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CLASS-X (CBSE)
BIOLOGY
RESPIRATION

RESPIRATION: Respiration is a multistep, biochemical enzyme mediated process of oxidative
breakdown of organic compounds inside living cells releasing small amounts of energy at various steps.

RESPIRATORY SUBSTRANTES: The organic compounds that undergo oxidative breakdown in
respiration are called respiratory substrates. Glucose is one of the most common respiratory substrate.
In plants:

Hydrolysis
Starch Glucose
In Animals: Hydrolysis
Glycogen Glucose

Energy released is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine tri phosphate)
Enzymes
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
2
+ 2870KJ

38ATPs are released during aerobic respiration.

STEPS OF RESPIRATION: Four steps in case of Animals:
1. Breathing
2. External Respiration
3. Internal Respiration
4. Cellular Respiration.

1. BREATHING: Oxygen rich fresh air is brought to respiratory surface and CO
2
rich foul air is liberated
out.

2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION: External Respiration is the respiratory gaseous exchange taking place
over the respiratory surface.

3. INTERNAL RESPIRATION: Internal Respiration is the respiratory gaseous exchange at the tissue
level and their transportation to and from the respiratory surface.

4. CELLULAR RESPIRATION: Cellular Respiration is the actual breakdown of respiratory substrate
(Glucose) in the living cells.

CHEMICAL REACTION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND REPIRATION:
Photosynthesis
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O +Energy C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2

Respiration

COMPENSATION POINT: It is the point where the rate of photosynthesis just equals the rate of
respiration so that there is no net exchange of gases. It occurs at low light intensity and low CO
2

concentration.


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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

PROPERTY PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
1. Type of metabolic process 1. Synthetic/Anabolic process. 1. Breakdown/catabolic process.
2. Energy Relation 2.Endergonic(energy
requiring)process.
2.Exergonic(energy
producing)process.

3. Type of cells involved 3. Green cells. 3. All living cells type.
4. Fate of CO2 4. CO
2
absorbed. 4. CO
2
liberated.
5. Fate of O2 5. O
2
produced. 5. O
2
consumed.
6. Raw material 6. CO
2
and H
2
O. 6. C
6
H
12
O
6
and O
2.

7. Products 7.C
6
H
12
O
6
, O
2
and organic
substances.
7. CO
2
and H
2
O
8.Energy conversion 8. Light energy Chemical
energy.
8. Chemical energy Other
forms energy.

9. Time of occurrence 9. Daytime when light is
available.
9. All the time.


EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES:.

1. IN PLANTS:- Exchange of gases take place by diffusion. Different parts of the plants respire at
different rates, Respiration is rapid in meristematic regions (stem tips, root tips, cambia), floral buds,
growing fruit and germinating seeds.

IN YOUNG ROOTS:- O
2
of the soil diffuses through root hair epiblema cells and reaches every
cell, CO
2
produced diffuses out through roots.















IN OLDER ROOTS AND STEMS:- In older roots and steams gaseous exchange takes place
through permanently open pores called lenticels. Each lenticels contains a mass of loosely
arranged complementary cells that enclose a no. of inter cellular spaces. Exchange of gases takes
place through them.

LEAVES AND YOUNG STEAMS:- The epidermis bearing a no. of aerating pores called
stomata through which gaseous exchange takes place. Each stomatal pore is bordered by guard
cell (1pair). Guard cells are bean/kidney shaped with inner walls being thicken and less elastic
than the outer cells. Gourd cells contain chloroplasts.


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STOMATAL REGULATION:-
k
+
Ions and H
2
O move in guard cells well up became turgid stomata opens.
k
+
Ions and H
2
O move out from guard cells guard cells shrink turgidity decreases

Stomata close.

















2. IN ANIMALS:-














In amoeba, Paramecium, coelenterates (Hydra), Annelida gaseous exchange takes place by diffusion.


INFISHES: BRONCHIAL OR GILL RESPIRATION TAKES PLACE.

Water enters in (O
2
rich) mouth pharynx gill chambers rakers(fitters) gill lamellae
(gaseous exchange takes place)

Water moves out (CO
2
rich) operculum




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IN HUMANS: PULMONARY OR LUNG RESPIRATION TAKES PLACE: EVEN IN
AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS,MAMALS

Alveoli is the respiratory surface and has an internal surfactant called Dipalmityl lecithin-
protein complex that prevents their collapsing. Alveolar wall is supplied with blood capillaries.

