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2, ISSUE 1, APRIL 2012 ISSN : 2249-5762 (Online) | ISSN : 2249-5770 (Print)

www. i j r me t . c o m
40 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Abstract
In this paper a prismatic bolted joint, subjected to tensile and shear
loading, is studied. An analytical model of bent beam is presented.
Analytical solution consists to integrate differential equations.
Combination of the developed equations gives a nonlinear
function to resolve. The unknowns are found by running a code
written in C language. Finite Elements simulations are turned on
ANSYS software in order to verify and validate results issued
from analytical model. 3D FE simulations are used to analyse
the evolution of contact interface and also to study the stability
limits of bolted joint under loading.
Keywords
Bolted joints, structures, analytical model, FE simulations, contact
evolution.
I. Introduction
Bolted joints are used in mechanical systems and metal structures.
Their dimensioning by conventional methods of calculation is
not satisfactory in some cases. Designers are always looking for
accurate and representative calculation tools of real assembly
behavior.
VDI 2230 recommendations [1] are mainly used for fasteners with
axial or weakly eccentric loading respect to the screw axis. These
models are linear. However when the assembled part is subjected
to an important bending, the beam model of Agatonovic [2] was
adopted. Following these works,calculations models of one bolted
assembly for highly eccentric axial loads were developed by
Bulatovic [3] and in the LGMT laboratory [4-6]. The analytical
modeling of a two-bolt assembly was studied by Daidi [7] and
Chakhari [8], the model results are dependent on the formulation
of compression stiffness zones. This diffculty has pushed these
authors to develop a simplifed numerical model based on beam
fexed sitting on an elastic foundation materialized by a series of
springs. The number of active springs varies with the external
loading. The case of a bolted joint subjected to a shear loading
has been rarely studied. The behavior of a shear loaded bolted
joint was modeled by Ruiz [9].
In this paper we study a case of a shear and tension bolted joint (fg.
1) where the tensile loading is highly eccentric respect to the screw
axis. We develop for this case an analytical model. The results
validation is done by comparing with those issued from a 3D FEA
ANSYS software. A stability analysis of a bolted joint is made.
The interface contact evolution with external loads is shown.
Fig. 1: Prismatic Bolted Joint Subjected to Tension and Shear
Loads
II. Analytical Model
Stresses in the bolt depend on parts geometry (h, b, hpm,u, v, w,d),
materials and external loads of the bolted joint. We
consider a symmetric assembly (Figure 2) to facilitate numerical
simulations that ANSYS will be used to validate the developed
model (fg. 3).
The prismatic bolted joint (fg. 1), is modeled by a bent beam
(fg. 3) where the screw is replaced by linear compressive
spring. The compressed zones are also materialized by linear
springs. Stiffness of these zones are evaluated by Rasmussen
model [10-11].
Fig. 2: Symmetrical Prismatic Bolted Joint
Fig. 3: Analytical Model of a Prismatic Bolted-Joint (seen in the
(x, y))
The main hypotheses are to admit that the influence
of the hole in the upper part on the bending rigidity
is negligible; bending and compressive stiffness of the
assembled parts remain constant; however applied loads (FE
and FT) are located in the symmetry plane of the assembly.
Equilibrium conditions of the beam are:
0 = T F
T
(1)
0 = +
B P E
F F F (2)
(3)
Analytical Model of Tension and Shear Loaded Bolted Joint
1
Mohamed Tahar Nasraoui,
2
Jamel Chakhari,
3
Boubaker Khalf,
4
Mustapha Nasri
1,4
Applied Mechanics, Engineering and Industrialization Research Laboratory, ENI Tunis, Tunisia
2
Solid Mechanics, Structures and Technological Developments Research Laboratory, ESST Tunis,
Tunisia
3
Centre de Recherche En Plasturgie Et Composites (CREPEC), Polytechnique Montral, Canada
IJRMET VOL. 2, ISSUE 1, APRIL 2012 ISSN : 2249-5762 (Online) | ISSN : 2249-5770 (Print)
www. i j r me t . c o m
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 41
The displacements compatibility conditions are expres-
sed as follows:
B P P B B P b
f .S F .S F ) S Q(S + = + (4)
- Zone1: 0xs
.y F .x F .y E.I
t p
' '
z
+ = (5)
The solution is formulated as following:
For x=0 we have : 0 ) 0 (
1 1
= + = D A y
For x=0 we have :
Now by using equation (5) we have:
By identifcation we have :
t
p
t p
F
F
C F C F = = +
1 1
0 .
0 0 .
1 1
= = D F D
t
So we have :
0 0 0 ) 0 (
1 1 1 1
= = = + = D A D A y

Finally we have for zone1 (0xs) :
- Zone2: sxs +m
t E E z
F y y F x m s y I E ). ( ). ( . .
' '
+ =
(6)
The solution will be:
We have:
Now by using equation (6) we obtain:
By identifcation we have :
t
E
t E
F
F
C F C F = + =
2 2
. 0
) ( 0 ). ( ). (
2 2
m s
F
F
y D F D y F m s
t
E
E t E E
+ = = +
In B for x=s we have:

