D:\UNIVERSITY\PMU\Courses\Introduction to Fluid Mechanics\Exam\Summer 09-10\Second exam09-10 Solution.

doc Page 1 of 5

CollegeofEngineering
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
SummerSemester20092010
IntroductiontoFluidMechanics(GEEN3311)
SecondExam
Time:60min

QuestionOne(20Marks)
a. Foreachstatement,choosewhetherthestatementistrueorfalseanddiscussyour
answerbriefly.(8Marks)
i. The Reynolds transport theorem is useful for transforming conservation
equations from their naturally occurring control volume forms to their
system forms. (False) The statement is backwards, since the conservation laws are
naturallyoccurringinthesystemform.
ii. TheReynoldstransporttheoremisapplicableonlytonondeformingcontrol
volumes. (False) The RTT can be applied to any control volume, fixed, moving, or
deforming.
iii. The Reynolds transport theorem can be applied to both steady and
unsteady flow fields. (True) The RTT has an unsteady term and can be applied to
unsteadyproblems.
iv. The Reynolds transport theorem can be applied to both scalar and vector
quantities. (True)TheextensivepropertyB(oritsintensiveformb)intheRTTcanbeany
propertyofthefluidscalar,vector,oreventensor.
b. What is the Eulerian description of fluid motion? How does it differ from the
Lagrangiandescription?(6Marks)
In the Eulerian description of fluid motion, we are concerned with field variables, such as velocity,
pressure,temperature,etc.,asfunctionsofspaceandtimewithinaflowdomainorcontrolvolume.In
contrast to the Lagrangian method, fluid flows into and out of the Eulerian flow domain, and we do
notkeeptrackofthemotionofparticularidentifiablefluidparticles.TheEulerianmethodofstudying
fluid motion is not as natural as the Lagrangian method since the fundamental conservation laws
applytomovingparticles,nottofields.
c. Howisthecombinedpumpmotorefficiencyofapumpandmotorsystemdefined?
Can the combined pumpmotor efficiency be greater than either the pump or the
motorefficiency?(6Marks)
Thecombinedpumpmotorefficiencyofapump/motorsystemisdefinedastheratioofthe
increaseinthemechanicalenergyofthefluidtotheelectricalpowerconsumptionofthemotor.The
combinedpumpmotorefficiencycannotbegreaterthaneitherofthepumpormotorefficiencysince
bothpumpandmotorefficienciesarelessthan1,andtheproductoftwonumbersthatarelessthan
oneislessthaneitherofthenumbers.
in elect,
pump
in elect,
fluid mech,
in elect,
in mech, out mech,
motor pump motor - pump
W
W
W
E
W
E E

= =

QuestionTwo(20Marks)
Water enters a tank of diameter D
T
steadily at a mass flow rate of m
in
. An orifice at the
bottom with diameter D
o
allows water to escape. The orifice has a rounded entrance, so
the frictional losses are negligible. If the tank is initially empty, determine the maximum
heightthatthewaterwillreachinthetankasafunctionofm
in
andD
o
.

Solution
Water enters an empty tank steadily at a specified rate. An orifice at the bottom allows water to escape. The
maximum water level in the tank is to be determined, and a relation for water height z as a function of time is to
be obtained.
Assumptions 1 The orifice has a smooth entrance, and thus the frictional losses are negligible. 2 The flow
through the orifice is steady, incompressible, and irrotational with negligible frictional effects (so that the
Bernoulli equation is applicable).
Analysis (a) We take point 1 at the free surface of the tank, and point 2 at the exit of orifice. We take the
reference level at the orifice (z
2
=0), and take the positive direction of z to be upwards. Noting that the fluid at
both points is open to the atmosphere (and thus P
1
=P
2
=P
atm
) and that the fluid velocity at the free surface is
very low (V
1
0) (it becomes zero when the water in the tank reaches its maximum level), the Bernoulli
equation between these two points simplifies to

