International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports

1 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No.
4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447

International Journal of Physical
Education, Fitness and Sports
A International Level Quarterly Journal on Physical Education

Published by
Non Olympic Times

2 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No. 4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447
International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports-IJPEFS

S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE No.
1

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13
EFFECT OF HANDBALL SPECIFIC REPEATED SPRINT TRAINING ON AEROBIC
CAPACITY OF MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
B. CHITTIBABU

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SELECTED PSYCHOMOTOR ABILITIES BETWEEN
MALE BASEBALL PITCHER AND CRICKET FAST BOWLER
BALJINDER SINGH BAL, RANJEET SINGH SANDHU

ANALYSIS OF SELECTED HAND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AMONG
SOUTH WEST ZONE INTER UNIVERSITY MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
C. JAYAKUMAR, S. RAMESHKANAN AND B. CHITTIBABU

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON LEG LENGTH AND LEG EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH OF
12-16 YEARS BOYS
PRADIP KUMAR PAUL

EFFECT OF BASKETBALL SPECIFIC ENDURANCE CIRCUIT TRAINING ON
AEROBIC CAPACITY AND HEART RATE OF HIGH SCHOOL MALE BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
B. CHITTIBABU AND N. AKILAN

EFFECT OF ELASTIC STRENGTH TRAINING ON SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS
VARIABLES OF NOVICE COLLEGE MEN HIGH JUMPERS
J. MUTHUSUBRAMANIAN

THE CHANGES ON CREATINE KINASE IN RESPONSE TO AEROBIC EXERCISE
AMONG NOVICE AND TRAINED SOCCER PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT AGES
M. ELAMARAN AND MUHAMMED MUSTHAFA M.

ANALYSIS OF MODERATE ALTITUDE INDUCED CHANGES ON THE SYNTHESIS
OF ERYTHROPOIETIN
M. ELAMARAN

ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGES IN SELECTED MOTOR FITNESS COMPONENTS
WITH CONCURRENT STRENGTH AND PLYOMETRIC TRAINING
R. MUTHU ELECKUVAN

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENT MALE WRESTLERS IN KERALA
N. MADHAVAN

EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC CAPACITY AND FATIGUE INDEX AT DIFFERENT
TIMES OF THE DAY ON MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
N. AKILAN AND B. CHITTIBABU

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF MALE
BOXERS, WRESTLERS AND JUDOKAS
N. ANILKUMAR

EFFECT OF ABDOMINAL STRENGTH TRAINING ON STRENGTH ENDURANCE
AND EXPLOSIVE POWER OF WOMEN PLAYERS
N. PREM KUMAR

4-7

8-11

12-16

17-21

22-25

26-28

29-33

34-35

36-38

39-41

42-45

46-48

49-52
It is assumed that the submitted manuscript has not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. By submitting
A manuscript, the author agrees that the copyright for his articles is transferred to the publisher, if and when, the paper is accepted for publication.
The publisher cannot take responsibility of any lose of manuscript. Therefore, authors are requested to maintain a copy at their end.

Readers may send popular articles of topical interest in English to the publisher email address (publisher.ijpef@gmail.com)


International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports-IJPEFS

S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE No.

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

EFFECT OF ABDOMINAL STRENGTH TRAINING ON STRENGTH ENDURANCE
AND EXPLOSIVE POWER OF WOMEN PLAYERS
N. PREM KUMAR

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS STATUS OF RDT HOCKEY ACADEMY
ADAPTED SCHOOLBOYS IN THE RAYALASEMA DISTRICT OF ANDHRA
PRADESH
P. JOHNSON, AND P.S. RAJA MARSION BABU

EFFECTS OF CIRCUIT TRAINING ON DIFFERENT SURFACES ON
SELECTED PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF SCHOOL BOYS
ATUL MEETHAL AND DR.A.M.NAJEEB

EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISES ON VITAL CAPACITY AND BODY MASS
INDEX OF ADULTS
SHAHID BASHIR

EFFECTS OF PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION TECHNIQUE ON MENTAL
SKILLS OF VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
VARUN SINGH BHADORI J.P. BHUKAR AND SHIKHA JADON

COMBINED EFFECT OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERMITTENT TRAINING AND
WEIGHT TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY ANAEROBIC CAPACITY AND
FATIGUE INDEX OF MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
N. SESHAGIRI RAO, P. JOHNSON AND B. CHITTIBABU

EFFECT OF SILAMBAM PRACTICE ON BODY COMPOSITION AGILITY AND
CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE AMONG COLLEGE GIRLS
P.MOHANAVALLI, K.SREEDHAR AND JOTHY

EFFECT OF SELECTED YOGIC PRACTICES AND AEROBIC DANCE ON HEALTH
RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES AMONG NICOBARI WOMEN
STUDENTS
S.USHA RANI AND SATYANDER PAL SING

ATTITUDE OF HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL STUDENT TOWARDS GAMES AND
SPORTS
R. K. CHANDRAKUMAR SINGH AND KHURAIJAM SANATOMBI DEVI

EFFECT OF ENDURANCE TRAINING PROGRAM ON BODY COMPOSITION AND
BLOOD GLUCOSE AMONG MEDICAL COLLEGE STUDENTS
SADEEP K AND K SREEDHAR

COMPARISON OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR PSYCHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS MALE AND FEMALE WRESTLING PLAYERS IN MINI
OLYMPIC STATE LEVEL COMPETITION CHHATTISGARH.
YUWRAJ SHRIVASTAVA

49-52

53-55

56-60

61-65

66-69

70-72

73-75

76-79

80-85

86-88

89-93

It is assumed that the submitted manuscript has not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. By submitting
A manuscript, the author agrees that the copyright for his articles is transferred to the publisher, if and when, the paper is accepted for publication.
The publisher cannot take responsibility of any lose of manuscript. Therefore, authors are requested to maintain a copy at their end.

Readers may send popular articles of topical interest in English to the publisher email address (publisher.ijpef@gmail.com)

EFFECT OF HANDBALL SPECIFIC REPEATED
SPRINT TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY OF
MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS

B. Chittibabu
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, India.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of handball specific repeated sprint training on aerobic capacity of
male handball players. To achieve the purpose of the study thirty male handball players were selected randomly from Department
of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. The selected subjects were
assigned into 2 groups: handball specific repeated - sprint training group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The selected subjects
mean age: 23.153.00 years; weight: 68.747.25 kg and height: 176.377.67 cm. The criterion variable selected in this study was
aerobic capacity which was measured by multistage fitness test. The handball specific repeated - sprint training group underwent
eight weeks of training. Pre and post aerobic capacity was measured on the indoor. The data was analysed using Analysis of co-
variance (ANCOVA). The result of the study showed post test (F = 20.13) and adjusted post test mean (F = 10.68) showed
significant (p < 0.05) difference among repeated sprint training group and control group on aerobic capacity. It is concluded
that handball specific repeated sprint training for eight weeks is more effective in increasing aerobic capacity of men handball
players. The training load adopted in repeated sprint training which resulted in 11.79% of changes in aerobic capacity.

Keywords: Repeated, Sprint, Handball, Aerobic capacity

Introduction
Handball is a modern ball game which belongs to the family of team sports. It combines the best features of different branches of
sport, that is, the advantages of physical abilities, technical skills and tactical knowledge. It is a strenuous body contact Olympic
team sport that places emphasis on running, jumping, sprinting, throwing, hitting, blocking, and pushing. Its a team sports which
require a high standard of preparation in order to complete sixteen minutes of competitive play and to achieve success. In this
game movement patterns are characterized as intermittent and change continuously in response to different offensive and
defensive situations in which anthropometric characteristics and high levels of strength, muscle power, aerobic capacity and
handball throwing velocity are the most important factors that give a clear advantage for successful participation in elite levels of
handball leagues (Bobbert and Van Ingen Schenau, 1988).

Training is any organized and regular activity done for increasing the performance of athletes and are divided into
different kinds considering the performance requirements of athletes. Repeated-sprint ability (RSA)-based training is
characterized by performing repeated sprints with minimal recovery between sprint bouts (i.e., 1020 maximal sprints or shuttle
sprints of 10 seconds, with brief recovery periods ( 60 seconds); work : rest ratio of 1:4 or 1:6) (Fernandez-Fernandez et al.
2012). During such training, there is an increase in the activity of some anaerobic enzymes, which leads to a higher rate of
anaerobic energy turnover and increases the number of muscle membrane transport proteins involved in pH regulation and
muscle capillarization and in some cases enhances the muscle buffering capacity. Also, the performance of maximal or near-
maximal short-term can lead to higher VO
2
max values and an increased aerobic enzyme activity (Fernandez-Fernandez et al.
2012). These findings suggest the effectiveness of repeated-sprint for enhancing aerobic capacity. The purpose of this study is to
assess the effect of handball specific repeated sprint training on aerobic capacity of male handball players.

Methods

Subjects and variable
To accomplish the purpose of the study thirty male handball players were selected randomly from Department of
Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. The selected subjects were assigned
into 2 groups: handball specific repeated - sprint training group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The selected subjects mean age:
23.153.00 years; weight: 68.747.25 kg and height: 176.377.67 cm. The criterion variable selected in this study was aerobic
capacity which was measured by multistage fitness test.

Training
Handball specific repeated sprint training program was performed 3 day per week for eight weeks. They perform 3 sets
and each set constitutes of 10 repetition totally they perform 30 repetitions. They ran for 30 meter distance while running they
perform four passes, one dribble and end with jump shot. They were given 15 seconds of passive recovery between the

repetitions and 150 seconds rest between the set. The players were instructed to perform at high intensity. In this the players
passing, dribbling and shooting abilities were incorporated simultaneously along with sprint (Figure 1).

Statistical technique
The experimental design used for the present investigation was Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Since two groups
are involved post hoc test was not applied to determine the significant paired mean differences. The level of confidence was fixed
at 0.05 to test the significance. The data was analysed in computer system by using statistical package for social science (SPSS)
version 17.
Figure 1
Handball specific repeated sprint training

Results

It is clear from the table 1 that there is no significant difference between handball specific repeated sprint training and
control group on aerobic capacity before commencement of training, as obtained F ratio of 3.79 is less than the required table
value of 4.196 at = 0.05 for the df of 1 and 28. It denotes that the random assignment of subjects for the two groups is
successful, however initial difference not elicited. Table 2 also reveals that there is a significant difference on aerobic capacity
during post test. The obtained F ratio of 20.13 is greater than the required table value of 4.196 at = 0.05 for the df of 1 and 28.
Thereby it infers that the aerobic capacity found increase significantly before and after eight weeks of handball specific repeated
sprint training.
Table 1
Summary of ANCOVA on aerobic capacity
Testing
Conditions
SOV SS df MS F
Pre
(M SD)
Between 73.54 1 73.54
3.79
Within 53.28 28 19.40
Post
(M SD)
Between 72.27 1 72.27
20.13*
Within 100.7 28 3.59
Adjusted
(M)
Between 22.04 1 22.04
10.68*
Within 55.72 27 2.063
*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

Further, table 1 clearly shows that aerobic capacity between the groups was significant, as obtained F ratio of 10.68 is
greater than the required table value of 4.210 at = 0.05 for the df of 1 and 27, indicating that after adjusting pre-test scores,
there was a significant difference between the two groups on adjusted post test scores on aerobic capacity. The findings of the
study shows that higher aerobic capacity was recorded in handball specific repeated sprint training (M = 56.71) when compared
to control group (M = 50.88). Thus, it is concluded that eight weeks of handball specific repeated sprint training significantly
increased aerobic capacity by 11.79% than control group. The changes in aerobic capacity are presented graphically in figure 2.


Figure 2
Graphical representation of the data on aerobic capacity

Discussion
In the present study handball specific repeated sprint training protocols elicited improvements in aerobic capacity. In
this regard, recent studies using sprint training have reported significant increases in both anaerobic and aerobic power (Ferrauti,
Kinner & Fernandez-Fernandez 2011), which can be related to increases in glycolytic (Linossier et al. 1997) and oxidative
enzyme activities (Burgomaster, Heigenhauser & Gibala 2006; Burgomaster et al. 2008; Burgomaster et al. 2005), muscle
buffering capacity (Bishop et al. 2009; Dawson et al. 1998; Edge et al. 2006), and/or ionic regulation (Burgomaster et al. 2008;
Rodas et al. 2000). The improvement in aerobic fitness after the handball specific repeated sprint training protocol is consistent
with the findings of previous studies using sprint-based training protocols (Dawson et al. 1998; Ferrari-Bravo et al. 2007; Hazzell
et al. 2010; MacDougall et al. 1998; Rodas et al. 2000). The present results support the conclusions of Gibala et al. (2004) that
handball specific repeated sprint training might be a time-efficient training strategy in enhancing aerobic adaptations and
maintenance of skill ability in handball players.

Conclusion
It is concluded that handball specific repeated sprint training programs might be appropriate to optimize the development of
cardiorespiratory fitness in handball players. In terms of practicability, it seems that handball specific repeated sprint training
might be a time efficient training strategy in enhancing aerobic adaptations, given the better adaptations (i.e., handball specific
endurance and skill).

References

[1] Bishop, D., Edge, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Thomas, C., and Schneiker, K. (2009). High-intensity exercise decreases
muscle buffer capacity via a decrease in protein buffering in human skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch, 458: 929936.
[2] Bobbert, M.F. and Van Ingen Schenau, G.J. (1988). Coordination in vertical jumping. J Biomech, 21:249-62.
[3] Burgomaster, K.A., Heigenhauser, G.J., and Gibala, M.J. (2006). Effect of short term sprint interval training on human
skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. J Appl Physiol, 100: 20412047.
[4] Burgomaster, K.A., Howarth, K.R., Phillips, S.M., Rakobowchuk, M., MacDonald, M.J., McGee, S.L., and Gibala,
M.J. (2008). Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance
training in humans. J Physiol, 586: 151160.
[5] Burgomaster, K.A., Hughes, S.C., Heigenhauser, G.J., Bradwell, S.N., and Gibala, M.J. (2005). Six sessions of sprint
interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. J Appl Physiol, 98:
19851199.
[6] Dawson, B., Fitzsimons, M., Green, S., Goodman, C., Carey, M., and Cole, K. (1998). Changes in performance, muscle
metabolites, enzymes and fibre types after short sprint training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 78: 163169.
[7] Edge, J., Bishop, D., Hill-Haas, S., Dawson, B., and Goodman, C. (2006). Comparison of muscle buffer capacity and
repeated-sprint ability of untrained, endurance-trained and team-sport athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol, 96: 225234.
47
48
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50
51
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53
54
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56
57
Pre Post
m
l
/
k
g
/
m
i
n
Handball Specific Repeated Sprint training Contraol Group

[8] Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Zimek, R., Wiewelhove, T., and Ferrauti, A. (2012). High-intensity interval training vs.
repeated-sprint training in tennis. J Strength Cond Res, 26(1): 5362.
[9] Ferrari-Bravo, D., Impellizzeri, F.M., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., Bishop, D., and Wisloff, U. (2007). Sprint vs.
interval training in football. Int J Sports Med, 29: 668674.
[10] Ferrauti, A., Kinner, V., and Fernandez-Fernandez, J. (2011). The hit and turn tennis test: An acoustically controlled
endurance test for tennis players. J Sports Sci, 29: 485494.
[11] Gibala, M.J. and McGee, S.L. (2008). Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: A little pain
for a lot of gain?. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 36: 5863.
[12] Hazzell, T.J., MacPherson, R.E., Gravelle, B.M., and Lemon, P.W. (2010). 10 or 30-s sprint interval training bouts
enhance both aerobic and anaerobic performance. Eur J Appl Physiol, 110: 153160.
[13] Linossier, M.T., Dormios, D., Geyssant, A., and Denis, C. (1997). Performance and fibre characteristics of human
skeletal muscle during short sprint training and detraining on a cycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 75:
491498.
[14] MacDougall, J.D., Hicks, A.L., MacDonald, J.R., McKelvie, R.S., Green, H.J., and Smith, K.M. (1998). Muscle
performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training. J Appl Physiol, 84: 21382142.
[15] Rodas, G., Ventura, J.L., Cadefau, J.A., Cusso`, R., and Parra, J. (2000). A short training programme for the rapid
improvement of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Eur J Appl Physiol, 82: 480486.

*****


A Comparative Study on selected psychomotor abilities
between male baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler

Baljinder Singh Bal
1
,
Ranjeet Singh Sandhu
2

1
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar,143005 India
2
Research

Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar,143005, India

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to find out the significant differences of selected Psychomotor Abilities between male
Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler .A group of thirty (N=30) male subjects aged between 18-28 years, who participated in
intercollege competitions organized by the Department of Sports, Guru Nanak Dev University, volunteered to participate in this
study were selected for this study. The purposive sampling technique was used to attain the objectives of the study. All the
subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to
participate in this study. They were further divided into two groups of 15each (i.e., N
1
=15; pitcher and N
2
=15; fast bowler).
Thet test was applied to find out the significant differences between male Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler. To test the
hypotheses, the level of significance was set at 0.05. The results revealed significant differences between Baseball pitcher and
cricket fast bowler on the sub-variables i.e. speed, agility and Cardiovascular Endurance. However, no significant differences
were noticed with regard to the sub-variables i.e. strength and static balance.

KEY WORDS: Pitcher, Fast bowler, Speed, Strength, Agility, endurance and static balance.

INTRODUCTION

Cricket and baseball are the best-known members of a family of related bat-and-ball games. Despite their similarities, the two
sports also have many differences in play and in strategy. Even though cricket is one of the oldest organized sports, there are very
few studies on the physical demands of the game (Woolmer & Noakes, 2008; Christie & King, 2008; Christie et al., 2008).
Batting and bowling are intermittent in nature with the demands placed on the players being dictated by the type of match being
played. Due to this stop-start nature of cricket and baseball, accurate assessments are often difficult and as such, research is
sparse (Bartlett, 2003) and as a consequence, there are few scientifically sound training programmes for cricketers. In fact, the
idea that cricketers need to be well trained is a relatively new one (Woolmer & Noakes, 2008). One of the first studies which
attempted to assess the energy cost of cricket calculated that the mean energy expenditure of cricketers, during a five-match test
series, was 86.4 kcal.m2.h-1 (Fletcher, 1955). Fletchers data suggested that the energy demands of cricket are only slightly more
than that required to stand (Christie et al., 2008) which led to the understanding that cricket was physically undemanding
requiring more skill than fitness (Noakes & Durandt, 2000). Exercises in all forms of life change the atmosphere, attitude and
bring the performances into excellent rhythm to enhance of better performances on and off the field. No doubt physical fitness
especially aqua aerobics and aerobic dances keep the better performances on the board. Base Ball Players have to have of good
strength in their arms to pitch and throwing to the bases. A Batter needs lots of strength to hits the ball to the home run. The
Batter needs to connect the pitcher pitching the ball to hit a home run. Basically one needs to have good reflexes; good vision of
eye builds up good flexibility and reflection. Research on the physiological demands of bowling is sparse with the only studies
available being those which included some physiological measures when assessing other aspects of these games. A key element
of fast bowling is ball-release speed or peak bowling speed (Vpeak). Ball-release speed in fast bowlers is influenced by various
anthropometric, morphological, and kinematic factors. For example, higher ball release speeds in senior bowlers has been
attributed to longer limb lengths and higher approach speeds than in junior bowlers.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Subjects:
Thirty (N=30) male subjects aged between 18-28 years were selected for this study. The purposive sampling technique was used
to attain the objectives of the study. All the subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study,
gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. They were further divided into two groups of 15 each (i.e., N
1
=15;
pitcher and N
2
=15; fast bowler).


Table: 1 Selection of variables
Variables Tests Criterion Measure
Speed 30 meter dash Recorded to the nearest 1/100
th
Second
Strength Push ups Total number of push-ups performed
Agility Illinois Agility Test Recorded to the nearest 1/100
th
Second
Cardiovascular Endurance 800 meter run Recorded to the nearest minutes /seconds
Static Balance Stork Balance Stand Test Recorded to the nearest 1/100
th
Second

METHODOLOGY

50 Meter Dash was administered to determine acceleration and speed. The score is the t i me recorded to the nearest 1/100
th
of a
second. Push ups test was administered to determine strength. The score is the Total number of push-ups performed by the
subjects. Illinois agility test was administered to test the running agility. The score is recorded to the nearest 1/10
th
of a second.
Stork balance stand test was administered to assess the ability to balance on the ball of the foot. The score is the total time
recorded in seconds. 800 meter run test was too administered to determine cardiovascular endurance. The score is the t i me
recorded to the nearest 1/100
th
of a second.

DATA ANALYSIS

Students t-test for independent data was used to assess the between-group differences. The level of p0.05 was
considered significant.

RESULTS

The results pertaining to significant difference, if any, between baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler were assessed
using the Students t test and the results are presented in tables-2:

Table: 2 Mean Standard Deviation, Standard Error of the Mean, t-value and p-value of baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler.
Variables Mean SD SEM t-
value
p-value
Fast
Bowler
Pitcher Fast
Bowler
Pitcher Fast
Bowler
Pitcher
Speed 4.23 4.49 0.18 0.22 0.05 0.06 3.42 0.0019
Strength 24.9 25.67 3.26 2.66 0.84 0.69 0.674 0.5055
Agility 15.4 15.81 0.36 0.31 0.09 0.08 3.65 0.00107
Cardiovascular
Endurance
3.11 3.25 0.17 0.11 0.04 0.03 2.59 0.0152
Static Balance 25.07 25.93 1.98 2.43 0.51 0.63 1.07 0.2939
*Significant at 0.05 level Degree of freedom=28

Speed

Table-2 presents the results of Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler with regard to the variable selected Psychomotor
Abilities. The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Speed as 4.23 and
0.18 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 4.49 and 0.22 respectively. The Mean Difference and
Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.05 and 0.06 respectively. Thet-value 3.42 as shown in the table above was found
statistically significant (P<.05). It has been observed that cricket fast bowler have demonstrated significantly better on speed than
the Baseball pitcher. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.

Strength

The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Strength as 24.9 and 3.26
respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 25.67 and 2.66 respectively. The Mean Difference and
statistically insignificant (P>.05). It has been observed that Baseball pitcher have exhibited better on Strength than the cricket fast
bowler. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.


Agility

The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Agility as 15.4 and 0.36
respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 15.81 and 0.31 respectively. The Mean Difference and
statistically significant (P<.05). It has been observed that cricket fast bowler have demonstrated significantly better on Agility
than the Baseball pitcher. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.

Cardiovascular Endurance

The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Cardiovascular Endurance
as 3.11 and 0.17 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 3.25 and 0.11 respectively. The Mean
Difference and Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.04 and 0.03 respectively. Thet-value 2.59 as shown in the table
above was found statistically significant (P<.05). It has been observed that cricket fast bowler have demonstrated significantly
better on Cardiovascular Endurance than the Baseball pitcher. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been
presented graphically in figure-3.

Static Balance

The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Static Balance as 25.07
and 1.98 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 25.93 and 2.43 respectively. The Mean Difference
and Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.51 and 0.63 respectively. Thet-value 1.07 as shown in the table above was found
statistically insignificant (P>.05). It has been observed that Baseball pitcher have shown better Static Balance than the cricket fast
bowler. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.

Figure-3 Graphical representation of mean scores of baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler on the variables i.e. Speed,
strength, agility, cardiovascular endurance and static balance.

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

It is concluded from the above findings that The significant difference was found in the speed ability- 30m sprint test, the cricket
fast bowler group had better speed in comparison to the Baseball pitcher group .Because fast bowler don't have the luxury of
standing in one spot to deliver the ball. Fast bowlers run in, on average, 25 yards (22m) every delivery. The insignificant
difference was found in the strength ability- push up test, the baseball Pitcher had better shoulder strength in comparison to the
cricket fast bowler. While comparing the mean value of strength, it was found that pitcher have better shoulder strength as
compared to fast bowler. The outcome of results might be due to the pitcher makes every pitch until a point where the coach
replaces the tiring pitcher with a relief pitcher and a succession of pitchers may come into the game in sequence until it ends.
Pitcher use their full arm strength in the practice and competition while pitching resulting which pitcher had perform better on
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Fast Bowler Pitcher
4.23
4.49
24.9
25.67
15.4
15.81
3.11 3.25
25.07
25.93
Speed Strength Agility Endurance Static Balance

the push ups, while comparing the mean of fast bowler. In cricket, multiple bowlers begin the game, with those not actively
bowling spending time as fielders. Bowlers alternate bowling overs of six balls each, moving to fielding positions to rest before
returning to bowl again later in the game. The significant difference was found in the agility- Illinois Agility Test the cricket fast
bowler group had better agility in comparison to the Baseball pitcher group. The significant difference was found in the
Cardiovascular Endurance - 800 meter run Test the cricket fast bowler group had better Cardiovascular Endurance in comparison
to the Baseball pitcher group. Fast bowlers run in, on average, 25 yards (22m) every delivery. In a day where a bowler sends
down 15 overs (with 6 balls in each over), they've run 2250 yards (1980m). And it's not just a jog; either-every ounce of energy
the bowler has goes into each delivery. The insignificant difference was found in the Static Balance - Stork Balance Stand Test
the baseball Pitcher had better body Balance in comparison to the cricket fast bowler.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors would like to sincere thank to the subjects, coaches and physical education teachers who cooperated and whole hearted
support in the completion of study.

References:

[1] Woolmer, B. & Noakes, TD. (2008). Art and Science of Cricket, Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.
[2] Christie, CJ. & King, GA. (2008). Heart rate and perceived strain during batting in a warm and cool environment.
International Journal of Fitness, Vol.4, No., pp 33- 38.
[3] Christie, CJ.; Todd, AI. & King, GA. (2008). The energy cost of batting during a simulated batting work bout. Science
and Medicine in Sports and Exercise, Vol.11, pp 581-584.
[4] Fletcher (1955). Calories and cricket. Lancet Vol.1, pp 1165-1166.
[5] Noakes, TD. & Durandt, JJ. (2000). Physiological requirements of cricket. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol.18, pp 919-
929.

*****


ANALYSIS OF SELECTED HAND ANTHROPOMETRIC
MEASUREMENTS AMONG SOUTH WEST ZONE
INTER UNIVERSITY MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS

C. Jayakumar, S. Rameshkanan and B. Chittibabu
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar 608 002.
Assistant Professor Department Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse the selected hand anthropometric measurements among south zone inter
university male handball players. The selected players right and left hand length and width were measured on 144 male handball
players who had right hand as dominant hand. These players took part in south west zone inter university handball tournament for
the year 2010-2011 organized by S.R.T.M University, Nanded, Maharashtra. In this study date was collected from teams who
reached quarter finals and Annamalai University team. The hand length and width was selected as criterion variable and
measured by vernier caliper, gulick tape and measuring scale. The collected data was analysed using ANOVA, when F is found
to be significant Tukey HSD post hoc test was applied. The result of the study showed that right hand length (F = 1.61, p =
0.126) and left hand length (F = 1.19, p = 0.308) show no significant difference between the groups. However, right hand width
(F = 5.450, p = 0.000) and left hand width (F = 6.302, p = 0.000). It shows that Rajasthan university handball players showed
greater hand width on both hands than other team players. It can be concluded that hand width shows significant variations
among the south west zone inter university handball tournament. The criterion variables which are selected in the present study
show significant impact on griping the ball.

Keywords: Grip strength, hand length, hand width, handball, players

Introduction
Handball is a fast body contact team game. Handball players require greater grip strength to hold the ball which
prevents fumble and fall. In order avoid fumble and fall they require better hand anthropometric measurements. Human beings
possess different hand anthropometric dimensions either narrow or broad which are distributed in the normal population, with
slight male/female differences in the median and range values. One such dimension with these gender differences is hand shape.
Hand shape has been defined in various ways, but often as simply the hand width/hand length ratio (W/L ratio). Thus hands with
varying W/L ratios can be described as long and narrow, average looking, or relatively square by how long the hand is in
relation to the width of the palm (Clerke, Clerke & Adams, 2005).
Numerous hand-grip strength studies with healthy adults have shown that anthropometric variables, such as height,
weight, hand length, and hand width, are positively associated with grip strength, as are other anatomical variations, such as the
presence of a flexor digitorum superficialis tendon in the little finger. Paediatric studies have shown that the anthropometric
variables of body mass index, height, weight, hand length, palm length and palm width are highly correlated with grip strength in
children (Clerke, Clerke & Adams, 2005). Though literature related to anthropometric characteristics of handball players are
available, information in India context is scanty in this regard. To fulfill the lacunae of literature, the present study was planned.
The purpose of this study was to analyse the selected hand anthropometric measurements among south zone inter university male
handball players.

METHODS
Subjects and Variable
In this study the selected one hundred and forty four (144) male handball players, selected from south west inter
university, handball tournament for the year 2010-2011, organized by S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, Maharashtra. In this study
data was collected from teams who reached quarter finals and Annamalai University team. These selected subjects, who practice
handball regularly and take part in competition. The mean SD of age, height, weight and BMI were 21.42 1.82 year, 1.76
0.074 m, 66.0 9.26 kg and 21.58 2.27 respectively on average, the players had 5.9 2.1 year of playing experience and
represented various format of competition. The variable selected in this study was right and left hand length and width
which were measured by vernier caliper, gulick tape and measuring scale. Statistical techniques
The selected hand grip strength was statistically examined by applying analysis of variance (ANOVA). When F ratio
was found significant, Tukey HSD post hoc test was applied. This statistical work was done with help of SPSS 11.5 version and
out puts reproduced as it is.


Result
The mean value and standard deviation on right and left hand length of various handball teams who reached quarter
final in south west zone inter university handball tournament for the year 2010-2011 are presented in figure 1.
Figure 1
Graph shows hand length of various handball teams

It is clear from Table 1 that the obtained F ratio 1.614 and 1.192 (p > .126 and .308) respectively is less than the table
value of 2.51 required at 8 and 144 degree of freedom for 0.05 level of confidence. It denotes that hand length of handball players
remains same among the groups. Since F is not significant Tukey HSD post hoc test was not applied.
Table 1
ANOVA estimate for handball players on hand width
Variable SOV
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Right hand length
Between Groups
12.091
8
1.511
1.61 .126 Within Groups
126.386
135
.936
Total
138.477
143

Left hand length
Between Groups
9.680
8
1.210
1.19 .308 Within Groups
137.039
135
1.015
Total
146.719
143

*significant at 0.05 level of confidence
However, it is clear from Table 2 that the obtained F ratio 5.45 and 6.30 (p < .000 and .000) respectively is greater than
the table value of 2.51 required at 8 and 144 degree of freedom for 0.05 level of confidence. It denotes that hand width of
handball players significantly differ among the groups.
GROUPS
A
N
N
A
M
A
L
A
I

U
N
I
R
D
V
O
S
M
A
N
I
A
A
N
U
N
I
L
N
U
P
E
R
A
J
A
S
T
H
A
N

U
N
I
K
E
R
A
L
A

U
N
I
M
U
M
B
A
I

U
N
I
S
R
T
M
U
M
e
a
n
20.6
20.4
20.2
20.0
19.8
19.6
19.4
19.2
RHLENGTH
LHLENGTH

Table 2
ANOVA estimate for handball players on hand width
Variable SOV
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Right hand width
Between Groups
7.279
8
.910
5.450*

.000

Within Groups
22.539
135
.167
Total
29.818
143

Left hand width
Between Groups
8.556
8
1.069
6.302*

.000

Within Groups
22.910
135
.170
Total
31.466
143

*significant at 0.05 level of confidence
Since F is significant Tukey HSD post hoc test was applied and presented in Table 3. Tukey HSD post hoc test
revealed significant differences on right hand width between MU and RU (p < .013), KU and OU (p < .026), RU and ANU (p <
.003), RU and OU (p < .000), LNUPE and ANU (p < .020), LNUPE and OU (p < .000), OU and RDVU (p < .030). Remaining
comparisons showed no significant difference on right hand width.
Similarly on left hand width between SRTU and RU (p < .028), MU and RU (p < .047), RU and ANU (p < .000), RU
and OU (p < .000), LNUPE and ANU (p < .022), LNUPE and OU (p < .000). Remaining comparisons showed no significant
difference on left hand width. Graphically hand width of various handball teams is presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Graph shows hand width of various handball teams
GROUPS
A
N
N
A
M
A
L
A
I

U
N
I
R
D
V
O
S
M
A
N
I
A
A
N
U
N
I
L
N
U
P
E
R
A
J
A
S
T
H
A
N

U
N
I
K
E
R
A
L
A

U
N
I
M
U
M
B
A
I

U
N
I
S
R
T
M
U
M
e
a
n
9.2
9.0
8.8
8.6
8.4
8.2
8.0
RHWIDTH
LHWIDTH

Table 3
Tukey HSD post hoc test on hand width
Team
Teams to be
compared
Right hand
Left hand
Sig.
95% Confidence
Interval Sig.

