Gyroscopic Surveying PDF

Baker Hughes INTEQ
Gyroscopic Surveying
Level Rotor Gyro Photomechanical Systems
Training Manual
Part Number 750-500-071
Rev. A
May 1997
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Technical Publications Group
P.O. Box 670968
Houston, TX 77267-0968
USA
713-625-4415
The information contained herein is believed to be accurate and, where

appropriate, based on sound engineering principles. However, Baker
Hughes INTEQ makes no warranties or representations to that effect. All
such information is furnished as is, and use of such information is
entirely at the risk of the user. Unauthorized copying and/or use of the
information contained herein is prohibited, and subject to penalties under
copyright and other laws of the United States and other countries.
1997 Baker Hughes INTEQ

All Rights Reserved
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Gyroscopic Surveys & Equipment

Training Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Instrument Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
The Baker Hughes INTEQ Gyroscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Orientation of the Gyro Compass Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Example of Orientation Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Gyro Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Gyros Used by Baker Hughes INTEQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Gyro Multishot Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Running Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Warm-Up Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Control Sub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Monitor Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Chapter 2
Gyro Multishot Surveys

Pre-Job Information Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Running a Gyro Multishot Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Rigsite Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
GMS Survey Running Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Chapter 3
Processing and Calculating a GMS Survey

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Orientation Correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Orientation Correction Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Orientation Correction Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
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Table of Contents
Drift Corrections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

Example of Drift During a Drift Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Drawing a Drift Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
TAC Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Chapter 4
Survey Documentation
Final Survey Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Forms, Reports, and Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Chapter 5
Gyro Single Shot Surveys

GSS Instrument Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Pre-Job Information Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Running a Gyro Single Shot Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Rigsite Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
GSS Survey Running Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Applying Orientation and Drift Corrections to GSS Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Chapter 6
High-Angle Gyro Surveying

Revised Foresight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Calculating the Revised Foresight for a 2" Gyro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Example Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Calculating the Revised Foresight for a 1" Gyro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Example Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Inter-Gimbal Error. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Example Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Inter-Gimbal Correction for the 1" Gyro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Example Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Correcting Observed Drift Readings for Inter-Gimbal Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Example Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
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Table of Contents
Chapter 7
In-Hole Orientation
Downhole Orientation Using Conventional Multishot System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Necessary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Running Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Establishing Orientation Correction and Total Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Appendix A
Tool Axis Correction (TAC)

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Survey Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Rotation Shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Yo-Yo Shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
In-Run Versus Out-Run Shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Calculation of the TAC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Method A: Rotation Shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Method B: Yo-Yo Shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Method C: In-Run / Out-Run Shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Derivation of Formulae Used in the TAC Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Appendix B
Exercises
Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-1
Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-2
Example 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-3
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Chapter

Training Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the trainee should be able to:
Explain the basic principles of the level rotor gyro.
Explain what is meant by gyro drift.
Explain the terms foresight, foresight direction and orientation

correction.
List and identify the instruments required for Gyro Multishot Surveys
(GMS).
List and identify all items of running gear and ancillary equipment
required for GMS surveys.
Instrument Overview
A conventional gyroscope consists of a rapidly spinning wheel (called the
Rotor), which is mounted in a frame (called Gimbals). The term
gyroscope was first used by a French physicist who, in 1852, designed a
3-frame gyroscope to demonstrate the Earth's rotation. He called his
mechanism a gyroscope from the Greek words GUROS (revolution) and
SKOPEEIN (to view). See Figure 1-1.
The rotor is held in the inner gimbal by rotor bearings. The frame has ball
bearings between the inner gimbal and the outer gimbal and also between
the outer gimbal and the body of the gyroscope.
When the gyro is running, the spin rotor has a lot of angular momentum
and resists attempts to change the direction of its spin vector. In plain
terms, the spinning wheel wants to point its spin axis in the same direction
all the time. The function of the gimbal system is to allow the case of the
gyroscope to turn to different orientations without disturbing the spin rotor.
(In technical terms, the gimballing system isolates the rotor from base
rotation).
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Figure 1-1 The Baker Hughes INTEQ Gyroscope
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750-500-071 Rev. A / May 1997
The Baker Hughes INTEQ Gyroscope

Baker Hughes INTEQ has two sizes of conventional gyroscope, 1" OD
and 2" OD. These gyroscopes are known as two-degree-of-freedom
level-rotor gyros. A compass card is mounted on top of the outer gimbal.
In the 1" gyro, the East-West line on the compass card is aligned with the
spin motor axis. In the 2" gyro, the North-South line on the compass card
is aligned with the spin motor axis. When the gyro is running, the spin axis
points in a fixed direction (theoretically) so the compass card maintains a
fixed orientation.
You will be shown a 2" Baker gyroscope. It will be run up in a warmup box and its property of rigidity demonstrated.
Note: Regardless of how the warm-up box is turned and tilted,
the rotor spin axis points in a fixed direction and the
North-South line on the compass card always stays in the
same vertical plane.
The Baker Hughes INTEQ gyros are used simply to provide a compass
card which will maintain its initial orientation.
Note: In practice, the spin axis gradually precesses from its
initial heading (Gyro Drift) which complicates the
interpretation and calculation of conventional gyro
surveys.
Angle units containing either plumb bob or drift arc inclinometers are
attached to the top of the gyros. These angle units have a transparent glass
base so the inclinometer and angle scale are superimposed on the gyro
compass card in the survey picture. The gyro compass replaces the
magnetic compass of magnetic type angle units, but otherwise the
readings of inclination and hole direction are obtained by the same basic
method as for the magnetic type surveys.
Note: The fundamental point to appreciate is that gyroscopes
are not significantly affected by the proximity of
magnetized steel, so gyro survey tools are used in
situations where magnetic interference prevents the use
of any magnetic type survey tools. Gyroscopic surveys
are always run on a wireline of some type because the
gyro is a delicate instrument.
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Orientation of the Gyro Compass Card