Air enters alveoli (In halation) O
2
diffuses into blood CO
2
from blood moves out into
alveoli Foul air moves out (Exhalation).
















Fig: GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN ALVEOLUS


RESPIRATION IN HUMANS

Human respiratory system consists: Respiratory tract, pair of lungs, accessory organs (that bring about
breathing).

ACCESSORY ORGANS: Ribcage, Diaphragm, Thorax, Muscles.

THORAX: upper air tight chamber bounded by ribcage on the sides, diaphragm on the lower
side and neck on the upper side.
DIAPHRAGM: Diaphragm is a dome shaped muscular partition between thorax and abdomen.
RIBCAGE: Ribcage consists of vertebral column on the back, ribs on the side and sternum in the
front.
RESPIRATORY TRACT : Passage which brings in O
2
rich air and moves out CO
2
, (at the
respiratory surface).
It consists of External nostrils nasal cavities Pharynx larynx trachea bronchi

Alveoli bronchioles
EXTERNAL NOSTRILS:- Two large oblique openings at the tip of nose which lead to nasal
cavities.
NASAL CAVITIES/CHAMBERS:- Two chambers lying above the buccal cavity/ oral cavity
and are separated by palate anterior portion beans hairs for filtering dust particles. Olfactory
epithelium present at the roof for perceiving odour.


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Blood capillaries, pseudostratified epithelium, ciliated non ciliated cells and mucus secreting
glands are present.
Mucus is rich in lysozyme. This region changes the temperature and moisture of the incoming air.
Nasal chamber opens into pharynx with the help of internal nostrils.
Pharynx opens into larynx which in turn opens into trachea.
Epiglottis covering the opening glottis prevents the entry of food and water in respiratory tract.
Internally larynx contains two vocal cords which vibrate when air passes in between them.
Protuberance of larynx in males is called Adams apple.
Trachea: 10-12 cm long and 2-3 cm broad tube. It is supperted by incomplete C-shaped
cartilaginous rings (C ring) Mucus secreting pseudostratified epithelium and cilia line the tube.

BRONCHI:
Trachea divides into branches called bronchi. Right bronchus is short and straight; whereas left
bronchus is longer and obligue.
Each bronchus enters the lung of its side.
C ring, pseudostratified epithelium, mucus glands present.

BRONCHIOLES: Bronchi divided and branch into bronchioles. Bronchioles do not have C
rings.

ALVEOLI OR ALVEOLAR SAC:
Bronchioles give rise to alveoli or alveolar sacs. These do not have cilia and mucus glands.
Alveolar cells secrete a surfactant called Dipalmityl lecithin protein complex for preventing
collapse.
Alveoli act as respiratory surface.

LUNGS:
Pair of spongy, pinkish, conical, elastic sacs.
Lungs are present in thoracic cavity. Lung is covered by outer partietal membrane and inner
visceral membrane.
These two membranes on pleura form a fluid filled pleural sac.

FUNCTIONS OF PLEURAL SAC:
Protects lungs from shock and injury.
Keeps the surface of lungs moist.
Reduces friction during movements of lungs.

DIFFENENCES BETWEEN LEFT AND RIGHT LUNG

PROPERTY LEFT LUNG RIGHT LUNG
1. Size 1. Smaller, narrower, lighter
(565g).
1. Bigger, broader, heavier
(625g).
2. No. of lobes 2. 2lobes present. 2. 3lobes present.
3. Presence of cardiac notch 3. Present. 3. Absent.








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Fig: HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


MECHANISM OF BREATHING:

It is a physical process of bringing in of fresh air for getting O2

and taking out CO
2
.
Respiratory surface present in respiratory organs helps in gaseous exchange.
Respiratory organs:-
HUMANS INSECTS FISHES EARTHWORM

LUNGS TRACHEA GILLS MOIST SKIN

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS:
Presence of large surface area for more gaseous exchange.
Presence of moisture over the surface to prevent friction.
Rich blood supply.
Presence of their permeable surface for quick diffusion of gases.
Quick disposal of foul air.

BREATHING COMPRISES OF TWO STEPS:
Inhalation / Inspiration
Exhalation / Expiration















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INHALATION / INSPIRATION:
It is bringing in of fresh air into lungs for exchange of gases.
Diaphragm moves down.
External Inter costal muscles contract.
Internal Inter costal muscles relax.
Ribcage moves upwards and out wards.
Thoracic cavity increases.
Air presence decreases in thorax and lungs.
External air presence drives air into lungs at low pressure.