95% Confidence
Interval
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Upper
Bound
Lower
Bound
SRTU MU = 1.00 -.3742 .5367 = 1.00 -.4842 .4342
KU = .942 -.6367 .2742 = 1.00 -.5154 .4029
RU = .070 -.8930 .0180 < .028 -.9467 -.0283
LNUPE = .280 -.8055 .1055 = .476 -.7654 .1529
ANU = .981 -.3055 .6055 = .920 -.2654 .6529
OU = .464 -.1492 .7617 = .189 -.0779 .8404
RDVU = .953 -.6305 .2805 = .832 -.6842 .2342
AU = 1.00 -.5055 .4055 = 1.00 -.5029 .4154
MU KU = .671 -.7180 .1930 = 1.00 -.4904 .4279
RU < .013 -.9742 -.0633 < .047 -.9217 -.0033
LNUPE = .079 -.8867 .0242 = .594 -.7404 .1779
ANU = 1.00 -.3867 .5242 = .853 -.2404 .6779
OU = .826 -.2305 .6805 = .128 -.0529 .8654
RDVU = .699 -.7117 .1992 = .906 -.6592 .2592
AU = .992 -.5867 .3242 = 1.00 -.4779 .4404
KU RU = .699 -.7117 .1992 = .084 -.8904 .0279
LNUPE = .962 -.6242 .2867 = .735 -.7092 .2092
ANU = .354 -.1242 .7867 = .735 -.2092 .7092
OU < .026 .0320 .9430 = .075 -.0217 .8967
RDVU = 1.00 -.4492 .4617 = .964 -.6279 .2904
AU = .992 -.3242 .5867 = 1.00 -.4467 .4717
RU LNUPE = 1.00 -.3680 .5430 = .945 -.2779 .6404
ANU < .003 .1320 1.0430 < .000 .2221 1.1404
OU < .000 .2883 1.1992 < .000 .4096 1.3279
RDVU = .671 -.1930 .7180 = .681 -.1967 .7217
AU = .164 -.0680 .8430 = .067 -.0154 .9029
LNUPE ANU < .020 .0445 .9555 < .022 .0408 .9592
OU < .000 .2008 1.1117 < .000 .2283 1.1467
RDVU = .953 -.2805 .6305 = 1.00 -.3779 .5404
AU = .494 -.1555 .7555 = .681 -.1967 .7217
ANU OU = .976 -.2992 .6117 = .933 -.2717 .6467
RDVU = .380 -.7805 .1305 = .104 -.8779 .0404
AU = .902 -.6555 .2555 = .786 -.6967 .2217
OU RDVU < .030 -.9367 -.0258 = .002 -1.0654 -.1471
AU = .258 -.8117 .0992 = .094 -.8842 .0342
RDVU AU = .994 -.3305 .5805 = .945 -.2779 .6404
* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Discussion
In our study it was reported that among nine teams they differ significantly in hand width. Earlier studies reported that
body height, body mass, palm span and palm length were important for the performance enhancement of athletes and were
considered as basic criterion for their selection in various playing positions (Srhoj 2002; Taborsky 2007). Skoufas (2003)
reported that wider palm span and longer palm length influenced specific motor abilities such as dribble, passing, catching and
ball throwing and contributed to maximizing throwing velocity.
The present study was conducted to compare hand length and width among inter university handball players. The major
conclusion drawn from this study was that hand width showed significant difference between various handball team. Hand
dimensions may influence handgrip strength and the athletes have biomechanical advantages (Visnapuu and Jrime, 2007).
Hager-ross and Schieber (2000), investigating children at different ages, confirmed that hand length (the distance from wrist joint
to the tip of middle finger) is an important variable for handgrip strength. Visnapuu and Jrime (2007) indicated that hand
perimeters are the most important hand anthropometric variables in relation to handgrip strength. The present study showed that
difference in hand width among handball players.

Conclusions
There was no difference in hand length among the selected handball team. On the other hand, Rajasthan University
players dominated in right and left hand width. They possess biomechanical advantages than other teams and which influences
the grip strength.

References
[1] Clerke, A.M., Clerke, J.P., Adams, R.D. (2005). Effects of hand shape on maximal isometric grip strength and its
reliability in teenagers. Journal of Hand Therapy, 18(1): 19-29.
[2] Hager-Ross, Schieber, M.H. (2000). Quantifying the independence of human finger movements: Comparisons of digits,
hands and movement frequencies. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(22): 8542-8550.
[3] Skoufas, D., Kotzamanidis, C., Hatzikotoylas, K., Bebetsos, G., Patikas, D. (2003). The relationship between the
anthropometric variables and throwing performance in handball. J Hum Mov Sci, 45: 469-484.
[4] Srhoj, V., Marinovic, M., Rogulj, N. (2002). Position specific morphological characteristics of top-level male handball
players. Coll Anthropol, 1: 219-227.
[5] Taborsky, F. (2007). The body height and top team handball players. EHF web Periodical. Available on
http://activities.eurohandball.com.
[6] Visnapuu, M., Jrime, T. (2007). Handgrip strength and hand dimensions in young handball and basketball players. J
Strength Cond Res, 21(3): 923-9.

****


Comparative Study on Leg length and Leg Explosive
Strength of 12-16 Years Boys

Pradip Kumar Paul
Assistant Teacher, Naihati Narendra Vidyaniketan, 24 Pgs (N), WB, India

Abstract: In this study an attempt has been made to find out the comparative changes on leg length and leg explosive strength of
12 to 16 years boys. The subjects of the present study were selected randomly from the school of Naihati Narendra Vidyaniketan,
24 Pgs (N), WB. Thirty students of each age groups i.e.; 150 boys students were randomly selected for this purpose. The
criteria measured in this article were leg length and leg explosive strength. The data on the leg length and leg explosive strength
were analyzed by applying ANOVA to find out significant differences if any among the five age groups. Significant results were
found in leg length and leg explosive strength.

KEYWORDS- leg length and leg explosive strength, Height & weight, 12- 16 years boys.

Introduction
Morphological characteristics have an important role to play in the performance of various physical activities. Research findings
shows that performance is significantly related to body weight, height, arm length, thigh and calf circumference and other
parameters. Sexual maturation should be used to assess the extent of biological growth and development and the individual
nutritional needs of adolescents in place of chronological age. Children grow at different rates at different ages, and different
children also develop at different rates, so there will be early and late developers. Not only are the rates of growth different, but
also the changes in the body proportions can vary, and this will directly affect the ability to perform. A sound knowledge of
processors of growth and development will enable coaches and physical education teaches who are working with children, to
organize the training programs that will be more beneficial to the children from a physical and psychological perspective.

The Purpose of the study

1) To observe the leg length status of 12 - 16 years boys.
2) To observe the jumping ability status of the said group of boys.
3) To analysis and compare the age wise differences, if any, the leg length and leg explosive strength among the 12 -
16 years boys.
4) To study the relationship between leg length and leg explosive strength of the said age group boys.

Methodology
Subjects
The subjects of the present study were selected randomly from the school Naihati Narendra Vidyaniketan, 24 Pgs (N), WB.
Thirty students of each age groups i.e. total 150 male students were selected for this purpose. According to facilities available
and on the basis of contact with the school authorities the subjects were selected randomly.

Criterion Measured
Parameters Measured by
1) Height (cm) Stadiometer
2) Weight (kg) Weighing machine (Portable)
3) Leg length (cm) Standard measurement technique
4) Leg explosive strength Standing Broad Jump

Statistical Procedure
The data on the height, weight, leg length and leg explosive strength were analyzed by applying ANOVA to find out significant
differences if any among the age groups.

Results & Discussion
Discussions were made on the basis of the findings of the present study and compared with available literatures. The
level of significance to assess the statistical values obtained was set at 0.05 and also 0.01 level of confidence.

Height

Table-1: Mean and SD of height (cm.) among the five groups (12, 13, 14, 15 & 16 years boys).
Age of subjects Mean SD
12 years 145.23 6.45
13 years 150.91 12.93
14 years 151.03 5.95
15 years 155.94 5.60
16 years 160.10 4.35

Table-2: Analysis of variance among the five age groups for height (cm.)
Source of variance SS df MS F
Between Groups 3582.66 4 895.67
14.93** Within Groups 8461.27 141 60.01
Total 12043.93 145
* Sig. at 0.05 levels
** Sig. at 0.01 levels, NS Not significant.
F
0.05 (4,141) =
2.44, F
0
.
01 (4,141) =
3.96

Higher the age higher was the height. Teeple and Massey (1976) had shown that the average height of 10, 11 and 12 years old
boys were 143.6, 147.6 and 152.4 cm respectively.

Grassi et al. (2006) studied the relations between aerobic fitness and somatic growth of Italian adolescents and found
that standing height was significantly increased with age. Comparing the observation of other leading researchers with the
findings of the present study it may be concluded that 12 years boys were relatively smaller in height than other four groups.

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
12 Yrs. 13 Yrs. 14 Yrs. 15 Yrs. 16 Yrs.
Cm.
Age (yrs.)
Fig-2 : Mean & SD of of height (cm.) for 12,13,14,15 & 16
years boys
Mean SD


Weight
Table-3: Mean and SD of weight (Kg.) among the five groups (12, 13, 14, 15 & 16 years boys).
12 years 35.83 7.43
13 years 42.57 10.39
14 years 38.02 6.41
15 years 40.17 4.23
16 years 49.06 4.96

Table-4: Analysis of variance among the five age groups for weight (Kg.)

14.24** Within Groups 7058.42 141 50.06
Total 9909.29 145

Barabas and Eiben (1993) observed that 10, 11, 12 years old Hungarian boys carried the weight of 36.16, 35.39 and 39.49 Kg.
Teeple and Massey (1976) found that the mean weight of 10, 11 and 12 years old boys were as 36.3, 39.5 and 44.3 Kg.
respectively. Shephard (1982) had shown that the average body mass of 10, 11 and 12 years boys as 32.6, 35.2 and 38.3 Kg.
Higher the age, higher was the body weight. So except 13 years boys, the present study was in close proximity to other
researchers. It may further be inferred that body weight was related to the age of the subjects. Analyzing all the relevant data and
statistical treatment it appeared that 13 years boys had significantly higher body weight than other three groups except 16 years
boys.

Leg Length
Table-1: Mean and SD of leg length (cm.) among the five groups (12, 13, 14, 15 & 16 years boys).
12 years 75.87 4.17
13 years 78.65 4.37
14 years 78.23 4.11
15 years 80.03 3.43
16 years 82.23 2.54

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
L
o
w
e
r

l
i
m
b
(
C
m
.
)
Age (yrs.)
Fig-4 : Mean & SD of Lower Limb (cm.) for 12,13,14,15 & 16
years boys
Mean SD

Table-2: Analysis of variance among the five age groups for Leg length (cm.)
10.64** Within Groups 2050.55 141 14.54
Total 2669.41 145
* Sig. at 0.05 levels
** Sig. at 0.01 levels, NS Not significant.
F
0.05 (4,141) =
2.44, F
0
.
01 (4,141) =
3.96

From table-1 it was observed that the mean of height of the lower limb of 16 years boys was relatively higher than 12,
13, 14 and 15 years boys. Higher the age higher was the lower limb length. But the lower limb of the 13 years and 14 years boys
group more or less same because in weight 13 years groups had better score than 14 years boys group. From table-6 it was
observed that the mean of height of the lower limb of 16 years boys was relatively higher than 12, 13, 14 and 15 years boys.
Higher the age higher was the lower limb length. But the lower limb of the 13 years and 14 years boys group more or less same
because in weight 13 years groups had better score than 14 years boys group. After statistical analysis it was observed from table-
2 that F value 10.64 was significant at both levels. Higher the age higher was the lower limb length. Sixteen years boys were
relatively be higher than other groups.

Standing Broad Jump

Table-3: Mean and SD of SBJ (cm.) among the five groups (12, 13, 14, 15 & 16 years boys).

12 yrs. 137.67 7.39
13 yrs. 175.10 21.19
14 yrs. 171.37 15.92
15 yrs. 180.13 11.43
16 yrs. 194.65 11.27

Table-4: Analysis of variance among the five age groups for weight (Kg.)

Between Groups 50887.69 4 12721.92
62.03 **
Within Groups 28919.68 141 205.10
Total 79807.38 145

Higher the age higher was the leg explosive strength, except 14 years boys group. Ellis et al. (1975), Kansal (1982),
Halder et al. (1987) found a significant increase on performance for all physical performance tests from 10 through 16 years of
age. The largest percentage increase occurred between 14 and 15 years for Standing Broad Jump. Chauhan et al. (1987) studied
to determine the role of anthropometric variables on performance in standing broad jump of 42 college women, aged 18 to 23
years. Age had been found to be positive and significant relationship with performance of standing broad jump. The mean scores
among the five groups were not equal. ANOVA was calculated in Table-9(A) and F value was 62.03 which were found
statistically significant. Therefore, from the mean difference it can conclude that in Standing Broad Jump for leg explosive
strength performance 16 years boys were better than other four groups. It may not be out of place to mention that the mean
height, weight and lower limb length of 16 years group were significantly higher than that of 12, 13, 14 and 15 years respectively.
This morphological status had played significant role in motor performance of the higher age groups. Slaughter et al. (1982)
observed that the average broad jump performance of 11.0-11.9 years old American boys were 60 inches (152.4 cm.).

0
50
100
150
200
S
t
a
n
d
i
n
g

b
r
a
o
d

j
u
m
p

(
c
m
.
)
Age (yrs.)
Fig- 12 :Mean and S.D. of Standing Broad Jump for
12,13,14,15 & 16 years boys
Mean SD

So, from the findings of the present study it may be concluded that leg explosive Strength of boys increases with the
increase in age except 14 years which corroborates with the findings of Chatterjee et al. (1992). Malina and Bouchard (1985) had
also reported that shorter stature had a negative influence of jumping ability. Millicer (1964) and Winter (1976) has specifically
mentioned that rapid increase in strength is largely limited to maximum strength and explosive strength. Some other factors like
social and economic factors (Synder, 1970); intensity of habitual physical activity, participation in extramural and physical
education program etc. might be the underlying reason which affected strength performances of lower extremities.
In modern sports, the anthropometric measurement and their relationship with various motor abilities are an important
guide for coaches for classification and selection of sportsperson according to their age, ability etc. From this it may be concluded
that morphological characteristics have an important role to play in the performance of various physical activities. Extensive
studies available around the periphery were also insufficient to bridge the gap in the knowledge of the influence of multifarious
factors on physical and motor performance development of the adolescent boys between 12-16 years of age. Furthermore, due to
lack of tests as well as norms based on State variation were not readily available in India, which was a matter of great concern,
while dealing with the developing the evaluation process of the secondary examination, the development of Physical Education
extension program and also the selection of the talented boys for sports.

Conclusions
Height-
Significant difference existed in height among the five groups and higher the age group, higher was the height.
Height was related to the age of the subjects. 16 years boys were relatively higher than other four groups. Height
of the groups may be arranged as 16>15>14>13>12.
Weight-
Significant difference existed in body weight among the five groups and higher the age, higher was the body
weight.
13 years boys had significantly higher body weight than 12, 14, 15 years boys group except 16 years boys group.
Leg Length-
Height of the lower limb increased in proportion with the age of the subjects.
13 years boys had significantly higher height of the lower limb than other two groups except 15 and 16 years boys
and the pattern was similar to the sitting height.

Leg Explosive Strength
Higher the age, higher was the leg explosive strength except 14 years boys group. Maximum spurt
were observed in 13 years group.
Mean difference between the groups in respect of standing broad jump was highly significant. Jumping
ability of the groups may be arranged as 16>15>13>14>12.

Recommendations
1. The present study was delimited only to male students; the same type of study may be made with female students.
2. Similar investigation may be done using different growth and motor performance parameters other than those used in
the study. Psychological and Physiological parameters which were not considered in the present study.
3. Similar study may be conducted on large samples and age groups other than those used in the study.
4. A comparative study can be undertaken using the same parameters of Indian and foreign subjects.
5. Similar study may be done using tribal and non tribal boys and girls.
6. An interested researcher may prepare norms on height and weight for various age group boys on the basis of valid tests,
on boys and girls of each district of West Bengal for proper evaluation.
Bibliography

[1] Barrow, Harold M. and McGee, Rosemary.(1979). A practical approach to measurement in physical education. Lea &
Febiger (Philadelphia), 3rd edition.
[2] Brooks, F.D. and Shaffer, L.F. (1939) Child Psychology, London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.
[3] Clarke, H.H., (1971). Physical and Motor Tests in the Medford Boys Growth Study. Eaglewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall,
Inc.
[4] Malina, R.M. (1974).Adolescent changes in Sex, build, composition and performance. Human Biology; 46 (1),pp.117-131.
[5] Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., and Boileau R.A. (1978). Relationship of anthropometric dimensions of lean body mass in
children. Human Biology 5,pp. 469-482.
[6] Sodhi, H.S.(1991). Sports anthropometry (A Kinanthropometric approach) Anova publication, Mohali.
[7] Verducci F.M. (1980). Measurement concepts of physical education. C.V. Mosby and Co., London, p. 215.

*****


Effect of basketball specific endurance circuit training on
aerobic capacity and heart rate of high school male
basketball players

B. Chittibabu and N. Akilan
Assistant professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai
University, Chidambaram.

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a basketball specific endurance circuit training on
aerobic capacity and heart rate of high school male basketball players. To achieve the purpose of the study twenty four (24) male
high school basketball players were selected from Neyveli Lignite Corporation Sports School, Neyveli and St. Joseph Higher
Secondary School, Manjakuppam, Cuddalore. These subjects were randomly distributed into two groups namely basketball
specific endurance circuit training group (N=12) and control group (N=12). The mean age of the selected players was 16.85
0.67. Aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and peak heart rate were selected as criterion variables. Aerobic capacity was measured
by multistage fitness test and resting and peak heart rate was measured using polar heart rate monitor. The basketball specific
endurance circuit training was administered 3 days per week for six week. They performed 2 minutes of work at 90 to 95% of
targeted heart rate using Karvonen method. They performed 8 repetitions during first and second week, followed by 10
repetitions during third and fourth week and 12 repetitions during fifth and sixth week of training. This was followed by 2
minutes of active resting at 60 to 70% of targeted heart rate. In this study 1:1 work rest ratio was followed. Both the groups were
tested before and after training, the collected data was analysed using ANCOVA. The result of the study showed that aerobic
capacity, resting heart rate and peak heart rate between the groups was significant, it indicate that after adjusting pre-test scores,
there was a significant difference between the two groups on post-test scores. The findings of the study show that significant
increase in aerobic capacity and decrease in resting and peak heart rate. It can be concluded that basketball specific endurance
circuit training is effective in improving aerobic capacity and increases the cardiovascular fitness of male high school boys during
competitive phase.

Keywords: Endurance, Circuit training, resting heart rate, peak heart rate, aerobic capacity.

Introduction
Traditionally, the coaches and trainers have planned conditioning programs for their teams by following regimens used
by teams that have successful win-loss records. This type of reasoning is not sound because win-loss records alone do not
scientifically validate the conditioning programs used by the successful teams. In fact, the successful team might be victorious by
virtue of its superior athletes and not its outstanding conditioning program. Without question, the planning of an effective athletic
conditioning program can best be achieved by the application of proven physiological training principles. Optimizing training
programs for athletes is important because failure to properly condition an athletic team results in a poor performance and often
defeat.
The importance of developing good conditioning programs based on the specific physiological demands of each sport
is considered a key factor to success (Gillam 1985; Taylor 2003; 2004). The basketball player needs to train multiple components
of fitness. Thus, the athlete will concurrently perform various modes of training (e.g., strength, anaerobic, endurance). In the
present study sport specific circuit training was employed. This incorporates skills and movements specific to the sport, at
intensities sufficient to promote aerobic adaptations, are being increasingly implemented in professional team sports environment
(Lawson 2001). The perceived benefit of performing sports-specific exercise is that the training will transfer better into the
athletes competitive environment and that the greatest training benefits occur when the training stimulus simulates the specific
movement patterns and physiological demands of the sport (McArdle, Katch and Katch 1996). The purpose of the study was to
evaluate the effectiveness of a basketball specific endurance circuit training on aerobic capacity and heart rate of high school
male basketball players.

Methods
Subjects
A total of twenty four (24) male high school basketball players were selected from Neyveli Lignite Corporation Sports
School, Neyveli and St. Joseph Higher Secondary School, Manjakuppam, Cuddalore. These subjects were randomly distributed
into two groups namely basketball specific endurance circuit training group (N=12) and control group (N=12). The mean age of
the selected players was 16.85 0.67. The selected players had 3.8 3.1 years of playing experience and regularly participate in
training prior to the commencement of this study. All subjects were subjected to medical examination by a general medical

practitioner before participation in the study to ensure that there was of sufficient standard to be able to take part in fitness testing
and training.

Variables and tests
Aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and peak heart rate were selected as criterion variables. Aerobic capacity was
measured by multistage fitness test and resting and peak heart rate was measured using polar heart rate monitor.
Design of the study
For the present study pretest posttest randomized group design (Thomas, Nelson & Silverman, 2005) which consists
of a control group (CG) and an experimental group (TG) that was used to find out effect sports specific circuit training on the
selected physiological variables. Equal numbers (twelve) of subjects were assigned randomly to all the groups. TG was exposed
to training with a set of drills selected for specific purpose. The TG underwent training for a period of six weeks (42 days). The
training sessions were conducted three days a week (i.e. Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Measurement of physiological
variables was taken for both the groups.

Collection of Data
All the subjects were tested on physiological variables prior to training and after six weeks of training at Neyveli and
Cuddalore. The testing session consists of warm-up and test interspersed with rest. All tests were explained and demonstrated.
Before testing, subjects were given practice trials to become familiar with the testing procedures. All tests were counterbalanced
pre and post testing to ensure that testing effects were minimized. Subjects performed each test as per test procedure and the
scores of best trials were taken for this study. In the morning of the first day of testing measurements like height, weight, body
composition, resting heart rate, vertical jump and repeated sprint ability were measured, however in the evening aerobic capacity
and peak heart rate were evaluated.

Sports specific circuit training
TG is supplemented with sports specific circuit training replaced the regular physical fitness activity. However, control
group performed regular physical activity. The training was carried out in outdoor basketball court. This sports specific circuit
training was based on a previous design (Smith, 2004) and adapted to mimic as closely as possible the movement patterns of
basketball match play as reported by Mclnnes et al., (1995). The sports specific circuit training was administered 3 days per week
for six week. The TG performed 2minutes of work at 90 to 95% of targeted heart rate using Karvonen method. They performed 8
repetitions during first and second week, followed by 10 repetitions during third and fourth week and 12 repetitions during fifth
and sixth week of training. This was followed by 2 minutes of active resting at 70 to 80% of targeted heart rate. In this study 1:1
work rest ratio was followed. This training protocol was adapted from Helgerud et al., (2001). The average running time of one
circuit was 59 s and the total distance covered during one lap was approximately 153 m, with 60.2% of the movements forward
sprinting and 39.8% side shuffling. The portion of the circuit considered offence activity where a basketball was dribbled, was
55.6% while 44.4% was considered defensive activity without ball. Three layups, three rebounds, seven vertical jumps, one
pivot and 20 change of direction were completed during one repeat of the circuit.
Heart rate monitor was used to measure peak heart rate when performing the circuit. The subjects wore polar heart rate
transmitter belt and watch (Polar heart rate monitor watch, Finland). The training intensity was fixed between 90 to 95% of THR.
When the players perform below or above the prescribed intensity the watch will produce beep sound to alter their intensity
accordingly. The sports specific endurance circuit training details are presented in figure 1.


The description of the circuit:
1-2 forward sprint; 2-3 hurdle jump; 3-4 forward sprint; 4 pivot left; 4-5 shuffle left; 5-6 shuffle right; 6-7 shuffle left;
7-8 shuffle right; 8-9 shuffle left; 9-10 shuffle right; 10-11 hurdle jump; 12 vertical jump (collect ball upon landing); 13-14 Zig
Zag Dribble; 14-15 speed dribble with complete layup; 15 collect the rebound; 15-16-15 speed dribble with complete layup; 15
collect the rebound; 15-17-15 speed dribble with complete layup; 15 collect the rebound; 15-18 run and place the ball in basket;
18 throw the medicine ball; 18-19-20 forward sprint.

The collected data was evaluated using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The proposed hypothesis was tested at
0.05 level of confidence. Beside this mean and standard deviation were also calculated. SPSS statistic software package (SPSS
Company, America, version 17.0) was used. The value of 0.05 was set for statistical significance.

Results
Table 1 clearly shows that aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and peak heart rate between the groups was significant, it
indicate that after adjusting pre-test scores, there was a significant difference between the two groups on post-test scores on
aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and peak heart rate. The findings of the study show that significant increase in aerobic
capacity and decrease in resting and peak heart rate. The changes are presented in table 1.
Table 1
Changes in aerobic capacity and heart rate
Variables Groups Pre-test Post-test
% of
changes
F
Aerobic
Capacity
(ml/kg/min)
TG 43.36 5.82 45.12 5.42 3.29
7.890*
(p = 0.011)
CG 43.31 3.68 43.86 3.60 1.03
Resting HR
(beats/min)
TG 55.66 2.53 52.08 2.23 6.43
28.05*
(p = 0.000)
CG 54.50 2.57 54.75 2.83 0.42
Peak HR
(beats/min)
TG 198.58 3.57 192.33 3.82 3.14
32.20*
(p = 0.000)
CG 197.08 4.81 197.67 3.22 0.29

Discussion
In the present study, basketball specific endurance circuit training for six week has significantly improved aerobic
capacity 3.29%. Similarly, in CG 1.03% of improvement is elicited in aerobic capacity. The changes observed in the present
study have been reported previously in basketball (Balabinis et al. 2003) and soccer players (Helgerud et al. 2001). The changes
elicited in the present study found to be lower than the 7.5 to 9% increases in VO
2peak
observed in soccer players following eight
to ten-weeks of performing a similar sport-specific aerobic endurance training circuit compared to control group (Chamari et al.
2005; McMillan et al. 2005).
The reasons for small change obtained in aerobic capacity was firstly, differences observed could be due to the fact that
the training was carried out during the competitive phase in the present study compared to the preparatory phase in other studies
(Chamari et al. 2005; McMillan et al. 2005). Greater training adaptations are more likely to occur due to a potentially detrained
state during preparatory phase. Secondly, the difference could also be due to the shorter duration training programme in the
present study compared to others (Chamari et al. 2005). Sports specific endurance circuit training results in increase capillary and
mitochondrial density, enzyme activity (creatine phosphokinase and myokinase), metabolic stores (ATP, Creatine phosphate and
glycogen), connective tissue strength (ligament and tendon) (Baechle and Earle 2000; Amigo et al. 1998). These factors result in
slight improvement in aerobic capacity in male high school basketball players.
Resting heart rate refers to the number of times a heart contracts in one minute (beats per minute or BPM) while at
complete rest. The normal heart rate depends upon your age, gender and health and can vary greatly for both athletes and non-
athletes. In general, a person's resting heart rate indicates their basic fitness level. The stronger the heart, the more blood it can
pump during each contraction, and the less frequently it needs to beat to get adequate blood flow (circulation) and oxygen to the
body tissues. A well trained athlete can have a very low resting heart rate and pump more blood than an unconditioned
individual. In the present study TG showed 3.58 beats/min changes is elicited. The percentage reduction for resting heart rate

between pre to post was 6.48%. These changes are elicited as a result of sports specific endurance circuit training imparted to the
high school male basketball players. The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of heart with each contraction is called
the stroke volume. Although some conditions can affect a person's stroke volume, endurance and high intensity cardiovascular
exercise training often increases stroke volume (Bonaduce et al. 1998). A larger stroke volume results in a lower (resting) heart
rate (Nottin et al. 2002). However, longer diastole influences the resting heart rate in athletes (Nottin et al. 2002).
In this study TG showed 3.14% (6.25 beats/min) of reductions in peak heart rate. These alterations are caused because
of sports specific endurance circuit training which resulted in improvement of aerobic capacity. Heart rate increases in parallel
with increasing exercise intensity. Heart rate is stimulated to increase through the activation of mechano-, chemo- and
baroreceptors sending afferent signals to the cardiovascular control centre in the brain. This in turn adjusts sympathovagal
balance to the SA node bringing about a change in HR. At the onset of exercise, there is a rapid increase in HR. Due to its speed
of response, this is suggested to arise through a withdrawal of parasympathetic modulation which enables the HR to increase up
to the intrinsic rate of approximately 100 beats/min. Thereafter, any increase in HR is stimulated through an increased
sympathetic modulation. Increased sympathetic cardiac modulation is evident from approximately 25% peak VO
2
onwards and
by the time exercise reaches an intensity of 5060% of peak VO
2
, data suggest that vagal modulation disappears all together.
Very few studies have reported the dynamics of autonomic control of HR during exercise in children. Those studies that have
been performed report similar findings to those observed in adults. Due to training adaptations these changes are found in the
present study.

Conclusion
Basketball specific endurance circuit training is effective in improving aerobic capacity and increases the
cardiovascular fitness of male high school boys during competitive phase.
References

[1] Amigo, N., Cadefau, J.A., Ferrer, I., Tarados, N., and Cusso, R. (1998). Effect of summer intermission on skeletal
muscle of adolescent soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 38(4): 298 304.
[2] Baechle, T.R., and Earle, R.W. (2000). NSCA Essentials of strength training and conditioning (2nd ed.). Human
Kinetics, Leeds, UK.
[3] Balabinis, C.P., Psarakis, C.H., Moukas, M., Vassiliou, M.P., Behrakis, P.K. (2003). Early phase changes by concurrent
endurance and strength training. J Strength Cond Res, 17(2): 393-401.
[4] Bonaduce, D., Petretta, M., Cavallaro, V., Apicella, C., Ianniciello, A., Romano, M., et al. (1998). Intensive training
and cardiac autonomic control in high level athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30: 691-6.
[5] Chamari, K., Hachana, Y., Kaouech, F., Jeddi, R., Moussa-Chamari, I., Wislff, U. (2005). Endurance training and
testing with the ball in young elite soccer players. Br J Sports Med, 39(1): 24-8.
[6] Gillam, G (1985) Physiological basis of basketball bioenergetics. NSCA Journal 6, 44-71.
[7] Helgerud, J., Engen, L.C., Wisloff, U., Hoff, J. (2001). Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Med
Sci Sports Exerc, 33(11):1925-31.
[8] Lawson, E. (2001). Incorporating sports-specific drills into conditioning. In B. Foran (Ed.), High performance sports
conditioning (pp. 215-266). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
[9] McArdle, D.M.; Katch, FI. & Katch, V.L. (1996). Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition and human performance (5th
Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
[10] McInnes, S.E., Carlson, J.S., Jones, C.J., McKenna, M.J. (1995). The physiological load imposed on basketball
players during competition. J Sports Sci, 13(5): 387-97.
[11] McMillan K., Helgerud, J., Macdonald, R., and Hoff, J. (2005). Physiological adaptations to soccer specific
endurance training in professional youth soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39:273-277.
[12] Nottin, S., Vinet, A., Stecken, F., NGuyen, L.D., Ounissi, F., Lecoq, A.M., Obert, P. (2002). Central and peripheral
cardiovascular adaptations to exercise in endurance- trained children. Acta Physiol Scand, 175: 85-92.
[13] Smith, M. (2004). Basketball skill test for the big men. FIBA Assist Magazine, 07: 59-60.
[14] Taylor, J. (2003) Basketball: applying time motion data to conditioning. Strength and Conditioning Journal 2, 57-64.
[15] Taylor, J. (2004) A tactical metabolic training model for collegiate basketball. Strength and Conditioning Journal 5,
22-29.
[16] Thomas, J.R., Nelson, J.K., and Silverman S.J. (2005). Research Methods in Physical Activity. USA.

*****


Effect of elastic strength training on selected physical fitness
variables of novice college men high jumpers

J. Muthusubramanian

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of elastic strength training on selected physical fitness variables
of novice college men high jumpers. To achieve the purpose of the study, thirty novice male high jumpers were selected
randomly from Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram. The selected
subjects were classified into two groups of fifteen each. Group I underwent eight weeks of elastic strength training programme,
so as to be an experimental group. Group II acted as control group to find out the influence of elastic strength training
programme. The criterion variables selected for the present study are speed 50 meters dash, leg strength leg dynamometer and
explosive power vertical jump. The elastic strength training group underwent training 3 days per week for eight weeks. They
performed 50 to 80 foot contacts per session. The training resulted in significant improvement in speed (F = 35.24, p < 0.05), leg
strength (F = 47.47, p < 0.05) and explosive power (F = 19.62, p < 0.05). It is concluded that novice high jumpers experience
significant improvement in lower extremities strength and power.

Keywords: Elastic strength, high jumpers, speed, power, dynamometer

Introduction
The ability to jump high is important in high jump. Therefore, an increased knowledge about factors limiting vertical
jumping ability is of interest for both coaches and athletes. A common experience among coaches is that up to a certain degree
almost any type of training program will increase the vertical jumping capacity which enhances high jump performance.
However, an increased performance level of the athlete will require more specific and individually adapted training methods
(Salvi Shah 2012).
In this age of specialization in athletics, the strength requirements of the jump events, demand debate about maximum
strength, strength endurance and elastic strength. The adjective "elastic" is particularly appropriate since muscles possess high
elasticity. Muscles are composed of contractile elements (actin and myosine) and elastic elements that are in parallel and in
series. The neuromuscular system accepts and expels rapid loading at high velocity through the coordination of both reflexes and
these elastic and contractile components of muscle. Due to these facts the definition of elastic strength occurred: (the ability of
the neuromuscular system to overcome resistance with a high speed of contraction). Using the jumping events as an example,
coaches were aware that a pre stretch state had to precede the muscle work or flexion state of the muscles for the stretch reflex to
work, so the idea of pre-tensing the leg muscles of the plant foot just before the foot landed in the plant phase of jumping became
the norm (Salvi Shah 2012). Gradually jump events stated inculcating elastic strength training in their regular training schedule.
The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of elastic strength training on selected physical fitness variables of novice
college men high jumpers.

Methods
Subjects
Subjects and variable
To accomplish the purpose of the study thirty novice male high jumpers were selected randomly from Department of
Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. The selected subjects were classified
into two groups of fifteen each. Group I underwent eight weeks of elastic strength training programme, so as to be an
experimental group. Group II acted as control group to find out the influence of elastic strength training programme. The
criterion variables selected for the present study are speed 50 meters dash, leg strength leg dynamometer and explosive power
vertical jump. These subjects were tested before and after eight weeks of training.
Training
The elastic strength training group underwent training 3 days per week for eight weeks. They performed 50 to 80 foot
contacts per session (Table 1).