These conventional gyros have no preferred orientation. They will
preserve their initial spin axis orientation. It is, therefore, necessary to go
through a standard procedure to determine the relationship between the
North of the gyro compass and either True or Grid North.
A reference mark (called the foresight) must exist, which can be seen from
the rotary table or orientation point on the rig. The direction from the rotary
table to that reference mark must be accurately known. On land rigs, this
reference might be a landmark whose coordinates could be obtained from a
map. On offshore platforms in the North Sea, there are usually metal plates
fixed to the structure one for each line of slots. The direction from the
rotary table to the metal plate is determined using a land surveyor's North
Seeking gyroscope and theodolite. In many parts of the world, foresights
may not be as readily available; therefore, help may have to be solicited
from the company representative.
At the start of the survey, the lower half of the tool is rested on an orienting
table using a support arm. The gyro is stabbed onto the control sub and a
telescope arrangement is used to physically align the tool and, hence, a
particular point on the head of the gyro to the foresight (reference mark).
When aligned in this way, a line bisecting the head of the gyro and passing
through the zero on the outer Vernier scale should point directly at the
foresight. The Vernier scale is fixed to the body of the gyro, and the
Vernier 0 is in a fixed orientation relative to the orienting lug and canon
connector on the base of the gyro.
Now, if the North of the gyro compass were actually pointing to North
(True or Grid), then the reading on the compass card next to the Vernier 0
would be the known direction from the rotary table to the reference point
(the foresight direction). In practice, there will be a difference which is
determined at this stage in the proceedings. By using the Vernier scale, this
difference, which is the necessary Orientation Correction, can be
accurately determined.
Examine the 2"gyro again. Look at the Vernier scale. Note the
relationship between the zero on the Vernier scale and the position of the
orienting lug and Canon connector on the bottom of the gyroscope.
Example of Orientation Correction
Known Reference Direction
N3.5E (003.5)
Initial Vernier 0 Reading on Gyro
N6.8E (006.8)
Orientation Correction
3.3 (3.3 WEST)
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This orientation correction is a constant correction for one particular gyro

survey. In the case of a gyro multishot, it must be applied to every single
survey reading of hole direction.
Gyro Drift
We saw earlier that the two-degree-of-freedom level-rotor gyro will try to
point its rotor spin axis in the same direction all the time. Unfortunately, in
practice the spin axis will slowly precess from its initial heading. Surveyors
refer to this as Gyro Drift. There are several causes of gyro drift:
1.
The gyro spin axis tends to maintain a constant direction relative

to an inertial frame of reference, e.g., a distant star, and not to the
surface of the Earth, which is spinning on its axis. Therefore, a
perfect gyro of this type would appear to drift because of the
rotation of the Earth.
2.
The bearings of the gimbal system are not perfectly frictionless.
3.
It is extremely difficult for a technician to balance the spin motor

housing perfectly to achieve zero drift, even at one particular
latitude.
In practice, the gyros are balanced so that the rate of drift is below
acceptable limits. Technicians work to a limit of 2' drift per hour; surveyors
work to a limit of 6' per hour when checking gyros. Gyros tend to drift
more at high inclinations because they are in a less stable gimbal
configuration.
In both gyro single shot and gyro multishot surveys, an attempt is made to
correct for gyro drift. In both types of survey, the alignment of the gyro
compass is checked at the end of the survey as well as the start. Since the
gyro is aligned to the same reference mark in both cases, the difference
between the Vernier 0 readings at the start of the survey and the end of a
survey is the Total Observed Drift.
We shall return to the subjects of orientation and drift corrections later in
this manual.
Gyros Used by Baker Hughes INTEQ

Historically, BHI had five different gyros which were used for
conventional gyro single shot or gyro multishot surveys. These were:
Humphrey 2" and 1"
D.K. 2"
Eastman 2" and 1"
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All of these are two-degree-of-freedom level rotor gyros. At present, the

