Lecture 31: MON 30 MAR

Lecture 31: MON 30 MAR

Ch.32.1
Ch.32.1

3: Maxwell
3: Maxwell

s equations
s equations
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
Physics 2102
Jonathan Dowling
Maxwell I: Gauss
Maxwell I: Gauss

Law for E-Fields:

Law for E-Fields:
charges produce electric elds,
eld lines start and end in charges
!
=
S
q dA E
0
/ "
S
S
S
S
Maxwell II: Gauss
Maxwell II: Gauss

law for B-Fields:

law for B-Fields:
eld lines are closed
or, there are no magnetic monopoles
!
=
S
dA B 0
S
S
S
S
S
S
Maxwell III: Ampere
Maxwell III: Ampere

s law:
s law:
electric currents produce magnetic elds
!
=
C
i ds B
0

C
Maxwell IV: Faraday
Maxwell IV: Faraday

s law:
s law:
changing magnetic elds produce (induce)
electric elds
! !
" =
S C
dA B
dt
d
ds E
Maxwell Equations I
Maxwell Equations I

IV:
IV:
!
=
S
q dA E
0
/ "
!
=
S
dA B 0
!
=
C
i ds B
0

! !
" =
S C
dA B
dt
d
ds E
!
=
S
dA B 0
!
=
C
ds B 0
! !
" =
S C
dA B
dt
d
ds E
In Empty Space with No Charge or Current In Empty Space with No Charge or Current
very suspicious!
?
q
q
=0
=0
i
i
=0
=0

E dA = 0
S
!
Maxwell Maxwell s Displacement Current s Displacement Current
If we are charging a capacitor, there is a
current left and right of the capacitor.
Thus, there is the same magnetic eld right
and left of the capacitor, with circular lines
around the wires.
But no magnetic eld inside the capacitor?
With a compass, we can verify there is
indeed a magnetic eld, equal to the eld
elsewhere.
But there is no current producing it! ?
E E
B B B B
The missing
Maxwell
Equation!
Maxwells Fix
dt
d
dt
EA d
dt
Ed d
d
A
dt
dV
C
dt
CV d
dt
dq
i
E
!
= = = = = =
0 0
0
) ( ) ( ) (
" "
"
We can write the current as:
We calculate the magnetic eld produced by the
currents at left and at right using Amperes law :
!
=
C
i ds B
0

q=CV
V=Ed
C=!
0
A/d "
E
=#EdA=EA
E E
i
d
=!
0
d"/dt
! !
=
S C
dA E
dt
d
ds B
0 0
"
B !
E
i
B
i
B
Displacement Current
Displacement Current
Maxwell proposed it based on
symmetry and math no experiment! !
"
C
ds B 0
Maxwell
Maxwell

s Equations I
s Equations I

V:
V:
!
=
S
q dA E
0
/ "
!
=
S
dA B 0
i dA E
dt
d
ds B
S C
0 0 0
! + =
" "
! !
" =
S C
dA B
dt
d
ds E
I
I
II
II
III
III
IV
IV
V
!
=
S
dA E 0
!
=
S
dA B 0
! !
=
S C
dA E
dt
d
ds B
0 0
"
! !
" =
S C
dA B
dt
d
ds E
Maxwell Equations in Empty Space:
Maxwell Equations in Empty Space:
Fields without
sources?
A solution to the Maxwell equations in empty space is
a traveling wave
c =
1

0
!
0
= 3"10
8
m/s
The electric waves travel
at the speed of light!?
Light itself is a wave of
electricity and magnetism!?
Maxwell, Waves and Light Maxwell, Waves and Light
d
2
E
dx
2
= !
0
"
0
d
2
E
dt
2
# E = E
0
sink(x ! ct )
electric and magnetic forces can travel!
! !
=
S C
dA E
dt
d
ds B
0 0
"
! !
" =
S C
dA B
dt
d
ds E
First person to use electromagnetic waves for communications:
Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937), 1909 Nobel Prize
(rst transatlantic
commercial wireless
service, Nova Scotia,
1909)
Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic waves
First person to prove that electromagnetic waves existed:
Heinrich Hertz (1875-1894)
Electromagnetic Waves: Electromagnetic Waves:
One Velocity, Many Wavelengths! One Velocity, Many Wavelengths!
with frequencies measured in Hertz (cycles per second)
and wavelength in meters.
http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/
http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/spectra.html
How do E&M Waves Travel?
How do E&M Waves Travel?
Is there an ether they ride on? Michelson
and Morley looked and looked, and decided
it wasnt there. How do waves travel???
Electricity and magnetism are relative:
Whether charges move or not depends on
which frame we use
This was how Einstein began
thinking about his theory of
special relativity
Well leave that theory for later.
Summary
Summary
Changing electric elds produce (induce) magnetic
elds: displacement currents.
Maxwells laws allow us to calculate electric and
magnetic elds everywhere in space if we are given
the sources: electric charges and currents.
If there are no sources, we can still have electric
and magnetic elds as electromagnetic waves, which
travel at the speed of light.