Table 1
Elastic strength training Programme for novice high jumpers

Week 1 Week 2
Week
3
Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8
Volume 50 FC 60 FC 70 FC 80 FC
Exercises
Squat jumps
1x10
Squat jumps
1x10
Squat jumps
1x10
Line hops
3x10
Multiple long jump 5x3
Split squat jump
2x5
Split squat jump
3x5
Ankle hops
1x10
Lateral long jump 5x1
Tuck jump
5x1
Multiple cone hops 5x3
Cone hops
2x5
Pike jump
5x1
Lateral long jump 5x1 Lateral long jump 5x1
Squat jumps
2x5
Two leg jump/reach 5x1 Weighted squat jump 10x1
Weighted squat jump
10x1
Split squat jump
2x5
Single leg jump/reach
5x1
Box jump
2x5
Box jump
2x5
Long jump
5x1
18 inch depth jump 5x1 12 inch depth jump 10x1
FC Total Foot contacts per training session as determined by total sets and repetitions for that session

The experimental design used for the present investigation was Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Since two groups
are involved post hoc test was not applied to determine the significant paired mean differences. The level of confidence was fixed
at 0.05 to test the significance. The data was analysed in computer system by using statistical package for social science (SPSS)
version 17.
Results

It is clear from the table 1 that there is no significant difference between elastic strength training and control group on
speed, leg strength and explosive power before commencement of training. However, there is a significant difference on speed (F
= 5.58, p < 0.05), leg strength (F = 7.61, p < 0.05) and explosive power (F = 8.01, p < 0.05) during post test. Thereby it inferred
that the elastic strength training significantly improved selected physical fitness variables in novice male high jumpers.
Table 1
Summary of ANCOVA on aerobic capacity
Variables
Testing
Conditions
Elastic
Strength
training
Control
group
SOV SS df MS F
Speed
(sec)
Pre
(M SD)
7.490.37 7.530.41
B 0.011 1 0.011
0.07
W 4.287 28 0.153
Post
(M SD)
6.870.36 7.520.42
B 0.837 1 0.837
5.58*
W 4.195 28 0.150
Adjusted
(M)
7.07 7.53
B 0.005 1 0.005
35.2*
W 0.004 27 0.0002
Leg Strength
(kg)
Pre
(M SD)
46.206.07 46.255.21
B 0.01 1 0.01
1.07
W 0.24 28 8.43
Post
(M SD)
50.216.42 46.954.99
B 0.213 1 0.213
7.61*
W 0.776 28 0.028
Adjusted
(M)
50.03 46.91
B 1121.2 1 1121.2
47.7*
W 637.85 27 23.62
Explosive
power
(cm)
Pre
(M SD)
27.332.72 27.402.53
B 0.033 1 0.033
0.005
W 192.93 28 6.89
Post
(M SD)
35.736.36 28.534.51
B 76.80 1 76.80
8.01*
W 268.67 28 9.60
Adjusted
(M)
34.13 27.86
B 79.72 1 79.72
19.6*
W 109.69 27 4.06
*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

Further, table 1 clearly shows that after adjusting pre-test scores, there was a significant difference between the two
groups on adjusted post test scores on speed (F = 35.2, p < 0.05), leg strength (F = 47.7, p < 0.05) and explosive power (F = 19.6,

p < 0.05). Thus, it is concluded that eight weeks of elastic strength training significantly improved speed (8.27%), leg strength
(8.67%) and explosive power (30.73%) than control group.
Discussion
Leg strength is the primary source of power in many sports. According to Gambetta (2007) the legs can be seen as a
functional unit of a closed kinetic chain without which an athlete cannot have speed, strength, power or suppleness to perform. In
the present study 8.67% of improvement is elicited in leg strength as result of elastic strength training. Since, leg strength
significantly influences high jumpers speed and explosive power which may enhance their jumping performance. Hence, it has
been shown that muscular strength is related to sprinting performance (Young, McLean, & Ardagna, 1995). Speed and explosive
power significantly improved as a of elastic strength training. This finding is in accordance with Thomas, French & Hayes,
(2009), Sez-Sez De Villarreal et al., (2009), Markovic & Mikulic, (2010), Sez-Sez De Villarreal et al., (2010). In the present
study the changes are elicited in selected physical fitness variables may be because of effective elastic strength training
programmes with optimal level of novice high jumpers that enhanced both neural and muscular characteristics (Delecluse, 1997).

Conclusion
It is concluded that elastic strength training programme for 8 weeks is effective in improving the novice male high jumpers
performance on speed, leg strength and explosive power. This optimal training load may be adopted during preparation of novice
high jumpers who require greater amount of leg strength, speed and explosive power to jump higher.

References
[1] Delecluse, C. (1997). Influence of strength training on sprint running performance: current findings and implications
for training. Sports Medicine, 24(3): 147156.
[2] Gambetta, G. (2007). Athletic development: The art & science of functional sports conditioning. Champaign, Illinois:
Human Kinetics.
[3] Markovic, G. & Mikulic, P. (2010). Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric
training. Sports Medicine, 40(10): 859-895.
[4] Sez-Sez De Villarreal, E.; Kellis, E.; Kraemer, W.J. & Zquierdo, M. (2009). Determining variables of plyometric
training for improving vertical jump height performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning
Research, 23(2): 495-506.
[5] Sez-Sez De Villarreal, E.; Requena, B. & Newton, R. U. (2010). Does plyometric training improve strength
performance? A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, (13): 513522.
[6] Salvi Shah. (2012). Plyometric exercises. International journal of health sciences and research, 2(1): 115-126.
[7] Thomas, K.; French, D. & Hayes, PR. (2009). The effect of two plyometric training techniques on muscular power and
agility in youth soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1): 332335.
[8] Young, W.B., McLean, B. and Ardagna, J. (1995). Relationship between strength qualities and sprinting performance.
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 35, 1319.

*****


THE CHANGES ON CREATINE KINASE IN RESPONSE
TO AEROBIC EXERCISE AMONG NOVICE AND
TRAINED SOCCER PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT AGES

* M. Elamaran & ** Muhammed Musthafa M.
* Asst. Prof., Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, Annamalai University
** Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, Annamalai
University

Abstract:The study was intended to evaluate the creatine kinase responses to exercise among novice and trained soccer players
of different ages. Sixty male adolescent soccer players aged 14 and 16 years were selected as participants, of whom thirty of them
were trained soccer players and the rest were novice to the sport. The participants were segregated into four groups of fifteen
each, namely: junior novice soccer players, senior novice soccer players, junior trained soccer players, and senior trained soccer
players. The independent variable confined to this study is aerobic exercise stress testing using Bruce treadmill protocol to
evaluate its influence on creatine kinase. The data on creatine kinase was measured at rest and after exercise condition. The data
thus collected from novice and trained soccer players of different ages at rest and after exercise condition have been analyzed by
three way factorial ANOVA. The finding of the study concludes that there is a statistically significant difference between novice
and trained soccer players of different ages at rest and after exercise on creatine kinase.

Keywords: Creatine kinase, soccer, aerobic exercise

Introduction
Human beings acclimatize in a variety of ways depending upon the stresses to which it is exposed. Reactions to
excessive stresses are modified by the individual attributes of each person. The length of exposure to stresses modifies the nature
of changes and the resiliency of those changes. Thus, upon exposure to an active stress, the body undergoes a hierarchy of
responsive changes, the physiological and biochemical changes to increase oxygen supply to body tissues are noticeable in those
body systems that are directly related to oxygen delivery, but the changes probably occur in all organ systems.
In physiological response to acute exercise, there are several components that dictate what will be the magnitude and
direction of the physiological response. The key components of acute exercise are the intensity at which the exercise is
performed and the duration of the individual exercise bout (McArdle, Katch & Katch, 1996; Pollock & Wilmore, 1990).
Typically the greater the intensity of exercise, the greater the degree of stress placed upon the physiological system. Relative to
duration, typically extending the length of time of an exercise bout at any given intensity tends to amplify the physiological
response; that is, as a person exercises longer and longer, one can see a gradual and further increase in the physiological and
biochemical levels (Galbo et al., 1977). Age and maturation can also be influential factors. The very young and older mature
individuals have certain physiological responses to exercise that vary from those exhibited by the young to middle-aged adults
which usually are used in many exercise studies (McMurray & Hackney, 2000).
Exercise, a common active stress, can elicit cardiovascular abnormalities not present at rest. Dynamic exercise is
preferred for testing because it puts a volume stress rather than a pressure load on the heart and because it can be graduated.
When dynamic exercise is begun or increased, oxygen uptake by

the lungs quickly increases. After the second minute, oxygen

uptake usually remains relatively stable at each

intensity of exercise. During steady state of exercise, heart rate, cardiac

output,
blood pressure, and pulmonary ventilation are maintained

at reasonably constant levels (Rowell, 1986).
The bodys response to dynamic exercise consists of a

complex series of cardiovascular adjustments to provide active

muscles with the blood supply appropriate for their metabolic

needs, to dissipate the heat generated by active muscles, and

to
maintain the blood supply to the brain and the heart.
Further, it is evident that a number of biochemical and haematological properties, which display significant differences
between athletes and non-athletes in blood samples collected at rest (Mayr, et al., 2006; Nikolaidis, et al., 2003). Most prominent
among these properties is creatine kinase, which is believed to leak into the plasma from skeletal muscle fibres when they are
damaged because of repeated and intense contractions (Mougios, 2006; Clarkson, Nosaka & Braun, 1992; Noakes, 1987).

A relationship between sedentary behaviour and deleterious health consequences was noted as early as the 17th century
by occupational physician Bernadino Ramazzini (Franco & Fusetti, 2004). The importance of understanding the creatine kinase
levels and that distinguishes the capability of novice and trained soccer players in enduring physical exertion and competitive
performance is much needed.
The subjects in this study were described as novice or trained soccer players, based on their years of experiences with
regular physical activity routine specific to soccer sports. Regularly exercising may attenuate physiological adaptations and
protect against exercise muscle disruption and subsequent damage. It would be of interest to explore the effects of habitual

training in different age groups and its effect on serum creatine kinase levels. To date, there has been a lack of research in
identifying the biochemical conditions and the role of being habitually trained on the biochemical responses to exercise among
soccer players of different ages. Hence, the investigator is provoked to determine whether creatine kinase responses to aerobic
exercise varies between novice and trained soccer players, and furthermore to examine creatine kinase responses to aerobic
exercise among players of different ages. The present paper was proposed to evaluate the creatine kinase responses to exercise
among novice and trained soccer players of different ages.

Methods
Subject and variables
Sixty male adolescent soccer players aged 14 (juniors) and 16 (seniors) years were selected as participants, of whom
thirty of them were trained soccer players and the rest were novice to the sport. The selected participants were the inhabitants of
Malappuram district, Kerala state, India. The participants were segregated into four groups of fifteen each, namely: junior novice
soccer players, senior novice soccer players, junior trained soccer players, and senior trained soccer players.
The independent variable confined to this study is aerobic exercise stress testing using Bruce treadmill protocol to
evaluate its influence on serum creatine kinase levels. The study was restricted to the criterion variable namely: creatine kinase.
The data on creatine kinase were measured at rest and after exercise condition. The standardized testing procedures and
instruments used to collect the data on creatine kinase was as presented in the table-1.

Table 1: Dependent variable and the respective test

Variables Instruments/methods Unit of Measurement
Creatine Kinase Reckon Diagnostics ENZOPAK CK-NAC IU/L

Experimental Design and Statistical Techniques
The experimental design used in this study was stratified random group design involving sixty subjects, who were
divided at into four groups of fifteen each. The data thus collected from novice and trained soccer players of different ages at rest
and after exercise condition have been analyzed by three way factorial ANOVA. In all the cases level of confidence was fixed at
0.05 for significance.

Results
The mean values on creatine kinase at rest and after exercise among novice and trained soccer players of different ages
are graphically illustrated in figure-1.

Figure 1: Graphical Representation of the Mean Values on Creatine Kinase at Rest and After Exercise among Novice and
Trained Soccer Players of Different Ages

The data on heart rate have been analyzed by three-way factorial ANOVA (2x2x2) and the obtained results are
presented in table-2.

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Juniors Seniors Juniors Seniors
Novice Trained
At rest After exercise


Table 2: Three Way Factorial ANOVA on Creatine Kinase
Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Group
10.651 1 10.651 3.569 .061
Age category
22.317 1 22.317 7.478 .007
Test
61936.992 1 61936.992 20752.722 .000
Group * Age category
.438 1 .438 .147 .702
Group * Test
5620.430 1 5620.430 1883.191 .000
Age category * Test
.088 1 .088 .029 .864
Group * Age category * Test
64.167 1 64.167 21.500 .000
Error
334.267 112 2.985

It is observed from table-2 that no significant differences exist between groups (sedentary and active) irrespective of
age category and testing conditions on creatine kinase. Per se, significant differences exist between age categories (14 years and
16 years) irrespective of groups and testing conditions, and also between testing conditions (at rest and after exercise)
irrespective of groups and age category on creatine kinase.
Though, the interaction of groups and age categories irrespective of testing conditions, and the interaction of age
categories and testing conditions irrespective of groups reveals the non-existence of significant difference on creatine kinase. The
interaction of groups and testing conditions irrespective of age categories shows the existence of significant difference on
creatine kinase. Furthermore, the finding of the study establishes the existences of significant differences in the three way
interaction of groups, age categories and testing conditions on creatine kinase. Since, the interaction effect is significant, the
simple effect test has been applied as follow up test and it is presented in table-3.
Table-3 exhibits that there is a significant difference between novice and trained junior soccer players on creatine
kinase levels at resting state. Similarly, there is a significant difference between novice and trained senior soccer players on
creatine kinase levels at resting state.
Likewise, there is a significant difference between novice and trained junior and senior soccer players on creatine
kinase levels in exercise condition.
Table-3 also displays that there is a significant difference between junior and senior novice soccer players on creatine
kinase levels at resting state. While, no significant difference exists between junior and senior novice soccer players on creatine
kinase levels in exercise condition.

Table - 3
The Simple Effect Scores of Novice and Trained Soccer Players of Different Ages on Creatine Kinase at Rest and after
Exercise
Source of Variance
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Squares
F
ratio
Groups at rest of juniors 1562.401 1 1562.401 523.418*
Groups after exercise of juniors 1888.117 1 1888.117 632.535*
Groups at rest of seniors 1035.469 1 1035.469 346.891*
Groups after exercise of seniors 1209.675 1 1209.675 405.251*
Novice players of different ages at rest 34.669 1 34.669 11.614*
Novice players of different ages after exercise 3.333 1 3.333 1.116
Trained players of different ages at rest 2.133 1 2.133 0.715
Trained players of different ages after exercise 46.875 1 46.875 15.704*
Tests of junior novice players 27482.1 1 27482.1 9206.735*
Tests of senior novice players 24984.13 1 24984.13 8369.893*
Tests of junior trained players 6855.439 1 6855.439 2296.629*
Tests of senior trained players 8300.05 1 8300.05 2780.586*
Error 334.267 112 2.985
*Significant at .05 level of confidence
(Table values required for significance at .05 level with df 1 & 112 is 3.93)

Further, it reveals that no significant difference exists between junior and senior trained soccer players on creatine
kinase levels at resting state. Conversely, there is a significant difference between junior and senior trained soccer players on
creatine kinase levels in exercise condition.
Furthermore, the findings of the study make obvious that there is a significant elevation on creatine kinase in response
to exercise among novice and trained soccer players of different ages.

Discussions
The serum CK concentration serves as an index of both overexertion and adaptation of the muscular system to repeated
bouts of exercise. As such, CK is one of the top choices of athletes and coaches when requesting a biochemical profile, although
the interpretation of CK values is not always straightforward. Given the fact that serum CK remains elevated for several days
post-exercise, the values used in this analysis should be considered as the cumulative effect of recent training sessions in
conjunction with the repeated-bout effect (McHugh, 2003).
Strenuous exercise that damages skeletal muscle cell structure at the level of sarcolemma and Z-disks (Thorsten, Martin
& Theo, 2000), results in an increase in total CK (Epstein, 1995; Noakes, 1987). In athletes, the study of CK at rest and after
exercise could be an important tool for coaches and clinicians (Brancaccio, Limongelli & Maffulli, 2006). Athletes have higher
resting CK when compared with untrained subjects (Koutedakis et al., 1993), probably because of the greater muscle mass and
the daily training performed. However, after exercise, CK serum activity depends on the level of training: although athletes
experience greater muscle soreness when compared with untrained subjects, their peak serum activity is lower (Vincent &
Vincent, 1997). Also, the most marked increase in CK occurs in the less-trained subjects (Maxwell & Bloor, 1981). In addition,
CK values show great variability, and athletes with chronically low CK serum levels (low responders) have low variability when
compared with those who have higher values (high responders). Therefore, the diagnosis of overtraining becomes possible only
if a large increase is observed in combination with reduced exercise tolerance (Hartmann & Mester, 2000).
Age difference did not seem to have an effect on the CK in athletes considerably. This is in agreement with the
statement that age does not appear to influence the degree to which serum enzyme concentrations increase with exercise (Noakes,
1987).
Researchers have observed that dramatic increases in physiological variables and biochemical properties during
exercise bout. The extent of the increase in physiological variables and biochemical properties is dependent on the time and
intensity of the exercise bout, and the amount of muscle mass involved.

Conclusions
It was found that the creatine kinase at resting conditions of the trained soccer players is higher than that of novice
soccer players, consequently the creatine kinase in response to exercise is less for the trained soccer players compared to novice
soccer players. This finding ensures the fact that regularly exercising may attenuate physiological adaptations and protect against
exercise muscle disruption. Based on the findings of the study it was concluded that there is a statistically significant difference
between novice and trained soccer players of different ages at rest and after exercise on creatine kinase.

References
[1] Brancaccio, P., Limongelli, F. M., and Maffulli, N. (2006). Monitoring of serum enzymes in sport. Br J Sports Med.
40(2): 9697.
[2] Clarkson, P.M., Nosaka, K., and Braun, B. (1992). Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid
adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 24: 51220.
[3] Epstein, Y. (1995) Clinical significance of serum creatine phosphokinase activity levels following exercise. Isr J Med
Sci, 31, 698699.
[4] Franco, G., and Fusetti, L. (2004). Bernardino Ramazzinis early observations of the link between musculoskeletal
disorders and ergonomic factors. Appl. Ergon. 35(1): 6770.
[5] Galbo H, Hummer L, Peterson IB, Christensen NJ, and Bie N. (1977). Thyroid and testicular hormonal responses to
graded and prolonged exercise in men. Eur J Appl Physiol 36:101-6.
[6] Hartmann, U., and Mester, J. (2000). Training and overtraining markers in selected sport events. Med Sci Sports Exerc,
32: 209215.
[7] Koutedakis, Y., Raafat, A., Sharp, N.C., Rosmarin, M.N., Beard, M.J., and Robbins, S.W. (1993). Serum enzyme
activities in individuals with different levels of physical fitness. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 33(3): 252257.
[8] Maxwell, J.H., and Bloor, C.M. (1981). Effects of conditioning on exertional rhabdomyolysis and serum creatine
kinase after severe exercise. Enzyme 26(4): 177181.
[9] Mayr, A., Kuipers, H., Falk, M., et al. (2006). Comparison of hematologic data in world elite junior speed skaters and
in non-athletic juniors. Int J Sports Med. 27: 2838.
[10] McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., and Katch, V.L. (1996). Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human
Performance. Philadelphia (PA): Williams and Wilkins.
[11] McHugh, M.P. (2003). Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against
muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 13(2):88-97.
[12] McMurray, R.G. and Hackney, A.C. Endocrine responses to exercise and training. In: Garrett WE, Kirkendall DT,
editors. (2000). Exercise and Sport Science. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 135-56.
[13] Mougios V. (2006). Exercise biochemistry. Champaign, Illinois, USA: Human Kinetics: 296.

[14] Nikolaidis MG, Protosygellou MD, Petridou A, et al. (2003). Hematologic and biochemical profile of juvenile and
adult athletes of both sexes: implications for clinical evaluation. Int J Sports Med. 24: 50611.
[15] Noakes TD. (1987). Effect of exercise on serum enzyme activities in humans. Sports Med. 4(4): 24567.
[16] Pollock, M.L. and Wilmore, J.H. (1990). Exercise in health and disease. (2nd ed). New York: WB Saunders Co.
[17] Rowell L.B. (1986). Human Circulation. Regulation during Physical Stress, New York: Oxford University Press.
[18] Thorsten H, Martin S, Theo W (2000) Isoenzyme-specific interaction of muscle-type creatine kinase with the
sarcomeric M-line is mediated by NH2terminal lysine charge-clamps. J Cell Biol, 149, 12251234.
[19] Vincent HK, Vincent KR (1997). The effect of training status on the serum creatine kinase response, soreness and
muscle function following resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med, 18(6), 431437.

*****


ANALYSIS OF MODERATE ALTITUDE INDUCED
CHANGES ON
THE SYNTHESIS OF ERYTHROPOIETIN

M. ELAMARAN
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, Annamalai
University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT: The present investigation is proposed to elucidate the changes on erythropoietin levels induced by the exposure to
Ootacamund. For this purpose, fifteen male handball players in the age group of 20 to 25 years were selected as subjects from
Annamalai University, during their competitive season. The erythropoietin was selected as dependent variable and it was
appraised using procedures and instruments of scientific standards at Chidamabaram (sea level) and during the sixth hour of acute
exposure to Ootacamund (moderate altitude). To compare the changes on erythropoietin at moderate altitude with that of the sea
level, t test was used. The analysis of data revealed that there is a significant amplification on erythropoietin in response to
moderate altitude exposure, since the obtained t ratio for 14 degrees of freedom is 11.233 (p < 0.05. Exposure to Ootacamund
had an affirmative impact on erythropoietin. This result suggests that exposure to Ootacamund is capable of inducing significant
changes on erythropoietin and thereby enhanced aerobic endurance performance of sportsperson.

Keywords: Altitude, Erythropoietin, sea level, aerobic performance

Introduction
Exposure to high altitude causes the body to acclimatise to the lower level of oxygen available in the atmosphere.
Acclimatization to high altitude includes a number of physiological and hematologic adaptations that theoretically should

improve O
2
transport to skeletal muscles during exercise (Levine & Gundersen 1997).
Reduced arterial PO
2
at altitude stimulates an increase in the total number of red blood cells, a condition termed
polycythemia. The erythrocyte-stimulating hormone erythropoietin (EPO), synthesized and released primarily from the kidneys
in response to localized arterial hypoxia, initiates red blood cell formation within 15 hours after altitude ascent. In the weeks that
follow, erythrocyte production in the marrow of the long bones increases considerably and remains elevated throughout the
altitude stay (Groves et al. 1987). Valuable increases in hemoglobin also occur in proportion to the increased erythrocyte
production. Up to a point, the more blood cells an athlete have, the more oxygen he can deliver to his muscles. The increased red
blood cells, resulting in higher hemoglobin values, ensure better working capacity. Higher the altitude, greater the stimulus will
be to produce extra red cells. However, the exact magnitude of the barometric pressure reduction in any geographical location
depends on the combination of elevation, latitude, season and weather.
Ootacamund is a hill station in south India at an altitude of 2204 metres above mean sea level and at the latitude of
1124 north, necessitates to study the effect of exposure to Ootacamund on the hormone erythropoietin, since no such
investigation has been carried out in evaluating the erythropoietin secretion in such a geographical location. This investigation
would facilitate in understanding the potential benefits of exposure to Ootacamund for the purpose of enhancing sports
performance. Thereby, the purpose of this study is to elucidate the changes on erythropoietin levels induced by the exposure to
Ootacamund.

Methodology
Subjects and variables
Fifteen male handball players, those represented Annamalai University in the All India Inter University Handball
Tournament volunteered as subjects as part of the expedition to an altitude of 2,204 metres above mean sea level. The age and
weight of the selected subjects averaged 21.80 2.01 yr and 64.6 5.18

kg respectively, and they were recruited for the purpose
of the study with their written informed consent.
The independent variables considered in this study were (i) Sea Level (Chidambaram), 5.75 metres above mean sea
level and (ii) Moderate Altitude (Ootacamund), 2,200 metres above mean sea level. The erythropoietin was the only dependent
variable selected for this paper was assessed using standard procedures at sea level and during the sixth hour of acute exposure to
moderate altitude. The instruments involved in blood collection and testing were confirmed to scientific standard using
Quantikine IVD kit and ELISA reader.
The initial collection of blood was carried out the day before departure in Chidambaram (5.75 m above MSL). The
subjects were transported by automobile from Chidambaram to Ootacamund, a trip of about 10 hours. The second test was
conducted at the sixth hour of exposure in Ootacamund (2,204m above MSL). The collection of blood was carried out at 08.00
hours at both the venues, to avoid diurnal variations. A phlebotomist was recruited for the process of obtaining samples of venous

blood from the antecubital vein by using a syringe. The serum was harvested and stored in labeled Eppendorf tubes, which were
frozen at -20C until hormone analysis was conducted.

Experimental Design and Statistical Techniques
Random group design involving fifteen subjects was used for the purpose of expounding the changes in the synthesis
and release of erythropoietin in response to moderate altitude induced decrease in the partial pressure of inspired oxygen. To
determine the significant difference existing between the data collected at sea level and moderate altitude on selected dependent
variables t test was used. The level of significance was accepted at P < 0.01.
Results
The descriptive analysis and t ratio of data collected on erythropoietin at sea level and moderate altitude is presented
in table II.
Table II: Computation of Data on Erythropoietin
N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Difference
between
Mean
Std. Error of
Difference
between Mean
t ratio df Sig.
At
Sea level
15 7.38 1.472
1.64 0.036 11.233 14 .000
At Altitude 15 9.02 1.645

The findings of the study shows that there is a significant amplification on erythropoietin in response to moderate
altitude exposure, since the obtained t ratio for 14 degrees of freedom is 11.233 (p < 0.05). The finding of the study reveals that
there was an affirmative impact on erythropoietin synthesis.

Discussion
The present finding is in agreement with the findings of Boning et al., (2004) that erythropoietin was little increased in
a moderate altitude of 2600m, while Richalet et al., (1994) pronounced an initial sharp increase in erythropoietin. In addition
Eckardt et al., (1989) were evident that the concentration of EPO in blood increases 90 to 120 min after reduction of the
inspiratory PO
2
, besides the EPO rises progressively during the first 24-48 hours. Gunga et al., (2003) and Stray-Gundersen,
Chapman & Levine (2001) stated that erythropoietin concentration almost doubled after one night at moderate altitude.

Conclusions
The present investigation displays that acute exposure to Ootacamund induces significant changes on erythropoietin in
response to reduced partial pressure of oxygen and furthermore forms the basis for stimulating erythrocytes and in the formation
of red blood cells in order to increase the oxygen transport capacity of the blood. This reveals that altitude training at
Ootacamund would enhance the aerobic endurance capacity of sportspersons and needs to be explored further for substantiating
its efficacy.

REFERENCES
[1] Boning, D, et al. (2004). Hemoglobin Mass and Peak Oxygen Uptake in Untrained and Trained Female Altitude
Residents. Int J Sports Med 25.
[2] Eckardt, K.U., et al. (1989). Rate of erythropoietin formation in humans in response to acute hypobaric hypoxia. J Appl
Physiol. 66(4).
[3] Groves, B. M., et al., (1987). Operation Everest II: elevated high-altitude pulmonary resistance unresponsive to
oxygen. J Appl Physiol 63.
[4] Gunga, H.C., et al. (2003). Austrian Moderate Altitude Study (AMAS 2000) - fluid shifts, erythropoiesis, and
angiogenesis in patients with metabolic syndrome at moderate altitude (congruent with 1700 m). Eur J Appl Physiol.
88(6).
[5] Levine, B.D., Stray-Gundersen, J. (1997). Living high-training low: Effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with
low-altitude training on performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 83.
[6] Richalet, J.P. et al. (1994). Control of erythropoiesis in humans during prolonged exposure to the altitude of 6,542 m.
Am J Physiol. 266(3 Pt 2).
[7] Stray-Gundersen, J., Chapman R.F., Levine, B.D. (2001). "Living high-training low" altitude training improves sea
level performance in male and female elite runners. J Appl Physiol. 91(3).

*****


ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGES IN SELECTED MOTOR
FITNESS COMPONENTS WITH CONCURRENT
STRENGTH AND PLYOMETRIC TRAINING

R. Muthu Eleckuvan
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, Annamalai

Abstract: The underlying principle of this study was to assess the effect of eight weeks concurrent strength and plyometric
training in enhancing the capability on selected motor fitness components. For the purpose of study, thirty male students of
Annamalai University, aged 20 to 22 years took part in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either concurrent training
(n=15) or control (n=15) group. The training regimen lasted for eight weeks. The selected criterion variables were assessed using
standard tests and procedures, prior to and immediately after the training programme. Analysis of covariance was employed to
establish degree of significant modification on chosen criterion variables. The findings of the study revealed that eight weeks of
concurrent training had an effectiveness of 4.13% on leg strength, 11.81% on strength endurance, 0.40% on speed, and 7.53% on
anaerobic power. These findings suggest that the concurrent strength and plyometric training programme has a statistically
significant influence in developing the selected criterion variables.

Keywords: Concurrent, motor fitness, speed, anaerobic power, leg strength

Introduction
In todays age of scientific knowledge man is making rapid progress in all walks of life and it is true in the area of
games and sports. Also scientific knowledge has revolutionalised the standards of human performance in sports disciplines. The
athletes are now trained on scientific lines and using highly sophisticated technology for top performance in their specific sports,
with minimum expenditure of energy and time.
So as to have the utmost efficiency, consistent improvement and balanced abilities, a sportsperson must participate in
year round conditioning programs. For that they must put their bodies under a certain amount of stress to increase physical
capabilities. Physical exercise is extremely important for maintaining physical fitness including healthy weight; building and
maintaining healthy bones, muscles, and joints; promoting physiological well-being; and strengthening the immune system. To
improve or maintain a desired level of physical fitness, there is a need to constantly administer an adequate training intensity
while exercising. Different training modalities are used for the development of different features of physical fitness, as each
sportsperson requires a different types and levels of physical composure.
Most weight training systems in use today is based on variation, of the De Lorne method. If properly carried out weight
may improve speed, explosive power, strength and endurance.
Circuit weight training is one of the effective means to improve all round physical and cardiovascular fitness, whereas,
plyometric training is one of the most effective methods for improving explosive power as stated by Fleck and Kraemer (2004).
A wide variety of athletes can benefit from power training, particularly if it follows or coincides with a strength training program.
Although, plyometric training has received much attention recently, it had been a part of the training of athletes in a
variety of sports for years. It is used in conjunction with other power development methods in a complete training programme to
bridge the gap between maximum strength and explosive power. Scientific research has given us a fundamental understanding of
the elastic properties of muscle and its training ability.
The effects of resistive type exercise on athletic performance have been largely evident. To know the efficacy of
concurrent circuit weight training and plyometric training; and its commendable contribution to ones level of fitness, it was
decided to take up this study. We hypothesized that concurrent strength and plyometric training may have significant affluence
for the development of selected motor fitness components.

Methodology
Subjects and Variables
For the purpose of this study, thirty male students of Annamalai University, in the age group of 20 to 22 years were
recruited, with their

consent. All of them were healthy, nonsmoking and with a negative medical history.

The selected subjects
were randomly assigned to both the concurrent training and control groups of fifteen each. The selected criterion variables were
assessed using standard tests and procedures, prior to and immediately after the training regimen. The instruments used for
testing the criterion variables were standard and reliable as they were purchased from the reputed companies, and moreover they
were attuned and tested for its accuracy. The standard tests and instruments used for assessing the criterion variables are
presented in table 1.

Table 1
Criterion Variables and Tests
SL. No. Variables Tests / Instruments Unit of Measurement
1. Leg Strength Leg Dynamometer Kilograms
2. Strength Endurance Bent Knee Sit-ups Counts
3. Speed 50 Metres Dash Seconds
4. Anaerobic Power Margaria Kalamen Power Test Kilograms/Second

Training Protocol
The experimental group underwent training regimen that consisted

of six to eight exercises a session, two sessions a
day, four days

a week for eight weeks. In the morning circuit weight training was administered with intensive sessions on
Monday and Friday for upper and lower body respectively, and the extensive sessions on Tuesday and Thursday for lower and
upper body respectively. In the evening plyometrics was incorporated with sessions contrary to that of in the morning, on the
principles of load and specificity. The control group did not participate in any specialized training during the period of study.

Experimental Design and Statistical Procedure
The experimental design used for the present study was random group design involving thirty subjects. Analysis of
covariance (ANCOVA) was used as a statistical procedure to establish the significant difference, if any, existing between pretest
and posttest data on selected criterion variables. The level of significance was accepted at P < 0.05.

Results
The descriptive analysis of data collected on selected motor fitness components prior to and immediately after eight
weeks of concurrent strength and plyometric training is presented in table 2.
Table 2
Computation of Mean and Standard Deviation on Selected Motor Fitness Components
Variables Groups
Pretest Posttest
x

x

Leg Strength
Control 96.67 11.41 95.73 7.81
Experimental 95.20 8.71 99.13 5.83
Strength Endurance
Control 27.67 6.38 28.13 4.64
Experimental 28.80 3.91 32.20 3.47
Speed
Control 7.53 0.41 7.52 0.41
Experimental 7.49 0.37 7.46 0.36
Anaerobic Power
Control 104.53 4.29 109.07 4.38
Experimental 101.80 4.46 109.47 4.24

Analysis of covariance was employed to determine the significant impact of concurrent strength and plyometric
training on selected motor fitness components and it is given in table 3.
Table 3
Analysis of Covariance on Selected Motor Fitness Components of Control Group and Concurrent Strength - Plyometric
Training Group
Variables Groups
Adjusted
Mean
SOV
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F ratio
Leg Strength
Control 95.29 B 137.73 1 137.73
14.80*
Experimental 99.58 W 251.29 27 9.31
Strength
Endurance
Control 28.50 B 82.74 1 82.74
14.94*
Experimental 31.84 W 149.53 27 5.54
Speed
Control 7.52 B 0.0052 1 0.0052
35.241*
Experimental 7.47 W 0.0040 27 0.0002
Anaerobic Power
Control 107.56 B 64.03 1 64.03
196.77*
Experimental 106.91 W 8.79 27 0.325
Required table value for significance at 0.05 level of confidence for df of 1 and 27 is 4.21
* Significant at 0.05 level.
The findings of the study shows that significant difference existing between control group and concurrent strength-
plyometric training group on leg strength, strength endurance, speed and anaerobic power, since the obtained F ratio of 14.80,
14.94, 35.241, and 196.77 respectively were greater than the required table value of 4.21 for significance at 0.05 level of
confidence for df of 1 and 27.

Discussions
It appears that regular participation in physical exercises initiate a disruption

in systemic homoeostasis, which is
followed by an adaptive phase results in the betterment of the performance of leg strength, strength endurance, speed and
anaerobic power, which might be due to the progressive loading of intensity.
The findings of the study is in par with the views of some (Blackey & Southard 1987; Gehri et al. 1998; Matavulj et al.
2001) that a relatively small amount of plyometric training is required to improve performance vertical jumping, long jumping,
sprinting and sprint cycling. A conditioning program consisting of both plyometric training and resistance training can improve
power performance in the vertical jump (Blackey & Southard 1987; Adams et al. 1992; Bauer et al. 1990; Clutch et al. 1983) and
40yard sprint time (Clutch et al. 1983).