Baker Hughes INTEQ gyros are used almost exclusively, but some districts
may still have Humphrey or D.K gyros on their inventory.
The following tables give some basic information about all of these gyros:
Gyro
Size
Current
Speed
Motor
Torquer
Humphrey
2"
275 mA
19 - 21 K
Induction
Mercury Switch / Electromagnetic
Humphrey
1"
315 mA
38 K
Synchronous
Mercury Switch / Electromagnetic
DK
2"
l50 mA
20 - 21 K
Induction
Electrolytic Switch / Mechanical
Eastman
2"
l80 mA
21 K
Induction
Electrolytic Switch / Electromagnetic
Eastman
1"
220 mA
42 K
Synchronous
Electrolytic Switch / Electromagnetic
Gyro
Size
Construction
Temp.
Limit
Metals
Caging
Stops
Humphrey
2"
Non-Symetrical open motor
250F
Different metals
Y/N
55- 70
Humphrey
1"
Non-Symetrical open motor
250F
Different metals
28- 34
DK
2"
Symetrical sealed
300F
Same metals
70
Eastman
2"
Symetrical sealed
300F
Same metals
70
Eastman
1"
Symetrical sealed
300F
Same metals
35
Notice that all of these gyros have a torquer to keep the spin rotor axis
horizontal. The torquer is controlled by either a mercury switch mounted
on the underside of the spin motor housing (Humphrey gyros), or by an
electrolytic switch on top of the rotor housing. If the spin axis tilts away
from the horizontal, fluid moves to one end of the switch and current to the
torquer is switched ON. A small torque is then applied to the outer gimbal
which causes the spin rotor axis to precess back to the horizontal. In the
case of the Baker Hughes INTEQ gyros, the torque is applied via
electromagnetic coils.
During an actual survey, the gyroscope is powered by 16 D-cells in a
battery barrel. The battery voltage will decrease with time, so the
gyroscope is connected to a Control Sub which has the battery voltage as
its input and supplies current to the gyro at a constant voltage level of 28V.
The control sub is screwed into the battery barrel.
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Gyro Multishot Surveys (GMS) are taken of sections of eased wellbore.
Since the gyroscope is a delicate instrument, GMS surveys are always run
on a wireline of some sort. Either the 2" or the 3" system can be used to run
GMS surveys. However, the 3" system is normally preferred because the
2" gyro is more stable and will have less tendency to drift at higher
inclinations. The conventional gyro multishot instrument consists of:
The multishot battery pack (as for DMS).
The multishot instrument body incorporating the camera, motor

assembly, switch assembly and electronic timer (as for DMS).
The gyro angle unit. Available ranges are 0 to 2, 0 to 5, 0 to 12,

0 to 24, 0 to 34, 5 to 90.
The gyroscope. Either a 1" or a 2" Baker Hughes INTEQ gyro

may be used, but as already stated, the 2" gyro is usually preferred.
Running Gear
The running gear for the 3" GMS system consists of:
Wireline cablehead + crossover or spearpoint + wireline sub or rope

socket
2 gyro swivels
Gyro spacer bar with top centralizer and stop collars
3" instrument barrel
3" control sub
2" or 3" battery barrel
Lower spacer bar with centralizer and stop collars
Bottom landing shock assembly
On the next page, make a large diagram of a complete GMS tool.
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Diagram of a Complete GMS Tool
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Warm-Up Box
This is a portable power supply. It can be used to bring the gyro to full
speed before running the survey. Stab the gyro into the Gyro Cup (see
Figure 1-2) on the warm-up box at least 30 minutes before running the
survey.
Figure 1-2 Feature and Control Placement on Warm-Up Box
Me ter
A djustme nt
S crew
M eter
Simpson
N o. 3323
External
Power
Conn ector
Cann on
Plug Gyro
Conn ector
Cag ing
Con nector
G yro
Cup
E XT. P O W E R
C A G IN G
Battery
Indicator
Diodes
B ATT E R Y
External
Power
Indicator
Diode
External
Power
Sw itch
C HAR GE D
OFF
LO W
ON
B AT TE R Y
GYRO
V O LT S
V O LTS
E XTERNAL
VO LT S
GY R O
C U R RE N T
$66(7 12
OFF
BA K ER
H U G HE S
ON
G YRO
IN TE Q
Selector
Knob
2-1/2 in. Gyro

A lignm ent Pin
S ocket
Gyro
Pow er
Switch
1-1/2 in. Gyro

Alignm ent Pin
So cke t
5-pin lead.............................110 volts only

7-pin lead.............................110 or 220 volts
Note: M is a modified box able to take the initial surge of EC
gyros.
Have the warm-up box switched ON and stab the gyro. External power
switch need only be on when you are charging the battery by an external
power source. Battery volts should read 11 to 13 volts. The Low light will
flash if power is too low. The Charged light will come on when fully
charged.
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Control Sub
This maintains a constant voltage of 28 volts to the gyro. Sixteen D-cell
batteries in the battery barrel provide 24 volts. This is boosted to 28 volts
by the control sub and is maintained at that until the supply is reduced to 8
volts without a load or 14 volts under gyro load.
Control Sub pins one (+VE) and three (VE), shown below, can be used to
monitor gyro volts using a multi-meter.
Monitor Box
The Monitor Box is connected to the Control Sub to check electrical
functions. The Selector Switch has five positions:
OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power to the gyro is disconnected.
BATTERY VOLTS. . . . . Voltage output delivered to the Control Sub
from the batteries.
GYRO VOLTS . . . . . . . . Stabilized output voltage from the Control Sub,
i.e., the voltage of the DC supply to the gyro.
(should be 28V).
GYRO CURRENT . . . . . Electric current supplied to the gyro in
milliamps.
NULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torquer-motor current consumption in
milliamps. This switch position is used only
when orienting the EC 1" gyro.
Note: When using an BHI 2" gyro, do not use the OFF or
NULL settings because, in either case, current to the gyro
will be switched OFF.
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Chapter

Training Objectives
List all the pre-job information required for GMS surveys.
List the pre-job equipment checks which must be done prior to

running a GMS survey.
List and explain the steps to be followed in running a GMS survey.
Assemble a GMS tool correctly.
Pre-Job Information Required

