessionmgr113&
vid=30&hid=105
eds.b.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:
2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=f
3c23d0c-d7cf-47df-9678-
c852e3028d0c%40sessionmgr113&vid
=17&hid=105

Purpose of the
Study
What is the authors
rationale for
selecting this topic?
Does he build a
strong case?
Test the test theory of voice
disorders in persons with functional
dystonia (FD).
To create a modified version of the
Direct Observation of Procedural Skills
(DOPS) adapted to the Chilean
anesthetic reality and to establish the
psychometric properties of it.

Research
Question(s)
What question(s)
does the author
present?
1. Linked to HC (healthy controls),
persons with FD will have elevated
amount of N/NE (neuroticism or
undesirable expressions), and
intensified (CON) behavioral
constraint) in psychometric
measures of temperament.
2. The FD group will show a larger
measure of autonomic activation
connected with emotion related to
the HC group.
3. There will be a larger decrease in
Does performing DOPS assist
anesthesiology students in their skill
sets?
Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX 3
behavior manifestations in dialogue
disorders than in nonverbal
circumstances for persons with FD
associated with HC and SA (social
anxiety).

Literature
Review
How is this
organized? What are
the main themes
found in the review?
Who are the main
authors used?
This study was arranged into sub-
sections. First the abstract, then the
description of the study, what the
disease was, the hypothesis, method,
participants, measures of
independent variables, dependent
measures, procedures,
instrumentation and data reduction,
analysis, results, post mood
induction, behavior measures during
imagery, conclusion, behavioral
inhibition, reduced activation,
limitations, emotional regulation,
prior therapy and future directions.
Some of the main themes in the
report are those of explanation about
the disease and how it is presented.
Other themes are regarding the test
itself going into the statistical data
and diagnostics.
Organization was complete with
abstract, introduction, methods, results,
and statistical data from the interviews,
discussion, conclusions and references.
The main theme across the study was
involving skills to meet the objectives
of the study. The use of feedback to
the students is an important part of the
skill tools. The main authors were:
Epstein, Norcini, Teezlaff, Wass,
Miller & Archer, Govaerts, and Wragg

Sample
Population(s)
What group(s) is/are
being studied?
In the groups there were three
experimental groups; of which there
were 11 members per group. The FD
group included 12 females18-55
years of age. The social anxiety
group (SA) comprised of 19
females18-55. The healthy controls
(HC) comprised of 23 healthy
females ranging from 18-55.
33 anesthesia staff was invited to
participate. A survey was sent to eleven
anesthesiologists that were in charge of
the anesthesia clinical rotations. Ten
completed surveys were received with
a response rate of 91%

Limitations
What are the
limitations of the
study? Why can it
only encompass so
much?
FD patients may respond differently
to stimuli than the SA and HC
groups.
Prior voice therapy was conducted
on the FD group and not the others.
DOPS was piloted for a single
procedure in a single center in Chile;
different context may achieve different
results.
Small population study.
Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX 4
Small and uneven group size.
All female population excluding
men from the research.

Results/
Conclusions
What did the author
find through the study?
Was the original
question answered?
The three groups recorded similarly
on the CON (the amount to which a
person acts upon or expresses their
unpredictable traits). The FD group
showed an increased rise of fear, but
not evasion in communal
circumstances. The HC and the SA
groups achieved comparable in the
autonomic measure of emotion, as
contrasted with the FD group. The
three groups achieved similar results
on the CON issue, which is not
dependable with previous studies.
Hypothesis one results were not
answered; it concluded that the FD
group showed an increased level of
fear but not evasion in communal
circumstances. Hypothesis two
results did show foreseen autonomic
action to emotional and verbal skills,
supporting their personal reply of
emotion. Hypothesis three results
clearly presented that the FD group
exhibited a decrease motion in
muscles and facial manifestation of
feeling contrasted to the HC and the
SA groups, partly corroborating the
hypothesis that persons with FD
show a decrease in emotional
expression.
Eight out of the eleven assessment
areas of the original DOPS conform to
Chilean anesthesia context.
Three areas were inappropriate: 1. The
request for informed consent (which is
thought to be done outside the theater,
thus is not observable). 2. The
capacity to perform an appropriate
sedation (as very few procedures are
conducted only under anesthesia). 3.
Appropriate analgesia and preparation
pre-procedure (this was included in
another category).
As interviewees indicated that the
original assessment area consideration
of patient/professionalism was
confusing, it was split to the
consideration of patient welfare and
safety and professionalism during the
procedure execution.
















Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX 5




Comparison Matrix Essay
Mary Bower
Grand Canyon University
September 3,2014

Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX


6
Comparison Matrix Paper
The trait theory is a methodical approach in the study of leadership. It was once called the
Great Man theory due to the fact that they focused on identifying the innate qualities and
characteristics of our great leaders in the social, military and political arenas. It was then thought that
these great men were born with the leadership qualities rather than learned through their environment.
The skills theory is a procedure where one looks at the skills and abilities that can be learned and
developed through ones lifetime to make them a better leader. Northouse, (2013).
Article I: Functional Dysphonia During Mental Imagery: Testing the Trait Theory of Voice
Disorders by Authors: Mersbergen, Patrick and Glaze. Their intention is to examine of voice
ailments in individuals with functional dystonia (FD). Article II: Authentication and piloting of direct
viewing of realistic skills tool to evaluate intubation in the Chilean context by Authors: Altermatt,
Chandratilake, Delfino and Echevarri, test the theory to create a modified version of the Direct
Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS). The authors in Article I states that there has been previous
research on the subject of FD and it proposed that persons present with unpredictable traits that
predispose them to their voice afflictions. In article II the authors want to prove that the model that
they create will be useful to the anesthesia program. Comparison of the research questions is as
follows: In article I, the research questions deal more with patient behavior and if that behavior trait
is related to emotions. Article II asks the question does the Direct Observation of Procedural Skills
(DOPS) assist the anesthesia program in better performing their skills? They are two very different
questions, but in a sense they want the same information; what is the best method for results to be
positive.

Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX


7
Comparison of Research Questions
The researchers want to answer several questions concerning the trait and skill theories, but each will
take various approaches to producing significant data. In article I, the researchers (Mersegen and
Glaze) 2013, ask the questions; do those with FD have an amplified measure of (N/NE) neuroticism
or negative emotionality and an increase in behavioral constraint in psychometric measures of
temperament. Question II in article I Mersegen and Glaze (2013) state that the FD group desire
to establish a greater measure of autonomic initiatives linked to emotion contrasted to the SA (social
anxiety) group. Question III in article I states there will be a larger decrease in interactive
manifestations in language circumstances than in wordless circumstances for those with FD linked
with the HC (healthy control) and SA groups. Hypothesis one was not answered; it concluded that
the FD group established an increase in the level of fear, but not evasion in communal circumstances.
Hypothesis two demonstrated autonomic movement to emotional and communication skills,
corroborating their subjective reactions to emotion. Hypothesis threes results were clearly
explained. The FD group showed a decrease in muscle movement and in a facial manifestation of
emotion contrasted with the HC and SA groups. This somewhat confirms the theory in those with FD
that they explained a decrease of emotional expression.
Whereas in article IIs question they are looking to see if a certain procedure will effectively
assist anesthesiologists in performing certain tasks successfully: does direct observation of procedural
skills adapted by the Chilean anesthetic group assist those in training and honing their skills?
Research is looking to modify the DOPS version. All of the research questions have a common
theme: they are all wanting to know if one reacts to the same stimuli/procedure as others within the
group. The results for the hypothesis in article II reveal that the ability to preform an appropriate
Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX


8
sedation was not proven, as most procedures contain multiple methods of sedation along with
intubation. The study group indicated that the original assessment area was confusing; it was split
between the consideration of the patient welfare, safety and professionalism during the procedures
execution. The overall hypothesis concluded that the modified version of the DOPS was compliant
with the Chilean original version.
Sample Population
Sample populations can be misleading if the percentage of respondents is too low. In article I,
the researchers (Mersegen and Glaze, 2013) stated that there were 11 participants per group (there
were three investigational groups). The FD group included 12 women ranging in age from 18-55.
The SA group included 19 women 18-55. The HC group included 23 women 18-55 (Mersegen and
Glaze, 2013) years of age.
In article II, 33 anesthesia staff was invited to participate in the study. A survey letter was
sent to eleven anesthesiologists the were in charge of the anesthesia clinical rotation. Ten completed
surveys were returned giving this study a 91% response rate (Alejandro, Chandratilake, Altermatt
and Echevarria, 2013).
Comparison of Results
While all of the results of the studies are quite different, the researchers present evidence from
the results that are conclusive to those studies. In article I, Mersenger and Glaze (2013), found that
the three groups scored similar on the CON (the degree to which one acts upon or expresses their
temperamental traits). The FD group had an increase level of fear, but not prevention in social
situations. The HC and SA groups scored likewise in the autonomic measure of emotion, as
Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX


9
contrasted with the FD group. All of the groups achieved similar results on the CON factor, which is
not a reliable factor with the past studies.
Article IIs results were conclusive as to the hypothesis statement. The results give new light
to the information regarding how to perform the procedure of intubation with the practice of the skill.
It did show a modified version of the DOPS version. Granted the more one performs a procedure or a
task, the better they will become, the hypothesis was proven in this study.
Conclusion
Limitations for article I are the FD group could have cognitively replied differently to the
provocations versus groups SA and HC. This could be rationalized by the fact that the stimuli in the
stud used innovative scripts and were authenticated on a separate HC group. HR activity
unsurprisingly intensified for both affect and verbal conditions. For the control groups (SA & HC),
self-rating of disposition and measures of facial expression disclosed that the stimuli were certainly
causing the suitable mood. Contributors with FD reacted alike to additional control groups for all
scripts in both self-regulating of mood and arousal, and in autonomic reactivity. Another important
limitation is that all of the participants were female, not giving the male population a place in this
research. Prior therapy by the FD group could influence some of the results as to be bias.
Article II, limitations could be that the sample size of the study was too small numbering only
ten participants that returned the survey. This could skew the results of the study. Another limitation
is the DOPS was initially intended to be piloted as a single procedure within a single center; therefore
having the DOPS in different situations and different centers could produce different results.
Final conclusions for article I. The intent of this research was to investigate the trait
hypothesis of voice ailments in persons with FD. Final results were that all of the hypotheses were
Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX


10
proven to be true. Although the groups were small and all female the results of the study has proven
that persons with FD present with some of the propensities of N/NE.
Article II final conclusion that proved in the research that a modified DOPS did prove to be a
valuable tool for the anesthesia students. Another fact that proves to be quite interesting is that the
study only performed intubations. Had the study branched out further, it may have produced
differing results.
Comparison of topics suggested for future study
Article I future research topics exploring unpredictable traits in those with FD must not only
try to verify the kind of trait but also search to evaluate the controlling instruments included in verbal
and expressive manifestation.
Article II future research should be consistent with their study. Perhaps enlisting a larger
population would provide different and varying results. Efforts need to be taken to improving staffs
feedback skills.









Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX


11
References

Alejandro, D., Chandratilake, M., Altermatt, F., & Echevarria, G. (2013). Validation and
piloting of direct observation of practical skill tools to assess intubating in the Chilean context.
Journal of Medical Teacher35 (1) 231-236. http://doi: 10.3109/0142159x.2012.737967 Retrieved
from: edu: 2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=d582d8ba-40e9-4e56-90bc-901619609fc4%
40sessionmgr4003&vid=20&hid=4202
Northouse, P.G., (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice (6
th
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publishing.
Mersergen, M., Patrick. & Glaze, L. Functional dysphonia during mental imagery: Testing
the trait theory of voice disorders. (2013). Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
51(24) 1405-1423. Retrieved from: edu: 2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=d582d8ba-40e9-
4e56-90bc-901619609fc4%40sessionmgr4003&vid=24&hid=4202