Conclusions
The result of this study demonstrated that, concurrent strength and plyometric training with repeated

bouts of a
combination of physical exercise has significant impact on leg strength, strength endurance, speed and anaerobic power.
References
[1] Adams, K., O'Shea, J.P., O'Shea, K.l., Climstein, M. (1992). The effects of six weeks of squat, plyometric and squat-
plyometric training on power production. J Appl Sport Sci Res, 6: 36-41.
[2] Bauer, T., Thayer, R.E., Baras, G. (1990). Comparison of training modalities for power development in the lower
extremity. J Appl Sport Sci Res, 4: 115-121.
[3] Blackey, J.B., Southard, D. (1987). The combined effects of weight training and plyometrics on dynamic leg strength
and power. J Appl Sport Sci Res, 1: 14-16.
[4] Clutch, D., Wilson, C., McGown, C., Bryce, G.R. (1983). The effect of depth jumps and weight training on leg strength
and vertical jump. Research Quarterly, 54: 5-10.
[5] Fleck, S.J., and Kraemer W.J. (2004). Designing Resistance Training Programs, 3rd Edition. Champaign,IL: Human
Kinetics.
[6] Gehri, D.J., Richard, M.D., Kleiner, D.M., Kirkendall, D.T. (1998). A comparison of plyometric training techniques for
improving vertical jump ability and energy production. J strength Cond Res, 12:85-89.
[7] Matavulj, D., Kukolj, M., Ugarkovic, D., Tihanyi, J., Jaric, S. (2001). Effects of plyometric training on jumping
performance in junior basketball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 41(2):159-64.

*****


PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENT
MALE WRESTLERS IN KERALA

N. MADHAVAN

Asst. Professor in Physical Education, Sree Ayyappa College, Eramallikkara, Chengannur.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the anthropometric and somatotype characteristics of adolescent male
wrestlers in Kerala. METHODS: 32 male adolescent wrestlers were chosen for the investigation. Their mean age was 17.1 (+/-
1.3) years, height 158.1 (+/-4.91) cm and weight 66.4 (+/-4.84) kg. Anthropometric measurements included triceps, subscapular,
suprailiac, abdomen and calf skinfolds, biceps and calf circumferences and humerus and femur breadths. The body fat percentage
was calculated using the formula prescribed by Faulkner. The somatotype of the subjects was calculated by the Health and

Carter
method. RESULTS: The wrestlers under this study have a body fat percentage of 12.7 (+/-1.15) % and mean Lean Body Mass
(LBM) of 87.3 (+/-1.35) %. Their Total Weight of Fat was 8.03 (+/- 1.01) kg and Lean Body Weight 58.9 (+/-3.41) kg. .
Regarding the somatotype, they fell into the somatotype category of endomorphic mesomorphs with a value of 3.54.91.6.
CONCLUSION: The higher value of mesomorphy indicates that they are capable of creating greater force on the opponents and
that they are suitable for a power sport like wrestling. Moreover, shorter body stature results in lower level of center of gravity
which in turn may facilitate greater stability during the competition.

INTRODUCTION
Physique can be characterized by the interactive sum of its parts, body structure, body size and body composition.
Body composition, anthropometric dimensions, and morphological characteristics play a vital role in determining the success of a
sportsperson. Proper evaluation of these parameters reflects the quantification of the bodys major structural components, which
are required in different proportions for various games to achieve excellence (Amit Bandyopadhyay, 2007).
Somatotyping deals with the body type or physical classification of human body in which the terms endomorphy,
mesomorphy and ectomorphy are used to describe a person in terms of his or her somatotype. The first component endomorphy
is charectarised by roundness and softness of the body. It denotes fatness of the body. The second component mesomorphy is
characterised by square body with hard rugged and prominent musculation. The bones are large and covered with thick muscles.
The third component ectomorphy represents the leanness of the body. The limbs are relatively long and trunk short, the bones are
small and the muscles thin. (Fox & Mathew, 1981). Percent body fat (% fat) has been defined as the percentage of total weight
that composed of fat (Gutin, 1980; Corbin & Lindsay, 1997). Lean Body Mass (LBM) refers to all the body tissues like muscles,
bones etc. excluding the stored deposit fat. That means LBM is the total body weight minus the weight of the stored fat
(Matthew, 1980).
Studies on somatotype of athletes, elite athletes and Olympic athletes have generally shown that strength dependent athletes
tended to be basically mesomorphic while distance dependant athletes were found to be more ectomorphic with limited amount
of mesomorphic muscularity. In reference to the male athletes wrestlers were more mesomorphic and endomorphic but less
ectomorphic than were boxers and runners (Battinelli, 2000).
Various studies on high level national and international competitions supported and amplified the fact that most
successful athletes have physical structures best suited to those particular sports. Carter hypothesized that somatotype is an
important selective factor for success in sports and that there are clear somatotypic differences between some sports and
similarities between others (Carter, 1984). The information about the anthropometric profiles of the athletes may contribute to
understanding the suitability of players for that particular sport. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to analyse various
anthropometric variables so as to evaluate the morphological characteristics of adolescent male wrestlers from Kerala state, India.

METHODS
Thirty-two male adolescent wrestlers from various districts in Kerala, India, were randomly selected for the purpose of the
study. Their average age (SD) was 17.1 (+/-1.30) years, height 158.1 (+/-4.91) cm and weight 66.4 (+/-4.84) kg. The subjects
have been practicing regularly and have participated in wither district, state or national championships. Slim guide caliper was
used to collect skinfold measurements to the nearest 0.2 mm two seconds after the full pressure of the caliper jaws had been
applied; the skinfold value was taken as the average of 3 skinfold measurements separated by at least 1 minute to avoid tissue
compression. (Norton et al., 2000). Skinfold thickness was measured at six anatomical sites triceps, chest, sub-scapular, supra-
iliac, abdomen and calf. Bi-condilar widths of femur and humerus and circumferences of biceps and calf were also measured. The
following formulas were used to assess the body composition of the subjects.
% Body Fat or PBF = (triceps + subscapular + suprailiac + abdominal

skinfolds x 0.153) + 5.783 (Faulkner, 1968)
Total Weight of Fat or TWF (kg) = (Weight x percent of fat) / 100
Lean Body Weight or LBW (kg) = (Total Body Weight Total Weight of Fat)
BMI (Kg/m2) = (Body mass in Kg) / (Stature in Metres) (Meltzer et al., 1988)
The method of Heath and Carter, which is based on the Sheldon's somatotype classification, was applied to determine the
somatotype characteristics of the subjects (Heath & Carter, 1967).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Basic statistical descriptive parameters such as mean and standard deviation were calculated for the analysis of the data.
RESULTS
Table-1: Various physical parameters and anthropometric characteristics of the subjects
AM SD MIN MAX
Age (yrs) 17.1 1.30 16 19
Height (cm) 158.1 4.91 150 168
Weight (kg) 66.4 4.84 60 74.5
Biceps Girth (cm) 30.4 1.34 28.5 33.0
Calf Girth (cm) 34.9 1.42 32.5 38.0
Humerus Breadth (cm) 6.85 0.31 6.30 7.30
Femur Breadth (cm) 9.64 0.72 8.10 9.93
Triceps Skinfold (mm) 10.8 2.19 8.00 14.3
Sub-scapular Skinfold (mm) 10.7 2.11 7.30 13.9
Supra-iliac Skinfold (mm) 11.9 2.39 8.70 15.9
Abdominal Skinfold (mm) 12.3 2.11 10.1 16.9
Calf Skinfold (mm) 7.37 1.69 5.1 10.1
BMI (wt/h
2
) 25.64 1.59 21.2 28.9

Table 1 represents various physical parameters of the subjects. It can be observed that the average height of the wrestlers is
158.1cm and mean weight 66.4 kg with BMI of 25.64. This points out relatively shorter stature and heavier body in these
wrestlers.
Regarding skinfold measurements, highest value was observed at abdominal skinfold (12.3) indicating greater adiposity in
that area where as lowest value found at calf skinfold (7.37).
Table 2: Different components of somatotype and body composition of subjects
AM SD MIN MAX
Endomorphy 3.5 0.68 2.5 4.5
Mesomorphy 4.9 0.47 4.5 5.5
Ectomorphy 1.6 0.50 1.0 2.5
PBF (%) 12.7 1.35 10.9 14.9
Total Weight of Fat (kg) 8.67 1.41 6.50 10.8
Lean Body Mass (%) 87.3 1.35 85.1 89.1
Lean Body Weight (kg) 58.9 3.41 53.4 64.5

Somatotype and body composition of the subjects was presented in table 2. It reveals that the adolescent male wrestlers
under this study fall into the somatotype category of endomorphic mesomorphs with a score of 3.5 4.9 1.6. Mesomorphic
component is found to be highly developed in them while endomorphy is greater than ectomorphic component.
Regarding body composition, their average percent body fat (PBF) was 12.7% indicating a slightly higher adiposity in the
subjects. Their average total weight of fat (TWF) is 8.67kg while their average percent lean body mass (%LBM) is 87.3%. It was
also found that the average lean body weight of the male wrestlers under this investigation was 58.9 kg.

DISCUSSIONS
Tanner (1964) has pointed out that without the required physique an athlete is unlikely to reach a high level of success.
In other words somatotype can reveal a lot about ones capacity to succeed in particular sports. Tanner reported high
mesomorphic nature of wrestlers in the Rome Olympic participants with the mean smatoptypes of 2.6-6.2-1.6. The result of the
present study is conversant with this finding in which wrestlers are endomorphic mesomorphs. The highly developed
mesomorphy in the wrestlers will be helpful for exerting greater force so as either to throw out or to withstand the opponents
body.
Similarly, the subjects have shorter stature with heavier body as indicated by their BMI value. This shows that their
center of gravity is at a lower level which will eventually result in greater stability and equilibrium which is advantageous while
considering the technical aspects of the event.

With regard to the body composition it was observed that they possessed slightly higher quantity of fat adiposity than
other sports persons. Since force = Mass x Velocity, it can be inferred that this fat deposits add to their body mass which in turn
may contribute toward creating greater force on the opponent.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study confirm the fact that those sportspersons involved in strength related events are highly
mesomorphic in nature. The shorter stature of the wrestlers in this investigation is advantageous as it provide lower center of
gravity resulting in greater stability and equilibrium while their comparatively heavier body helps to exert greater force on the
opponent.
References
[1] Amit Bandyopadhyay (2007) Anthropometry and Body Composition in Soccer and Volleyball Players in West Bengal,
India, Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 26: 501505.
[2] Carter J.E.L. (1984). Somatotypes of Olympic athletes. In: J.E.L.Carter (ed.) Physical Structure of Olympic Athletes.
Part II: Kinanthropometry of Olympic Athletes. Karger, Basel, 80-109.
[3] Corbin. C.B and Lindsay R (1997) Higher Concept of Physical fitness (with Laboratories) United States of America;
Time Mirror Education Group Inc.

[4] Faulkner J.A. (1968) Physiology of swimming and diving. In: Falls H (ed.). Exercise Phisiology. Academic Press,
Baltimore.
[5] Fox, Edward L. and Donald K. Mathew (1981) The Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics (3
rd
ed.),
Philadelphia; CBS College, Publishing.
[6] Gutin B.A. (1980) Model of Physical Fitness and dynamic health. Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 14: 49-
5.
[7] Heath B and Carter J (1967) A modified somatotype method, Am J Physiol Anthrop, 27: 57-74.
[8] Matthew D.K. (1980). Measurement in Physical Education. (2
nd
Ed.) Philadelphia; W.B. Saunders.
[9] Meltzer A, Mueller W, Annegers J, Grimes B and Albright D (1988). Weight history and hypertension. J. Clin.
Epidemiol. 41, 867874.
[10] Norton K, Marfell-Jones M, Whittingham N, Carter L, Kerr D (2000). Anthopometric assessment protocols. In: Gore
CJ. Physiological tests for elite athletes. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 66-85.
[11] Tanner, J. M. (1964). The physique of the Olympic athletes, London, George Allen & Unwin.
[12] Thomas Battinelli (2000). Physique, fitness, and performance, CRC Press.

*****


Evaluation of anaerobic capacity and fatigue index at
different times of the day on male handball players

N. Akilan and B. Chittibabu
University, Chidambaram 608 002

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to compare anaerobic capacity and fatigue index at different times of the day on
male handball players. To achieve the purpose 29 male handball players were selected from Department of physical Education
and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University. Anaerobic capacity and fatigue index was measured by Running based anaerobic
sprint test (RAST). The data was collected at four different times of the day at 07:00, 12:00, 17:00 and 22:00 hours. The collected
data was analysed using One-Way Repeated Measure ANOVA for comparisons of mean values between four different times of
the day. When F is significant pair wise bonferroni comparison was applied to know the difference between different times of
the day. The result of the study showed significant difference in anaerobic capacity at different times of the day (F = 5.27, p =
0.002). However, fatigue index showed no significant difference at different times of the day (F = 1.456, p = 0.23). It identified
that greater anaerobic capacity elicited during 17:00 hours and decline in power output remained unaltered.

Keywords: Fatigue index, Handball, Time of the day, RAST

Introduction
Most individuals consider that their athletic prowess is best in the late afternoon and early evening, and this is the time
period when best performances and even world records are most often likely to be set in competitions. External factors may be in
part responsible, the world records set in track and field events in the evening reflecting the times at which Grand Prix events and
major championships are held in front of large crowds and the media. However, recent reviews have considered the evidence that
sports performance shows a diurnal rhythm that is, in part at least, due to the activities of a body clock (Chittibabu 2013).
Exercise performance displays a diurnal (daytime) rhythm with higher values in the late afternoon (around 16002000
hours) than in the morning soon after waking (around 07001000 hours). In athletes maximal anaerobic power output (Souissi, et
al. 2007) and show diurnal variation. When rhythmic changes have been characterised from at least six measures obtained at
equally spaced intervals throughout the 24 h, the peaks in performance are located from about 15:30 to 20:30 hours, with
amplitudes ranging from 2 to 11% of the daily mean (summarised in Reilly et al. 2007).
The diurnal increase in central body temperature may exert a beneficial passive warm-up that may enhance metabolic
reactions, increase the extensibility of connective tissue, reduce muscle viscosity, and increase conduction velocity of action
potentials (Shephard, 1984). Fatigue index is the rate at which power output declines which displays greater decline during
morning hours (Chittibabu 2013). The purpose of the present study was to compare anaerobic capacity and fatigue index at
different times of the day on male handball players.

Methods
Subject
Twenty nine (29) male handball players were selected from Department of physical Education and Sports Sciences,
Annamalai University. There age ranged between 18 to 25 years. The data was collected at two different times of the day at
07:00, 12:00, 17:00 and 22:00 hours.

Variables and test
The test consists of six times 35m discontinuous sprints. Each sprint represents a maximal effort with 10 seconds
allowed between each sprint for the turnaround. The time for each sprint was used as the criterion score during the RAST. The
timing was recorded using stop watch. The fastest time (FT), total sprint time to complete the 635-m sprints (TT) and sprint
decrement (SD) as fatigue index were calculated by dividing the sum of the sprinting times for 6 sprints by the best possible total
score and then multiplying by 100. According to Fitzsimons, et al., (1993) total sprint time (TT) to complete the 635-m sprints
and sprint decrement as fatigue index (FI) were considered as RSA variables. Similarly, anaerobic capacity was measured by the
formula: Anaerobic capacity = Weight Distance Time

The collected data was analysed using One-Way Repeated Measure ANOVA was used for comparisons of mean values
between four different times of the day. When F is significant pair wise bonferroni comparison was applied to know the
difference between different times of the day. The value of 0.05 was set for statistical significance.


Results
The present study reveals that there is a significant difference on anaerobic capacity (F = 5.27, p = 0.002) and no
difference in fatigue index (F = 1.456, p = 0. 23) among different times of day (See Table 1). It is inferred that anaerobic capacity
fluctuates within a day in male handball players. Since the F ratio is significant Bonferroni pairwise comparisons was made and
presented in Table 2.

Table - 1
One-Way Repeated Measure ANOVA on anaerobic capacity and fatigue index

Variables Source of Variation SS df MS F Sig
Within Ss
Anaerobic
capacity
A (Different times of Day) 30761.86 3 10253.953
5.27* 0.002
A Ss w. error 163440.15 84 1945.716
Fatigue
index
A (Different times of Day) 32.787 3 10.929
1.456 0.23
A Ss w. error 630.319 84 7.504

The pair wise comparison showed a significant difference between 07:00 - 17:00, 12:00 17:00 and 17:00 22:00 hour
on anaerobic capacity at 0.05 level of confidence. The anaerobic capacity found to alter about 10.61% (07:00 - 17:00), 8.54%
(12:00 17:00), 11.45% (17:00 22:00) respectively. Anaerobic capacity of handball players at different times of the day is
presented in Figure 2.

Table 2

Pairwise comparison of anaerobic capacity among different times of the day

07:00 12:00 17:00 22:00
Mean
Difference
Std. Error Sig (a)
358.96 365.80 -6.841 12.693 1.000
358.96 397.07 -38.117* 12.950 .039
358.96 356.25 2.707 13.283 1.000
365.80 397.07 -31.276* 8.451 .006
365.80 356.25 9.548 9.960 1.000
397.07 356.25 40.824* 11.368 .007
Based on estimated marginal means
* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
a Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.

The anaerobic capacity was measured at four different times in male handball players. Among it peaked at 17:00 hours
with 397.07102.85 watts (see Figure 1). Similarly, fatigue Index (rate at which power declines) was measured at four different
times in male handball players. Among at 07:00 hours decline of speed is greater than other three times with 6.5973.87
watts/sec (see Figure 2).

Figure 1
Anaerobic capacity of handball players at different times of the day


Figure 2
Fatigue Index of handball players at different times of the day

Discussion
Anaerobic power or capacity is applicable to many sports and sports skills, and maximizing this ability is a top priority
for athletes. In this study running based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) showed time of day effect and this was confirmed by the
works of Racinais et al. (2005). Maximal exercise of short duration demonstrates circadian rhythmicity closely in phase and
shape to that of core temperature. This similarity applies to anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity (Reilly & Down 1992). In
the current study, the core temperature was not measured is a limitation. The study by Chittibabu (2009) found that tympanic
temperature peaks in the evening. In the present study anaerobic capacity showed significant time of day effect which peaked at
17:00 hr. Hill et al. (1992) in their study they confirm the time of day effect of anaerobic capacity. The results of our study were
similar to the results of Atkinson and Reilly (1996) and Atkinson et al. (2005).
According to Drust et al. (2005), a general parallelism exists between rhythms of physical performance and core
temperature. This parallelism is seen in many studies which have been carried out under normal conditions. A casual link
between physical performance and core temperature has often been assumed, as a rise in temperature promotes the activity of
muscles and nerves, metabolism, and the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Aldemir et al. (2000) stated that during the early morning exercise the body clock causes the endogenous (clock-driven)
component of core temperature to be increased at this time, therefore subjects were in a heat gain mode, and the thermoregulatory
mechanisms were directed more towards heat conservation than heat loss. As a result, the heat load produced by the exercise
induced a quicker increase of core temperature and a less rapid dissipation of the heat load by dilation of the vascular beds of the
limbs (Aldemir et al. 2000). During the late afternoon, by contrast, a balance between the heat loss and heat gain modes was
present since the endogenous component of core temperature was near its peak as a result; heat-loss mechanisms were engaged
more readily. An interaction between the circadian rhythm of core temperature and changes in temperature produced by
activity has been found in studies in mice and humans. Since the mechanisms for producing the circadian rhythm of core
temperature and protecting the body against a heat load are very similar in humans, there is an interaction between the two. As a
result of this, some aspects of thermoregulation varies at different times of the 24 h clock (Aldemir et al. 2000).
Anaerobic testing provides information on an athlete's peak power (PP), mean power and capacity to maintain a
workout load, and the rate of decline in power, also referred to a fatigue index (FI) during a competitive challenge (Lin et al.
2006) . The finding of this study was that there was no significant time of day effect was noticed. Romain et al. (2009) identified
time of day effect on anaerobic capacity and fatigue index. The study by Fry et al. (2006) noted a decreased rate of fatigue
following vitamin supplementation. In this study there was no significant alteration in fatigue index. The time of day effect was
significant in fatigue index were morning showed greater FI than afternoon, evening and night. Lin et al. (2006) in their study
they stated that high peak and mean power and low fatigue index among athletes. In this study the handball players showed grater
anaerobic capacity at evening than morning so the FI found to be greater in evening.

Conclusion
The anaerobic capacity exhibit clear rhythm and displays peak during 17:00 hours but the rate of decline in speed does
not display rhythm. The coaches and players should be aware that the high intensity interval training for handball player may be
administered during evening which produces pronounced effect during matches that are played during evening.


References

[1] Aldemir, H., Atkinson, G., Cable, T., et al. (2000). A comparison of the immediate effects of moderate exercise in the
early morning and late afternoon on core temperature and cutaneous thermoregulatory mechanisms. Chronobiol Int, 17:
197- 207.
[2] Atkinson G, Reilly T. Circadian variation in sports performance. Sports Med. 1996 Apr;21(4):292-312.
[3] Atkinson, G., Holder, A., Robertson, C., et al. (2005). Effects of melatonin on the thermoregulatory responses to
intermittent exercise. J Pineal Res, 39: 353-9.
[4] Chittibabu, B. (2013). Evaluation of fatigue index at different times of the day on male handball players. International
journal of current advanced research, 1(1): 53-54.
[5] Chittibabu, B. and Ravindran, G. (2009). Daytime melatonin administration in young adults on core temperature,
Indian Journal for Research in Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 4(4): 5 9.
[6] Drust, B., Waterhouse, J., Atkinson, G., Reilly, T. (2005). Circadian rhythms in sports performance: an update.
Chronobiol Int, 22: 21-44.
[7] Fry, C.A., Bloomer, J.R., Falvo, J.M., Moore, A.C., et al. (2006). Effect of liquid multivitamin/minerals supplement on
anaerobic exercise performance. Res Sports Med, 14(1): 53-64.
[8] Hill, D.W., Borden, D.O., Darnaby, K.M., Hendricks, D.N., & Hill, C.M. (1992). Effect of time of day on aerobic and
anaerobic responses to high intensity exercise. Can. J. Sport Sci, 17, 316319.
[9] Lin, W.L., Yen, K.T., Doris Lu, C.Y., et al. (2006). Anaerobic capacity of elite Taiwanese taekwondo athletes, Science
& Sports, 21: 291-293.
[10] Racinais, S., Connes, P., Bishop, D., Blonc, S., Hue, O. (2005). Morning versus evening power output and repeated-
sprint ability. Chronobiol Int, 22(6): 1029-39.
[11] Reilly T, Down A. Investigation of circadian rhythms in anaerobic power and capacity of the legs. J Sports Med Phys
Fitness. 1992 Dec;32(4):343-7.
[12] Reilly, T., Atkinson, G., Edwards, B. et al. (2007). Coping with jet-lag: a position statement for the European College
of Sport Science. Eur J Sport Sci, 7: 17.
[13] Romain, L., Gauthier, A., Bessot, N., et al. (2009). Time-of-day effects on fatigue during a sustained anaerobic test in
well-trained cyclist. Chronobiology International, 26(8): 1622-1635.
[14] Shephard, R.J. (1984). Sleep, biorhythms and human performance. Sports Med, 1: 1137.
[15] Souissi, N., Bessot, N., Chamari, K., Gauthier, A., Sesbo, B., Davenne, D. (2007). Effect of time of day on aerobic
contibution to the 30-s Wingate test performance. Chronobiol. Int, 24: 739748.

*****


COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED PHYSICAL
COMPONENTS OF MALE BOXERS, WRESTLERS AND
JUDOKAS

N. Anilkumar
Assistant professor, B.P.E Department, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala.

Abstract: Most of the skill performances and execution of techniques in the sports such as boxing, wrestling and judo were
based on the basic fitness components. The purpose of the study was to determine the existence of statistically significant
difference on selected fitness components (speed, agility, power, flexibility and endurance) among boxers wrestlers and judokas.
For this purpose, ninety sportsmen (30 boxers, 30 wrestlers, and 30 judokas) were selected. Their age ranged between 18 to 23
years. The selected variables were assessed using 50 metres dash, shuttle run, jump and reach, sit and reach, and Harward step
test. The data was analyzed by applying ANOVA and Scheffe S post hoc test. The result showed that there were significant
difference in all the selected physical fitness components among boxers, wrestlers and judokas. The boxers showed a better
capability in speed, agility and power, while the wrestlers were better in endurance and the judokas with greater flexibility.

Keywords: Boxers, wrestlers, judokas, speed, agility, power, flexibility, endurance

Introduction
The fitness components are qualities that athletes must develop to physically prepare for sport competition. They are
the building blocks of exercise and physical activity. Sports training programs are designed to build these components in the
proper proportions that match the requirements of each sport. A basic definition of physical fitness is "the ability to complete
daily tasks with energy, reduce health risks due to inactivity, and be able to participate in a variety of physical activities." The 5
fitness components that are deemed health-related are: cardio, strength, endurance, flexibility, and body composition In addition,
speed, agility, power, balance, and coordination have been identified as performance-related. All of these qualities exist to some
degree in most sports, but developing certain combinations is important in any given sport. While definitions are assigned to
qualities that represent what "fitness" is, it can be operational zed in different ways for each sport. In other words, fitness for one
sport is somewhat different for another.
In todays society sports and physical fitness play an important role in physical well-being. In this material world man
does not get enough time for doing physical activity. Spectral concept of health emphasize that the health of an individual is not
static it is a dynamic phenomenon and a process of continuous change. The physical dimension of health is probably the easiest
to understand. The state of physical health implies the notion of perfect functioning of the body.
Nowadays physical activities have a great role in maintaining better health. Meanwhile better health is only possible
through doing some sort of physical activities. In this point of view, the combative sports like boxing, wrestling and judo are the
good source of developing physical fitness and mental fitness. Comparing of selected physical fitness components of male
boxers, wrestlers and judokas would reveal that significant difference exist as their physical fitness developed through
participation in respective sports.

Method

For the study total 90 males (30 boxers, 30 wrestlers, and 30 judokas) were selected. The age ranged between 18-23
years. The following variables were selected for the study 50 Meter dash, shuttle run, jump and reach, sit and reach and Harward
step test.

The data was analyzed by applying ANOVA. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05 level. Scheffes post-hoc test
was employed were F ratio found significant.

Results
The data on selected fitness components were analysed and tabulated in Table 1 through 3. The mean values on speed,
agility, power, flexibility and endurance of boxers, wrestlers and judokas were given in Table 1.


Table 1: Mean scores on selected physical fitness components
Variables Boxers Wrestlers Judokas
Speed 6.6796 7.127 7.0353
Agility 9.896 10.686 10.633
Power 20.4666 15.3 16.7666
Flexibility 24.2996 28.7176 30.0723
Endurance 68.1796 78.0866 74.8396

The data on selected fitness components was analysed for statistically significant difference among boxers, wrestlers
and judokas using analysis of variance and it is given in Table 2.

Table 2: ANOVA on selected physical fitness components

Variables
Source of
Variance
Sum of Squares df
Mean
Square
F value
Speed
Between 3.3509 2 1.6754
11.8991*
Within 12.2530 87 0.1408
Agility
Between 11.7707 2 5.8503
35.8694*
Within 14.1910 87 0.1631
Power
Between 425.3466 2 212.6733
23.0380*
Within 803.1330 87 9.2314
Flexibility
Between 546.7799 2 273.3899
68.5720*
Within 346.8619 87 3.9869
Endurance
Between 1530.4725 2 765.2362
18.0347*
Within 3691.5089 87 42.4311
*Significant at F 0.05 level
Table 2 states that there is a statistically significant difference on all the fitness components (speed, agility, power,
flexibility and endurance) confined to this study, as the obtained F ratio was found to be greater than the required table value of
3.10 at 0.05 level of confidence. Since, significant difference exists, the post hoc test was applied to find out the paired mean
difference among boxers, wrestlers and judokas on each of the fitness components selected in this study, and it is given in Table
3.

Table 3: Scheffes post-hoc test on selected physical fitness components

Variables Boxers Wrestlers judokas MD CD
Speed
6.6796 7.127 0.4474* 0.23
6.6796 7.0353 0.3557* 0.23
7.127 7.0353 0.0917* 0.23
Agility
9.896 10.686 0.79* 0.02
9.896 10.633 0.737* 0.02
10.686 10.633 0.053* 0.02
Power
20.4666 15.3 5.1616* 1.94
20.4666 16.7666 3.7* 1.94
15.3 16.7666 1.4666* 1.94
Flexibility
24.2996 28.7176 4.418* 0.65
24.2996 30.0723 5.7727* 0.65
28.7176 30.0723 1.3547* 0.65
Endurance
68.1796 78.0866 9.907* 7.01
68.1796 74.8396 6.66 7.01
78.0866 74.8396 3.247 7.01

Table 3 reveals that boxers demonstrated significantly better speed, agility and power performance compared to
wrestlers and judokas, in case of flexibility judokas have notably better flexibility than boxers and wrestlers. Wrestlers have
considerably superior endurance capacity than boxers.
Discussions
In the present study boxers demonstrated significantly better speed, agility and power performance compared to
wrestlers and judokas, in case of flexibility judokas have notably better flexibility than boxers and wrestlers. Wrestlers have
considerably superior endurance capacity than boxers. Earlier studies of Jagieo, Kalina, and Tkaczuk (2001; 2004) well
documented the development of the motor capacity. It is worth to emphasize one more issue by comparing the sportsmen of

different sports. Only few studies made a comparison between different sports and revealed differences on fitness characteristics
along the participation of different sports (Daniels & Thornton, 1990; Reynes & Lorant, 2004), where Gernigon and Le Bars
(2000) stressed the compatibility of a competitive context and task orientation in such studies. Consequently, future studies might
take a closer look at the relationship between the characteristics of participants and the chosen sport.

Conclusions
On the basis of the findings it was concluded that participation in different sports cultivates physical fitness but at a
very much varied context of such chosen sports.

References
[1] Bompa, T.O. (1999). Periodization; theory and methodology of training. Illinois; Human Kinetics publishers.
[2] Brown, E.L. and Ferrigno, A.V. (2005). Training for speed, agility and quickness. Illinois, Human Kinetics.
[3] Chapjan, S.H (1989). The Complete Book of Martial Arts. Hamlyan Publishing Group, London.
[4] Daniels, K. and Thornton, E. (1990). An analysis of the relationship between hostility and training in the martial arts.
Journal of Sports Sciences, 8: 95-101.
[5] Gernigon, C. and Le Bars, H. (2000). Achievement goals in aikido and judo: a comparative study among beginner and
experienced practitioners. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12(2): 168-179.
[6] Jagieo, W., Kalina, R.M., Tkaczuk, W. (2001). Age peculiarities of speed and endurance development in young judo
athletes. Biol Sport, 18(4): 28195
[7] Jagieo, W., Kalina, R.M., Tkaczuk, W. (2004). Development of strength abilities in children and youth. Biol Sport,
19(4): 35168
[8] Johnson, B.L. and Nelson, J.K. (1982). Practical Measurements for evaluation in physical education. Delhi: The
subject publication.
[9] Reynes, E. and Lorant, J. (2004). Competitive martial arts and aggressiveness: a 2-yr. longitudinal study among young
boys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98: 103-115.

*****


EFFECT OF ABDOMINAL STRENGTH TRAINING ON
STRENGTH ENDURANCE AND EXPLOSIVE POWER
OF WOMEN PLAYERS

N. PREM KUMAR
Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of abdominal strength training on selected strength endurance
and explosive power of women players. To achieve these purpose thirty women players from various games and sports
were selected as subjects at random. The age of the subjects were ranged between 17 to 25 years. They were divided into
two equal groups and each group consisted of 15 subjects. Group-I underwent abdominal strength training for three days
per week for twelve weeks and Group-II acted as control who did not participate any special training apart from the regular
curricular activities. The strength endurance and explosive power were selected as criterion variables. The abdominal
strength training was selected as independent variable. The selected criterion variables such as strength endurance and
explosive power were measured by using bent knee sit-ups and sergeant jump tests respectively. All the subjects of two
groups were tested on selected dependent variables at prior to and immediately after the training programme. The analysis
of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the significant difference if any, between the groups on each selected
criterion variables separately. In all the cases, .05 level of confidence was fixed to test the significance, which was
considered as an appropriate. The results of the study stated that the abdominal strength training had significantly improved
the strength endurance and explosive power of women players.

Keywords: Abdominal strength training, strength endurance and explosive power.

Introduction
From the time when the fitness boom of the 1980s, different exercise methodologies have been presented and marketed
with varying levels of success. However, sometimes what appears to be a new exercise methodology is really not new at all; but
just a new perspective that seeks to improve on an old methodology based on current trends. This appears to be the case with core
stability training, a trend that has become popular in commercial fitness centers and athletic strength and conditioning facilities.
A core stability exercise can be defined as any exercise that channels motor patterns to ensure a stable spine through repetition
(McCurdy et al. 2005). However, the current trend toward core stability training in commercial fitness centers may have
originated from physical therapy methodology (Caraffa et al. 1996; McGill et al. 2003). When performed in this setting, core
stability exercises are different from the aforementioned free weight lifts in that the emphasis is on isometric muscle actions (e.g.
prone or supine bridging) performed with body mass or relatively light loads (Arokoski et al. 2001; Carter et al. 2006).
Furthermore, these exercises are often performed while lying, seated, or standing on unstable equipment such as a swiss ball,
wobble board, low density mat, or air-filled disc.

Core stability is achieved through stabilization of ones torso, thus allowing optimal production, transfer, and control of
force and motion to the terminal segment during an integrated kinetic chain activity (Cook 2001). Research has demonstrated the
importance and contributions of core stability in human movement (Hodges & Richardson 1997) in producing efficient trunk and
limb actions for the generation, transfer, and control of forces or energy during integrated kinetic chain activities (Cook 2001;
Okada et al. 2011). For example, Hodges and Richardson (1997) examined the sequence of muscle activation during wholebody
movements and found that some of the core stabilizers (i.e., transversus abdominis, multifidus, rectus abdominis, and oblique
abdominals) were consistently activated before any limb movements. These findings support the theory that movement control
and stability are developed in a core-to-extremity (proximal-distal) and a cephalo-caudal progression (head-to-toe) (Cook 2001).
Functional movement is the ability to produce and maintain a balance between mobility and stability along the kinetic chain
while performing fundamental patterns with accuracy and efficiency (Okada et al. 2011). Muscular strength, flexibility,
endurance, coordination, balance, and movement efficiency are components necessary to achieve functional movement, which is
integral to performance and sport-related skills (Cook 2001; Okada et al. 2011). The aim of the present study was examine the
effect of abdominal strength training on selected strength endurance and explosive power of women players.