Most of the following information should be available before you leave
your base for the rig. However, some of it should be verified with the
Company man or the drilling engineer at the rigsite.
1.
The name of the field, the well name, the slot number and the slot
coordinates.
2.
The size of casing to be surveyed, OD and ID.
3.
The total depth interval to be surveyed and the interval between

surveys.
4.
The type of wireline to be used.
5.
The nature and location of the foresight to be used.
6.
The foresight direction.
7.
The maximum angle (inclination).
8.
For wells of over 10 inclination, the average hole direction.
9.
The maximum downhole temperature.
10.
The fluid weight and condition.
11.
The tie-on coordinates to be used for the final survey calculation.
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12.
The target direction and the origin to be used for calculating

vertical section.
13.
The depth of the casing shoe.
14.
If the survey is to be run just after the casing has been cemented,
the depth of the top of the cement.
Running a Gyro Multishot Survey

When the kit is made up at the district base, a complete check of every item
should be carried out. Obviously, only green-labeled instruments will be
used.
Rigsite Preparations
1.
On arrival at the rigsite, go and see the Company man to let him
know you have arrived and find out how soon you will be
running the survey. Verify all the job information with him.
2.
Ensure all equipment has arrived safely. Make sure you have all
the equipment and instruments you need to run the survey. Check
for visible signs of damage. Store the running gear in a
convenient, safe place. If you are not running on Baker Hughes
INTEQ wireline, check with the wireline operator to affirm that
you have the correct cross-over.
3.
If the multishot cameras (the back-up instrument included) were

not loaded with film in the office, they should both be checked
and fully loaded.
Note: Under normal circumstances, you should load the

cameras in the office when you are making up the kit.
4.
Ensure there are no bubbles obscuring the scale of the angle

units. Load ten AA-cells into a battery pack and test the voltage
output with a multimeter (15 volts). Check the current output
also, which should exceed 5 amps and is typically 6 to 7 amps.
This is done only momentarily, as it is a severe drain on the
batteries.
5.
Note the asset numbers of the instruments you will use.
6.
See the drilling engineer to double check any job information for
which you are uncertain. It is vital that you are 100% certain
what you will use as the foresight and what the foresight
direction is. You should also verify the tie-on coordinates to be
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used for the final survey calculation. For a high angle GMS, it is
important to obtain the MWD surveys (or single shots) of the
section of well which you will survey so you can calculate your
revised foresight. (see Chapter 6, Revised Foresight).
7.
Go to the rig floor and ensure you can see the foresight.
8.
Make up the lower half of the tool. Put 16 D-cells, tip up, in the
battery barrel. Screw in the control sub hand tight, check the
battery volts and gyro volts using the monitor box, then tighten
the control sub in the battery barrel with pipe wrenches. The
centralizer may be fixed either on the battery barrel or on a
spacer bar, if one is used. Store the bottom half of the tool
somewhere safe, e.g., behind the draw works.
9.
Make up the top half of the tool. The top centralizer should be
fitted on the top spacer bar if one is used, otherwise on the
instrument barrel. Secure the centralizers fixed end which should
face upwards. Adjust the centralizer to the required size and lock
the stop collars. Store this section of the tool in a safe position,
preferably near the cat walk.
10.
If there is plenty of time before you will run the survey and if
there is a safe, dust-free and vibration-free environment (e.g.,
your cabin on an offshore platform), drift check both gyros.
11.
Plug the warm-up box into a main power source and put it on
charge until the CHARGED light comes on.
Note: Ideally, the internal battery of the Warm-Up Box is fully

charged before you leave your base.
12.
Prepare your field sheets and other paperwork. Plan the depths at
which you will take drift checks.
Steps 1 through 12 should be completed as soon as possible after you have

arrived at the rig. Some of these steps may be unnecessary if you made up
the kit yourself and loaded the cameras, charged up the warm-up box, etc.
at that stage (which you should have done), particularly if the job is on a
land rig and you have transported the equipment yourself. However, when
equipment is freighted to an offshore platform, there is always the
possibility of damage during transit.
The remainder of the rig-up procedure should be undertaken two hours
before the survey is due to start.
13.
Take the ancillary items you need up to the rig floor, such as
orienting table with legs and support arm, the telescope kit
including monitor box, spare gloves, rags, etc.
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14.
Find a convenient, safe place to warm up the gyro, preferably

with main power for the warm-up box. Switch ON the gyro and
let it run up to speed. The gyro should be warmed up for at least
30 minutes (preferably about 1 hour) before the survey begins.
Note: Remember to align the gyro compass card to the desired

orientation before you start up the gyro.
15.
About 15 minutes before the survey is due, take the gyro in the
warm-up box to the rig floor and place it in the dog house. Line
the warm-up box up with the direction to the foresight and take
the Vernier 0 reading. If the gyro has drifted appreciably from
the desired orientation, you may at this stage tweak it back to
the desired orientation.
GMS Survey Running Procedures