EXHALATION / EXPIRATION:

It is the taking out of CO
2
rich foul air from lungs through nostrils after exchange of gases.
Diaphragm moves up.
External Inter costal muscles relax.
Internal Inter costal muscles contract.
Ribcage moves downwards and in wards.
Thoracic cavity decreases.
Air presence increases in thorax and lungs.
Air is forced out of lungs by thorax compression and elastic recoil of lungs.

CAPACITIES OF LUNGS:
1. TIDAL VOLUME: Air breathed in and out in normal quiet (unforced) breathing=500ml.
2. DEAD AIR SPACE: Some tidal air is left in respiratory passages such as trachea and
bronchi where no diffusion of gases can occur=150ml.
3. ALVEOLAR AIR: The tidal air contained in air sacs=350ml.
4. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME: Air that can be drawn in forcibly over and above
the tidal air also called Complemental air =3000ml.
5. INSPIRATORY CAPACITY: Total volume of air a person can breathe in after a normal
expiration =3500ml.
6. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME: Air that can be forcibly expelled out after normal
expiration also called supplemental air = 1000ml.
7. VITAL CAPACITY: The volume of air that can be taken in and expelled out by maximum
inspiration and expiration an = 4500ml.
8. RESIDUAL VOLUME: Some air is always left in the lungs even after forcibly breathing
out. This is the left over / residual air = 1500ml.
9. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY: Maximum air which can at any time be held in two lungs
=600ml.

PERCENTAGE OF GASES IN DIFFERENT STEPS OF BREATHING:

O
2
CO
2
N
2
Inhaled air 20.84% 0.04% 79%
Exhaled air 15.7% 4.0% 79.3%







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FATE OF CO
2
AND O
2
:

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:- Exchange of gases that occurs at the respiratory surface. It
takes place between blood and air O
2
diffuses into blood while CO
2
passes out of the blood.

INTERNAL RESPIRATION:
It is the exchange of gases that occurs between blood and tissues.
Oxygenated blood is called oxy haemoglobin.
When CO2 combines with haemoglobin then it is called carbamino haemoglobin.
When carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin then it is called carboxy haemoglobin.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION: It is the biochemical process of respiratory substrate inside the
cells with liberation of energy.

TYPE:
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC

AEROBIC: It is the multistep break down of glucose (respiratory substrate) into CO
2
and H
2
O.
TWO TYPES:

i. GLYCOLYSIS: Takes place in cytoplasm produces pyruvate.
Glucose
hexokinase
Glucose 6phosphate


Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + Dihydroxy acetone phosphate

3phosphoglycerate


Pyruvate

REACTION:-
Enzymes
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 2ADP +2Pi +2NAD
+
2C
3
H
4
O
3
(Pyruvic acid) + 2ATP +2NADH
2

Cytoplasm
ii. KREBS CYCLE: It is also called citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. It takes
place in mitochondria.
Oxidative
Pyruvate + NAD
+
+CoA AcetylCoA + NaDH
2
+ CO
2
Decarboxylation







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Mitochondria

AcetylCoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi CoA + 3NADH2 + FADH2 +2CO2 +
ATP
Krebs cycle

Pyruvate

Acetyl CoA
H
2
O

Citrate
H
2
O
Oxaloacetate

cis-Aconitate

ADP + Pi
Fumarate ATP


OVERALL AEROBIC RESPIRATION REACTION:
Cytoplasm mitochondria
Glucose 2Pyruvate 6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O+ 38ATP
Glycolysis Krebs cycle

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: End product at least one is organic takes place in cytoplasm in
absence of oxygen.
TWO TYPES:
Glycolysis
Production of ethanol or lactic acid.


YEAST CELLS:
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Glucose 2C
3
H
4
O
3
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
+ energy 2ATP
Absence of O
2
Pyruvate no O
2
required ethanol





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IN MUSCLE CELLS:
Cytoplasm cytoplasm
Glucose 2C
3
H
4
O
3
2CH
3
CHOHCOOH +2ATP
Absence of O
2
Pyruvate Absence of O
2
Lactic acid

FERMENTATION: It is the anaerobic break down of carbohydrates by micro organisms
producing alcohol, organic acids etc. Fermentation is used in
Brewing Industry: Wine, whisky, beer.
Baking Industry: Breads, cakes.
Curd, yoghurt formation, synthesis of citric, lactic acids and vinegar.
Softening and aromatization tobacco, tea etc.
Cleaning of hides, retting of fibers (eg.- Jute, hemp).


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