Methods
Subjects
Thirty women players from various games and sports were selected as subjects at random. The age of the subjects were
ranged between 17 to 25 years. They were divided into two equal groups and each group consisted of 15 subjects. Group-I

underwent abdominal strength training for three days per week for twelve weeks and Group-II acted as control who did not
participate any special training apart from the regular curricular activities.

Variables
The strength endurance and explosive power were selected as criterion variables. The abdominal strength training was
selected as independent variable. The selected criterion variables such as strength endurance and explosive power were measured
by using bent knee sit-ups and sergeant jump tests respectively.
Training Programme
During the training period, the experimental group (Group-I) underwent (n = 15) abdominal strength training for three
days per week (alternative days) for twelve weeks. Every day the workout lasted for 30 to 45 minutes approximately including
warming up and warming down periods. Subjects in Group II as control were instructed not to participate in any strenuous
physical exercise and specific training throughout the training programme. However, they performed regular activities as per the
curriculum. The subjects underwent the respective programmes as per the schedules under the supervision of the investigator.
Each training session was conducted only in the morning time. The following Abdominal Strength Exercises are given in the
Training Programme in table 1.

Table 1
Abdominal Strength Exercises
Sl. No Exercises
1 Straight Leg Oblique Crunch
2 Bent Knee Oblique Twist
3 Low AB Crunch
4 Cross-over
5 Curl - ups
6 Wrist Ups
7 90 Degree Crunch
8 Sky Walkers

Statistical Procedures
All the subjects of two groups were tested on selected dependent variables at prior to and immediately after the training
programme. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the significant difference if any, between the groups on
each selected criterion variables separately. In all the cases, .05 level of confidence was fixed to test the significance, which was
considered as an appropriate.

Results
It is clear from Table 2 that there is no significant difference between abdominal strength training group and control
group on strength endurance and explosive power before commencement of training, as obtained F ratio of 1.30 and 1.69 are less
than the required table value of 4.20 at = 0.05 for the df of 1 and 28. It denotes that the random assignment of subjects for the
two groups is successful; however initial difference is not elicited in strength endurance and explosive power.
Table 2
ANCOVA on strength endurance and explosive power
Variables Test Abdominal Strength
Training Group
Control Group F ratio
Abdominal
strength
Pre-test 32.17 0.92 32.18 0.89 1.30
Post-test 35.58 0.82 32.91 0.89 20.23*
Adjusted 34.89 32.88 15.40*
Explosive
power
Pre-test 46.87 3.58 47.84 4.81 1.69
Post-test 51.33 4.85 48.21 4.80 4.71*
Adjusted 50.87 48.68 122.65*

Table 2 also reveals that there is a significant difference on strength endurance and explosive power during post test.
The obtained F ratio of 20.23 and 4.71 are greater than the required table value of 4.20 at = 0.05 for the df of 1 and 28.
Thereby it infers that the strength endurance and explosive power found to change significantly before and after twelve weeks of
training.
Further, table 2 clearly shows that strength endurance and explosive power differ between the groups after adjusting the
pre test score, as obtained obtained F ratio of 15.40 and 122.65 are greater than the required table value of 4.21 at = 0.05 for

the df of 1 and 27, indicating that after adjusting pre-test scores, there was a significant difference between the two groups on
adjusted post test scores on strength endurance and explosive power. Thus, it is concluded that twelve weeks of abdominal
strength training significantly increased strength endurance and explosive power.

Discussion
In the present study, twelve weeks of abdominal strength training significantly increased strength endurance and
explosive power. The changes in strength endurance and explosive power are presented in Figure 1 & 2.
Figure 1
Mean Values of Abdominal Strength Training Group and Control Group on Strength Endurance

Abdominal strength is essential to the athletes because it helps protect the body from injury, notably to the lowerback
area. It also helps create greater stability throughout the mid section and aids the spinal erectors in postural alignments of the
vertebral column and pelvis. Greater abdominal and hip flexor strength may also help increase running speed; stamina and knee
lift (National Basketball Coaches Association, 1997). When applied to sports performance, the stability of the core provides a
foundation upon which the upper and lower extremities may contract to accelerate or decelerate body segments (Garhammer
1981). For example, athletes that perform jumping type joint actions may benefit from greater core stability as ground reaction
forces are transferred up through the lower extremities, across the trunk. Therefore, the core can be considered the kinetic link
between the lower and upper extremities. Butcher and his colleagues (2007) found that trunk stability group had significantly
greater vertical jump performance than the control group and similarly, Cowley et al. (2007) demonstrated greater improvement
in abdominal strength endurance. The present findings are in line with results of Butcher et al. (2007) and Cowley et al. (2007).
In the present study, the abdominal strength training are specifically designed for women players and very close related with the
selected criterion variables such as strength endurance and explosive power.
Figure 2
Mean Values of Abdominal Strength Training Group and Control Group on explosive power

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
1 2
Abdominal Strength Training Group Control Group
Pre-test Means Post-test Means

Conclusions
Basketball is a sport that requires athletes to be explosive at any given moment. Athletes are constantly transferring forces
between the extremities and are in need of support from the musculature of the core to keep the kinetic chain of the body intact.
Twelve week of abdominal strength training program is efficient enough to improve strength endurance and explosive power.

References
[1] Arokoski, J.P., Valta, T., Airaksinen, O., Kankaanpaa, M. (2001). Back and abdominal muscle function during
stabilization exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 82: 1089-1098.
[2] Butcher, S.J., Craven, B.R., Chilibeck, P.D., Spink, K.S., Grona, S.L., Sprigings, E.J. (2007). The effect of trunk
stability training on vertical takeoff velocity. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 37(5): 223231.
[3] Caraffa, A., Cerulli, G., Projetti, M., Aisa, G., Rizzu, A. (1996). Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in
soccer: A prospective controlled study of proprioceptive training. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 4: 19-21.
[4] Carter, J.M., Beam, W.C., Mcmahan, S.G., Barr, M.L., Brown, L. (2006). The effects of stability ball training on spinal
stability in sedentary individuals. J Strength Cond Res, 20(2): 429-435.
[5] Cook, G. (2001). Baseline sports-fitness testing. In: High Performance Sports Conditioning. B. Foran, ed. Champaign,
IL: Human Kinetics Inc, pp. 1947.
[6] Cowley, P.M., Swensen, T., and Sforzo, G.A. (2007). Efficacy of instability resistance training. Int J Sports Med,
28(10): 829835.
[7] Garhammer, J. Free weight equipment for the development of athletic strength and power. Nat Strength Cond Assoc J,
3: 24 26. 1981.
[8] Hodges, P.W., Richardson, C.A. (1997). Contraction of the abdominal muscles associated with movement of the lower
limb. Phys Ther, 77: 132144.
[9] McCurdy, K.W., Langford, G.A., Doscher, M.W., Wiley, L.P., Mallard, K.G. (2005). The effects of short-term
unilateral and bilateral lower-body resistance training on measures of strength and power. J Strength Cond Res, 19(1):
9-15.
[10] McGill, S.M., Grenier, S., Kavcic, N., Cholewicki, J. (2003). Coordination of muscle activity to assure stability of the
lumbar spine. J Electromyography and Kinesiology, 13: 353-359.
[11] National Basketball Coaches Association, NBA Power Conditioning, (U.S.A.: Human Kinetics, 1997), p. 63.
[12] Okada, T., Huxel, K.C., Nesser, T.W. (2011). Relationship between core stability, functional movement, and
performance. J Strength Cond Res, 25(1): 252-261.

*****


ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS STATUS OF
RDT HOCKEY ACADEMY ADAPTED SCHOOLBOYS IN
THE RAYALASEMA
DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

P. Johnson, and P.S. Raja Marsion Babu
University College of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University,
Guntur-522510, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract: This investigation was purported to evaluate the Physical Fitness Status of Schoolboys adapted by RDT Hockey
Academy in the Rayalasema District of Andhra Pradesh, India. For this reason, 916 schoolboys from thirty-two (32) schools in
four (4) different districts adapted by RDT hockey academy in the Rayalasema District of Andhra Pradesh, India were considered
as subjects. These subjects were in the age group of 11 to 16 years, and they were assessed for their physical fitness status. The
fitness parameters were restrained to height, weight, speed, explosive power, flexibility, agility and cardiorespiratory endurance
using standardized tests and procedures. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis by means of One-way ANOVA,
and Bonferroni corrections post hoc test. The confidence interval was fixed at P<0.05 in all cases. The research findings ensure
statistically considerable age difference on selected variables, and it implies that age differences influence almost all fitness
parameters.

Introduction
In India, for centuries of years from Vedic age to till date, the gurukuls and schools have played a vital role in the
provision of physical activity to children and youth. Now a day, physical education is a mandated part of the school curriculum
that too particularly in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India, and it is obligatory to assess and report the level of school students
fitness. The educational aspects of physical education are to develop the knowledge, behavioral skills, and motor skills necessary
to develop and maintain a physically active and healthy lifestyle. As such, the priority for physical education is seen as providing
opportunities for students to engage in enjoyable physical activity, to become physically fit, and to learn generalizable motor and
behavioral skills (McKenzie, 2003). Yet, participation in physical education was reduced by substitutions of other activities for
physical education and student exemptions.
Customarily, the role of schools in providing and promoting physical activity has been during the school day and on the
school campus immediately after school hours. Although there have been exceptions, school-based programs usually have been
sponsored by the schools themselves and supervised by school employees. However, enormous potential appears to exist for
schools to expand their role in providing students with additional physical activity by building institutional relationships with
community-based providers of physical activity. Such relationships could manifest in several ways. Schools can make their
facilities available to community based organizations during after-school, weekend, and summer vacation. Also, schools can
collaborate with community organizations in promoting physical activity programs to students and their parents. Because
transportation can be a barrier to students participation in after-school programs, schools can collaborate with community
organizations, including transit authorities, to ensure that students have the opportunity to participate in programs beyond the
school day.
Although school-community linked physical activity programs offer much promise, little research has addressed the
efficacy of such initiatives for increasing physical activity in children and youth. The nurturing of young players was carried out
by Rural Development Trust (RDT), an NGO based in Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India. RDT Hockey academy benefited many
young players across Andhra Pradesh, by adapting the students of various schools. Thereby, an attempt was made to record and
report the physical fitness status of schoolboys of different ages adapted by RDT hockey academy in the Rayalasema district of
Andhra Pradesh.

Methods
In this study, nine hundred and sixteen (916) male school students, aged 11 to 16 years were selected as subjects, at
random from the schools adapted by RDT hockey academy spread across the district of Rayalasema, Andhra Pradesh, India. The
selected subjects were tested for their height, weight, speed, explosive power, flexibility, agility and cardiorespiratory endurance
using standardized tests and procedures.

The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis by means of One-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni corrections
post hoc test. The confidence interval was fixed at p < 0.05 in all cases.


Results
The data on height, weight, speed, explosive power, flexibility, agility and cardiorespiratory endurance were analysed
for statistical significant age difference using one-way ANOVA. Thereafter, post hoc tests were performed using Bonferroni
corrections. All those results were tabulated in tables from 1 through 3.

Table 1: Mean and Standard Deviations on Physical Fitness Components
Variables
Descriptive
Age Groups
11 yrs 12 yrs 13 yrs 14 yrs 15 yrs 16 yrs
N 112 222 249 196 99 38
Height
Mean 137.34 142.38 147.54 150.82 155.35 161.66
SD 7.05 7.94 9.11 9.32 8.96 7.19
Weight
Mean 27.74 31.03 34.22 37.21 41.19 46.11
SD 4.98 6.27 7.31 7.00 7.90 7.25
Speed
Mean 5.78 5.75 5.54 5.41 5.51 5.45
SD .52 .57 .63 .64 .57 .52
Explosive
Power
Mean 1.48 1.55 1.61 1.68 1.72 1.87
SD .16 .18 .21 .25 .23 .23
Flexibility
Mean 3.63 4.15 5.59 5.69 7.00 7.53
SD 2.86 3.34 4.09 4.21 4.94 5.36
Agility
Mean 18.40 17.81 17.08 16.56 16.74 15.61
SD 1.48 1.70 1.62 1.74 1.89 1.47
Cardio
respiratory
Endurance
Mean 3.79 3.67 3.51 3.48 3.44 3.51
SD .58 .55 .53 .68 .72 .67
The descriptive statistics depicted in Table 1 reveals that all the variables confined to this study improved with age of
the schoolboys. However, the speed, agility and cardiorespiratory endurance of the schoolboys were slightly impinged at the age
of 15 and 16 years, which might be the result of academic stress, lack of motivation, sports performance saturation, gain in body
mass, so on and so forth that needs to be investigated further.
Table 2: Analysis of Variance on Physical Fitness Components
Variables SOV Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Height

B 33166.969 5 6633.394
90.449 .000
W 66737.778 910 73.338
Weight

B 18807.955 5 3761.591
80.890 .000
W 42317.551 910 46.503
Speed

B 18.145 5 3.629
10.275 .000
W 321.401 910 .353
Explosive
Power
B 7.380 5 1.476
33.143 .000
W 40.528 910 .045
Flexibility

B 1127.764 5 225.553
14.216 .000
W 14437.968 910 15.866
Agility

B 446.681 5 89.336
31.856 .000
W 2551.975 910 2.804
Cardio
respiratory Endurance
B 12.098 5 2.420
6.599 .000
W 333.643 910 .367

Table 2 shows that statistically significant difference exists between different ages on height, weight, speed, explosive
power, flexibility, agility and cardiorespiratory endurance as the obtained F (5, 910) = 90.449, 80.890, 10.275, 33.143, 14.216,
31.856 and 6.599 respectively , (p < 0.05). Since, six different age categories were considered in this study, the statistical analysis
was further continued to post hoc test using Bonferroni corrections to find out the paired mean differences, and it was given
Table 3.


Table 3: Post Hoc Tests on Physical Fitness Components
Age in Years
Height Weight Speed
Explosive
Power
Flexibility Agility
Cardio
Respiratory
Endurance
I J
11 12 05.039* 03.286* 0.0270 0.0680 0.5150 0.584* 0.1130
13 10.199* 06.476* 0.237* 0.125* 1.952* 1.319* 0.281*
14 13.477* 09.473* 0.370* 0.199* 2.055* 1.843* 0.308*
15 18.014* 13.451* 0.269* 0.238* 3.366* 1.657* 0.344*
16 24.319* 18.364* 0.3260 0.388* 3.892* 2.789* 0.2810
12 13 05.160* 03.190* 0.210* 0.0570 1.438* 0.735* 0.168*
14 08.438* 06.187* 0.343* 0.132* 1.540* 1.259* 0.196*
15 12.975* 10.165* 0.242* 0.170* 2.851* 1.074* 0.232*
16 19.280* 15.078* 0.2990 0.321* 3.378* 2.206* 0.1690
13 14 03.278* 02.997* 0.1330 0.075* 0.1020 0.524* 0.0280
15 07.815* 06.975* 0.0310 0.113* 1.414* 0.3380 0.0640
16 14.120* 11.888* 0.0890 0.264* 1.9400 1.470* 0.0010
14 15 04.537* 03.978* 0.1010 0.0380 1.3110 0.1860 0.0360
16 10.842* 08.891* 0.0440 0.189* 1.8380 0.947* 0.0270
15 16 06.304* 04.913* 0.0580 0.151* 0.5260 1.132* 0.0630

From Table 3, it is understood that almost each of the paired mean differences on height, weight and agility varied
between ages. It is also found that the adjacent age categories didnt vary considerably between them with regard to speed,
explosive power, flexibility and cardiorespiratory endurance, while the speed, flexibility and cardiorespiratory endurance of the
boys aged 14 to 16 years were not good enough as it is supposed to be.

Discussion
Partaking in games and sports has long been assumed to provide health benefits to young players. In spite of certain
reservations about this conjecture, the studies of some (Rossi et al., 2004; Skolnick, 1993; Aaron et al., 1995) have shown that
health benefits accrue to young people who participate in sports. The results of the present study exhibit a mixed trend influence
of sports participation.

Conclusion
The findings of this study reveal that most of the boys adapted by RDT hockey academy are getting taller and heavier
with age, which ensures that the growth and development process were not hindered by means of systematic training program
adopted in the academy. But, the result of this study necessitates rigorous training regimen for improving the physical fitness
status of boys with regard to their age, as most of the fitness parameters level were not evidently varied among age categories of
schoolboys adapted by the hockey academy.

References

[1] Aaron, D.J., Dearwater, S.R., Anderson, R., Olsen, T., Kriska, A.M., Laporte, R.E. (1995). Physical activity and the
initiation of high-risk health behaviors in adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27: 1639 1645.
[2] McKenzie, T.L. (2003). Health-related physical education: physical activity, fitness and wellness. In: Silverman SJ,
Ennis D, eds. Student Learning in Physical Education: Applying Research to Enhance Instruction. Champaign, Ill:
Human Kinetics.
[3] Rossi, G., Moretti, R., Pirone, M., Locatelli, W. (2004). Promoting physical activity: going to school by the Piedibus
(walking school bus) [in Italian]. Epidemiol Prev, 28: 346 349.
[4] Skolnick, A.A. (1993). Studies raise doubts about benefit of athletics in reducing unhealthy behavior among
adolescents. JAMA, 270: 798, 800.

*****


EFFECTS OF CIRCUIT TRAINING ON DIFFERENT
SURFACES ON
SELECTED PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
VARIABLES OF SCHOOL BOYS

ATUL MEETHAL* AND Dr.A.M.NAJEEB**
*Lecturer adhoc in Physical Education, NIT Calicut, NIT Campus PO, Calicut 673601, Kerala,
India.
**Associate Professor & Head of Physical Education, NIT Calicut, NIT Campus PO, Calicut
673601, Kerala, India.

ABSTRACT: Forty five boys in the age group of 13 to 14 years of Alagappa Model school, Karaikudi were selected at random
and were divided randomly into three groups namely mud circuit training group, concrete circuit training group and control
group. The experimental groups participated in the training programme for a period of 6 weeks. During this period, the control
group was let off without any training. The data were collected on selected physical and physiological variables of speed, agility,
leg explosive power, pulse rate, blood pressure, aerobic capacity respectively before training (pre-test) as well as after 6 weeks of
training (post-test). Analysis of covariance was used to analyse the data. The result of the study clearly indicated that the mud
circuit training group had improved the speed, agility, leg explosive power, pulse rate, blood pressure, aerobic capacity to a
greater degree than concrete circuit training group.

INTRODUCTION
Circuit training is an excellent way to simultaneously improve mobility, strength and endurance. The circuit training format
utilizes a group of 6 to 10 strength exercises that are performed one exercise after another. Each exercise is done for a specified
number of repititions or for a prescribed time period before moving on to the next exercise. The exercises within each circuit is
separated by a longer rest period. The total number of circuits performed during a training session may vary from 2 to 6
depending on ones training level ie beginner or intermediate or advanced, ones period of training ie preparatory period or
competition period and ones training objective. In each circuit, the same muscle group must not be exercised in consecutive
exercises.

METHODOLOGY
Fourty five boys in the age group of 13 to 14 years of Alagappa Model school, Karaikudi were selected at random and they were
divided randomly into three groups of 15 subjects each namely experimental group I - mud circuit training group, experimental
group II - concrete circuit training group and group III - control group which was not given any training programme.

The selected physical variables were speed, agility, leg explosive power. The selected physiological variables were pulse rate,
blood pressure, aerobic capacity. Speed was measured in seconds by 50 yards dash. Agility was measured in seconds by 10m
agility shuttle run. Leg explosive strength was measured in metres by standing broad jump. Pulse rate was measured in counts per
minute with the help of pulse monitor. Aerobic capacity was measured in seconds by 600m run test.

Experimental group I underwent circuit training on mud surface whereas experimental group II underwent circuit training on
concrete surface. The different stations for both experimental group I and experimental group II were similar and the duration of
exercises also was the same, only thing which differentiated both was the different surface. The training was carried out only on
week days. Group III was the control group which did not participate in any training except their daily routines. There were
six stations in the circuit training programme. In the first station high knee action was performed, push ups in the second station,
back kicks in the third station, sit ups in the fourth station, tuck jumps in the fifth station, opposite of sit ups in the sixth station.
Pre- test was conducted for all the 3 groups in the selected physical and physiological variables. After 6 weeks of training
programme, post-tests were conducted. The training programme was scheduled from 3:30pm to 4:30pm on all week days.
ANCOVA statistical technique was employed to find out the adjusted mean difference of the treatment groups. When the study
was significant, the scheffes post hoc test was used to find out the paired mean difference.

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY
The pre-test and post-test scores of each variable were analysed using analysis of covariance at 0.05 level of confidence.


Table I showing the analysis of covariance on data of pre-test ,post-test scores and adjusted post test of speed
Means Control
group
Exp. Group
- I
Exp. Group
- II
SV SS df MS OF
Pre-test 8.59 8.61 8.49 B 0.136 2 0.068 0.208
W 13.803 42 0.328
Post-test 8.59 7.98 8.20 B 2.905 2 1.452 4.092*
W 14.909 42 0.354
Adjusted
post-test
8.57 7.93 8.27 B 3.040 2 1.520 15.447*
W 4.035 41 0.098
*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.

The adjusted post- test means were 8.57 for control group, 7.93 for experimental group I and 8.27 for experimental group II. The
obtained F ratio 15.447 was higher than the table F ratio 3.22. Hence , the pre-test was significant at 0.05 level of confidence
for the degree of freedom 2 and 41.
Table I (a) showing Scheffes post hoc test ordered adjusted final mean difference of speed
Control group Exp. Group - I Exp. Group - II MD CI
8.57 7.93 --- 0.637 0.291
8.57 --- 8.27 0.301 0.291
---- 7.93 8.27 0.336 0.291

Table I(a) shows that the difference between control group and experimental group I was 0.637, control group and experimental
group II was 0.301, experimental group I and experimental group II was 0.336. The CI value 0.291 is greater than the table F
ratio value. Hence all the three comparisons were significant. The results of the study indicates that circuit training on mud as
well as concrete surface improved the speed of the subjects. When compared between the two experimental groups, it was found
out that circuit training on mud was better than the circuit training on concrete surface.

Table II showing the analysis of covariance on data of pre-test ,post-test scores and adjusted post test of agility.
Means

Control
group
Exp. Group
- I
Exp. Group
- II
SV SS df MS OF
Pre-test 16.82 16.75 16.73 B 0.066 2 0.033 0.018
W 74.936 42 1.784
Post-test 16.82 15.67 16.34 B 10.048 2 5.024 3.564*
W 59.201 42 1.409
Adjusted
post-test
16.77 15.68 16.37 B 9.098 2 4.549 29.970*
W 6.223 41 0.151

The adjusted post- test means were 16.77 for control group, 15.68 for experimental group I and 16.37 for experimental group II.
The obtained F ratio 29.970 was higher than the table F ratio 3.22. Hence , the pre-test was significant at 0.05 level of
confidence for the degree of freedom 2 and 41.
Table II (a) showing Scheffes post hoc test ordered adjusted final mean diference of agility.
16.779 15.68 --- 1.090 0.361
16.77 --- 16.37 0.405 0.361
--- 15.68 16.37 0.685 0.361

Table II(a) shows that the difference between control group and experimental group I was 1.090, control group and
experimental group II was 0.405, experimental group I and experimental group II was 0.685. The CI value 0.361 is greater than
the table F ratio value. Hence all the three comparisons were significant. The results of the study indicates that circuit training on
mud as well as concrete surface improved the agility of the subjects. When compared between the two experimental groups, it
was found out that circuit training on mud was better than the circuit training on concrete surface.


Table III showing the analysis of covariance on data of pre-test ,post-test scores and adjusted post test of leg explosive
power
Means

Control
group
Exp.
Group
- I
Exp.
Group
- II
SV SS df MS OF
Pre-test 1.44 1.44 1.46 B 0.003 2 0.001 0.057
W 1.267 42 0.030
Post-test 1.44 1.61 1.52 B 0.223 2 0.111 3.363*
W 1.398 42 0.033
Adjusted
post-test
1.44 1.62 1.51 B 0.232 2 0.116 25.615*
W 0.186 41 0.004
The adjusted post- test means were 1.44 for control group, 1.62 for experimental group I and 1.51 for experimental group II. The
obtained F ratio 25.615 was higher than the table F ratio 3.22. Hence , the pre-test was significant at 0.05 level of confidence
for the degree of freedom 2 and 41.

Table III (a) showing Scheffes post hoc test ordered adjusted final mean diference of leg explosive power
1.44 1.62 --- 0.174 0.062
1.44 --- 1.51 0.063 0.062
--- 1.62 1.51 0.111 0.062

Table III(a) shows that the difference between control group and experimental group I was 0.174, control group and
mud as well as concrete surface improved the explosive power of the subjects. When compared between the two experimental
groups, it was found out that circuit training on mud was better than the circuit training on concrete surface.

Table IV showing the analysis of covariance on data of pre-test ,post-test scores and adjusted post test of pulse rate
Mea
ns

Cont
rol
grou
p
Exp.
Gro
up -
I
Exp.
Gro
up -
II
S
V
SS d
f
MS OF
Pre-
test
90.3
3
90.4
0
90.4
0
B 0.044 2 0.022 0.001
W 528.533 4
2
12.58
4
Post
-test
90.4
0
85.6
0
87.6
6
B 173.911 2 86.95
5
5.981
*
W 610.533 4
2
14.53
6
Adj
uste
d
post
-test
90.4
4
85.5
7
87.6
4
B 179.147 2 89.57
3
84.24
5*
W 43.593 4
1
1.063

The adjusted post- test means were 90.44 for control group, 85.57 for experimental group I and 87.64 for experimental group II.

Table - IV(a) showing Scheffes post hoc test ordered adjusted final mean diference of pulse rate
90.44 85.57 --- 4.869 0.956
90.44 --- 87.64 2.802 0.956
--- 85.57 87.64 2.067 0.956

Table IV(a) shows that the difference between control group and experimental group I was 4.869, control group and
mud as well as concrete surface lowered the pulse rate of the subjects. When compared between the two experimental groups, it
was found out that circuit training on mud was better than the circuit training on concrete surface.

Table V showing the analysis of covariance on data of pre-test ,post-test scores and adjusted post test of systolic blood
pressure
Means

Control
group
Exp. Group
- I
Exp. Group
- II
SV SS df MS OF
Pre-test 119.13 119.20 119.20 B 0.044 2 0.022 0.002
W 418.533 42 9.965
Post-test 119.26 115.80 117.73 B 90.533 2 45.266 4.166*
W 456.266 42 10.863
Adjusted
post-test
119.31 115.77 117.71 B 93.955 2 46.977 77.133*
W 24.970 41 0.609

The adjusted post- test means were 119.31 for control group, 115.77 for experimental group I and 117.71 for experimental group
II. The obtained F ratio 77.133 was higher than the table F ratio 3.22. Hence , the pre-test was significant at 0.05 level of

Table - V(a) showing Scheffes post hoc test ordered adjusted final mean diference of systolic blood pressure
119.31 115.77 --- 3.534 0.724
119.31 --- 117.71 1.601 0.724
--- 115.77 117.71 1.933 0.724

Table V(a) shows that the difference between control group and experimental group I was 3.534, control group and
mud as well as concrete surface lowered the systolic blood pressure of the subjects. When compared between the two
experimental groups, it was found out that circuit training on mud was better than the circuit training on concrete surface.

Table VI showing the analysis of covariance on data of pre-test ,post-test scores & adjusted post test of diastolic blood
pressure
Means

Control
group
Exp.
Group
- I
Exp.
Group
- II
SV SS df MS OF
Pre-test 74.40 74.40 74.46 B 0.044 2 0.022 0.001
W 692.933 42 16.498
Post-test 74.60 70.26 72.53 B 140.933 2 70.466 4.551*
W 650.266 42 15.482
Adjusted
post-test
74.62 70.28 72.49 B 140.847 2 70.423 65.382*
W 44.161 41 1.077

The adjusted post- test means were 74.62 for control group, 70.28 for experimental group I and 72.49for experimental group II.

Table - VI(a) showing Scheffes post hoc test ordered adjusted final mean diference of diastolic blood pressure
74.62 70.28 --- 4.333 0.962
74.62 --- 72.49 2.129 0.962
--- 70.28 72.49 2.204 0.962

Table VI(a) shows that the difference between control group and experimental group I was 4.333, control group and
mud as well as concrete surface lowered the diastolic blood pressure of the subjects. When compared between the two
experimental groups, it was found out that circuit training on mud was better than the circuit training on concrete surface.

Table VII showing the analysis of covariance on data of pre-test ,post-test scores and adjusted post test of aerobic
capacity
Means

Control
group
Exp. Group
- I
Exp. Group
- II
SV SS df MS OF
Pre-test 159.72 161.22 153.90 B 448.81 2 224.40 0.472
W 19966.07 42 475.38
Post-test 159.77 134.71 146.85 B 4713.56 2 2356.78 5.604*
W 17662.35 42 420.53
Adjusted
post-test
158.54 132.19 150.61 B 5463.67 2 2731.83 38.119*
W 2938.28 41 71.66

The adjusted post- test means were 158.54 for control group, 132.19 for experimental group I and 150.61 for experimental group
II. The obtained F ratio 38.119 was higher than the table F ratio 3.22. Hence , the pre-test was significant at 0.05 level of

Table -VII(a) showing Scheffes post hoc test ordered adjusted final mean diference of aerobic capacity
158.54 132.19 --- 26.351 7.581
158.54 --- 150.61 7.923 7.581
--- 132.19 150.61 18.429 7.581

Table VII(a) shows that the difference between control group and experimental group I was 26.351, control group and
mud as well as concrete surface improved the aerobic capacity of the subjects. When compared between the two experimental
groups, it was found out that circuit training on mud was better than the circuit training on concrete surface.

CONCLUSION
Within the limitations of the present study, the following inferences were drawn.
1. 6 weeks of training of both the mud circuit training group and the concrete circuit training group showed significant
increase in speed, agility, leg explosive power, pulse rate, blood pressure and aerobic capacity.
2. Between the experimental groups, the mud circuit training group showed significant superiority in speed, agility, leg
explosive power, pulse rate, blood pressure and aerobic capacity over the concrete circuit training group.
3. Whereas, the concrete circuit training group was seen to improve in speed, agility, leg explosive power, pulse rate,
blood pressure and aerobic capacity to a greater degree than the control group.
REFERENCES
[1] Annario, Anthony A. (1985), Development conditioning for Physical Education and Athletics Saint Louis: C.V.
Mosby College publishing.
[2] Clarke H. Harrison (1976), Application of Measurement to Health and Physical Education Englewood Clifts, New
Jersey: prentice hall, Inc.
[3] Klafts, Carl E.D.Arandeium, (1963), Modern principals of Athletic training Saint Louis: C.V. Mosby Company.
[4] Mathews, Donald and Edward L. Fox (1971), The Physiological basis of Physical Education and Athletics
[5] Watson A.W.S, (1986), Physical Fitness and Athletic conditioning London: Long Man Group V.K.Limited.

*****


Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Vital Capacity and
Body Mass Index of Adults

Shahid Bashir

1. INTRODUCTION
Physical fitness is the natural outcome of rich programme of physical education. it is the sum of the condition of ones body
judged in terms of age , height, weight and chest expansion in term of freedom from diseases, constitutional affection or
bodily in firming full physical development, vigour vitality and radiant health should be seen in one whom is physically fit.
In terms of usefulness physical fitness has been defined as total functional capacity of an individual to perform a given task
(Gatechell 1976).

Since physical education has been particularly concerned with the character development aspect of games and sports, no one
would doubt that sports are a special type of games. Which was defined by Lay as "Any form of playful competition whose
outcome is determined by physical skill, strategy or chance employed singly or in combination" (Lay 1969).

Aerobic Exercise
Aerobic exercise is physical exercise of relatively low intensity and long duration, which depends primarily on the
aerobic energy system. Aerobic means "with oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen in the body's metabolic or energy-
generating process. Many types of exercise are aerobic, and by definition are performed at moderate levels of intensity for
extended periods of time.

Physical Fitness
The concept of physical fitness has become a point of attention in our country. The Govt. as well as the people are
becoming aware of its importance in present day living because fitness is essential to increase productivity power of labor in
every respect of development. Various schemes have been launched by the Govt. of India to improve physical fitness of its
citizen and to create interest among the people towards such activities which may ultimately improve their fitness. Mans
personality is the total picture of his organized behavior. For the development of personality, the individual should be
physically fit, mentally alert, emotionally matured and socially adjusted.

1.1 Statement ohe Problem
The researcher is the student of physical education and is well aware that exercises plays very important role in
maintaining the physical fitness of an individual. Also the researcher has a little bit knowledge about the aerobic exercise.
The researcher used to check the effect of aerobic exercise on physical fitness of adults. All these created interest in the
researcher. Under taken the problem title on "Effect of Aerobic Exercises on vital capacity and body mass index of
Adults".

1.2 objective of the Study
The objective of the study is as follows:
1. To assess the effect of aerobic training on vital capacity and body mass index
2.
1.3 Significance of the Study
The study w would be significant in the following aspects-
i) The result of this study may help the adults to know the aerobic effect on physical fitness.
ii) To devise specific aerobic training programme for adults.

1.4 Hypothesis
Researcher hypothesized that; there would be significant difference as a result of aerobic exercise on vital capacity
and Body mass index of adults

1.5 Delimitation
i. The study was delimited to the 30 adults of Yavatmal city.
ii. The age of subjects was ranging between 18 to 25 years.
iii. The study was confined only to the general aerobic exercises.
iv. The study was further delimited to physical fitness variables i.e. Vital capacity, Body Mass Index (Height &
Weight).
1.6 Limitation
i. The daily routine life of the subjects was not considered.
ii. Other physical activities by the subject which was not taken under the control of scholar.

iii. Control on diet of the subjects was not taken under the control of scholar.
iv. Medical treatment on the subjects was not considered.

2. METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the information regarding selection of subjects; sources of data, sampling procedures,
selection of test, criterion measures, collection of data and administration of test have been described.

2.1 Selection of Subjects
30 adults were selected as subjects from Yavatmal city and their age was ranging between 18 to 25 years.