1 2
2
2
1 2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2
2

2 2
gz V
g
V
z z
g
V
g
P
z
g
V
g
P
= = + + = + +


xam\Summer 09-10\Second exam09-10 Solution.doc Page 2 of 5

Then the mass flow rate through the orifice for a water height of z becomes
gz
D
V A m 2
4
2
0
2 orifice out out

= = = V

2
2
0
out
4
2
1

=
D
m
g
z

Setting z =h
max
and
in out
m m = (the incoming flow rate) gives
the desired relation for the maximum height the water will reach
in the tank,
2
2
0
in
max
4
2
1

=
D
m
g
h

D
0
Water
D
T

z
m
1
D
0

2
D:\UNIVERSITY\PMU\Courses\Introduction to Fluid Mechanics\E

Question Three ( 30 Marks )
An oil pump is drawing 35 kW of electric power while pumping oil with = 860 kg/m
3
at
a rate of 0.1 m
3
/s. The inlet and outlet diameters of the pipe are 8 cm and 12 cm,
respectively. If the pressure rise of oil in the pump is measured to be 400 kPa and the
motor efficiency is 90 percent, determine the mechanical efficiency of the pump.

Solution
A pump is pumping oil at a specified rate. The pressure rise of oil in the pump is measured, and the motor
efficiency is specified. The mechanical efficiency of the pump is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The elevation difference across the pump is
negligible. 3 All the losses in the pump are accounted for by the pump efficiency and thus h
L
=0. 4 The kinetic
energy correction factors are given to be
1
=
2
= =1.05.
Properties The density of oil is given to be =860 kg/m
3
.
Analysis We take points 1 and 2 at the inlet and the exit of the pump, respectively. Noting that z
1
= z
2
, the
energy equation for the pump reduces to
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 pump, u 2 turbine, e
2 2
L
P V P V
z h z h h
g g g g
+ + + = + + + +
2 2
2 1 2 1
pump, u
( )
2
P P V V
h
g g

= +
m/s 9 . 19
4 / m) (0.08
/s m 1 . 0
4 /
2
3
2
1 1
1
= = = =
D A
V
V V


xam\Summer 09-10\Second exam09-10 Solution.doc Page 3 of 5

m/s 84 . 8
4 / m) (0.12
/s m 1 . 0
4 /
2
3
2
2 2
2
= = = =
D A
V
V V


Substituting, the useful pump head and the corresponding useful
pumping power are determined to be

2 2 2 2
pump, u 3 2 2
400,000 N/m 1 kg m/s [ (8.84 m/s) (19.9 m/s) ]
47.4 16.2 31.2 m
1 N (860 kg/m)(9.81 m/s ) 2(9.81 m/s )
h

= + = =



Pump
Motor
18 kW
Oil
2
1
3 3 2
pump,u pump, u 2
1 kN 1 kW
(860 kg/m)(0.1 m/s)(9.81 m/s )(31.2 m) 26.3 kW
1 kN m/s 1000 kg m/s
W gh


= = =





V
Then the shaft pumping power and the mechanical efficiency of the pump become
kW 5 . 31 kW) 35 )( 90 . 0 (
electric motor shaft pump,
= = = W W


pump, u
pump
pump, shaft
263 kW
0834
31.5 kW
W
.
.
W
= = = =

83.4%
Discussion The overall efficiency of this pump/motor unit is the product of the mechanical and motor
efficiencies, which is 0.9 0.834 =0.75.
D:\UNIVERSITY\PMU\Courses\Introduction to Fluid Mechanics\E

Question Four ( 30 Marks )
A reducing elbow is used to deflect water flow at a rate of 30 kg/s in a horizontal pipe
upward by an angle = 45 from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow
discharges water into the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm
2
at
the inlet and 25 cm
2
at the exit. The elevation difference between the centers of the exit
and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the water in it is 50 kg. Determine the
anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-flux correction
factor to be 1.03.