=
=
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
'
2
'
1
2 1
s y s y
s y s y
(7)
(8)
By combining (.ch(s) (7) - sh(s) (8)) and for F
p
=F
B
-F
E
,
we obtain:
t
E E B
F K
F y K K K F K
A
.
). ( .
4
3 2 1 1
2
+
=
Where:

By combining (.sh(s) (7) - ch(s) (8)) we obtain:
t
E E B
F K
F y K K K F K
B
.
). ( .
8
7 6 5 5
2
+
=
Where:
For x=s+m we have :
E
y m s x y = + = ) (
2

We deduce that :
Who gives :
From equation (4) we fnd :

By taking:
) (
9 p B
S S Q K + =
IJRMET VOL. 2, ISSUE 1, APRIL 2012 ISSN : 2249-5762 (Online) | ISSN : 2249-5770 (Print)
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42 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
We obtain :
By using equation (3) and taking:
An equation in (s) is fnally obtained:
0 .
) (
4
) (
3
) (
2
) ( ) (
1
. =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ +
t
F
s f
t
F
s f s f
E
F m s s f s
The last equation must be resolved to evaluate the unknown s,
then we deduce the values of loads (F
B
and MF
B
) applied on the
bolt.
The upper part is more resistant than the screw in bending, so
the screw head follows the motion part. This can be expressed
by equality of rotation angles:
(9)
This condition gives the expression of the bending moment applied to
the screw:
(10)
Where:
(11)
E
b
and I
b
are respectively the Youngs modulus and second
moment of the screw area.
III. 3D FE Simulations
Study case data are chosen as follows:
Dimensions (in mm): u=30, v=10, w=50, h=16, b=20, h
pm
=50,
d=10
Friction coeffcient: f = 0.2
Parts material (steel):
E=210000 MPa, =0.3
Bolt material (steel):
E=205000 MPa, =0.3
Three-dimensional fnite element model is built on the ANSYS
software for symmetric assembly (fg. 4).
The numerical computation is done in two steps:
A. Pretension Step
The assembly is not loaded. A pretension stress of 200 MP
a
is
applied on the bolt. Away from the edges, normal stress must be
the same along the screw (fg. 5).
B. Loading Step
The assembly is subjected to external loads: a vertical
force F
E
and another transverse force F
T
.
These forces are applied to the ends of assembled parts. The middle
part is taken as fxed support (fg. 6).
Fig. 4: 3D EF Model
Fig. 5: Normal Stress (Along Y) Under Preload of 200 MP
a
Fig. 6: Normal Stress (AlongY) Under External Loads (for
Example F
T
=5000 N and F
E
=80000N)
IV. Results Validation
In the numerical solution we read left and right normal
stresses on the screw area then we deduce maximum and
fatigue stresses. The analytical model is also able to calculate
the normal and alternating stresses for static and fatigue
dimensioning.
Results are plotted as load-stress curves of alternating and
maximum stresses (fg. 7 and fg. 8). Numerical results are issued
from ANSYS 3D FE simulations and analytical ones are calculated
by a C code program.
IJRMET VOL. 2, ISSUE 1, APRIL 2012 ISSN : 2249-5762 (Online) | ISSN : 2249-5770 (Print)
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 43
Fig. 7: Fatigue Stresses in the Screw for F
T
=5000N: Comparison
of Numerical Model Results 3D EF/ Analytical Model
Fig. 8: Maximum Stresses in the Screw for F
T
=5000N: Comparison
of Numerical Model Results 3D EF/ Analytical Model
The two curves have the same shape and the results are coherent
and hence the developed analytical model is validated. Stresses
applied on the screw decrease slightly when shear load F
T
increase
(fg. 9). This result shows that shear loading has a little effect on
bolt stresses in comparison with those given by tensile loading.
Fig. 9: Stresses Variation with F
T
3D E Results
V. Interface Contact Evolution
The interface separation increases with tension load F
E
, which
reduces the contact area (fg. 10). So sliding under shear load F
T