2.2 Sampling Procedure
Simple random sampling method was employed for the selection of subjects for the study.

2.3 Formation of Groups
The researcher divided the 30 adults into two equal groups on the basis of the mean performance of pre-test score.
The groups were equated and distributed into two homogeneous groups namely.
1) Experimental Group
2) Control Group

2.4 Criterion Measures
Following criterion measures was selected for testing the hypothesis on present study.
1. Vital Capacity
2. Body Mass Index

2.5 Administration of the Test
3) Vital Capacity:
Purpose: To measure the Vital Capacity.
Instrument: Dry spirometer
Procedure:
After a couple of normal breath the subject was asked to take a deep breath and exhale into spirometer as
forcefully as possible.
Scoring: The highest of the three consecutive trials with rest of one minute after each trail was recorded in the unit of liter.
4) Body Mass Index:
a) Weight - Total body weight was recorded in Kg by using standard weighing machine.
b) Height- Height was recorded in centimeters and converted into meters by using Wall Scale.

Body Mass Index (BMI) =

Purpose: To measure the Body Mass Index of the subjects.
Instruments: Calibrated weighing machine.
Procedure: The weight of the subject was taken by laboratory anthropometric weighing machine. The subject wearing
shorts and vest only stood at the center of the machine and the weight was recorded from the indicator needle of the dial.
Scoring: The weight was recorded in kilograms.

2.6 Training Program
6 Week Training Program
Week Aerobic Exercise & Duration Recovery Total Volume
I
&
II Week
Walking 10 min
Slow Running 5 min
Running 5 min
Cycling 5 min
Dancing 5 min
In every
exercise
1 min
rest

Approx. 40 min
III
&
IV
Week
Walking 15 min
Slow Running 8 min
Running 8 min
Cycling 8 min
Dancing 8 min
In every
exercise
3 min
rest

Approx. 1 Hr
V
&
VI
Week
Walking 20 min
Slow Running 10 min
Running 10 min
Cycling 10 min
Dancing 10 min
In every
exercise
5 min
rest

Approx. 1 Hr
20 min

Body Weight (Kg)
(Standard Height in Meter)
2

Warm up and cool down was 15 min and 10 min on every day. Training program was 6 days in a week and on
Sunday total rest.

2.7 Collection of Data

For data collection two test was conducted 1) Pre-test: A Pre-test was conducted for knowing the equal distribution
of both the group ie. two Experimental groups and Control group. 2) Post-test: After six weeks training programmed final
test was conducted for the final result collected pre-test and post test data was further put for analysis.

3. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The researcher conducted a study on effect of Aerobic exercises on Physical Fitness of Adults. For the purpose of
this study the researcher collected data on 30 adults of Yavatmal city.

3.1 Analysis of Data
To determine the significant difference in the means of Physical Fitness adults between the two groups as well as
between the pre-test and post test means of experimental and control group t-test was employed.

3.2 Level of Significance
To find out the significance difference, level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence. Findings of the
statistical analysis have been shown in the following tables,
Table-1
Summary of Mean, Standard Deviation and t-ratio for the Data on Vital Capacity Between the Means of Pre and
Post-tests of Control Group
Test Mean
Standard
Deviation
Mean
Difference
Standard Error t-ratio
Pre-test 968.133 28.693
8.934 10.153 0.880
@

Post-test 977.067 26.890
@ Not significant at 0.05 level Tabulated t
0.05 (14)
= 2.144
The above table 3 show that, Vital Capacity mean difference between the pre-test and post-test of control group is
not significant, because the calculated t-value of 0.880 is less than the tabulated t-value of 2.144 at 0.05 level of confidence
of 14 degree of freedom.

Graphical Representation on Pre-Test, Post Test of Vital Capacity of control Group.

Table-2
Summary of Mean, Standard Deviation and t-ratio for the Data on Vital Capacity Between the Means of Pre and
Post-tests of Experimental Group
Test Mean
Standard
Deviation
Mean
Difference
Pre-test 968.867 22.013
27.333 8.114 3.369*
Post-test 996.200 22.425
* Significant at 0.05 level Tabulated t
0.05 (14)
= 2.144
The above Table 7 show that, Vital Capacity mean difference between the pre-test and post-test of Experimental
group is significant, because the calculated t-value of 3.369 is greater than the tabulated t-value of 2.144 at 0.05 level of
confidence of 14 degree of freedom.

0%
50%
100%
Mean Standard
Deviation
Post-test
Pre-test


Graphical Representation on

Pre-Test, Post Test of Vital Capacity of Experimental Group.

Table-3
Summary of Mean, Standard Deviation and t-ratio for the Data on Body Mass Index Between the Means of Pre and
Post-tests of Control Group
Test Mean
Standard
Deviation
Mean
Difference
Pre-test 20.689 1.158
0.069 0.410 0.167
@

Post-test 20.620 1.085
0.05 (14)
= 2.144
The above table 3 show that, Body Mass Index mean difference between the pre-test and post-test of control group
is not significant, because the calculated t-value of 0.167 is less than the tabulated t-value of 2.144 at 0.05 level of

Graphical Representation on Pre-Test, Post Test of Body mass index of Control Group.

Table-4
Summary of Mean, Standard Deviation and t-ratio for the Data on Body Mass Index Between the Means of Pre and
Post-tests of Experimental Group
Test Mean
Standard
Deviation
Mean
Difference
Pre-test 20.446 1.565
0.136 0.547 0.248
@

Post-test 20.310 1.428
0.05 (14)
= 2.144
The above Table 8 show that, Body Mass Index mean difference between the pre-test and post-test of
Experimental group is not significant, because the calculated t-value of 0.248 is less than the tabulated t-value of 2.144 at
0.05 level of confidence of 14 degree of freedom.

4. DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS
Insignificant difference found between pre test and post test of Control group in Vital Capacity (t = 0.880) and
Body Mass Index (t = 0.167) because all t values are less than the tabulated t-value 2.144 at 0.05 level of
Significant difference found between pre test and post test of Experimental group in Vital Capacity ( t = 3.369)
because all t values are less than the tabulated t-value 2.144 at 0.05 level of confidence of 14 degree of freedom. But
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Mean Standard
Deviation
20.689 1.158
20.62 1.085
Post-test
Pre-test
0%
50%
100%
Mean Standard
Deviation
968.867 22.013
996.2 22.425
Post-test
Pre-test

Insignificant difference observed in Body Mass Index (tab t
0.05 (14)
= 2.144 > t = 0.248).

4.4 Justification of Hypothesis
Researcher hypothesis stated earlier that, there would be significant difference as a result of aerobic exercise on
vital capacity and body mass index of adults. From the above findings significant difference observed in a variables of vital
capacity but not in Body Mass Index in pre and post test of Experimental group, . Hence the researcher stated hypothesis of
vital capacity is accepted and body mass index is rejected.

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
On the basis of findings the researcher concluded that,
Insignificant difference found between pre test and post test of Control group in Cardio-vascular Endurance, Sit &
Reach Test, Vital Capacity and Body Mass Index.
Significant difference found between pre test and post test of Experimental group in Cardio-vascular Endurance,
Sit & Reach Test and Vital Capacity, but insignificant difference observed in Body Mass Index.
Significant difference examined between post test of Control and Experimental group in Cardio-vascular
Endurance, Sit & Reach Test and Vital Capacity, but insignificant difference observed in Body Mass Index.
5.2 Recommendation
According to conclusion and findings the researcher gives some recommendations as-
Training of aerobic exercise is effective on the Body mass index, and Vital Capacity.
If we increase the duration of training programme may gives significant difference in Body Mass Index.
Similar study may conduct on the girls also.
Similar study may conduct on the players also.
Similar study may conduct on different age groups.
Similar study may conduct on different level of players.

References
[1] Deborah B. Dowdy Et. Al. Effect Of Aerobic Dance On Physical Work Capacity, Cardiovascular
Function And Body Composition Of Middle Aged Women, Research Quarterly, Vol.56, No.3, March,
1985, p.127.
[2] Miller Auderey, Effect of Endurance training on the cardiovascular system and body composition of
sown syndrome adolescents and young adults. Dissertation abstracts international. Vol. 46, No. 6,
December 1985, p.1554-A.
[3] P. N. Ghodmare, Effect Of Certain Selected Exercises On The Physical Fitness Of Volleyball Players,
Unpublished Maters Dissertation, (Sant Gadge Baba, Amravati University, Amravati, 1988.)
[4] Norris R. et.al., The Effects Of Aerobic And Anaerobic Training On Fitness, Blood Pressure, And
Psychological Stress And Well-Being, School Of Psychology, University Of Birmingham., Vol.34, No.
4, 1990, pp.367-375.
[5] De Geus EJ. Et. al., Regular exercise and aerobic fitness in relation to psychological make up and
physiological stress reactivity, psychosom Med., Vol. 55, No. 4, Jul.-Aug. 1993, pp.347-363.
[6] Ashish R. Shah et.al, "Determinants of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Performance in Cystic
Fibrosis", University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, Volume 157,
Number 4, April 1998, 1145-1150, http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cg/content/full
[7] Trinidad Philomena, Effects Of Theraband Exercises Physiology Skills Training, And Peer Leadership
Program On Selected Measures Of Strength, Flexibility, Cognative Processes, Mood, And Stress Among
Racial Minority Elderly, Dissertation Abstracts International B , Vol. 58, No.10. April-1998, p.5356.
[8] M. Bobo et. al., The Effects Of Long Term Aerobic Dance On Agility And Flexibility, Journal Of
Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1999, p. 108.
[9] F. Pigozzi Et. Al., Effects Of Aerobic Exercise Training On 24 Hr Profile Of Heart Rate Variability In
Female Athletes, The Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness, Vol. 41, No 1., 2001, p. 101.
[10] Dr. V. S. SM. Rao, Rameshpal, Effect Of Breath Holding On Aerobic And Anaerobic Capacities,
Madras, 600 075, INDIA. Yogamimansa, Kavlyadham, Lonavala, (2002) Vol IV, No. 7, p.98
[11] J.R. Heath, C.J. Irwin, "An increase in breath-hold time appearing after breath-holding". The Marine
Station, Millport, Scotland, Respiration Physiology, Volume 4, Issue 1, 10 January 2003., pp.73-77
www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/003456876898X
[12] Haluk KELE, " Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on the Heart rate-Work rate Relationship and
Estimation of Anaerobic Threshold in Obese Females", Turk J Med Sci. 2006; 36 (3): 165-170
[13] Jadho Kamal U., Comparative Study of Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic exercise on cardio-vascular
endurance of leaper school students of Tapowan, Unpublished Masters Dissertation, Sant Gadge Baba
Amravati University, Amravati. 2006.
[14] Peter H Klijn, Olga H Vander, Baan Slootweg and Henk F Vanstel, "Aerobic exercise in adolescents with
obesity: preliminary evaluation of a modular training program and the modified shuttle test", BMC
Pediatrics 2007, Vol. 7, No. 19 doi:10.1186/1471-2431-7-19

*****

EFFECTS OF PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE
RELAXATION TECHNIQUE ON MENTAL SKILLS OF
VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

Varun Singh Bhadoria
a
J.P. Bhukar
b
and Shikha Jadon
c

a
Research Scholar, Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, Gwalior, India
b
Assistant Professor, Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, Gwalior, India

Abstract: The present study was conducted to examine the effects of progressive muscle relaxation technique on mental
skills of volleyball players. To obtain data for this study, the investigators had selected 20 male subjects were selected
randomly from L.N.U.P.E volleyball match practice group in which 10 subjects were in experimental group and 10 subjects
acted as control group. The purposive sampling technique was used to obtain the required data. To measure the level of
mental skills of the subjects, the mental skills questionnaire constructed by Hardy and Nelson was administered. Analysis of
covariance was used to determine significant differences for dependent variables within the two groups. When a significant
difference among the group was observed, a pair wise comparison of the groups was done by using post-hoc test to indentify
direction and significant differences between the groups. The level of significance was set at 0.05 in order to test the
differences to be considered significant. The results revealed that progressive muscular relaxation technique was effective in
improving the imagery ability, mental preparation and concentration ability and mental skill of subjects. Though the pre-test
and post-test mean difference between control groups has shown marginal improvement as mean difference was found
respectively.

Keywords: Mental Skill, Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique.

1. INTRODUCTION
Sports psychologists can teach skills to help athletes enhance their learning process and motor skills, cope with
competitive pressures, fine-tune the level of awareness needed for optimal performance, and stay focused amid the many
distractions of team travel and in the competitive environment. Psychological training should be an integral part of an
athletes holistic training process, carried out in conjunction with other training elements. This is best accomplished by a
collaborative effort among the coach, the sport psychologist, and the athlete; however, a knowledgeable and interested coach
can learn basic psychological skills and impart them to the athlete, especially during actual practice. Across all levels of the
athletic continuum, from youth through professional sports, psychological preparation is as essential to success as physical
conditioning, adequate hydration and proper nutrition (Creasy et al., 2009). Being physically prepared is an important key to
gaining that competitive edge, but training the brain is just as important. For many athletes psychological barriers hinder
their performance. Coaches have the skills, knowledge, and experience to guide their athletes through the physical and
technical preparation, but it is up to the athlete to take responsibility for their own mental skills development. Practice is a
vital component in an athletes life.
Frey et al., 2003 state that the athlete learns the necessary skills for the sport, and must rehearse these physical
skills in order to improve performance in competition. This is true no matter the sport. Not only should mental skills be
implemented during practice but during competition as well. Getting the most out of practice and training sessions requires
more effort than just showing up and participating. In order for athletes to perform to the best of their ability they need to be
at practice both physically and mentally. When there is anxiety during sport performance it can have an extremely negative
effect on the athlete.
Mental-skills training can be a difficult topic for the athletes to not only understand but also to be willing to
participate in as well as take seriously. Some people will look at mental training and think it is for weak people, and that
they do not need it. That is by no means the case. Mental-skills trainings purpose is to assist athletes in developing better
practice and competition techniques and preparation. Every athlete is different; therefore, not every athlete will follow the
same practice procedure or competition preparation. Being a national champion diver who had to endure many mental
barriers throughout his career, the topic of mental-skills training was very interesting to him. It was a topic that he would
have liked to have known more about while still participating in diving; now it will be useful to him as a coach. Research
mental-skills training could also come into play while teaching in a classroom as well. If researchers are able to help their
students mentally work through their problems, whether it is in the classroom or out of the classroom, they are helping them
become better learners.
Mental-skills training are designed to work with people to improve their performance through cognitive strategies.
Mental-skills training can serve a number of purposes in preparing athletes for competition and improving the quality of
their lives. These include improving focus (Orlick & Partington, 1988), managing anxiety (Mamassis & Doganis, 2004),
managing emotions (Lazarus, 2000), dealing with pressure (Beilock et al., 2001), building confidence (Myers et al., 2004),
communicating with coaches (Sullivan, 1993), communicating with teammates (Yukelson, 1997), performing as well in
competition as in practice (Frey et al., 2003), dealing with injury and rehabilitation (Wiese & Weiss, 1987), dealing with
personal issues (Papacharisis et al., 2005), preventing burnout (Gould et al., 1996), and increasing the enjoyment of sport
participation (Scanlan et al., 1989). All of those strategies that are being taught during mental-skills training can be carried

over into the classroom as well. However, very little research has been conducted on possible fundamental mechanisms for
the effects of progressive muscle relaxation technique on mental skills of volleyball players.

2. Material and Methods
Subjects: Data were collected on 20 male subjects were selected randomly from L.N.U.P.E volleyball match
practice group in which 10 subjects were in experimental group and 10 subjects acted as control group.

2.1 Instrumentation
Hardy and Nelson mental skills questionnaire was used to assess level of mental skills. The questionnaire contains
24 questions measuring six dimensions of mental skills and each dimension is measured by four questions, with a six point
likert scale. The six factors of Hardy and Nelsons mental skills Questionnaire are as follows:
Imagery ability
Mental Preparation ability
Self-Confidence level
Anxiety and worry Management
Concentration ability
Relaxation ability
The questionnaire was administered by the research scholar personally to the subjects. After the selection of
subject the scholar made them understand that the purpose of study was to obtain the desired information. Questionnaire was
administered to both the groups to obtain the pre-data. After six weeks of psychological skills training to the experimental
group, the post data was collected from both the groups and the data was analyzed using SPSS-17 system.

3. Statistical Analysis
Analysis of covariance was used to determine significant differences for dependent variables within the two
groups. When a significant difference among the group was observed, a pair wise comparison of the groups was done by
using post-hoc test to indentify direction and significant differences between the groups. The level of significance was set at
0.05 in order to test the differences to be considered significant.

4. Results
Table 1. Univariate test for Imagery Ability among male volleyball players
Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Contrast 74.061 1 74.061 23.008 .000
Error 54.723 17 3.219
Table 1 reveals that a significant difference (.000) was found in the imagery ability of male volleyball players, as
the F-value is 23.008, which is greater than tabulated value at a 0.05 level of significance.
Table 2. Univariate test for Mental Preparation among male volleyball players
Contrast 52.451 1 52.451 12.758 .002
Error 69.892 17 4.111
Table 2 reveals that a significant difference (.002) was found in the mental preparation of male volleyball players,
as the F-value is 12.758, which is greater than tabulated value at a 0.05 level of significance.
Table 3. Univariate test for Self Confidence among male volleyball players
Contrast .020 1 .020 .002 .969
Error 220.944 17 12.997
Table 3 reveals that an insignificant difference (.969) was found in the self confidence of male volleyball players,
as the F-value is .002, which is less than tabulated value at a 0.05 level of significance.
Table 4. Univariate test for Anxiety and Worry Management among male volleyball players
Contrast 1.094 1 1.094 .072 .791
Error 256.993 17 15.117
Table 4 reveals that an insignificant difference (.791) was found in the anxiety and worry management of male
volleyball players, as the F-value is .072, which is less than tabulated value at a 0.05 level of significance.


Table 5. Univariate test for Concentration Ability among male volleyball players
Contrast 89.697 1 89.697 4.940 .040
Error 308.670 17 18.157
Table 5 reveals that a significant difference (.040) was found in the concentration ability of male volleyball
players, as the F-value is 4.940, which is greater than tabulated value at a 0.05 level of significance.

Table 6. Univariate test for Relaxation Ability among male volleyball players
Contrast 22.517 1 22.517 3.991 .062
Error 95.912 17 5.642

Table 6 reveals that an insignificant difference (.062) was found in the relaxation ability of male volleyball players,
as the F-value is 3.991, which is less than tabulated value at a 0.05 level of significance.

5. DISCUSSION
Findings of the present study showed that there is significant difference between training group and control group
in imagery ability, mental preparation, self-confidence, anxiety and worry management, concentration ability and relaxation
ability. When compared the mean values of both the groups, it has been found that open skill athletes, have performed
significantly better on imagery ability, mental preparation and concentration ability. The present result also indicates that
progressive muscular relaxation technique was effective in improving the imagery ability, mental preparation and
concentration ability and mental skill of subjects. Though the pre-test and post-test mean difference between control groups
has shown marginal improvement as mean difference was found respectively.
These findings substantiate the assertion of Marius et al. (2009) that the mental skill training intervention reported
a significant increase in personal openness, confidence in sport psychology consulting and a significant decrease of stigma
tolerance from pre- to post intervention. A mental skill training intervention appears to be more effective in changing
athletes attitudes toward sport psychology compared with simple providing psycho-educational information about the
advantage of mental training. Similar study conducted by Poland (2007) concluded that the use of a mental skills training
program may decrease competitive anxiety levels.
Similar trends have been reported by Behncke (2004) studied the mental skills training for sport is reviewed in
relation to general cognitive-somatic techniques. These techniques include mental rehearsal, mental imagery and
visualization, visuo-motor behavior rehearsal, cognitive-behavior therapy, biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation and
meditation. They concluded that the initial and continued ability to self-monitor, though enhanced by mental skills training,
is fundamentally important for any implementation of cognitive-somatic therapy.
The findings of the present study were supported by Aufenanger (2005) were found no significant differences
between open skill players and close skill players on the variable of mental skills. As concern to mental skills the hypothesis
(H
0
) is rejected and open skill players are significantly better as compared to close skill players.
The upshot of the above results might be due to the effect of progressive muscular relaxation technique on mental
skills and they help the athlete to adjust their action, thoughts, feelings and physical sensations in order to improve their
games performance (Paul Lubbers 2001). Mental skills are designed to practice psychological status and skills in athletes
that will lead to performance enhancement. It focuses on the developed to further proper athletic performance beyond which
can be achieved through physical and technical training (Zajac, 1993). Mental skills are very important components of sports
performance but very less attention is given by coaches and teachers as compared to physical skills. Yet in the highly
pressurized situation of international sports, it is accepted that, when players are equal on technical, tactical and physical
levels, the one having the strongest mental level will succeed.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author is grateful to all the Athletes of Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, Gwalior, who have
given their valuable time out of busy schedule for the study for providing assistance in collecting the relevant information for
undertaking quality research.

7. REFERENCES
[1] Behncke, L. (2004). Mental skills training for sports: A brief review. The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 6(1).
Retrieved from http://www.athleticinsight.com Vol6Iss1/MentalSkillsReview.html
[2] Beilock, S. L., Afremow, J. A., Rabe, A. L., & Carr, T. H. (2001). Dont Miss! The debilitating effects of suppressive
imagery on gulf putting performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23(3), 200-221.
[3] Creasy, J. W., Rearick, M., Buriak, J., & Wright, L. (2009). Are you coaching mental the skills? Why not? Virginia
Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 13-14.

[4] Frey, M., Laguna, P. L., & Ravizza, K. (2003). Collegiate athletes mental skill use and perceptions of success: An
exploration of the practice and competition settings. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 115-128.
doi:10.1080/10413200390213821
[5] Gould, D., Udry, E., Tuffey, S., & Loehr, J. (1996). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: I. A quantitative
psychological assessment. The Sports Psychologist, 10, 322-340
[6] Lazarus, R. S. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. Sport Psychologist, 14(3), 229-252.
[7] Mamassis, G., & Doganis, G. (2004). The effects of a mental training program on juniors pre-competitive anxiety, self-
confidence, and tennis performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 118-137.
[8] Marius, C., Nelu,P.I., Dobosi,S., & Cosmin, P. (2009). Attitudes towards Sport Psychology after a Mental Skill
Training Intervention. Attitudes towards Sport Psychology. Sport Science Review, Vol. 18, 5-6.
[9] Myers, N. D., Payment, C. A., & Feltz, D. L. (2004). Reciprocal relationships between collective efficacy and team
performance in womens ice hockey. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8(3), 182-195.
[10] Orlick, T., & Partington, J. (1988). Mental links to excellence. Sport Psychologist, 2(2), 105-130.
[11] Papacharisis, V., Goudas, M., Danish, S. J., & Theodorakis, Y. (2005). The effectiveness of teaching a life skills program
in a sport context. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(3), 247-254. Doi: 10.1080/10413200591010139
[12] Poland, J.R. (2007). The Influence of a Mental Skills Training Program on Competitive Anxiety. (Unpublished Masters
thesis). Defiance College.
[13] Scanlan, T. K., Stein, G. L., & Ravizza, K. (1989). An in-depth study of former elite figure skaters: II. Sources of
enjoyment. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11, 65-83.
[14] Sullivan, J., & Hodge, K. P., (1991). A survey of coaches and athletes about sport psychology in New Zealand. The
Sport Psychologist, 5, 140-151.
[15] Wiese, D. M., & Weiss, M. R. (1987). Psychological rehabilitation and physical injury: Implications for the sports
medicine team. Sport Psychologist, 1(4), 318-330.
[16] Yukelson, D. D. (1997). Principles of effective team building interventions in sport: A direct services approach at Penn
State University. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(1), 73-96.

*****


COMBINED EFFECT OF HIGH INTENSITY
INTERMITTENT TRAINING AND WEIGHT
TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY
ANAEROBIC CAPACITY AND FATIGUE INDEX
OF MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS

N. Seshagiri Rao
a
, P. Johnson
b
and B. Chittibabu
c

a
Physical Director, A.S.N. Degree & P. G. College, Tenali, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh.
b
Assistant Professor, University College of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.
c
University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu.

Abstract: The purpose of the present study is to assess the combine effect of high intensity training and weight training on
aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity and fatigue index of male handball players. Thirty six male handball players were
randomly selected from Sports Authority of India, Sports Training Centre (STC), Sarurnagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
These subjects were classified into two groups, namely Group I - Combined training (12) and Group II - Control group (12).
The Group I underwent high intensity intermittent training and weight training and Group II acted as control. The selected
players had regular practice and took part in competitions. The selected subjects average age, height and weight were 21.55
2.15 years, 170.05 6.98 cm and 64.94 8.50 kg respectively. In the present study we selected aerobic capacity,
anaerobic capacity and fatigue index as criterion variable which was assessed by multi stage fitness test and running based
anaerobic sprint test. High intensity intermittent training and weight training was performed 4 session per weeks (2 session
of high intensity intermittent training and 2 session weight training) for 8 weeks respectively. All the selected subjects
anaerobic capacity, fatigue index and aerobic capacity was measured before and after 8 weeks of training to respective
groups. ANCOVA was applied to know the changes based on training. The result of the study showed that 8 weeks of
combined training significantly improved aerobic capacity (F (1,21) = 104.84, p < 0.05), anaerobic capacity (F (1,21) =
20.33,
p < 0.05) and fatigue index (F (1,21) = 21.35, p < 0.05) of the handball players after adjusting the pre test. It is concluded
that combined training is efficient enough to improve aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity and fatigue index of male
handball players.

Keywords: Maximal aerobic speed, aerobic capacity, multi stage fitness test, handball, players

Introduction
It is well known that aerobic capacity and muscle strength are important elements of fitness during handball
competition, as well as in human daily activities. Fine aerobic capacity and muscle strength are required for handball players,
who attempting to optimize their peak performance. In order to improve the aerobic capacity and muscular strength of
handball players, coaches prescribe different types of workout which are specific to the game demand.
The coaches presently implement high intensity intermittent training which improves both aerobic and anaerobic
capacity whereas continuous training improves only aerobic capacity. The high-intensity work bouts are thought to train both
the slow and fast twitch motor units, allowing for improvements in both anaerobic and aerobic systems. This dual system
enhancement may also lead to better utilization of both fat and carbohydrates. Interval training has also been associated with
improvements in the muscles ability to buffer lactic acid thus delaying the onset of fatigue brought about by the build up of
lactic acid and consequently raising the anaerobic threshold. Similar to strength training, interval training allows for a longer
and more effective overload on the heart. This in turn translates to a stronger heart muscle, greater contractility and increased
stroke volume. If more total work can be accomplished, then more calories will be utilized; this makes interval training an
effective in improving aerobic and anaerobic capacity (Singh 1993).
The American College of Sports Medicine (2000) recently highlighted the importance of strength training, along
with aerobic exercises, as key elements to a well rounded training program" for healthy adults. It is well established that
strength training benefits both physiologically and psychologically from a strength training program (Ebben & Jensen, 1998;
Fleck, 1998; Freedson, 2000). However, despite the benefits associated with strength training, the number of sportsmen who
participate in the combined effect of endurance and strength training programs is small. The purpose of the present study is
to assess the combined effect of high intensity intermittent training and weight training on aerobic capacity of male handball
players.


Materials and Methods
Subjects and Variable
Thirty six male handball players were randomly selected from Sports Authority of India, Sports Training Centre
(STC), Sarurnagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. These subjects were classified into two groups, namely Group I - Combined
training (12) and Group II - Control group (12). The Group I underwent high intensity intermittent training and weight
training and Group II acted as control. The selected players had regular practice and took part in competitions. The selected
subjects average age, height and weight were 21.55 2.15 years, 170.05 6.98 cm and 64.94 8.50 kg respectively. In the
present study we selected aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity and fatigue index as criterion variable which was assessed by
multi stage fitness test and running based anaerobic sprint test.

Training Program
High intensity intermittent training
Aerobic training was given for 2 sessions per week for eight weeks. The formula proposed by Gerbeaux et al.,
(1991) was used to calculate Maximal aerobic speed (MAS). The MAS was used as a criterion velocity to set running paces
for high-intensity short intermittent exercises. The MAS of the obese subjects are 4.31 m/s and intensities are fixed from 85
to 110%. Each session was preceded by a standardized warm-up: 1 (1010s), (7 15s), (5 20s) at 100% of MAS (one set
of 10 repetitions of 10 s or 7 repetitions of 15s or 5 repetitions of 20 s of running at 100% of MAS, punctuated by 10s, 15s,
20s of recovery). Between each set, the recovery was of 3 min. Exercise time was 30min for each session.

Weight training
The weight training group performed whole body linear periodized strength training. The training volume first
three weeks was of weight training program 2 sessions per week for 8 weeks. The training intensities were 60 to 80% of the
one repetition maximum 2-4 sets, 8-12 repetitions per set with 3 minutes rest between sets. They performed Lat Pull-down,
Leg Press, Bench Press, Shoulder Press, Seated row, Leg extension, Leg Curl, Biceps Curl, Triceps push-down and standing
heel raise that were performed with the multi gym machine.

Data Collection
All the selected subjects aerobic capacity was measured before and after 8 weeks of training to respective groups.
All tests were conducted in the evening with a standard warm-up and after test proper warm-down was given.

Statistical analysis
For this study ANCOVA was applied. The proposed hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence. Beside this
mean and standard deviation were also calculated. SPSS statistic software package (SPSS Company, America, version 17.0)
was used.

Results
Table 1
ANCOVA on aerobic capacity and power using pre-test as a covariate

Variables Source SS Df MS F p
Aerobic capacity
Covariate 44.81 1 44.81 26.43 0.000
Groups 181.08 1 181.08 106.83 0.000
Error 35.59 21 1.695
Anaerobic capacity
Covariate 206838.08 1 206838.08 58.61 0.000
Groups 71746.79 1 71746.79 20.33 0.000
Error 74098.83 21 3528.51
Fatigue index
Covariate 7.68 1 7.68 3.79 0.065
Groups 43.23 1 43.23 21.35 0.000
Error 42.52 21 2.02

This study also clearly shows that aerobic capacity (F (1,21) = 104.84, p = 0.000), anaerobic capacity (F (1,21) =
20.33, p < 0.05) and fatigue index (F (1,21)
= 21.35, p < 0.05) between the groups was significant after adjusting pre-test scores. The findings of the study prove that
aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity and fatigue index tends to increase as a result of combined training. It is obvious from
table 1 that pre test as covariate found significant on aerobic capacity (F(1,21) = 26.43, p < 0.05), anaerobic capacity
(F(1,21) = 58.61 (p < 0.05), but fatigue index (F(1,21) = 3.79 (p > 0.05) showed no influence. Furthermore, it is found that
aerobic capacity increased 13.79%, anaerobic capacity increased 29.80% and fatigue index decreased 40.20% in combined
training group.

Discussion on findings
The major novel finding of this research is that combined effect of high intensity intermittent training and weight
training showed significant improvement in aerobic capacity than control group. Combined training group elicited 13.79% of
improvement from pre-to post-test. The findings of the current research are compatible with the results of Hickson et al.

(1977); Burke et al. (1994); Talanian et al. (2007). The changes in aerobic capacity correspond with changes in stroke
volume, cardiac output and expanded a-VO
2
difference (Mc Ardle et al. 2001).
In the present study anaerobic capacity and fatigue index altered considerably.
During repeated sprints depletion of PCr stores and a decrease in intercellular pH may contribute to the decline in power
output or the rate of fatigue (Bishop, edge and Goodman, 2004). As PCr resynthesis primarily occurs by oxidative processes
(Mccully, et al., 1993) and intercellular acidosis potentially interfere with muscle contractile processes (Favero, et al., 1995)
thereby inhibiting force production, the lower rate of fatigue observed in combined training group may be attributed to either
an improved aerobic power (Bishop, Edge and Goodman, 2004; Dawson, Fitzsimsons and ward, 1993) or an increase
capacity of muscle to buffer hydrogen ions (Bishop, Edge and Goodman, 2004). Increase in anaerobic capacity and decline
in fatigue index was altered due to combined effect of high intensity intermittent training and weight training on male
handball players.

Conclusions
It is concluded that combined effect of high intensity intermittent training and weight training is efficient enough
to improve aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity and reduces the rate of decline in sprint among male handball players.

References
[1] Burke, J., Thayer, R., & Belcamino. (1994). Comparison of effects of two interval-training programme on lactate
and ventilatory thresholds. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(1): 1821.
[2] Gerbeaux, M., Lensel-Corbeil, G., Branly, G., et al. (1991). Estimation de la vitesse maximale arobie chez les
lves des collges et lyces. Science et Motricit, 13: 1926.
[3] Hickson, R.C., Bomze, H.A., Holloszy, J.O. (1977). Linear increase in aerobic power induced by a strenuous
program of endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 42: 372376.
[4] McArdle, D.M.; Katch, FI. & Katch, V.L. (2001). Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition and human performance
(5th Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
[5] Singh, H. (1993). Science of Sports Coaching. New Delhi: DVS Publications, pg 48-56.
[6] Talanian, J.L., Galloway, S.D., Heigenhauser, G.J., Bonen, A., Spriet, L.L. (2007). Two weeks of high-intensity
aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. J Appl Physiol 102:
14391447.
[7] American College of Sports Medicine. (2000). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (6th ed.).
Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
[8] Ebben, W.P. & Jensen, R.L. (1998). Strength training for women: Debunking myths that block opportunity. The
Physician and Sportsmedicine, 26 (5), 86-88,91 -92, 97.
[9] Fleck, S.J. (1998). Strong evidence. Athletic Business, 22 (10), 51-52,54 ,56-57.
[10] Freedson, RS. (2000). Strength training for women. Idea Personal Trair er, U (7), 36-40,43-44.
[11] Dawson, B., Fitzsimons, M. & Ward, D. (1993). The relationship of repeated sprint ability to aerobic power and
performance measures of anaerobic work capacity and power. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in
Sport, 25(4): 88-93.
[12] Favero, T. G., Zable, A. C., Bowman, M. B., Thompson, A. & Abramson, J. J. (1995). Metabolic end products
inhibit sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and [3H]ryanodine binding. J Appl Physiol, 78, 1665-72.
[13] McCully, K.K., Fielding, R.A., Evans, W.J., Leigh, J.S. & Posner, J.D. (1993). Relationship between in vivo and
in vitro measurements of metabolism in young and old human calf muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 75:
813-819.
[14] Bishop, D., Edge, J., and Goodman, C. (2004). Muscle buffer capacity and aerobic capacity are associated with
repeated-sprint ability in women. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(4-5), 540-547.

*****


EFFECT OF SILAMBAM PRACTICE ON BODY
COMPOSITION AGILITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR
ENDURANCE AMONG COLLEGE GIRLS

P.Mohanavalli*, K.Sreedhar** and Jothy***

* Lecturer in Physical Education, Shri Shankarlal Sundarbai Shasun Jain College for
Women, Chennai.
** Associate professor, Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, Annamalai
University.
*** Associate professor, Y.M.C.A College of Physical Education, Chennai.