16.
As soon as the rig is ready, the wireline operator will rig up the
sheave wheels.
17.
Connect the top half of the tool to the wireline. Lift it up to the
rig floor and set it to one side, e.g., in the mousehole.
18.
Lift up the lower half of the tool (using the tugger line attached to
the control subs lifting ring), lower it into the well, and support
it on the orienting table with the orienting arm.
19.
Plug in the monitor box and quickly check the battery volts and
gyro volts readings. Then, turn the select switch to the Gyro
Current position.
20.
In the dog house, assemble the multishot instruments to start the

camera running. If you are going to run a long survey and it is
important to conserve film, you should not attach the battery
pack until you reach step 27.
21.
Take the gyro from the warm-up box and stab it onto the control
sub. Watch for the current reading on the monitor box. Secure
the gyro to the control sub with one wrap of Kapton tape.
22.
Fit the lower telescope onto the control sub. Attach the upper
scope to the head of the gyro. Set the two scribe lines on the glass
on either side of Vernier 0.
Note: The Vernier 0 should face towards you and away from
the foresight.
23.
Using the orienting arm, turn the tool until you are sighted on
the foresight through the upper scope. Now adjust the lower
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scope until you are sighted on the foresight through it also (using
the adjusting thumb screw shown in Figure 2-1). Once both
telescopes are aligned on the foresight simultaneously, lock the
lower scope with the locking thumb screw. Then check again that
both telescopes are still simultaneously aligned on the foresight.
Take off the upper scope and store it away safely. Use a plastic
bag to protect the gyro once you have removed the top scope.
Figure 2-1 Three-Inch OD Gyro System
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24.
Check the gyro current reading on the monitor box. By now, it

should have stabilized. Also check the battery volts reading
again. Unplug the monitor box and store it away.
25.
Ensure the lower telescope is still aligned on the foresight. If not,

turn the tool using the orienting arm until it is.
26.
Use a single shot reader to take the Vernier 0 reading visually.

This is your Visual Start Case.
27.
Fetch the instruments. Attach the battery pack to start the

camera, if you have not already done so. Ensure the lights of the
camera are working by holding up the instrument assembly and
looking in through the base of the angle unit. Do not invert the
instruments. This will also allow you to ensure there is no
condensation on the glass of the angle unit and the bubble is not
obscuring the inclination scale. Now attach the instrument
assembly to the head of the gyro.
28.
Simultaneously key the multishot timer and start your

stopwatch. Listen for the motor winding the film on twice during
the first minute.
29.
Ensure the scope is still aligned on the foresight as the camera

takes a picture at minute one. This is not used as a start case
picture, but is useful information nonetheless.
30.
Have the instrument barrel lowered over the instrument package

and gyro, and make it up to the control sub hand tight. Use one
pipe wrench and the orienting arm held against your leg to
tighten the connection a little further, but do not use undue force.
31.
Now take the Start Case pictures. Line up on the foresight. Take
two successive pictures aligned on the foresight. Then, turn the
tool about 30 using the arm, and wait until a picture has been
taken. Now turn back to the foresight and take a third start case
picture.
Note: When the camera is actually taking the start case

pictures, you should be looking through the telescope to
make certain the tool is oriented exactly on the foresight
and that there is no tool movement while the picture is
being taken.
32.
Remove the telescope and store it in the alignment kit case.
33.
Signal to the wireline operator to pick up the tool. Remove the

orienting arm and table. Lower the tool until the gyro is level
with the rotary table, then stop the wireline and zero the wireline
depth counter.
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34.
Once the driller has opened the rams, run in hole to the first
survey depth.
35.
You now proceed to run the survey by stopping the wireline

every 100' (or designated depth interval between surveys) to let
the camera take a stationary picture. The tool should be
stationary from ten seconds before the camera lights come on
until ten seconds after.
36.
Periodically, you will keep the tool stationary for several minutes
at certain depths. These stationary periods are called Drift
Checks. They allow you to measure the gyro drift accurately
during each period by taking the change in the compass card
reading relative to any of the numbers on the Vernier scale. Since
the tool is not moving, the Vernier scale (which is fixed to the
case of the gyro) is not moving. Therefore, any change in a
Vernier reading (e.g., Vernier 1) must be due to the compass card
turning, i.e., to the gyro drifting.
37.
You should either take a five minute drift check every fifteen
minutes or a four minute drift check every twelve minutes (25%
of downhole survey time).
38.
Take the first drift check quite early in the survey, say five
minutes after the last start case picture was taken. When running
offshore, take the first drift check as soon as the tool is below sea
bed.
39.
Even if you have to traverse a large depth interval before you

reach the section you are to survey, you must still take drift
checks at regular time intervals while running in.
40.
Plan your drift checks so you reach your deepest survey station
midway between the last in-run drift check and the first out-run
drift check.
41.
While pulling out of hole, stop and take a survey at every fourth
in-run station. Continue to take drift checks at regular time
intervals.
42.
When the tool returns to surface, check the wireline depth

reading when the tool is back at rotary table level. The reading
should be within 10' of zero.
43.
As the tool comes out of the well, hose it down with water or
wipe it with rags.
44.
Support the tool with the orienting arm and table and attach the
lower scope.
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45.
Turn the tool with the orienting arm until the cross-hairs of the
scope are sighted exactly on the foresight. Take the End Case
picture.
46.
Carefully break off the instrument barrel and lift it up to reveal

the instruments.
47.
Remove the instrument assembly from the gyro, cover the gyro
with a plastic bag, and put the instruments in the dog house.
48.
Line up on the foresight and take your Visual End Case.
49.
Plug the monitor box into the control sub and note readings of
gyro current, gyro volts, and battery volts. Disconnect and put
away the monitor box.
50.
Verify the camera is still working, then disconnect the battery

pack, noting the final picture time (the last flash).
51.
Unstab the gyro from the control sub, put it in the warm-up box
and allow it to run down.
52.
Screw the protective cap onto the control sub and use the tugger
to lift the lower half of the tool out of the hole. Remove it to a
safe location on the rig floor.
53.
Store the orienting table, telescope kit, etc. out of harm's way.
54.
Remove the gyro and all instruments from the rig floor.
55.
Develop, wash, and dry your survey film. Then proceed to read
the film using the projector.
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Chapter
Processing and Calculating a GMS

