AE 3450 - Thermodynamics

Dr. Suresh Menon

Georgia Institute of Technology
Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering
August 20, 2012
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Lecture 1: Introduction and Objectives
Thermodynamics
The study of energy and its relationship to Properties of matter
Matter: Four kinds: Gas, Liquid, Solid, Plasma
Determine the relation between properties: pressure P, density
,Temperature T
Determine how devices that use energy work: Engines,
Compressors, Pumps, Rocket Motors, heat pumps, etc.
Determine the energy eciency, fuel consumption, thrust
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Lecture 1: Introduction and Objectives
Laws of Thermodynamics
The Zero-th Law: The concept of Temperature
The First Law: Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Total Energy = Kinetic + thermal + potential
Identify the kinds of energy and how they change from one form to
other
Focus primarily on thermal energy - internal energy
Internal energy can be changed by (a) Heat Addition and/or (b)
Work Done
The rst law does not tell anything about the possibility of the
energy change
The rst law cannot guide us to determine which process is possible
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Lecture 1: Introduction and Objectives
The Second Law: Entropy Conservation
The concept of entropy S
The Entropy of the Universe will always increase
Tells us what processes are possible and which are impossible (e.g.,
heat can only go from hot to cold)
Processes which destroy entropy are impossible
Processes which conserve or create entropy are possible
Processes which conserve entropy are ideal will be the most
ecient: isentropic process
Need to dene the System to which these laws apply
The Second Law allows us to determine which process is possible
and which is impossible.
Without the second law the rst law does not provide any
guidance on why things work they do
The study and use of First and Second Laws is Thermodynamics
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Lecture 1: Introduction and Objectives
Compressible Flow
Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Internal Energy
At high speed ow KE is large and so energy change can be
between KE and IE
Hypersonic ow when brought to rest becomes hot - conversion
of KE into IE (temperature)
For ows at high Mach number (e.g., 0.3) the ow is considered
compressible (note ow not uid)
Compressible ow means the state of the ow can change too
(Equation of State)
Application to Nozzle, Inlet, Supersonic Flows with shocks and
expansions
Flows with Heat transfer (combustion)
UNITS ARE ESSENTIAL AND MUST BE CONSISTENT
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Lecture 2: Denition of a System
System is a dened subspace of your particular interest typically a
volume that is enclosed by a real (e.g., wall) or imaginary boundary
that can be exible, rigid, porous, moving, changing shape etc.
Closed System: typically used when we are interested in studying a
xed piece of matter. Thus, for closed system NO mass can cross
the system boundary - hence also sometimes called Control Mass
System. NOTE: Energy can cross the boundary.
Open System: More practically relevant for this course and in
which a volume is dened (CONTROL VOLUME, CV) with a
enclosing surface (CONTROL SURFACE, CS) through which both
mass and energy can pass.
Isolated System: Nothing (mass or energy can enter or leave)
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Lecture 2: Denition of Kinds of Energy
Kinetic Energy of the ow is important for Part II of this course
Potential Energy (Gravitational, Spring, EM) is ignored
Only IE (or thermal energy), a measure of the KE of the molecular
motion (as opposed to the KE of ow).
We dene IE by symbol U and is considered U = U(T).
Translational kinetic energy for both atoms and molecules
Rotational kinetic energy only for diatomic and more complex
molecules. Note there are only seven diatomic molecules under
room temperature (H
2
, O
2
, N
2
, F
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
)
Vibrational excitation
Electronic excitation
Translational + Rotational KE is typically the internal energy of
our interest and is measured by temperature T
Vibrational (T
vib
) and electronic (T
ele
) can also contribute to IE
due to dissociation, ionization, recombination processes
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Lecture 2: Energy, Force and Work
Force can do work into a system or take work out of system
Consider a piston of surface area A that encloses a cylinder with
rigid walls and is moved into the cylinder with a force F. Pressure
will increase (note Pressure is force per unit area; i.e., F = PA)
The incremental work for moving a piston a distance dx is
W = PAdx = PdV, where dV = the volume of the chamber.
Work can be considered energy transferred across a control surface
and is equivalent to force acting over a distance.
Note: Work per unit time is Power
REVIEW UNITS of work, energy, force, pressure, power in both
metric and English units
Review Conversion factors
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Lecture 2: Energy and Heat Transfer
Heat can be transferred to change internal energy or temperature
Heat Conduction Rate per unit area:

Q/A =
dT
dx
Here is thermal conductivity and is (T) [Joules/sec m K]
If Q = 0 or

Q = 0 then the system is Adiabatic or insulated
Q and W are NOT properties and occur as the system grows
through a process
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Lecture 2: Equilibrium and Properties
Equilibrium only dened when the system has no tendency to
change with time forever
Not always same as steady state; System can be unsteady and
matter in it can be thermodynamically under equilibrium
Dierent types of Equilibrium
Thermal Equilibrium: T dened and uniform (Internal Energy)
Mechanical Equilibrium: P dened and uniform
Chemical Equilibrium: Composition dened and not changing
Thermodynamic Equilibrium requires ALL of the above to occur
Only when a system or matter is under equilibrium can the
properties of the system be dened
Properites: T, P, , v = 1/, where v is the specic volume
Unique combination of the properties dene the State of the
system: e.g., Equation of State (EOS)
System can go from one state to another state by a path
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Lecture 2: Path and State
Path is how a system goes from one state to the other state
There can be many paths to go from State 1 to State 2 by work
done to (b) the system or heat added (removed)
Thus Q and W are path dependent but properties are not
Some paths are ecient and some paths are impossible
First/Second Laws determine which is possible and why
The First Law tells how the state of the system is changing along a
path as chosen
The Second Law tells if this chosen path is possible or not
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