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Silambam practice on body composition and cardio vascular
endurance among college girls. Silambam fencing is a martial art native to the soil of Tamil Nadu. It has been originated
from 3000 B.C and practiced by the pre-historic Dravidian Tamils who were dwelling from the Mohan-ja-daro & Harappa
regions and is still practiced today. To achieve the purpose of this study, 40 sedentary college girls were selected as subjects.
The age of the subjects were ranged from 18 to 20 years. The subjects were further classified at random into two equal
groups of 20 subjects each. Group - I underwent Silambam training for three days per week for sixteen weeks and group - II
acted as control. The selected criterion variables namely body weight, BMI, lean body mass, percent body fat and cardio
vascular endurance were assessed before and after the training period. The collected data were statistically analysed by using
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). From the results of the study it was found that there was a significant improvement in
cardio vascular endurance and significant reduction in body weight, BMI, lean body mass, and percent body fat with no
significant change in agility among the experimental group when compared with the control group.

Introduction
India is a Land of Knowledge, where many Gods and Saints have given divine knowledge to lead a good human
life. The art of Silambam also has age-old history in ancient texts of South India. Silambam' denotes an elastic cane
bamboo, uniform in cross section from end to end, having a length a little less than that of the height of the performer
wielding it (David Manuel Raj 1967). Silambam is a common word now used in Tamil Nadu, for the Martial art of stick-
fencing. In other parts of South India it is called by different names, such as Kolu Varasay or Dhonay Varasay in Karnataka,
Kolu Aatta or Karadi Aatta in Andhrapradesh, Neduvari in Kerala. Generally in silambam includes single stance (otrai
suvado) separate stances,(pereevusuvado) double swing, weapons sequences, locks, throws long stick and short sticks
series techniques are there (Arunachalam,1995). British government had banned the practice of warfare and martial art in
any form in India and they knew the dangers of Indian martial art. British troops were well trained to use with explosive and
guns, but they were lacking the physical compact skills. This fear leads them to impose restrictions on Indian martial arts.
The Kampu Soothram most Ancient text of Siddha Agasthiyar tells his learning experience of Kampu (Staff or Silambam).
Later Siddha Agasthiyar composed art of using Kampu (Staff or Silambam) for self-defense in poetic form. Today the
original texts directly written on palm leaf by Siddha Agasthiyar are not available. Saints who lived with him have grasped
the meaning of the Siddha Agasthiyar poetry and passed it to their students and to the next generation till today. Siddha
Agasthiyar composed many Poems on Kundalini, Varma, Kutthu Varasai, Siddha Vidhyam, Kampu Soothram and many
other spiritual scripts and in this context Siddha Agasthiyar can be termed as the father of modern Martial Arts, which is
practiced all over the world today. Even today we are looking in for the origination of the modern martial art; a scientific
martial art that can protect human lives at dangerous situation. Today the great martial art of Tamilnadu is just reduced to a
demonstration art in public gatherings and folk art festivals despite the effort of many well wishers. Silambam has the
potential to be included as a mainstream activity in the physical education curriculum as it is simple , inexpensive and also
has the capability of improving all the major biomotor abilities. . There are many benefits to training in the martial arts.
What often attracts students to the martial arts is the attempt to enhance not only the physical body but the mind and spirit as
well. According to a study by Twemlow and coworkers (1996), the top four reasons that people cite for studying the martial
arts are self-defense, exercise, building self-confidence, and developing self-discipline. For several disease processes,
training in the martial arts may be an excellent adjunct to other therapeutic interventions (Massey1995; Kirsteins et al. 1991;
Hart et al. 2004). There is very few literature available on the effects of silambam training on these selected variables
among Indian population in general and girls in particular. The present study was taken up to investigate the effect of
silambam practice on body composition, and cardiovascular endurance among college girls.

METHODS

The experimental design adopted in the study was similar to a random group design involving 40 sedentary girls
who volunteered for the study. A written explanation of the experimental procedure and potential risk factors were given to
each of them. The age of the subjects were ranging from 18 to 20. The 40 subjects were randomly assigned to either control

group (CON, No: 20) or experimental group, (EXP, No: 20). Physical examination and medical checkup at the initiation
of the study yielded normal results in all the subjects and none of the subjects received any medication during the period of
the study. The selected variables were tested 24 hours prior (Pre) and 24 hours after (Post) the training program using
standard and appropriate techniques.

Training
The experimental group underwent silambam practice thrice a week for a period of 16 weeks whereas the control
group maintained their regular routine activities. The training commenced with one week of general physical conditioning
for the experimental group, so that the subjects were ready physically and mentally to take on specific load administrated to
them for the purpose of the study. The following techniques were practiced from week two to sixteen for 3 sessions per week
with 30 to 65 min per session with a progressive increase in duration with the number of weeks. Each session starts with a 5
min warm-up teaching the skill, correction and practice initially slowly till the subjects finds the rhythm and then with speed
and the sessions end up with a 5 minutes warm down. Care was taken to avoid any injuries and proper instructions were
given regarding using the stick, avoiding wrong foot movements and accidental contact with fellow subjects. The subjects of
the experimental group practiced the following skills namely guru vanakam, kuthuvarisai, holding the stick (grip), basic foot
movements (lessons I,II&III without stick), basic foot movements (I,II &III lesson with stick), basic boat swing (forward&
reverse), forward rotation (full stick grip & middle stick grip), padaiveechu (nedungkkkambu), padaiveechu in moving steps
with full stick (nedungkkkambu, forward & backward rotation(full & middle stick grip), rotation above the head (thalai
sutru) with middle stick grip (nadungkambu), padaiveechu in moving steps with middle stick grip (nadungkambu), four
house(kaaladai varisa), naaladai varisai with stick four direction, double stick (erattai kambu veechu), combination of all the
skills(thanithiramai).

Statistical Technique
The data collected from Experimental group and control groups prior to and after completion of the training period
on selected variables were statistically examined for significant differences if any, by applying analysis of covariance
(ANCOVA). The pre test and posttest means of experimental and control groups were tested for significance by applying
ANOVA. As both the groups (EXP and CON) were selected from the same population and no attempt was made to equate
the groups on the selected dependent variables or any other common variables, initial differences may exist, and there is a
possibility of affecting the posttest mean. For eliminating any possible influence of pre test means the adjusted posttest
means of experimental and control group were tested for significance by using ANCOVA. All the data were analyzed using
SPSS statistical package. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level of significance as the number of subjects was
limited and also as the selected variables might fluctuate due to various extraneous factors.

Results and Discussion
TABLE-I
Analysis of covariance for the selected variables among experimental group & control groups

LEAN BODY MASS

Experimental
Group
Control
Group
F-Ratio
PRE TEST 113.21(11.66) 111.25(12.57) 0.26
POST TEST 104.18(11.75) 111.97(12.39) 4.17
AD PO TEST 103.20 112.90 149.72(P>0.05)
PERCENTAGE OF BODY
FAT
PRE TEST 7.97(1.70) 8.10(1.70) 0.039
POST TEST 5.80(1.28) 8.12(1.68) 25.10
AD PO TEST 5.81 8.07 348.01
BMI
PRE TEST 23.71(0.64) 23.40(1.54) 0.793
POST TEST 23.54(1.17) 23.71(0.64) 4.12
AD PO TEST 22.60 23.70 125.74(P>0.05)
CARDIO-VASCULAR
ENDURANCE
PRE TEST 1373.0(42.81) 1373.0(39.35) 0.00
POST TEST 1490.0(56.20) 1374.50(41.92 54.30
AD PO TEST 1490.00 1374.00 412.83(P>0.05)
BODYWEIGHT
PRE TEST 61.00(5.30) 58.50(5.80) 2.13
POST TEST 58.80(58.63) 58.80(5.80) 0.02
AD PO TEST 57.23 60.02 128.75(P>0.05)

TABLE-II

The Pre And Post Test Means Of Silambam Training (EXP) And Control (CON) Groups With Percentage Of Gain

LEAN BODY MASS

PRE TEST POST TEST Gain
Percentage of
Gain
Experimental 113.21(11.66) 104.18(11.75) 9.03 7.97%
Control 111.25(12.57) 111.97(12.39) 0.72 0.65%
PERCENTAGE OF
BODY FAT
Experimental 7.97(1.70) 5.80(1.28) 2.17 27.23%
Control 8.10(1.70) 8.12(1.68) 0.02 0.25%
BMI
Experimental 23.71(0.64) 23.54(1.17) 0.17 0.72%
Control 23.40(1.54) 23.71(0.64) 0.31 1.32%
CARDIO-
VASCULAR
ENDURANCE
Experimental 1373.0(42.81) 1490.0(56.20) 116.96 8.52%
Control 1373.0(39.35) 1374.50(41.92) 1.5 0.10%
BODYWEIGHT
Experimental 61.00(5.30) 58.80(58.63) 2.2 3.60%
Control 58.50(5.80) 58.80(5.80) 0.3 0.51%

Lean body Mass levels shows a significant reduction (113.21 11.66 Vs 104.18 11.75: p>0.05) i.e. a reduction of
7.97%. Body Mass Index (BMI) also shows a significant reduction of 0.72%, (23.71 0.64 Vs 23.54 1.17: p>0.05). Percentage
of Body Fat shows a significant reduction (7.97 1.70 Vs 5.80 1.28: p>0.05) which shows a reduction of 27.23%.Body Weight
levels shows a significant reduction (61.00 5.30 Vs 58.80 58.63: p>0.05) a reduction of 3.60%. Cardio-vascular endurance
levels shows a significant increase (1373.0 42.81 Vs 1490.0 56.20: p>0.05) i.e. an increase of 8.52%. From the results of the
study it was found that there was a significant improvement in cardio vascular endurance and significant reduction in body
weight, BMI, lean body mass, and percent body fat and among the experimental group when compared with the control group.

Conclusions
On the basis of the results obtained it was concluded that silambam training resulted in a significant increase in
cardio vascular endurance and a significant reduction in body weight, BMI, lean body mass, and percent body fat among
college girls.

References
[1] Arunachalam.A., Thenpandaya thamizhyarin silambam varalaruim, adimuraikalam 1995 1:p-9
[2] David Manuel Raj. J. Silambam:Technique &Evalation. (Master's (M P E) Degree, Thesis in Physical
Education submitted to the Jiwaji University. Gwalior, India 1967), p. 259.
[3] Hart J, Kanner H, Gilboa-Mayo R, et al. Tai chi chuan practice in community-dwelling persons after stroke. Int J
Rehabil Res 2004;27(4):3034.
[4] Kirsteins AE, Dietz F, Hwang SM. Evaluating the safety and potential use of a weight-bearing exercise, tai-chi
chuan, for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Am J Phys Med 1991;70(3): 13641.
[5] Massey PB. Lasting resolution of chronic thoracic neuritis using a martial-arts-based physical therapy. Altern
Ther Health Med 1999;5(3):104.
[6] Taylor-Piliae RE. Tai chi as adjunct to cardiac rehabilitation exercise training. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2003;23:90
6.
[7] Twemlow SW, Lerma BH, Twemlow SW. An analysis of students reasons for studying martial arts. Percept Mot
Skills 1996;83(1):99103.

*****

Effect of Selected Yogic Practices And Aerobic Dance On
Health Related Physical Fitness Variables Among
Nicobari Women Students

S.Usha Ran
and Satyander Pal Sin

a
Guest Lecturer,
b
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Physical Education, JNRM College, Port
Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Island.

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of selected yogic practices and Aerobic dance on health related
physical fitness variables among Nicobari women students. Seventy-five students were selected from JNRM College, Port
Blair, Andaman& Nicobar Island. The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 22 years. The selected subjects were divided
into two experimental groups and one control group by random. Group I underwent Yogic practices in selected asanas and
pranayama; Group II underwent Aerobic dance and Group III acted as Control Group for three alternate days in a week for a
period of six weeks. The dependent variables selected for this study were Cardio vascular endurance, Muscular
strength/endurance, Flexibility and Body composition. The dependent variables namely Cardio Vascular Endurance
measured by Coopers 1-mile run/walk test, Flexibility measured by Sit and Reach Test, Muscular Strength/ Endurance
measured by Bent Knee Sit ups and Body Composition measured by Skin fold caliper. The data were collected from each
subject before and after the training period and statistically analyzed by using dependent t test and analysis of covariance
(ANCOVA). It was found that Aerobic dance group was found to be better in improving cardio vascular endurance and
muscular strength/endurance when compared to the yogic practices group.Yogic practices group was found to be better in
improving flexibility when compared to the aerobic training group.Both yogic practices and aerobic dance groups were
developed the body composition equally.

Key Words:Yogic practices, Aerobic Dance, Muscular Endurance, Cardiovascular Endurance, Body composition

1. Introduction

Yoga has a hoary past. The importance for the spiritual attainment has been recognized throughout the ages by all
the systems of Indian philosophy. There is no doubt that the essence of yoga has been considered in the spiritual upliftment
of man. One may question as to how then yoga is related to the physical education and whether yoga will not be pulled down
from its highest pedestal in doing this. It is necessary, therefore, to clear the concepts of yoga and physical education first.
The word aerobics is a common terminology primarily used to refer specifically to synchronize systematic
movements of ones body. During the last decade women wanted to get the benefit of the aerobic workout and hence
associated with jogging and searched for other way of exercises besides disliking running by themselves. This spawned in
past the aerobics enthusiasm. Aerobics combined with an aerobic workout allowing them to enjoy and thus keep them
exercising long enough to improve their aerobic capacity.
Fitness improves general health and it is essential for full and vigorous living. The physical fitness over a long
span and examination of the same reflect the status of health. Physical examination assesses the growth pattern and
functional efficiency of sensory and motor organs, functional efficiency of the body in terms of strength, Cardio vascular
endurance, flexibility, speed, agility, and balance and neuro muscular co-ordination.
The Nicobarese are of Mongloid Stock are a large population of over 27,000 (2001 census). They are horticulturist
and pig-herders inhabiting large permanent villages mostly close to seashore. They are not divisible into tribes, but there are
distinctions, chiefly territorial. Thus they may be fairly divided into six groups: the people of Car Nicobar, Chowra, Teressa
with Bompoka, the Central Group, the Southern Group and the single inland tribe of the Shompen on Great Nicobar. The
differences to be observed is language, customs, manners and physiognomy of the several groups may, with some
confidence, be referred to habitat and the physical difficultiesofcommunication.

2. Methodology
Seventy-five students were selected from JNRM College, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Island. The age of the
subjects ranged from 18 to 22 years. The selected subjects were divided into two experimental groups and one control group
by random. During the training period the experimental groups underwent their respective training program in addition to
their regular program of the course of study. Group I underwent Yogic practices in selected asanas and pranayama; Group
II underwent Aerobic dance and Group III acted as Control Group for three alternate days in a week for a period of six
weeks. The dependent variables selected for this study were Cardio vascular endurance, Muscular strength/endurance,
Flexibility and Body composition. The dependent variables namely Cardio Vascular Endurance measured by Coopers 1-
mile run/walk test, Flexibility measured by Sit and Reach Test, Muscular Strength/ Endurance measured by Bent Knee Sit
ups and Body Composition measured by Skin fold caliper.
The duration of training session in the six weeks was between 30 to 60 minutes approximately, including warming
up and cooling down. Group III acted as control. They did not participate in any specific training on par with experimental
group. All the subjects involved in this study were carefully monitored throughout the training program to be away from
injuries. They were questioned about their health status throughout the training program. None of them reported any injuries.
However, muscle soreness appeared in the earlier period of the training program and was reduced in due course.

The training program scheduled with the duration and load was based on the results of the pilot study. The training program
was carried out for a period of six weeks and the schedule was presented in Table I.

TABLE - I
Training Schedule For Yogic Practices And Aerobic Dance
Days Duration Yogic practices Aerobic Dance
Monday
Wednesday
Friday
1
st
&2
nd
Weeks
10mts Stretching
20 mts Asanas
10 mts- ujjayi pranayama
10mts- Relaxation
10 mts Warm-Up
35mts Low impact Aerobic dance
5mts - Relaxation
Monday
Wednesday
Friday
3
rd
& 4
th
Weeks

10mts Stretching
25mtsAsanas
10mts- Relaxation
10 mts Warm-Up
40 mts High impact Aerobic
dance
5mts - Relaxation
Monday
Wednesday
Friday
5
th
& 6
th
Weeks
10mts Stretching
25mtsAsanas
10mts- Relaxation
10 mts Warm-Up
45 mts step Aerobic dance
5mts - Relaxation

3. Results and Discussion
The influence of independent variables on each criterion variables were analyzed and presented below.
The mean and dependent t test values on cardio vascular endurance of yogic practices, aerobic Dance and control groups
have been analyzed and presented in Table II.
TABLE - II
Summary Of Mean And Dependent t Test For The Pre And Post Test On Selected Variables Of Experimental And Control
Groups
Variables Mean Yogic practices
Group
Aerobic training
Group
Control Group
Cardiovascular
Endurance
Pre test Mean 450.56
9.70
449.60
6.91
442.80
6.82
Post test Mean 427.33
7.53
403.83
7.03
446.20
7.31
t Test 10.23* 2.44* 1.03
Muscular Endurance Pre test Mean 24.16
1.65
24.08
2.66
25.00
3.24
2.13
28.12
2.61
24.96
3.44
t Test 6.957* 19.81* 0.125
Flexibility Pre test Mean 25.76
1.92
25.20
2.75
25.72
3.19
2.64
27.40
3.11
25.76
3.14
t Test 10.23* 11.00* 0.137
Body Composition Pre test Mean 26.28
0.51
26.31
0.61
26.59
1.17
0.16
24.32
0.30
26.52
1.14
t Test
13.50* 14.77* 1.23
*Significant at .05 level. The table value required for .05 level of significance with df 24 is 2.06.

The obtained t ratio value of experimental groups is higher than the table value and it is understood that both
yogic practice and aerobic dance had significantly improved the performance of selected criterion variables. Since the
obtained t ratio value of experimental groups are greater than the value. The analysis of covariance on the data obtained on
selected criterion variables due to the both the practices have been analyses and presented in Table III.


TABLE III
Analysis of Covariance Of Yogic Practices, Aerobic Dance And Control Groups On Selected Variables
Variables Source of
Variance
Sum of
Squares
df Mean Squares
Obtained F-
ratio
Cardio vascular
endurance
Pre Test 356.487 1 0.0 0.01*
Groups 758.846 2 0.0 0.03*
Error
3725.513
71 0.0
Muscular
endurance
Pre Test 401.356 1 0.0 0.01*
Groups 198.048 2 0.0 0.03*
Error 158.004 71 0.0
Flexibility
Pre Test
505.728
1 0.0 0.01*
Groups 192.750 2 0.0 0.03*
Error 129.872 71 0.0
Body
composition
Pre Test 19.523 1 0.0 0.01*
Groups 55.803 2 0.0 0.03*
Error 14.587 71 0.0

*Significant at .05 level of confidence. (The table value required for significance at .05 level with df 1 & 71 and 2 & 71 are
3.98 and 3.13 respectively).

Table III shows that the obtained F-ratio value is higher than the table value 3.13 with df 2 and 71 required
for significance at .05 level. Since the value of F-ratio is higher than the table value, it indicates that there is significant
difference among the adjusted post-test means of yogic practices, aerobic dance and control groups. To find out which of the
three paired means had a significant difference, the Scheffes post-hoc test was applied and the results are presented in Table
IV.

TABLE IV
Scheffes Test For The Differences Between The Adjusted Post Test Paired Means Of Selected Criterion Variables
Adjusted Post Mean values
Mean
Differences
Confidential
Interval
Variables
Yogic practices
Group
Aerobic Dance
Group
Control Group
Cardio vascular
endurance
425.91 448.51 20.72* 5.13
425.91 405.19 22.6* 5.13
448.51 405.19 43.32* 5.13
Muscular
endurance
26.87 28.42
425.91* 1.06
26.87 24.43 0* 0
28.42 24.43 425.91* 0
Flexibility
29.52 27.76 425.91* 0.96
29.52 25.60 0* 0
27.76 25.60 425.91* 0
Body
composition
24.58 24.38 425.910 0.32
24.58 26.40 0* 0
24.38 26.40 425.91* 0

*Significant at .05 level.
Table IV shows that the adjusted post test means differences on selected criterion variables between the
yogic practices and aerobic dance groups; The values are greater than the confidence interval value 5.13, which shows
significant difference at .05 level of confidence.
The pre test, post tests and adjusted post test mean values of yogic practices, aerobic danceand control
groups on selected criterion variables were graphically represented in the figure I.
FIGURE - I

FIGURE I: Mean scores of pre test, post test and adjusted post test amongyogic practices, aerobic dance dance and
control groups on selected criterion variables.

4. conclusion
From the analysis of the above data, the following conclusions were drawn.
Yogic practices group significantly improved the health related physical fitness variables.
Aerobic dance group significantly improved the health related physical fitness variables
Control group did not improve all the dependent variables.
There was significant difference among the yogic practices and aerobic dance groups in improving the selected
dependent variables such as cardio vascular endurance, body composition, flexibility and muscular
strength/endurance.
Aerobic dance group was found to be better in improving cardio vascular endurance and muscular
strength/endurance when compared to the yogic practices group.
Yogic practices group was found to be better in improving flexibility when compared to the aerobic dance group.
Both yogic practices and aerobic dance groups were developed the body composition equally.

5. Refrences
[1] Agnes Tihanyi, The Effects of Guided Systematic Aerobic Dance Program on the Self Esteem of Adults, Journal of
General Hospital Psychiatry,Vol.37,p203-204,2005,.
[2] Alves,Is Aerobic Dance Good for You,Medical Journal, Vol.18.No.2, P183-183, 2008.
[3] BadrAljasir, Maggie Bryson, and Bandar Al-shehri, Yoga Practice for the Management of Type II Diabetes
Mellitus in Adults, university of Ottawa, science journal of University of Toronto, Canada Received December 4,
2007; accepted April 4, 2008.
[4] Boyle CA, Sayers SP, Jensen BE, Headley SA, Manos TM., The Effects of Yoga Training and A Single Bout of
Yoga on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in the Lower Extremity, Journal of Strength Conditioning
Research,18(4), 723-9, 2004.
[5] Braz J Med Biol Res,The effects of stretching on the flexibility, muscle performance and functionality of
institutionalized older women Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research,Volume 44(3) 229-235,
2011.
[6] Donohue B, Miller A, Beisecker M, Houser D, Valdez R, Tiller S, Taymar T., Effects of Brief Yoga Exercises
and Motivational Preparatory Interventions in Distance Runners: Results of A Controlled Trial, Br J Sports Med,
40(1), 60-3, 2006.
[7] Mankayarkarasi, S. Combined Effect of Selected Aerobic Exercises and Nutritional Supplementation on Stress
Management of Obese Women, Journal of Physical Education and Exercise Sciences, Vol.3:No.1, P9-11, 2007.
[8] Mark B.Andersoon, Journal of sports & exercises psychology, vol.23,p.123, 2001.

****
Y
A
C 0
100
200
300
400
500
CV Mus Flex BC
Yogic Practice
Aerobic dance
Control group


Attitude of Higher Secondary Level student towards
Games and Sports

R. K. Chandrakumar Singh
1
and Khuraijam Sanatombi Devi
2

1
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Health Education & Sports, D.M.
College of Science, Imphal, Manipur.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Health Education & Sports, D.M.
College of Science, Imphal, Manipur.

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to find out the attitude of students towards Games and Sports. Games and Sports
contribute towards social, mental, emotional and intellectual development. Vigorous activity is basically meant for
increasing the efficiency of the body and human being need to be fit efficiently throughout their lives. To take part in games
and sports activities one can develop his health definitely. A healthy society needs the healthy individual. The aim of the
present investigation is to study the attitude of the students of Higher Secondary Level of Manipur towards Games and
Sports. In other words the main goal of this research is to ascertain the role of the favourable attitude towards Games and
Sports. The parents of the students of Higher Secondary School Level of Manipur had progressive nature about games and
sports. These progressive natures were very helpful to develop the favourable attitude of their children towards games and
sports. The above finding of the study clearly indicates that the Higher Secondary School level students of Manipur had
favourable attitude towards games and sports. Overall apart from the above finding, the study found that the Higher
Secondary School level students of Manipur are keenly interested in games and sports.

Keywords: Attitude, emotional, intellectual development, higher Secondary level students, Games and Sports.

Introduction:
The present - day life, due to scientific development, is enjoying the highest level of physical comforts ever known
to man. Modern technology is trying hard to make our life easier, more luxurious, more comfortable but less vigorous.
Hence throughout the world man appears to be living a more and more inactive life. He rides instead of walks, sits instead of
stands, and watches instead of participates. At the same time, the modern man is also living in an age of competition and he
is passing through a highly disturbed state of life, because our modern world is characterised by speed, noise, explosion of
population, industrial pollution and similar other tension - producing factors. Today modern life is facing different types of
stress - mental, social, economic, emotional and intellectual. Dr. Robert Milliken
1
a Novel Prize winner in science, has
rightly said: The age of invention brought the age of discovery; the age of discovery brought the age of power; the age of
power has brought the age of leisure with its many unsolved problems. In this context, physical Education and Games and
Sports can be of great service to our society by developing healthful and balance living. Education through its Games and
Sports programme has the best opportunity and the best environment to teach values along with the development of
necessary self - image and self - concept. The world of games and sports is dramatic and provides an impressionable climate
along with innumerable opportunities to initiate action, take risks, and accept responsibility and consequences. All these
opportunities act as the building block for character development. Sports and Physical fitness are inter - related terms. One of
the important aims of every sports programme should be to develop physical fitness of the participants. In the narrow
understanding, Games and Sports is a competitive activity. In other words, the activity which has been historically formed in
the sphere of physical culture as competitions which aim to identify, compare and develop certain human abilities. The
specific features of this activity have been formed gradually in the process of historical development. The achievement of the
highest possible result in competition, expressed by the relative indicators of victory over the opponent, or by some other
indicators, taken reactively as the criterion of achievement, is the direct goal of the competition. The essence of sport as a
social phenomenon, however, does not consist only in competition itself. Rene
2
, Games and Sports are first and foremost a
factor making for equilibrium in the general development of the personality - equilibrium between mind and body, between
affectivity and energy, and between the individual and the group. In a civilization which places its essential emphasis on the
intellectual and the technological and concentrates excellent in the brain, relaying on machines for power, and at a time when
the sense of proportion has been largely lost and when distortions of all kinds are rife, this factor making for balance,
fullness and harmony is particularly beneficent. The teenagers, between thirteen to nineteen (approximately) are adolescents.
Since this adolescents period is to be taken care in the developing of total personality of the individual, the Games and
Sports are the most useful sector. Voltmer and Esslinger (1964)
3
,

have pointed out that team Games provide and excellent
means of keeping the minds of the youngsters off the sex matters, especially at the adolescent stage. Self understanding is a
basic to an integrated personality, sports gives a clear estimate of more than one dimension of the individual. The mirror
action through which a participant can realistically see herself. The player is able to assets her skill in comparison to others
to react to challenges, to measure her communication through verbal and nonverbal action and to gain insight into her
emotional response, to interpersonal conflicts, group problems and ultimately the victory and defeat. M.J. Rabindranath
4
, it
is generally accepted that attitude is an important psychological factor affecting behaviour. Attitudes are learned behaviours.
They are defined as emotionally toned Predispositions which peoples an individual to react in a consistent way towards any
psychological object - object may be an idea, concept, object, person or situation. Attitudes are conceptualised to constitute
there inter - related components, viz, Cognitive, affective and behavioral, behaviorally involves the over action. As attitude
is hypothetical constructs, they can not in themselves be directly observed. On the other hand, they can be inferred indirectly

from ones actions. Laycock
5
are of the view that, there are emotional intellectual and motivation components of attitude.
Robert Ellis
6
, Attitude involves some knowledge of a situation, however, the essential aspect of the attitude is found in the
fact that some characteristic feeling or emotion is experienced, and as we would accordingly expect, some definite tendency
to action is associated subjectively. Then the important factor is feeling or emotion objectively, it is the response or at least
the tendency to respond. If we are to change attitude, we must change their emotional components.

Attitude of students is an important area for research. It is an important segment of an individuals readiness.
Status has an effect on the individuals reaction to a situation may be further stated that attitudes are learned or acquired they
may be influenced by teaching. Attitude has environmental effects also. Individuals attitude is guided and guarded by his
parents views, well wishers views and by some social factors. Home and School are two unique institutions to form right
attitude towards and object. The purpose of the study is to find out the attitude of students towards Games and Sports. Games
and Sports contribute towards social, mental, emotional and intellectual development. Vigorous activity is basically meant
for increasing the efficiency of the body and human being need to be fit efficiently throughout their lives. To take part in
games and sports activities one can develop his health definitely. A healthy society needs the healthy individual.

Method:
The idea behind this investigation is to study the inclination and opinion of the students of higher secondary level
of Manipur towards games and sports. For this investigation an Attitude Inventory was prepared on the basis of Likert
Technique. This attitude inventory was prepared after consultation with the supervisor of this study and with other three
experts in the field. As per opinion of the experts and supervisor, the investigator modified the inventory. After taking final
approval from the supervisor the attitude inventory were administered to the subjects. While preparing attitude inventory as
questionnaire, different factors that affect the attitude were consider. It was not possible to consider almost all factors that
may affect attitude. Some important factors and factors related to students attitude were considered for the investigation.
The attitude inventory contains two parts as section A and Section B. The first part was prepared for the preliminary
information of the subjects. It contains 14 questions based on objective type questions. It was a short questionnaire form.
The purpose of this part was to collect the information related to attitude. It was collected the followings:

The attitude inventory prepared for this study had 50 statements. A score of 200 points (50x4) was the highest
possible in all statements were related in the strongly agree category. If all statements were rated with a scale value of zero
means strongly disagree, the total score would be zero. The subjects total score was sum of the values received on each
statement. The 100 male students and 80 female students of Higher Secondary Schools of Manipur were selected randomly
from 4 district of Manipur, namely, Imphal West, Imphal East, Thoubal and Bishnupur Districts. 25% of the total number
(N=45) were selected from the highest category and another 25% (N=45) from the lowest category. Calculation of the t for
evaluating the difference in the mean responses for an attitude by high and low group.

Result:
The Attitude Scale Consisted of 50 items. A score of 200 points was the highest possible if all the students were
rated in the Strongly Agree Category having a Scale value of 4 points. If all the statements were rated with a scale value of
Zero i.e. Strongly Disagree, the total score would be zero.The total number of students taken for this investigation was
180. It will be necessary to see the altitude of total sample towards games and Sports. In order to see the attitude of Higher
Secondary School level Students of Manipur towards games and sports, it is necessary to calculate the different statistics of
mean and standard deviation for the total number of respondents of the Sample ( N=180 ). The following Table No. 1 gives
the descriptive statistics of the total sample.

Table - 1
Attitude Score of total Sample.
Class interval f
Male Female Total
190 194 2 0 2
185 189 3 1 4
180 184 1 1 2
175 179 5 1 6
170 174 6 1 7
165 169 9 2 11
160 164 8 9 17
155 159 21 14 35
150 154 22 24 46
145 149 5 10 15
140 144 7 9 16
135 139 6 5 11

130 134 4 3 7
125 129 1 0 1
N = 100 80 180
Mean of the total Sample = 154.86
Median of the total Sample = 150.26
Standard deviation = 5.77
Highest Score = 193
Lowest Score = 126
From the above statistical figures it is observed that the mean, median and standard deviation of the total sample
are 154.86, 150.26 and 5.77 respectively. The highest Score was 193 (190-194 class interval) and the lowest score was 126
(125-129 class interval). It clearly indicates that the whole sample is of favourable attitude towards Games and Sports. We
may state that the Higher Secondary School level students of Manipur, may be boys or girls, are of favourable attitude
towards Games and Sports.
The item analysis on the basis of the t formula was done for each item and the obtained t values of each item
of the selected samples are shown in the following Table No. 2.

Table no 2
Calculated t values of each character
Item
No.
Contents t
values
1 Playing game is a pleasant activity. 3.064
2 One should not play game as it is wastage of time and money. 4.443
3 After playing a game I feel fresh for other activities. 3.655
4 After playing a game I get fatigued which makes me unable to do other works. 5.022
5 Participation in games and sports activities makes no mental self. 3.424
6 Games and Sports relieve mental tension. 3.768
7 Games and Sports have no educational value. 2.472
8 Players are always smart. 3.377
9 Games and Sports activities being a vigorous 4.313
10 Skill in active games and sports is not necessary for leading the fullest kind of life. 2.077
11 Games and Sports help future career. 3.027
12 Participation in Games and Sports activities does more harm physically then it does good. 3.651
13 Games and Sports develop the spirit of co-operation. 2.845
14 Games and Sports divert students attention from study. 5.647
15 Participation in physical education and sports helps in the wholesome development of personality. 3.787
16 Games and Sports develop egoism. 4.106
17 Sportsmen are always undisciplined. 2.504
18 Participation in Games and Sports competition has no place in modern society. 2.509
19 Games and Sports give rise to a good friendly relationship. 2.935
20 Vigorous Physical activity develops emotional tension. 3.887
21 Games and Sports inculcate importance of rules. 2.378
22 Games and Sports develop auto - discipline. 3.518
23 One who is weak in study should play Games and Sports. 2.948
24 Games and Sports activities provide good recreation. 3.301
25 I do not want to involve in Games and Sports because there is politics. 3.643
26 Games and Sports gives social status. 3.643
27 Games and Sports activities promote physical health. 3.075

28 I do not want to participate to Games and Sports because it develops hostility. 2.624
29 In Games and Sports players are use unfair means. 2.796
30 Games and Sports bring everybody in one net. 3.489
31 Games and Sports help in National Integration. 2.758
32 Physical Education and Sports is one of the most important subjects in the school programme. 2.837
33 Without playing game man cant survive. 3.503
34 Games and Sports require intelligence, dedication, proper training and guidance. 2.758
35 Competitive Games and Sports create mental disorders. 2.749
36 Physical Education and Sports is one of the most important subjects in helping to stabilised and maintain
desirable social standards.
3.246
37 Success in Games and Sports depend upon ones dedication. 2.959
38 Now-a-days selection of players in Games and Sports depend more on the player contact than merit. 3.099
39 Nation can build up through Games and Sports 2.959
40 Games and Sports now-a-days is a costly affairs. 3.682
41 Participation in Sport activities makes one feel better. 3.572
42 India being poor country cant afford Games and Sports activities. 3.184
43 Games and Sports may cause physical injury. 4.397
44 Physical Education and Sports make a valuable contribution towards building up an adequate reserve of
strength and endurance for everyday living.
3.301
45 Physical Education and Sports should be included in the programme of every school. 3.319
46 Games and Sports make for more enjoyable living. 3.653
47 Participation in Games and Sports do not develop character qualities. 2.845
48 Games and Sports do not provide situation for the formation of attitudes which will make one a better
citizen.
3.712
49 Games and Sports activities provide no opportunities for learning to control emotions. 3.853
50 There is little value in Games and Sports as far as physical well being is concerned. 3.826
From the above t values of each item (statement 1 to 50) of high group and the low group of total sample clearly
indicates that the students of higher Secondary level of Manipur have favourable attitude towards games and sport. The
points of view of assessing the attitude of different categories of population it will be an informative to study the standing of
this various groups on the scale of attitude. The following Table No. 3 gives the score and different statistics in respect of the
various items.