Survey
Training Objectives
Explain what is meant by an orientation correction.
Calculate an orientation correction, given a start case reading and a

foresight direction.
Calculate values of gyro drift from initial and final Vernier readings.
Perform the necessary calculation and draw a drift curve, given the
required data.
Apply both orientation and drift corrections to observed GMS survey

data.
Explain what a Tool Axis Correction (TAC) is.
Explain the running procedures which may be followed to ensure

good data sets for the TAC calculation.
Use a TACCAL/TACCOR program to correct a GMS survey for

TAC.
Overview
A total of four corrections are applicable to the raw azimuths as read from
the film. Depending upon the inclination of the survey, only three will
apply at any one time. The corrections must be applied in the following
order.
Inter-gimbal correction (only if inclination is > 10)
Orientation correction
Drift correction
Tool Axis Correction (only if inclination is < 10)
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This was explained briefly in Chapter 1, Orientation of the Gyro Compass
Card. This correction compensates for the fact that the North of the gyro
compass card is not perfectly aligned to True (or Grid) North.
If the start case reading (Vernier 0) and the foresight direction are
expressed in azimuth, then the orientation correction may be simply
calculated using:
Orientation Correction = Foresight Azimuth Start Case Azimuth
Orientation Correction Example

147.50
142.70
4.8 (4.8E)
Foresight Direction:
Start Case Vernier 0 reading:
Orientation Correction:
If the start case reading and the foresight direction are expressed as
quadrant bearings, the magnitude of the orientation correction is just the
angular difference between the start case and the foresight bearings. In
order to determine whether this is an East or West correction, imagine
rotating the start case reading to the foresight bearing. If this rotation is
clockwise round the compass card, the orientation correction is EAST; if
the rotation is anti-clockwise then the orientation correction is WEST.
F o re s ig h t D ire c tio n = S 0 3 5 o E a st
S ta rt C a se R e a d in g = S 0 4 7 o W e s t
8 .2 o
S tart C a se
S 04 7 o W e s t
F o res igh t
S03 5 o East
S
D ire c tio n of ro tatio n
S ta rt C as e
F o res igh t
Figure 3-1 Orientation Correction
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The total angle between the start case bearing and the foresight bearing is
4.7 + 3.5 = 8.2.
If we turn from the start case bearing round to the foresight bearing we are
turning anti-clockwise. Hence, this is a WEST orientation correction.
Orientation Correction =
8.2W or 8.2.
We could also calculate the example shown in Figure 3-1 by expressing the
start case and foresight directions in azimuth.
Foresight Azimuth Start Case Azimuth
176.5 184.7
8.2
Orientation Correction Calculations

Calculate the orientation correction required in each of the following cases.
Foresight Direction
Start Case Reading
341.0
338.5
S 63 W
S 64.3 W
N 89.5 W
S 89.5 W
S 83.5 E
S 80.7 E
163.5
165.2
270.5
269.5
N 17 E
N 17.25 W
S 07.5 W
S 04.2 E
N 03.5 E
N 08.4 E
138.0
143.9
An East or West orientation correction is applied to the observed directions

in the same way as an East or West magnetic declination correction,
although, of course, a gyro orientation correction has nothing whatever to
do with a declination correction.
Drift Corrections
As explained earlier, the gyro spin axis gradually precesses from its initial
heading. This is referred to as Gyro Drift. The rate of precession is sampled
periodically by taking regular Drift Checks. Since the case of the tool is
stationary during a drift check, the change in any of the Vernier readings
between the beginning and the end of the drift check is the drift which has
occurred in that time.
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Example of Drift During a Drift Check

Start of Drift Check, Vernier 0 reading:
End of Drift Check, Vernier 0 reading:
Drift during this Drift Check:
N 81.6 E
N 81.1 E
0.5 EAST
Remember that the compass card is actually turning in the opposite sense
to that of the apparent rotation of the Vernier (which does not move during
a drift check). So, to decide whether the gyro drift is East or West, imagine
turning the final Vernier reading to the initial Vernier reading (Last to
First). If this rotation is clockwise, the drift is EAST; if it is a counterclockwise rotation, the drift is WEST.
When you read your survey film for a GMS survey, look at the Vernier
readings for each minute of the drift check. Provided there are no
anomalous readings, you will take the difference between the initial and
final Vernier readings as the total drift during the drift check. Notice that
the individual Vernier readings have no significance it is only the
difference between the initial and final readings that matters. You must also
appreciate that for these measurements of drift during the drift checks. We
can use any number on the Vernier scale as a reference (Vernier 0, Vernier
1, etc.), but obviously we must use the same Vernier to take both readings
for an individual drift check.
In order to determine the appropriate drift correction for each survey
station of a GMS, we construct a graph of Gyro Drift vs Time. This graph is
called a Drift Curve. The steps involved in drawing a drift curve are
enumerated below.
Drawing a Drift Curve

