, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
Int J Adv Engg Tech/IV/III/July-Sept.,2013/53-55
Research Paper SMALL SCALE MODELLING ON EFFECT OF SOFT STOREY 1 Narendra Pokar, 2 Prof. B. J. Panchal, 3 Prof. B.A. Vyas
Address for Correspondence 1 M.E, Civil (CASAD), L.D. Collage of Engineering, Ahmedabad 2 Professor, applied mechanics department, Modasa Collage of Engineering, Modasa 3 Professor, applied mechanics department, L.D .Collage of Engineering, Ahmedabad ABSTRACT: Parking facilities in high rise buildings is essential now days. When hollow ground storey is created for parking; it results in a soft story. Soft storey buildings are highly venerable under seismic loading. It has been noted that, several structures were damaged or entirely collapsed during the past earthquakes in all over the world due to presence of soft storey. Behavior of soft story plays important role to modify the predicted response and performance of the structure under seismic loading. Testing of scaled models is essential to arrive at optimal analytical model and special design provisions for such structures. The aim of present work is to understand the behavior of soft storey RCC framed low rise structure by analytical. 2 bay Ground plus 4 stories RCC framed structure is considered for the soft storey behavior study. Structure is modeled and analyzed using SAP platform including seismic effect. Small scale model is derived. Structure is modeled and analyzed using SAP platform including seismic effect. KEYWORDS: Seismic behavior, Soft storey, Small scale modeling, R.C.C. frame structure 1. INTRODUCTION The poor performance and hence the high level of structural damages in the number of building structures during the frequent earthquakes happened in our country by the last decade, increased the need to the determination and evaluation of the damages in the building type of structures, so much more than ever before. The most destructive and unfortunately the most general irregularity in building structures that lead to collapse is certainly the soft story irregularity. Provision for commercial and parking areas with higher story heights and less infill walls reduce the stiffness of the lateral load resisting system at that story and progressive collapse becomes unavoidable in a severe earthquake for such buildings. This situation has been verified for all of the building structures with soft stories, independently from good quality of construction and design. One can predict the behaviour of such irregular structures by testing small scale models on shake table. We often use models instead of full-scaled objects (prototypes) as Civil Engineering structures being giant in size are difficult to test. So to make testing easy small scaled model are used. Small scale models are easy to build, install and test in a Laboratory. Although it may be difficult to model all details, many times there is no alternative to use models. Small scale models give accurate results within elastic range. 2. SOFT STOREY BEHAVIOR In general, the vertical irregularities of building structures may be categorized as weak storey, soft storey, discontinuity of vertical elements and mass irregularity. Although weak and soft storey irregularities may cause similar structural damages in an earthquake, these two irregularity types are quite different in definition. A weak storey is defined by comparing the effective shear areas of the lateral force resisting systems of adjacent stories; on the other hand, the soft storey irregularity is defined by comparing the stiffness of the lateral force resisting systems of adjacent stories. In other words, the difference between the soft and weak storey irregularity can be explained by considering the difference between stiffness and strength. Moreover, the changes in the element dimensions may affect both. Lateral displacement of a storey is a function of stiffness, mass and lateral force distributed on that storey. It is also known that the lateral force distribution along the height of a building is directly related to mass and stiffness of each storey. During an earthquake, if abnormal inter-story drifts between adjacent stories occur the lateral forces cannot be well distributed along the height of the structure. This situation causes the lateral forces to concentrate on the storey (or stories) having large displacement(s).
Fig.1 Soft storey failure In addition, if the local ductility demands are not met in the design of such a building structure for that story and the inter-story drifts are not limited, a local failure mechanism or, even worse, a story failure mechanism, which may lead to the collapse of the system, may be formed due to the high level of load- deformation (P-) effects. Figure 2 displays the collapse mechanism of such building structure with a soft story under both earthquake and gravity loads.