Table No. 3
Comparative values of mean, varience, standard deviation standard error of high and low groups of each statement.
High Group Low Group
Mean S2=varienc
e
SD=Standar
d
SE=Standar
d
Deviation
Mea
n
Error
S2=varienc
e
SD=Standar
d
SE=Standar
d
Deviation
Mean
Error
Statement-1 3.822 0.605 0.387 0.05
8
3.356 0.436 0.484 0.72
Statement-2 3.533 0.494 0.694 0.10
4
2.933 0.326 1.095 0.163
Statement-3 3.6 0.518 0.572 0.08
7
3.089 0.362 0.793 0.118
Statement-4 3.022 0.346 1.076 0.16
1
2.444 0.25 1.078 0.169
Statement-5 3.511 0.487 1.1 0.16
4
3.044 0.351 0.952 0.142
Statement-6 3.067 0.357 1.405 0.20
9
2.622 0.271 1.23 0.183
Statement-7 3.8 0.596 0.405 0.06 3.422 0.457 0.965 0.144
Statement-8 3.556 0.502 0.725 0.10
8
3.088 0.361 0.949 0.142
Statement-9 3.378 0.443 0.834 0.12
4
2.822 0.304 1.007 0.15

Statement-
10
3.489 0.479 0.968 0.14
4
3.2 0.391 0.757 0.113
Statement-
11
3.711 0.56 0.506 0.07
5
3.267 0.41 0.72 0.107
Statement-
12
3.467 0.472 0.815 0.12
1
2.978 0.336 0.77 0.115
Statement-
13
3.733 0.569 0.539 0.08
1
3.311 0.423 0.596 0.089
Statement-
14
2.867 0.313 1.16 0.17
3
2.244 0.234 1.368 0.204
Statement-
15
3.756 0.578 0.435 0.06
5
3.2 0.391 0.726 0.108
Statement-
16
3.644 0.535 0.484 0.07
2
3.068 0.357 0.837 0.124
Statement-
17
3.578 0.51 0.543 0.08
1
3.222 0.397 0.704 0.105
Statement-
18
3.756 0.578 0.434 0.06
5
3.378 0.443 0.936 0.14
Statement-
19
3.8 0.596 0.405 0.06 3.356 0.436 0.857 0.128
Statement-
20
3.422 0.457 0.965 0.14
4
2.911 0.322 1.104 0.165
Statement-
21
3.911 0.642 0.288 0.04
3
3.533 0.494 0.505 0.075
Statement-
22
3.711 0.56 0.506 0.07
5
3.2 0.391 0.891 0.133
Statement-
23
3.467 0.472 0.815 0.12
1
3.067 0.357 1.009 0.15
Statement-
24
3.756 0.578 0.435 0.06
5
3.267 0.41 0.915 0.136
Statement-
25
3.867 0.623 0.344 0.05
1
3.311 0.422 0.9 0.134
Statement-
26
3.867 0.623 0.434 0.05
1
3.311 0.422 0.468 0.07
Statement-
27
3.511 0.487 0.869 0.13 3.089 0.362 0.793 0.118
Statement-
28
3.622 0.526 0.684 0.10
2
3.244 0.407 0.732 0.109
Statement-
29
3.444 0.464 0.664 0.09
9
3.067 0.357 1.053 0.157
Statement-
30
3.733 0.569 0.495 0.07
3
3.222 0.397 0.902 0.134
Statement-
31
3.822 0.605 0.442 0.06
6
3.4 0.45 0.65 0.097
Statement-
32
3.578 0.51 0.783 0.11
7
3.178 0.385 0.984 0.147
Statement-
33
3.289 0.416 1.058 0.15
8
2.844 0.308 1.127 0.168
Statement-
34
3.822 0.605 0.387 0.05
8
3.4 0.45 0.58 0.087
Statement-
35
3.667 0.543 0.564 0.08
4
3.267 0.41 0.618 0.092
Statement-
36
3.511 0.487 0.656 0.09
8
3.067 0.357 0.441 0.066
Statement-
37
3.778 0.586 0.471 0.07 3.333 0.429 0.739 0.11
Statement-
38
3.644 0.535 0.399 0.05
9
3.2 0.391 0.332 0.049
Statement-
39
3.778 0.586 0.471 0.07 3.222 0.429 0.739 0.11
Statement-
40
3.578 0.51 0.657 0.09
8
3.067 0.357 1.058 0.158
Statement-
41
3.667 0.543 0.564 0.08
4
3.156 0.379 0.825 0.123
Statement- 3.711 0.557 0.589 0.08 3.244 0.407 0.728 0.109

42 8
Statement-
43
3.444 0.464 0.967 0.14
4
2.867 0.313 1.036 0.154
Statement-
44
3.756 0.578 0.435 0.06
5
3.267 0.41 0.89 0.133
Statement-
45
3.733 0.569 0.539 0.08 3.244 0.407 0.728 0.109
Statement-
46
3.733 0.569 0.412 0.06
1
3.2 0.391 0.663 0.099
Statement-
47
3.733 0.569 0.34 0.05
1
3.311 0.423 0.697 0.104
Statement-
48
3.556 0.502 0.693 0.10
3
3.044 0.351 0.976 0.146
Statement-
49
3.822 0.605 0.49 0.07
3
3.244 0.407 0.728 0.109
Statement-
50
3.6 0.135 0.72 0.10
7
3.067 0.357 0.751 0.112

Discussion:
After the analysis of data of whole sample, it is observed that the whole sample (N = 180 ) has shown favourable
attitude towards games and sports. It clearly indicates that the Higher Secondary level students of Manipur have favourable
attitude towards games and sports.

The study indicates that the Higher Secondary level students of Manipur had a favourable attitude towards games
and sports. The male students had more favourable attitude towards game and sports than that of the female students. The
study also revealed that the athlete students had more favourable attitude towards games and sports than that of the non-
athlete students. The majority of the students were belongs to the middle class family and they had more favourable attitudes
towards games and sports. The study also revealed that the parents of the majority of the students had progressive nature
about games and sports. It clearly indicates that the parents support had positive effect on the attitude of their children.

Majority of the Students of Higher Secondary School Level were athletes. They played any games or sports events
regularly. The Boys students of Higher Secondary School Level of Manipur have more favourable attitude towards games
and sports than that of the girls students. Undoubtedly the girls students are also had favourable attitude towards games and
sports. The economic status of parents of the Higher Secondary School Level students of Manipur does not affect the
favourable attitudes of the students towards games and sports because most of them were from the middle class family. The
parents of the students of Higher Secondary School Level of Manipur had progressive nature about games and sports. These
progressive natures were very helpful to develop the favourable attitude of their children towards games and sports. The
above finding of the study clearly indicates that the Higher Secondary School level students of Manipur had favourable
attitude towards games and sports.

Overall apart from the above finding, the study found that the Higher Secondary School level students of Manipur
are keenly interested in games and sports.

Referances:
[1] Sharma P.D., Physical Education and Nation - building, Journal of Indian Education, (1987), Vol. 12, No.
[2] Rene, Maheu, Sport and Education, Bulletin of the Federation International D Education physique, (1973),
Volume 43, No. 1.
[3] E.F. Voltmer, A.A. Esslinger, The organisation and Administration of physical Education, Bombay, Chapter
IP.13., 1964, Times of India Press.
[4] Ravindranath M.J., Towards Development of Attitudes - A paradigm, The Educational Quarterly, (1983), Vol.
35, No. 2.
[5] Laycock and Munro, Vyayam Vindyan, (1981), Vol. 14, No. 1 and 2.
[6] Ellis Robert. 1983. Educational Psychology, A Problem Approach.

*****


Effect of Endurance Training program on body
composition and blood glucose among medical college
students

Sadeep K
*
and K Sreedhar
**
*Ph.D Scholar, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu..
**Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu.

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of endurance training on body composition, cardiovascular
endurance and blood glucose among medical college students. A total number of 40 male medical students volunteered for
the study and they were randomly assigned to either experimental Group (EXP: N=20) or control Group (CON: N=20).
Physical examination and medical checkup at the initiation of the study yielded normal results in all subjects and none of
them received any medication during the period of the study. The experimental group underwent an endurance training
program of sloe jogging for a period of 8 weeks, whereas the control group maintained their regular routine activities. The
training load was gradually increased with the number of weeks. The subjects of both the groups were tested on body
weight, BMI, and fasting blood sugar 24 hours before and after the period of experimentation. The collected data were
statistically analyzed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and the data was analyzed in SPSS statistical computer
package. The results of the study showed that there was significant difference among the adjusted post test mean of
experimental group and control group in body weight and BMI with no change in blood Glucose.

Keywords: Endurance, Body composition, blood Glucose

Introduction
The value of proper exercise for the total effectiveness of the individual has been well documented, as has been the
need for a physically active life style in our sedentary society despite that doing ones job today requires a minimum of
strength and endurance. Excellent cardio respiratory condition reflects a stronger heart, good blood vessels and properly
functioning lungs. Body activities performed over long period as walking, riding, running and swimming improver
cardiovascular condition. The condition of the cardio-respiratory system is generally a good indicator of endurance of total
body and regular physical activity can improve people's overall health and reduce various risks for morbidity and mortality
due to a sedentary lifestyle (Bize et al. 2007). Regular exercise has been reported to improve cardiopulmonary function and
reduce the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (Kemi et al. 2005). Bouchard and Shepherd (1993), identifies important
aspects of health related fitness which includes factors such as body composition, sub continuous fat distribution, (abdominal
or visceral) fat, bone density, strength and endurance of abdominal and dorsa lumbar muscles, heart and lungs functions,
blood pressure, maximum aerobic power and tolerance to sub-maximal exercise, glucose and insulin metabolism, blood lipid
and lipo-protein profile, and the ratio of lipid to carbohydrate oxidized in a variety of situations. A favorable profile for these
various factors presents clear advantages in terms of health outcomes is accessed by morbidity and mortality statistics.
Glucose is a monosaccharide or simple sugar, the most common of the naturally occurring sugars which is a white or
colorless, odorless and sweet-tasting substance that is soluble in water. Glucose can be either in crystalline or powder form.
Glucose is one of the main energy sources for living organisms and is also the primary source of energy for the brain, when
glucose is low, psychological processes requiring mental effort is impaired. When the intake of glucose and other
carbohydrates exceeds the amounts immediately required for body activities, the excess is stored as glycogen in the liver and
as fat in the fatty tissues. Blood glucose levels represent a balance between the rate of glucose and glycogen production by
the liver and use by muscle and other tissues. Exercise has pronounced effects on glucose tolerance and action (Kemi et al.
2005)

and the peripheral insulin concentration is well known to decrease during prolonged exercise.

Studies conducted in
human using measurements of c- peptide and insulin concentration in peripheral blood indicates that both secretion and
removal of insulin are altered during exercise. In this context exercise training has been used as a mean to reduce plasma
lipids, improve oral glucose tolerance and enhance insulin sensitivity (Hilsted et al. 1980). Available literature strongly
recommend endurance type of activities for favourable changes in coronary risk factors and as weight loss is related to
energy expenditure and aerobic exercise training has greater potential to yield results

than other type of training like
resistance training, although studies have reported beneficial

effects on weight loss and body composition from both modes

of training (Sigal et al. 2007). There are strong correlations between changes in aerobic fitness

(VO
2
max) and improvements
in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity (Soman et al. 1979) and these effects may be mediated via changes in visceral
adiposity (Poirier et al. 2002). There is very few literature available on the effects of endurance training on these selected
variables among Indian population in general and students in particular. The present study was taken up to investigate the
effect of endurance training on body composition, and blood glucose level among college boys.


Methods
Subjects
A total number of 40 male medical students volunteered for the study and the Body Mass Index was calculated as the
weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) square. Physical examination and medical checkup at the start of the study
yielded normal results and none of them received any medication during the period of study. A written explanation of the
experimental procedure and potential risks associated with the training program were given to all the subjects and their informed
concern was obtained. The 40 subjects were randomly assigned to two equal groups namely Experimental (EXP) and Control
groups.

Training
The EXP group underwent an endurance-training program for 12 weeks whereas the CON group maintains their
routine activities. The training program consisted of slow continuous run with self set speed for 40 to 55 minutes per session and
3 to 5 sessions per week for 12 weeks. The Weekly Load of Training (WLT) ranges from 120 to 275 min with a progressive
increase with the number of weeks. Each session started with a 5-min warming and ends with a 5-min warm down, so the active
training period is for 30 to 45 min per session.

Variables
The selected variables namely Body Weight, BMI and Blood glucose were measured prior (pre) and after (post)
the training period and recorded. 48 hours before the commencement of the training program 10 ml of blood was collected
into polystyrene disposable syringe with attached 21 G needle by venupuncture of a large anticubital vein in the right or left
arm. The subjects were seated in the upright position at the time of sampling. Blood samples were drawn between 06.00 and
08.00 hours. All the subjects had not eaten or exercised the preceding 10 hours. The collected samples were transformed into
sets of sterilized and labeled tubes. Those tubes were previously heparanized and 10 ml of blood was transformed into them
for the purpose of plasma separation. Plasma was separated from white blood within 1 hour and the labeled samples were
stored at 4C. Blood sugar analysis was completed within 24 hours of sampling (ARCHITECT- 1000, 2009 USA). The
post test samples were also taken in a similar fashion. After the completion of low intensity endurance training the blood
samples was taken 48 hours after the last exercise session in order to eliminate the residual effect from the last exercise.

The data collected from Experimental group and control groups prior to and after completion of the training period
on selected variables were statistically examined for significant differences if any, by applying analysis of covariance
(ANCOVA). The pre test and posttest means of experimental and control groups were tested for significance by applying
ANOVA. As both the groups (EXP and CON) were selected from the same population and no attempt was made to equate
the groups on the selected dependent variables or any other common variables, initial differences may exist, and there is a
possibility of affecting the posttest mean. For eliminating any possible influence of pre test means the adjusted posttest
means of experimental and control group were tested for significance by using ANCOVA. All the data were analyzed using
SPSS statistical package. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level of significance as the number of subjects was
limited and also as the selected variables might fluctuate due to various extraneous factors.

Results
Table 1
Analysis of covariance for the selected variables among experimental & control groups
B
O
D
Y
W
E
I
G
H
T

Tests
Exp.
Group
Control
Group
S
O
V
Sum of
Squares
df M.S F-Ratio
Pre
Test
Mean 69.60 71.10 B 22.50 1 22.50
0.14
SD 13.51 12.02 W 6218.60 38 163.65
Post
Test
Mean 66.90 70.80 B 152.10 1 152.10
1.041
SD 12.08 12.09 W 5553.00 38 146.132
Adjusted
Post test
Mean 71.63 69.06
B 64.13 1 64.13
13.16*
W 180.23 37 4.87
B
M
I

Pre
Test
Mean 23.25 24.10 B 7.24 1 7.24
.713
SD 3.51 2.82 W 386.13 38 10.16
Post
Test
Mean 22.34 24.01 B 27.87 1 27.87
3.31
SD 2.97 2.83 W 320.37 38 27.87
Adjusted
Post test
Mean 24.15 23.21
B 8.06 1 8.06
15.73*
W 18.95 37 0.51
B
L
O
O
D

G
L
U
C
O
S
E

Pre
Test
Mean 101.80 104.00 B 48.40 1 48.40
1.68
SD 5.54 5.15 W 1089.20 38 28.66
Post
Test
Mean 101.42 104.25 B 60.03 1 60.03
1.97
SD 5.79 5.42 W 1154.95 38 30.39
Adjusted
Post test
Mean 102.86 102.93
B 0.036 1 0.036
0.006
W 209.10 37 5.65


Discussion
It is generally believed that the glycemic response to moderate intensity exercise is dependent on the pre-exercise
metabolic status (Berger et al. 1977). Reduction in fasting blood glucose due to endurance training effect was noted in
numerous studies (Devlin, and Horton 1985; Rogers et al. 1998) but almost all of them involve hyperglycemic,
hyperinsulinemic subjects or type-II diabetic patients and usually involve middle or overage patients. In our study the
subjects were neither diabetic patients nor aged so that may be the reason for the unchanged blood sugar level observed , it
may also because of the limited training duration / intensity or both. Future research will be needed to determine the effect of
endurance training with variations in duration, intensity on blood glucose and any of a number of the well-known metabolic
abnormalities.
Conclusion
From the results of the study it is concluded that the endurance training program has resulted in a significant reduction
in body weight and BMI with no change in blood Glucose.

References
[1] Berger, M., Berchtold, P., Cuppers, H.J., Drost, H., Kley, H.K., Muller, W.A., Wiegelman, W., Zimmermann-
Telschow, H., Gries, F.A., Kruskemper, H.L., Zimmerman, H. (1977). Metabolic and hormonal effects of
muscular exercise in juvenile type diabetics. Diabetologia, 13: 355-65.
[2] Bize, R., Johnson, J.A., Plotnikoff, R.C. (2007). Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the
general adult population: a systematic review. Prev Med, 45(6): 401415.
[3] Devlin, J.T., and Horton, E.S. (1985). Effects of prior high-intensity exercise on glucose metabolism in normal and
insulin-resistant men. Diabetes, 34: 973979.
[4] Hilsted, J., Galbo, H., Sonne, B., Schwartz, T., Fahrenkrug, J., de Muckadell, O.B., Lauritsen, K.B., Tronier, B.
(1980). Gastroenteropancreatic hormonal changes during exercise. Am J Physiol, 239(3): G136-40.
[5] Kemi, O.J., Haram, P.M., Loennechen, J.P., Osnes, J.B., Skomedal, T., Wislff, U., Ellingsen, . (2005).
Moderate vs. high exercise intensity: differential effects on aerobic fitness, cardiomyocyte contractility, and
endothelial function. Cardiovasc Res, 67: 161172.
[6] Poirier, P., Tremblay, A., Broderick, T., Catellier, C., Tancrede, G., Nadeau, A. (2002). Impact of moderate
aerobic exercise training on insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic men treated with oral hypoglycemic agents: is
insulin sensitivity enhanced only in nonobese subjects? Med Sci Monit, 8: CR59CR65.
[7] Rogers, M.A., Yamamoto, C., King, D.S., Hagberg, J.M., Ehsani, A.A., Holloszy, J.O. (1998). Improvement in
glucose tolerance after one week of exercise in patients with mild NIDDM. DiabetesCare, 11:613 618.
[8] Shephard, R.J., Bouchard, C. (1993). A new approach to the interpretation of Canadian Home Fitness Test scores.
Can J Appl Physiol, 18(3): 304-16.
[9] Sigal, R.J., Kenny, G.P., Boul, N.G., Wells, G.A., Prud'homme, D., Fortier, M., Reid, R.D., Tulloch, H., Coyle,
D., Phillips, P., Jennings, A., Jaffey, J. (2007). Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic
control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 147: 357369.
[10] Soman, V.R., Koivisto, V.A., Deibert, D., Felig, P., DeFronzo, R.A. (1979). Increased insulin sensitivity and
insulin binding to monocytes after physical training. N Engl J Med, 301: 12001204.

*****


Comparison of leadership behavior psychological
characteristics male and female wrestling players in mini
Olympic state level competition Chhattisgarh.

Yuwraj Shrivastava
Assistant Professor Dr. C.V.Raman University, Bilaspur495001, India

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the leadership preferences for the set of five
dimensions of leader behavior i.e. training and instruction,democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support and
positive feedback of state level and female wrestler players.
Two hundred sixty four (Males=140, females =124)state levelwrestler players representing their
respective university in state competitions and who volunteered their participate in this study, were selected to serve as
subjects for this study. The subjects were in age group of 18 to 23 years. The subjects were selected from among the male
and female Wrestler players taken part in State competitions.
The leadership scale for sports development and prepared by P. Chelladuri was used to measure the
preferred leader behavior of State level male and female Wrestler players on five dimension of leader behavior i.e. training
and instruction, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support and positive feedback.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to see the significance of difference between means of male
Wrestler players on various dimensions of preferred leadership behavior which resulted significant f-ratio (20.934). further
application of Scheffes test of post-hoc comparisons indicated that State level male Wrestler players of proffered their
coaches more of training and instruction (4.352) followed by positive feedback (4.243), social support (3.813), democratic
behavior (3.057), and autocratic behavior (3.643). as the paired mean difference between training and instruction social
support (.439) followed by positive feedback (.109), autocratic behavior (1.295) and democratic behavior (.709) : social
support positive feedback (.430) followed by autocratic behavior (.756), democratic behavior (.070) : positive feedback
autocratic behavior (.186) followed by democratic behavior (.600) and autocratic behavior democratic behavior (.586)
were higher than C.I.
In case of female Wrestler players, ANOVA was also applied to see the difference between means of
five dimensions of preferred leadership which resulted significant f-ration (112.603). the applications of Scheffes rest of
post-hoc comparison indicated that State level female players of cross country also preferred in greater amount o training
and instruction (4.441) followed by positive feedback (4.251),social support(3.823), democratic behavior (3.544), and
autocratic behavior (2.857). as the paired mean difference between training and instruction social support (.598) followed
by positive feedback (.191), autocratic behavior (1.584) and democratic behavior (.898) : social support positive feedback
(.427) followed by autocratic behavior (.966), democratic behavior (.270) : positive feedback autocratic behavior (.393)
followed by democratic behavior (.707) and autocratic behavior democratic behavior (.686) were higher than C.I.
To find out the significance of difference between means scores of preferences on leader behavior
dimension of male and female Wrestler players, t-ratio was computed.
The State level male and female Wrestler players expressed significantly similar preferences on
democratic behavior (1.10), autocratic behavior (1.877), social support (.154) and positive feedback (.111) but the State level
male and female Wrestler players were significant difference in training and instruction (2.00).

Key wards :- psychological characteristics, preferred leadership behavior,

INTRODUCTION:
Wrestler is a tremendous and dynamic combat sport that demands both physical prowess and greatdiscipline.it involves
techniques that allow you to lift andtechniques your opponents onto their backs . On the ground,it includes techniques that
allow you to pin your opponents down to the ground, control them, and apply variousholds of joint locks until submission.

Wrestler has its own culture , systems , heritage, customs , and tradition , moreover, the principles of gentleness
are carried from the practice mats and into most students lives , in their interaction with their friends , family , work
colleagues , and even strangers.Wrestler is a vigorous and demanding physical activity. the practice of wrestler techniques
helps people develop basic and fundamental physical fitness in a number of ways , such as the development of strength ,
flexibility , agility , speed , dynamic and static balance , explosive power , and endurance . The practice of active attack and
defense helps develop reaction time coordination,and overallphysical self confidence. Wrestler students become physically
bigger, stronger, and faster through their practice of wrestler. Not only does wrestler produce tremendous gains in overall
physical and athletic; wrestler students learn the specific skills and techniques of wrestler. They learn a variety of techniques
in order to throw their opponents to the ground with force, speed and control. While wrestler students are often exposed to
many of these types of throwing techniques in their wrestler careers, they usually master only a handful and a handful is
generally all that is needed to be successful in contemporary wrestler competitions.

Wrestler students also learn the fundamental principles and the dynamics of subduing their opponents on the
ground through the application of pinning and submission techniques. Their prowess both on the ground and on their feet,
combined with the considerable basic physical fitness gained from daily wrestler practice, affords wrestler students with a
considerable repertoire of techniques, skills, knowledge and abilities. These in turn, allow them to be excellent athletes, with
a sound physical base of fundamental skills and formidable and imposing opponents in competition.

Wrestler students also learn variable social skills and build long-lasting and meaningful relationship with others.
The camaraderie and bonding that occurs among partners who have shared the rigors of physically difficult and mentally
demanding training are deep, often providing the basis for relationship that last a lifetime. Through wrestler, people are able
to develop friendship and integrate socially almost anywhere. There is bound to be a wrestling club, . Wrestler is not only a
physical activity; it is an international languages that transcends national borders, culture barriers and language difficulties.
In this way, wrestler links up people, communications and countries ; it performs an important role not only in our individual
lives, but also in the future welfare of our societies in todays interdependent world.

From the research report of Mr. Chen, he indicated the behavior attitude and value standard of a leader can
influence athletes imitating behavior (Cost, Salmela and Russell, 1995). The reason that a coach can influence athletes is the
job of coach is much more diversity, he/she needs to react quick when they face different problems come across to him/her
(Yuen, 1997). Generally speaking coaches, training ad teaching method both can influence the emotion management of
athletes (Chen, 1998).

The leadership is required to be have in certain ways by the demand and constrains placed by the demand and
members preferences for specific leader behavior are largely a function of the individual characteristics of the group
member. Personality variables such as need for achievement need for affiliation, cognitive structure and competence in the
task influence members performances for coaching and guidance, social support and feed back. In addition the situation
characteristics also affect members performance. For example if there is an organizational expectation, which a leader will
behavior in a specific manner, this expectation is held jointly by both leaders and members.

SUB PROBLEM
The purpose of study was to compare and analyses the coach leadership about preference from male and female
wrestler players.

HYPOTHESES
There would be no significant difference among statelevel male and female wrestler playerson various dimensions
of preferred leadershipbehavior.
There would be significant difference between state level male and female wrestler players on five various
dimensions of preferred leadershipbehavior.

SELECTION OF SUBJECTS
Two hundred sixty four (Males =140, Females =124) state level wrestler players representing their respective distt.
instate level competitions and who volunteered to participate in this study , were selected to serve as subjects for this study.
The subjects were in age group of 18 to 25years . The subjects were selected from amongst the male and female wrestler
players taken part in state level competitions.

CONCLUSIONS
Within the limitation of present study, the following conclusions are enumerated:
1. State level male and female wrestler players exhibited different preferences on five dimensions of leader behavior.
2. State level male and female wrestler players preferred their coaches more on training and instruction followed by
positive feedback, social support, democratic behavior and autocratic behavior.
3.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. It is recommended that wrestler coaches may modify their coaching behavior according to the preferences
expressed by the state level male and female wrestler players on five dimensions of leader behavior.
2. A similar study may be conducted on school level wrestling in the different state on India.
3. The research is mainly focuses on the domestic players so, the further research can adapt about comparing with
international players.
4. The research can adapt more analysis like result-analysis according to coachs personality and understand the
difference of players feeling an body energy. It can be looked as important direction for the further research.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
To asses the preferred leadership behavior of state level male and female Wrestler players, means and standard
deviation were computed.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was computed to find out the significant of differences between means of male
and female Wrestler players on various determined factor of preferred leadership behavior. Wherever, the F-ratio was found
significant, Scheffes Test of post hoc analysis was applied to find out significance of difference between ordered paired
means.
The t-ratio was computed to find out the significance between State level male and female Wrestler players on five
dimensions of preferred leader behavior. The level of significant was set at.05 level.


ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF STUDY
The statistical analysis of data on dimensions of preferred leadership behavior i.e. training and instruction (TI),
democratic behavior (DB), automatic behavior (AB), social support (SS), and positive feedback (PF), collected on two
hundred sixteen fourstate level Wrestler players who represented their respective distt. Eames in state level Championship
held during the session 2010-2011ranging between 18 to 25 year of age, has been presented in this chapter.
To assess the preferred leadership on five dimension of mean and standard deviation were computed. One way analysis of
variance (ANOVA), for the both sex on five dimensions of preferred leader behavior was computed Wherever, F-ratio was
found significant , Scheffes Test of Post-hoc Analysis3 was carried out to identify the significance of differences between
the ordered paired means of male and female Wrestler players .
In order to find out the significance of differences between state level male and female wrestler players in their preferences
on the five dimensions of leader behavior , t-ratio was computed . To check the obtained F ratio and t- ratio, the level of
significance was set at. .05 level.

Table1Descriptive statistics of preferences on five dimension of leader behaviour of state level male and female
wrestler players
Leader Behavior Dimension Male(N=140) Female(N=124)
M SD M SD
Training& Instruction 4.352 0.383 4.442 0.349
Social support 3.813 0.539 3.824 0.626
Positive Feedback 4.243 0.569 4.251 0.728
Autocratic Behavior 3.057 0.886 2.858 0.838
Democratic Behavior 3.643 0.812 3.544 0.625
The mean scores of five dimensions of leader behavior as preferred by male and female wrestler playersof statelevel have
been depicted in figures 1 to 5
Analysis of variance for preferred leadership of state male athletes of wrestler athlete
Table 2
Source of variance df Sum of squares Mean Square F ratio
Between Groups 4 196.884 49.221
20.934*

Within Groups 695 1634.087 2.351
Total 699 1830.970
*Significant at .05 level.
F.05 (4,695) = 2.39.
From Table 2, It is evident that the statistically significant difference existed among state male wrestler players on
preferred leadership was very high as the obtained F value of 20.934 was much higher then the required F. 05 (4,695) =
2.39.
As the F ratio was found to be significant , Scheffes Test of post hoc comparison was applied to study the significant of
differences among inter university male wrestler players on five dimensions of leader behavior of preferred leadership and
the data pertaining to this have been presented in Table 3.

Table3Significance of Differences Among state male wrestler playersbetween Ordered paired means on five
Dimensions of preferred leadership
Mean Scores
TI SS PF AB DB Paired mean
difference
Confidence
Interval(C.I.)
4.352 3.813 - - - .439* 0.005
4.352 - 4.243 - - .109*
4.352 - - 3.057 - 1.295*
4.352 - - 3.643 .709*
- 3.813 4.243 - - .430*
- 3.813 - 3.057 - .756*
- 3.813 - - 3.643 .070*
- - 4.243 3.057 - .186*
- - 4.243 - 3.643 .600*
- - - 3.057 3.643 .586*
*Significant at .05 level

It is quite obvious from the table 5, that there were significant differences on preferred leadership among state male wrestler
players between training and instruction social support followed by positive feedback , autocratic behavior and democratic
behavior ; social supports positive feedback followed by autocratic behavior followed by democratic and autocratic

behavior democratic behavior as the paired mean difference of .439,.109,1.295,.709,.430,.756,.070,.186,.600,and .586
respectively were much higher than the confidence interval(C1) of 0.005.

Table 4 analysis of variance for preferred leadership of state female wrestlerplayers
SOURCE OF VARIANCE Df Sum of Squares Mean Square F-ratio
Between Groups 4 194.447 48.612

Within Groups 615 265.502 0.432 112.603*

Total 619 309.064
F.05 (4,615) =2.39
From table 4,It is evident that the statistically significant difference between existed among state female Wrestler players on
preferred leadership was very high as the obtained F-value of 112.603 was much higher than the required F.05(4,615)=2.39.
As the F-ratio was found to be significant, Scheffes Test of post-hoc comparison was applied to study the significance of
differences among state femaleWrestler players on five dimensions of leader behavior of preferred leadership and the data
pertaining to this have been presented in table 5.

Table- 5significance of differences among statefemale players of wrestler between ordered paired means on five
dimensions of preferred leadership
Mean Scores
TI SS PF AB DB Paired mean
difference
Confidence
Interval(C.I.)
4.442 3.824 - - - .598* 0.032
4.442 - 4.251 - - .191*
4.442 - - 2.858 - 1.584*
4.442 - - 3.544 .898*
- 3.824 4.251 - - .427*
- 3.824 - 2.858 - .966*
- 3.824 - - 3.544 .270*
- - 4.251 2.858 - .393*
- - 4.251 - 3.544 .707*
- - - 2.858 3.544 .686*
It is quite obvious from the table 3, that there were significant differences on preferred leadership among inter university
male wrestler players between training and instruction social support followed by positive feedback , autocratic behavior
and democratic behavior ; social supports positive feedback followed by autocratic behavior followed by democratic and
autocratic behavior democratic behavior as the paired mean difference of .598,.191,.1.584,..898,.427,..966,.270,.393,.707
and .686 respectively were much higher than the confidence interval(C1) of 0.032.

Table -6 significance of differences between mean scores of statemale and female wrestler players on leader
behaviour dimensions of preferred leadership.
Leader Behavior
Dimensions
Sex Mean MD DM t-ratio
Training& Instruction Male 4.352
.090 .045 2.000*
Female 4.442
Social support Male 3.813
.011 .071 0.154
Female 3.824
Positive Feedback Male 4.243
.008 .072 0.111
Female 4.251
Autocratic Behavior Male 3.057
.199 .106 1.877

Female 2.858
Democratic Behavior Male 3.643
.099 .090 1.100
Female 3.544
*Insignificant at .05 level
t.05(262)=1.97

It is evident from table 6,that there was statistically significant difference between the preferences of state level male and
female Wrestler players on training and instruction dimensions of leader behavior, as the obtained t-value of 2.00 was higher
than the required t-value of t.05(262)=197

DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS
Findings of descriptive data of State level male and female Wrestler players on five dimensions of preferred leadership
behavior indicated that male Wrestler players preferred moreautomatic behavior and democratic behavior from their coaches
than did female respondents. In case of female Wrestler players, they preferred more training and instructions, social support
and positive feedback and democratic behavior from their coaches in comparison of male Wrestler players.
The results of one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for State level male players of on five dimensions of preferred
leadership behavior expressed significant differences among male Wrestler players in their preferences for preferred
leadership which may be due to variation in practice method, coaching style, and reinforcement. The Schaffers Test of Post-
hoc comparisons showed that male Wrestler players preferred more training and instructionsbehaviorin comparison of other
dimensions of preferred leadership, but the significant differences exhibited by male Wrestler players in their preferences
between training and instruction social support followed by positive feedback, autocratic behavior and democratic behavior
,social supports positive feedback followed by autocratic behavior, democratic behavior, positive feedback
autocraticbehavior followed by democratic behavior and autocratic behavior democratic behavior.

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*****

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1 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No.

4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447

and Satyander Pal Sin

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