1.
Divide the survey into time periods with one drift check per time
period. Calculate the mid-points between the finishing time of
one drift check and the starting time of the next drift check.
2.
Calculate the drift during each time period using the drift rate in
the drift check for that time period.
Drift from start to end of
Drift during
drift check
= ---------------------------------------------------------Number of minutes in Length of period
time period
drift check
3.
The drift at each mid-point will be the sum of the values of drift
for all the preceding time periods. Plot these values of calculated
drift at each of the mid-point times and at the end case. The value
of drift (in degrees) found by summing the values for all the time
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periods (taking account of sign) is the Total Calculated Drift.
This is also the value of drift calculated to have occurred by the
end case time, i.e., over the whole survey.
4.
Draw the graph of calculated drift by drawing straight lines

connecting the value of drift at each mid-point to the value at the
next mid-point.
Note: The graph starts from the start case time with Degrees
of Drift equal to zero. The graph does not pass through
zero time.
D rift (degrees)
Total calculated drift
7
(b)
6
5
4
Closure
Calculate d
drift curve
b-a
(a)
Total observed drift
b-a
Closed (corrected)
drift curve
0
-1
Tim e (m ins)
M id point
b etwe en
d rift che cks
-2
-3
Figure 3-2 Graphing the Drift Curve
5.
Calculate the Total Observed Drift which is the difference

between the start case and end case Vernier 0 readings (on film).
Plot this value of drift on the graph at the end case time.
6.
Draw a straight line (lightly, in pencil) from the point of zero

drift at the start case time to the point defined by total observed
drift at the end case time. (Plotted in Step 5). This is line (a) in
Figure 3-2, Observed Drift.
7.
Draw a second straight line (lightly, in pencil) from the start case
to the point defined by the Total Calculated Drift at the end case
time. This is line (b), Calculated Drift.
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8.
At each mid point between drift checks, measure the difference

in drift value between lines (b) and (a). (See Figure 3-2).
9.
Subtract the respective differences (b a) from the calculated

drift curve mid-points and plot the new set of mid-point drift
values.
10.
Join the points plotted in Step 9 to obtain the Closed (i.e.,

corrected) Drift Curve. Our convention is that this is drawn in red
pencil.
11.
The hole direction at each survey station is corrected by applying

the closed drift curve value for the time in minutes when the
picture was taken.
The example shown in Figure 3-3 shows a proper drift curve drawn for the
following data.
08.5
Vernier 0 reading N 11.5 E
Vernier 0 reading N 7.4 E
Foresight Azimuth:
Start Case at Minute 6:
End Case at Minute 66:
Drift Check
Number
Time
(Minutes)
Start Vernier
Reading
End Vernier
Reading
Drift
(Degrees)
12 - 17
N 25.4 E
N 25.0 E
0.4 E
31 - 36
N 13.7 W
N 13.9 W
0.2 E
52 - 57
S 56.8 E
S 57.5 E
0.7 E
D rift (degree s)
O rie nta tio n + D rift (de grees)

= + 1 .4 4 R
4.0
1.0
3.0
0.0
2.0
-1.0
1.0
-2.0
0.0
= + 2 .2 4 R
D rift curve clo sure = 1.2
Total observed drift = 4.1R E
Start C ase
Tim e (m in s)
-3.0
0
Total calculated drift = 5.32 E
5.0
10
20 24
R
(0.4 /5) x 18
R
= 1.44 E
30
40
R
(0.2 /5) x 2 0
R
= 0.80 E
44 50
60
70
(0.7 R/5) x 2 2
R
= 3.08 E
Figure 3-3 Drift Curve Example
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TAC Correction
The final correction which may have to be applied to a low angle GMS
survey is the so-called TAC Correction which corrects for misalignment of
the tool axis. This is explained in detail in Appendix A. This correction is
applied at the rigsite using the Baker Hughes INTEQ TAC program for a
Hewlett Packard programmable calculator.
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Chapter
Training Objectives
List the standard survey documentation required for GMS surveys.
Complete all the standard post-job reports correctly.
Final Survey Calculation

You must perform the final survey calculation at the rigsite and give copies
to both the Company man and the drilling engineer. However, indicate on
the calculation sheet that it is a field calculation only and will be checked
and corrected in the office.
Forms, Reports, and Worksheets

The survey envelope, which should be clearly labeled, should contain all
the documentation listed here plus the original survey film. Remember, this
is the permanent record of your survey.
Note: Remember to get your job ticket signed before you leave
the rigsite.
Orientation Diagram polar graph paper with foresight, start case,

and orientation correction shown clearly.
Survey Report.
Equipment Performance Report.
Gyro Field Sheets.
Field Calculation Sheets (photocopy).
Drift Curve.
Office Check Field Sheets.
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Copy of Computer Survey Calculation.
Any other documentation required by your district.

Note: You should note all asset numbers before you run in hole.
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Chapter

Training Objectives
Explain the circumstances in which gyro single shots are taken.
List and identify the components of a gyro single shot instrument and
explain the function of each component.
Operate gyro single shot instruments correctly.
List and identify all the items of running gear required for gyro single
shot surveys.
Assemble a gyro single shot tool correctly.
List the pre-job information required for gyro single shot.
List the pre-job equipment checks which must be done prior to

running a gyro single shot survey.
List and explain the steps to be followed in running a gyro single shot
survey.
Calculate the necessary orientation and drift corrections and apply

these to the gyro single shot survey.
GSS Instrument Overview

Conventional gyro single shots are rarely taken today because they have
been largely replaced by either Seeker or Sigma 175.
The gyro single shot is primarily used to orientate deflection tools in areas
of magnetic influence. Of course, it will at the same time give the
inclination and direction of the wellbore. The tool is run in through the
drillstring and seats in an orienting sub in the BHA, with the tool itself
lying inside a drill collar. The instrument consists of:
1.
The Single Shot Battery Pack (as for R single shot).
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2.
A Single Shot Timing Device - usually a 33 minute mechanical