Fig. 2 Soft storey mechanism 3. SMALL SCALE MODEL A structural model is defined as any physical representation of a structure or a portion of a structure. The use of small-scale models by engineers and builders dates many hundreds and even thousands of years. However, these early models were primarily aids for planning and constructing structures and were not useful for predicting deformations and strengths of prototypes. Similitude is a tool to establish the sufficient and necessary condition of similarity between models and prototypes, using which test setup is adjusted. It helps to understand under laying principles for proper Pokar, et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology Int J Adv Engg Tech/IV/III/July-Sept.,2013/53 design, construction and result interpre theory of similitude includes a consideration of the condition under which the behavior of two separate entities or systems (model and prototype) will be similar. The similarity is essentially proportionality. Following two figures are geometrically similar with following relation. Ab:AB=bc:BC=cd:CD=da:DA Table 1.1 Scale factor for different quantity 4. PROBLEM FORMATION In present study, G+4 RCC framed structure located in Ahmedabad city of Gujarat state of India ( zone III), is considered. Plan Size is 10 x 10 m with two bays 5 m each with storey height 3 foundation is 2 m. Slab thickness is 150 mm size 230 mm x 450 mm (Over All) are used. Material M20 concrete and Fe415 steel are considered. All walls are 230 mm thick brick masonry. are 230 mm and 1m high brick masonry. Finish is taken 1 kN/m 2 and Terrace finish is 2 kN/m 2 . Following four models are prepared on SAP 2000 platform. Table 2 Comparison Table 3 Result comparison of displacement in small scale model So due to infill 32 to 84% reduction in displacement is observed. Also reduction in displacement at ground floor due to braces is observed. 2. From analysis of model M4 we get following displacement results at each floor. Results shows that the displacement at each floor for small scale model International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E 53-55 design, construction and result interpretation. The theory of similitude includes a consideration of the condition under which the behavior of two separate and prototype) will be The similarity is essentially proportionality. cally similar with
Ab:AB=bc:BC=cd:CD=da:DA uantity* 5
G+4 RCC framed structure located Ahmedabad city of Gujarat state of India (seismic 10 x 10 m with with storey height 3m. Depth of 150 mm. Beam are used. Material considered. All Parapet walls are 230 mm and 1m high brick masonry. Floor and Terrace finish is 2 Following four models are prepared on SAP 2000 1. Basic RCC full scale model without infill at all floor. (M1) 2. Basic RCC full scale model with infill at 1 3 rd and 4 th floor.(M2) 3. Basic RCC full scale with infill at and 4 th floor and braces at ground floor. (M3) 4. RCC Small scale model with no infill at ground floor. (M4) 5. Steel Small scale model with no infill at ground floor. (M5) M1, M2 and M3 model are analyzed load combinations including Response spectrum and Time history of Bhuj 2001 earthquake. models are small scale model with 1/16.66 so they are analysis with scaled time history as per similitude rules. Fig. 3.Time history 5. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 1. From comparison of M1 and M following results for displacement. Chart 1 Comparison of displacement with and without infill Comparison of displacements of M1 and M2
Table 3 Result comparison of displacement in small scale model on in displacement Also reduction in displacement at ground From analysis of model M4 we get following Results shows that for small scale model is very near to that of full model. DISSCUSSION Building with masonry infill in upper floors only shows a sudden change in slope of displacement in X-direction. This is because of change in storey stiffness. Due to which E-ISSN 0976-3945 CC full scale model without infill at all full scale model with infill at 1 st ,2 nd , Basic RCC full scale with infill at 1 st , 2 nd , 3rd ground floor. (M3) mall scale model with no infill at ground with no infill at ground analyzed using different load combinations including Response spectrum and 2001 earthquake. M4 and M5 are small scale model with 1/16.66 scale ratio time history as per
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS and M 2 model we get
Chart 1 Comparison of displacement with and without
Building with masonry infill in upper floors only shows a sudden change in slope of direction. This is because of change in storey stiffness. Due to which Pokar, et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 Int J Adv Engg Tech/IV/III/July-Sept.,2013/53-55 greater strength is required for first storey columns, which is minimized in building with masonry infill in upper floors and with increased column stiffness of bottom story by increasing the column size of first storey also by incorporating masonry panel in central bay on all four sides. By modelling of small scale model for high rise buildings we may predict the behaviour of soft storey in case of earthquake. It will help to prepare model in laboratory by scaling. Results for both steel and RCC model gives nearest result for full scale model. So to predict or to build a physical small scale model in laboratory it will very useful. Any important building or structure can be analyse by preparing small scale model in laboratory and test it. REFERENCES 1. Structural Analysis Program SAP2000. Users manual, Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, Calif. 2. Dr. Saraswati Setia and Vineet Sharma Seismic Response of R.C.C Building with Soft Storey International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.7 No.11 (2012) 3. D. Guney* and E. Aydin ,The Nonlinear Effect of Infill Walls Stiffness to Prevent Soft Story Collapse of RC Structures, The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2012, 6, (Suppl 1-M5) 74-80 4. Mehmet Inel and Hayri B Ozmen, effect of infill walls on soft story behavior in mid-rise rc buildings, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China. 5. Structural modelling and experimental techniques by Harry G.Harish and Gajanan M. sabnish.