Solution
A reducing elbow deflects water upwards and discharges it to the atmosphere at a specified rate. The anchoring
force needed to hold the elbow in place is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady, frictionless, one-dimensional, incompressible, and irrotational (so that the
Bernoulli equation is applicable). 2 The weight of the elbow and the water in it is considered. 3 The water is
discharged to the atmosphere, and thus the gage pressure at the outlet is zero. 4 The momentum-flux correction
factor for each inlet and outlet is given to be =1.03.
Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m
3
.
Analysis The weight of the elbow and the water in it is
kN 0.4905 N 490.5 ) m/s kg)(9.81 50 (
2
= = = = mg W
Water
30 kg/s
150 m
2

25 cm
2

45
W
1
2
F
Rz
F
Rx
We take the elbow as the control volume, and
designate the entrance by 1 and the outlet by 2.

We also designate the horizontal coordinate by x
(with the direction of flow as being the positive
direction) and the vertical coordinate by z.

The continuity equation for this one-inlet one-outlet
steady flow system is
1 2
30 kg/s m m m = = =

Noting that AV m = , the inlet and outlet velocities
of water are
m/s 12
) m 0025 . 0 )( kg/m (1000
kg/s 30
m/s 0 . 2
) m 0150 . 0 )( kg/m (1000
kg/s 30
2 3
2
2
2 3
1
1
= = =
= = =
A
m
V
A
m
V

Taking the center of the inlet cross section as the reference level (z
1
=0) and noting that P
2
=P
atm
, the Bernoulli
equation for a streamline going through the center of the reducing elbow is expressed as

= + + = + +
2
2
1
2
2
gage , 1 1 2
2
1
2
2
2 1 2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2

2

2 2
z
g
V V
g P z z
g
V V
g P P z
g
V
g
P
z
g
V
g
P



Substituting,
kPa 73.9 kN/m 9 . 73
m/s kg 1000
kN 1
4 . 0
) m/s 81 . 9 ( 2
m/s) 2 ( m/s) 12 (
) m/s 81 . 9 )( kg/m 1000 (
2
2 2
2 2
2 3
gage , 1
= =

= P
The momentum equation for steady one-dimensional flow is

=
in out
V m V m F

.
D:\UNIVERSITY\PMU\Courses\Introduction to Fluid Mechanics\Exam\Summer 09-10\Second exam09-10 Solution.doc Page 4 of 5


D:\UNIVERSITY\PMU\Courses\Introduction to Fluid Mechanics\Exam\Summer 09-10\Second exam09-10 Solution.doc Page 5 of 5

We let the x- and z- components of the anchoring force of the elbow be F
Rx
and F
Rz
, and assume them to be in the
positive directions. We also use gage pressures to avoid dealing with the atmospheric pressure which acts on all
surfaces. Then the momentum equations along the x and z axes become
sin and cos
2 1 2 1 gage 1,
V m W F V m V m A P F
Rz Rx
= = +
Solving for F
Rx
and F
Rz
, and substituting the given values,
( ) ( )(
2 2
2 1 gage 1 2 1
1 kN
103 30 kg/s)[(12cos45 -2) m/s] 739 kN/m 00150 m
1000 kg m/s
0.908 kN
Rx ,
F m V cos V P A . ( . .

= =

)

kN 0.753 kN 4905 . 0
m/s kg 1000
kN 1
m/s) in45 kg/s)(12s 30 ( 03 . 1 sin
2
2
= +

= + = W V m F
Rz

=

= = = + = + = 39.7 kN 1.18
908 . 0
753 . 0
tan tan , ) 753 . 0 ( ) 908 . 0 (
1 - 1 - 2 2 2 2
Rx
Rz
Rz Rx R
F
F
F F F

Discussion Note that the magnitude of the anchoring force is 1.18 kN, and its line of action makes 39.7
from +x direction. Negative value for F
Rx
indicates the assumed direction is wrong.