becomes possible. Numerical simulations show that sliding at
the interface can be local without seeing the assembled part fully
moving (fg. 11). If there is a local sliding we can deduce that shear
stresses are relatively important and therefore contact pressure
is also important (fg. 12). A fully sliding can happen between
the assembled parts for appropriate values of tension load FE and
shear load F
T
. By plotting F
T
-F
E
curve for these appropriate values,
two zones are seen: an adhesion zone and another sliding one (fg.
13).
Fig. 10: Separation of Interface for F
T
=5000N and F
E
= 80000
N.
Fig. 11: Sliding Distance in the Contact Area for F
T
=6000 N and
F
E
=8500 N.
Fig. 12: Contact Pressure for F
T
=6000 N and F
E
=8500 N
Fig. 13: Adhesion / Sliding Limit
VI. Conclusion
The analytical model is presented to complete the analytical
one that was developed for highly eccentric tensile loaded bolted
joint. The new model takes into account a shear loading that can
lead to sliding in contact interface. Results validation is done by
comparing the screw stress values calculated through analytical
model to those issued from ANSYS FEA numerical simulation.
The developed model is favorable to compute this bolted joint
engineering problem without requiring a lot of time as the 3D-
FE simulations. For a given tensile loading, the increasing of shear
loading decreases the stress values in the bolt. Simulations have
shown that when external loads are applied, local sliding may
occur. A full sliding can happen for important loads. In this
case assembly is destabilized and the screw becomes subjected
to shear.
VII. References
[1] VDI 2230 BLATT 1, 2003 Systematische Berechnung
Hochbeanspruchter Schraubenver-bindungen Zylindrische
Ei nschraubenverbi ndungen, VDI Ri cht l i ni en,
ICS 21. 060. 10, VDI-Gesel l schaft Ent wi ckl ung
Konstruktion Vertrieb, Fachberuch Konstruktion, Ausschuss
Schraubenverbindungen (2003) 1-169.
[2] P. Agatonovic,"Beam model of bolted fanged connection
En. Comput", March 21, Vol. 2, Pineridge Press Ltd. 1985
pp. 21-29.
IJRMET VOL. 2, ISSUE 1, APRIL 2012 ISSN : 2249-5762 (Online) | ISSN : 2249-5770 (Print)
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44 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
[3] Bulatovic, R., Jovanovic, J.,An analysis of the Mathematical
Models in Deformation Process of eccentrically Loaded
Bolts, Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 1(7), pp. 789-797,
2000.
[4] Guillot J.,Threaded elements connection; modeling and
calculation, Ed. Engineering techniques, Vol. 1, B5560 to
B5562, 75006, Paris, 1-56, 1987.
[5] Europan standard E25-030,"Fasterners. Threaded
connections. Design, calculation and mounting conditions,
AFNOR Publications, 2nd version, February, 1988.
[6] NF E27-009 norm (1979),"Fasteners Fatigue test under
axial load", AFNOR Publications, 1st Edition, October,
1-10.
[7] A. Daidi, J. Chakhari, A. Zghal,Numerical model for
bolted T-stubs with two bolt rows, Structural Engineering
and Mechanics, An International Journal, Vol 26, No.3, June
20, 2007, pp. 343-361.
[8] J. Chakhari, A. Daidi, Z. Chaib, J. Guillot,Numerical
model for two-bolted joints subjected to compressive
loading, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Vol 44,
no. 4, February 2008, pp 162-173.
[9] Sylvain Ruiz, Alain Daidie, Zouhair Chaib,Modlisation du
comportement dun axe viss charg par un effort transversal",
Conception et Production Intgres CPI2007, pp. 1 16.
[10] Rasmussen, J., Norgaard, I.B., Haastrup, O., Haastrup J.,A
two body contact problem with friction, Proceedings of
Euromech Colloquium, NR 110 Rimforsa, pp. 115-120,
1978
[11] Feras Alkatan, Pierre Stephan, Alain Daidie, Jean
Guillot,Equivalent stiffness of various components in bolted
joints subjected to axial loading, Finite Elements in Analysis
and Design, Vol. 43, 2007, pp. 589-598.
Mohamed Tahar Nasraoui received his
B.S. degree in Mechanical Construction
from ENSET, Tunis, Tunisia, in 1991,
and then the M.S. degree in Mechanical
Engineering in 1995. He was teaching
assistant in the mechanical department,
High Institute of Technological Studies,
Sousse, Tunisia, from 1995 to 1997. He
is technologist in the High Institute of
Technological Studies, Sfax, Tunisia,
from 1997. At present, he is engaged
in his PhD in ENIT, Tunis, Tunisia from
2008. His research interests include mechanical engineering,
structures and bolted joints.
Jamel Chakhari received his Engineer
degree in Mechanical Engineering from
ENIT, Tunis, Tunisia, in 1999, and the
Master degree from ENSICA Toulouse,
France, in 2001. He obtained his PhD
from INSA Toulouse, France, in 2007.
At present, he is an assistant professor
in the mechanical department of ENIT,
Tunisia.
Boubaker Khalf received his Engineer
degree in Mechanical Engineering from
ENIT, Tunis, Tunisia, in 1997, the M.S
degree from High School of Technology,
Montreal, in 2005. At present, he is
engaged in his PhD in Polytechnic
school of Montral- Canada.
Mustapha Nasri received his M.S. degree
in Applied Mechanics from FST, Tunis,
Tunisia, in 1980 and his Master degree in
1982. He obtained his PhD of specialty,
Applied Mechanics, in 1987 and then his
PhD of state in 2000 from FST Tunis. He
was teaching assistant in ISET Nabeul
from 1990 to 1992 and then assistant
professor in IPEI Tunis until 2000. At
present, he is associate professor in IPEI
Tunis. His research interests include
materials and tribology.