EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014

Conservation of Energy
Start with 1
st
Law of Thermodynamics for a fixed mass system.
(Energy can not be created or destroyed)

o ow
i
= oE
cot, w work, E Encrgy _
intcrnol
kinctic
potcntiol

and the o implies a small amount

This equation can be written on a rate basis

o
Jt

ow
i
Jt
=
JE
Jt


LHS represents the instantaneous rates of heat and work transfer
(not properties of the system hence they will not be in the material
derivative)
RHS represents energy which is an extensive property hence the
material derivative will be written for this.

Apply RTT with X=E and x =
X
m
, = c
E
t
=
o
ot
cpJ
C.v.
+ c(pI

JA

C.S.
) =
o
Jt

ow
i
Jt


Split energy into its components to get

o
ot
cpJ
C.v.
+ _u +
:
2
2
+gz_ (pI

JA

C.S.
) =

w
i

Here w is the total work, but lets split it up into flow work + all other work
o All other work is; shaft, electric, magnetic, viscous, etc.
o Flow work is the work necessary to push mass across the boundary
against the local pressure


EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014












Consider a mass m that is to flow across the
C.S.

Work done by the system pushing the mass
across the boundary is P i.e., Pressure time
the volume of mass

The P term comes from FX=P dA X= P

Now, since we can define density as p =
m

, the flow work by the system

per unit mass =
P
p
,
Therefore we can say flow work per unit mass
_
P
p
p = _
P
p
JA X p
Over a small t the flow work crossing the boundary is
P
p
(pI

JA

)
And since the flow work must be accounted from the entire the boundary we
need to integrate over the C.S.

w
i

P
p
(pI

JA

C.S.
) =
o
ot
cpJ
C.v.
+ _u +
:
2
2
+gz_(pI

JA

C.S.
)

Taking the definition of Enthalpy = u +
P
p
,
o
ot
cpJ
C.v.
+ _ +
:
2
2
+gz_(pI

JA

C.S.
) =

w
i

Application of One-Dimensional Steady Flow

The one-dimensional energy equation can be deduced by applying the above
balance across a short C.V.


C.V.
C.S. P
m
EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014

For steady flow the time derivative term will go to zero and if we apply the balance
between two stations at the inlet and outlet of the C.V.

2
+
I
2
2
2
=
1
+
I
1
2
2
+q w

where q is the heat transferred into the control volume per unit mass of fluid
flowing through it and w is the work done by the fluid per unit mass in flowing
through the control volume. Attention will here be restricted to flows in which no
work is done so that w is zero.

Assuming no work other than flow work is done and a Calorically perfect gas
= c
p
I therefore

c
p
I
2
+
I
2
2
2
= c
p
I
1
+
I
1
2
2
+q


Applying across our differential C.V.

c
p
I +
I
2
2
+Jq = c
p
(I +JI) +
(I +JI)
2
2



Reduce by eliminating H.O.T. and if the flow is adiabatic, i.e. if there is no heat
transfer to or from the flow, the above equations reduced to

c
p
JI +I JI = u















EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014

Continuing with Thermo Concepts

Anecdotally
1
st
Law The best you can ever expect is 100 %
2
nd
Law Actually you can not even expect that (not all processes are
possible even if they satisfy the 1
st
Law

In this course we will consider many processes to be reversible, although in
reality this is not possible (friction, heat transfer, non-linear effects, etc ..)

ENTROPY is a measure of irreversibility S Entropy
k[
K
,

Reversible JS =
6
1

Irreversible JS >
6
1


Adiabatic processes have no heat transfer therefore o = u

therefore for an Adiabatic Irreversible process JS > u

and for an Adiabatic Reversible (Isentropic) process JS = u


For an Irreversible process we will assume the entropy changes come from
heat transfer or Irreversiblities thus

(S
2
S
1
)
sstcm
= _
o
I
]
sstcm
+o

o is a lumped parameter that accounts for irreversibility
o > u when irreversibilities are present
o = u when no irreversibilities are present

Applying RTT to Entropy X=S and x=S/M=s

S
t
=
q
I
JA +o
C.S.

where q is the heat transferred into the C.V. through the C.S., i.e., heat transfer
per unit surface area

so
EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014


S
t
=
o
ot
p s J
C.v.
+ s(pI

JA

)
C.S.
=
q
I
JA +o
C.S.


where we have a time rate of change of entropy within our C.V. and a net
efflux of entropy term

For a uniform distribution of entropy

S
i
t
=
q
I
JA +o
C.S.
+m

m
c
s
c


In reality for an isolated system (i.e., no flow of mass or energy across the boundary
there can be no heat transfer across the boundary)

thus (S)
soIutcd
= o
soIutcd






A little more with Thermo Concepts

Combine 1
st
and 2
nd
law for a pure substance

IJS = J
dP
p
(Gibbs Relationship)

Contains only thermodynamic properties and is independent of path i.e., it is
independent of the path and can be integrated to find entropy changes regardless of
irreversabilities and in a closed containers or in a moving fluid.

Therefore entropy change of a perfect gas

_ JS = S
2
S
1
= _ c
p
JI
I
2
1
R ln_
P
2
P
1
]
2
1

and if isentropic

u = _ c
p
JI
I
2
1
R ln_
P
2
P
1
]

Further if we assume constant specific heats
Leads to only possibility of increasing entropy
EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014

c
p
R
ln _
I
2
I
1
] = ln _
P
2
P
1
]

Using y =
c
p
c

and R = c
p
c

we can get
c
p
R
=
y
y-1


Thus for a perfect gas following an isentropic process

I
2
I
1
= _
P
2
P
1
]
y-1
y
= _
p
2
p
1
]
y-1


P
2
P
1
= _
p
2
p
1
]
y