Investigation of Action of Saliva and 3M Hydrochloric Acid in Two Carbohydrate Solutions
Objective : To Investigate the Action of Saliva and 3M Hydrochloric Acid in Two Carbohydrate Solution Results: Table 1: Observations Conclusions Solution A Benedicts Test: The blue colouration of the mixture turns green, yellow, orange and then forms abundant amount of bric!red "reci"itate# The solution was o"a$ue# Iodine Test : The solution was turn into greenish yellow and translucent from colourless solution# The "resence of red "reci"itate in Solution A indicates the "resence of a reducing sugar# Solution B Benedicts Test : The blue colouration of co""er %II& ion trans"arent solution remains the same# Iodine Test : A 'lue!blac solution translucent colouration was formed# It Indicates the "resence of starch which means the Solution ' is a non! reducing sugar# Table 2: Tube Contents Tem" %(C& Benedicts Test Colour Observations -- After 5 th in !fro tubes 1"# into 1"# $ After %5 th in !fro tubes 1" # into 1"#$ ) )*ml solution ' )ml saliva 3+ ,rom blue to green to yellowish brown translucent solution with the little blue sus"ension at the bottom -ellowish orange layer formed on to" and blue colour at the bottom# . )*ml solution ' )M/ 3m HC/ 3+ ,rom light blue to blue translucent solution with little bit of dar blue "reci"itate ,rom light blue to dar o"a$ue blue solution with the moderate amount of blue sus"ension in it# 3 )*ml solution ' )ml 3M HC/ 01 ,rom light blue to o"a$ue blue solution ,rom blue colour solution to o"a$ue dar blue colour solution 2 )*ml solution ' )ml saliva 01 ,rom light blue to blue trans"arent solution with blue sus"ension in it The light trans"arent blue colour solution remains &iscussion: The ex"eriment was carried out on the human saliva to investigate the action of saliva and 3 M Hydrochloric Acid in two carbohydrate solutions# The salivary amylase is also nown as "tyalin is involved in this ex"eriment which is "roduced by salivary gland in mouth# The com"lex starch broe down into sim"le sugars by the hel" of the salivary amylase, so that the sugar can be easily converted into energy # The en3yme does not breadown carbohydrates to its sim"lest form# The en3yme also acted as the biological catalyst which hel"s to reduce the activation energy needed for the 'enedict4s test# 5hen the tem"erature increases to 01C, the en3yme denature the increasing of tem"erature cause the molecules to vibrate more violently# The wea bonds of the en3yme such as hydrogen bond will brea first# The en3yme bond of en3ymes such as ionic bonds and disul"hide bridges brea later# Structure and surface of active site are destroyed and altered# The catalytic function of en3yme losses and it said to be denatured# 5hen the structure of the en3yme is fully destroyed, they will be no catalysis tae "lace on it#
Hydrochloric acid, HCl hydrolyse starch into glucose at tem"erature 01C# Therefore, glucose was "resent in tube .# Tube . has incubated at o"timum tem"erature of HCl, thus HCl hydrolyse starch %Solution '& into glucose which show the "ositive result also tested with 'enedict4s solution# The blue solution turns to yellowish brown and lastly the solution forms bric red "reci"itation# This is because with the tem"erature reach 01C, hydrolysis still occurs before it undergoes denaturation# To "revent this, en3yme can be heated until it reached 01C# Then use it to react with the solution ' instead of heating them together by water bath# 5hen transferring sodium hydroxide from beaer by "i"etting, the "i"ette must be ensured no bubbles inside# This is because the air bubbles occu"y s"ace and lead to the inaccurate of result# Iodine test and 'enedict4s test are done on both solution A and solution '# Solution A show the "ositive result in 'enedict4s test but negative result in Iodine test# Therefore, solution A contains reducing sugar but absence of starch# Solution ' has show the "ositive result in iodine test but negative result in 'enedict4s test# Thus, solution ' contains starch but absence of reducing sugar# Solution ' in table ) has been converted to reducing sugar by the saliva added but still "resence of reducing sugar in solution ' in tube 2# This is because more starch in solution ' in tube ) has been hydrolysed to glucose and less starch in solution ' in tube 2 has been hydrolysed to glucose# Solution ' in tube ) "resent more glucose then solution ' in tube 2# Therefore, the result in tube ) after 31 minutes has more red "reci"itate formed but in tube 2 after 31 minutes has little red "reci"itate formed with green colour solution after both of the tube tested with 'enedict4s test# In the other hand, solution ' in tube . shows negative result of 'enedict4s test but "ositive result in tube 3# This is because solution ' in tube 3 has been hydrolysed into glucose by HCl with high tem"erature# The tem"erature of solution ' in tube . is not enough for HCl to hydrolyse solution ' into glucose# 6lucose has combined more than ) monomer to form a new "olymer# This structure also shows two trademars of a sugar7 a number of hydroxyl grou" and a carboxyl grou"# 6lucose is the isomer of the fructose# The carbon seleton of glucose is 8 carbon stems long# However, starch is a storage "olysaccharide in "lants, which consists entirely of glucose monomers# Starch molecules coil into a helical sha"e and maybe will be unbranched and branched# Starch granules are same as carbohydrate 9ban: from which "lant cell can withdraw glucose for energy# 6lucose is also classified as monosaccharide but starch is classified as "olysaccharide# Carbohydrate ' is more com"lex than carbohydrate A# This is because carbohydrate A show "ositive result which 'enedict4s test directly without hydrolysed by hydrochloric acid and saliva# However carbohydrate ' showed negative result with 'enedict4s test# Carbohydrate ' only shown "ositive result after it has been hydrolysed by hydrochloric acid and saliva# Therefore, carbohydrate ' is more com"lex than carbohydrate A and carbohydrate A is the monomer of carbohydrate '# 'enedict4s solution contains co""er sul"hate# ;educing sugar such as glucose reduced soluble blue co""er sul"hate# The solution of co""er %III& ions will reduce to insoluble bric red co""er oxide containing co""er ions# This is seen as bric red "reci"itate# Therefore, "ositive test of 'enedict4s solution by glucose will show bric red "reci"itate# The chemical base of iodine test is a "oly"e"tide com"lex which is blue!blac in colour is formed with starch# So, iodine is use to test the "resent of starch# Conclusion: The solution A is a reducing sugar while solution ' is a non!reducing sugar and the salivary amylase act as en3yme in which has the o"timal tem"erature <3+(C and hydrochloric acid is used as digestive en3yme#