timer or a 99 minute electronic timer.
Note: 33 minute mechanical timers are officially obsolete, but

may still be encountered in some regions.
3.
A single shot camera (R type).
4.
A single shot adaptor which screws on to the front of the single

shot camera. This adaptor has a lens and also a light gate
(shutter) which can be opened or closed manually. There are
three bulbs on the front of this adaptor which replace the bulbs of
the single shot camera. The front of this adaptor screws onto the
gyro angle unit.
5.
A gyro angle unit usually a 0 to 12 unit.
6.
A 1" Baker Hughes INTEQ gyroscope.
There are special 0 to 1 and 0 to 4Camera and Plumb Bob assemblies

which replaces items 3 and 5. A clear angle unit, which does not contain
an inclinometer, is then necessary as a cross-over from the single shot
adaptor to the head of the gyro.
Note: Camera and Plumb Bob assemblies are officially
obsolete, but may still be encountered in some regions
The gyro single shot instruments fit inside either a 2" OD or a 1.75" OD
pressure barrel. The 2" OD system is most often used. The gyro is stabbed
onto a voltage control sub which is screwed into a battery barrel containing
16 D-cells in series. The control sub boosts the battery voltage and
maintains the voltage supplied to the gyro at a constant 28 volts. The
complete downhole tool consists of:
Wireline cablehead + crossover or spearpoint + wireline sub or rope

socket
2 Swivels
Finger Pin Stabilizer (with finger pins cut to size)
2" Instrument Barrel (containing instruments)
2" Control Sub
2" Battery Barrel
Finger Pin Stabilizer
Soft-Shock Assembly
Adjustable Muleshoe
Draw a diagram of a complete gyro single shot tool and label the diagram
carefully.
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Complete Gyro Single Shot Tool
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Pre-Job Information Required

You will need all the standard information required for any type of survey,
viz, well name, slot coordinates, tie-on coordinates, etc. You must also
know the nature and location of the foresight and what the foresight
direction is. Also you must know what type of wireline will be used;
usually it is the rig sandline. Gyro single shots are almost exclusively used
to determine tool face orientation of deflection tools in shallow kick-offs,
so downhole temperature, fluid condition, etc., should not be a
consideration.
At the rig, note the bottomhole assembly in your tally book. Calculate the
distance from the bit to the muleshoe sleeve. This is necessary so that you
know at what depth the tool will land in the muleshoe when you are
running surveys. Once you have made up the two halves of the tool,
measure and note lengths of each. The sum of the bit to muleshoe
distance plus the length of the lower half of the tool (muleshoe to top of
control sub) gives the distance which must be subtracted from the bit depth
to obtain the survey depth. This calculated survey depth should cross-check
with the wireline depth counter reading. The length of the top half of the
tool is useful when calibrating a Cavins depthometer prior to running in
hole.
You should also note the minimum ID through which the tool must pass
and the ID of the collar it will be inside when seated downhole.
Running a Gyro Single Shot Survey

Rigsite Preparations
1.
At the rigsite, advise the company man of your arrival and find
out when the job will start. Also, see the directional driller who
will know all the details of the job.
2.
Verify that you have all the equipment you need and look for any
visible signs of damage.
3.
Verify you have all the required job information.
4.
Check the sandline/wireline connections.
5.
Ensure that you can see the foresight from the rig floor.
6.
Test the gyro single shot instruments (if time permits).
7.
Make up the two halves of the tool:
Top Section Wireline crossover, 2 swivels, finger pin

stabilizer (with rubber finger pins), 2" gyro instrument
barrel.
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Lower Section 2" control sub, 2" battery barrel, finger pin
stabilizer (optional), soft-shock assembly, adjustable
muleshoe.
Remember to load 16 D-cells into the battery barrel (tip to control sub).
Check the battery volts and gyro volts readings with the monitor box
before making up the control sub tight.
8.
Lay the lower half of the tool horizontal on tool stands and attach
bubble levels to the bubble level recess on the 2" control sub and
to the muleshoe slot. Turn the whole tool until the control sub
recess is facing vertically upwards, then adjust the adjustable
muleshoe until the muleshoe slot is also facing vertically
upwards. Tighten the locking screws on the adjustable muleshoe,
then double check that the muleshoe slot is properly aligned to
the recess on the control sub.
Note: The above procedure is vital so that correct tool face

orientation is obtained. When the 1" gyro is attached to
the control sub, the Vernier 0 will be 180 out from the
muleshoe slot. Since we effectively orientate the gyro
compass card 180 out, the Vernier 0 reading on our
gyro single shot gives the toolface orientation (gyro
toolface).
9.
Put a lead (tell tale) slug in the hole in the muleshoe slot.
10.
Put the inserts for the 2" system in the orienting arm and the
lower telescope assembly.
11.
Take both sections of the tool plus instruments and ancillary

items to the rig floor. As soon as convenient, connect the top
section of the tool to the sandline. Remember, you need
developer and fixer fluid and a single shot developing tank. Also
have a cup of water in the dog house for washing the developed
film disk.
12.
Warm the gyro up for 15 to 30 minutes before the first single

shot run. On subsequent runs, a 10 to 15 minute warm-up should
suffice, depending on how frequently you are running the
surveys. If they are drilling very quickly and you are taking a
GSS every single, it is probably not worth running the gyro down
between surveys. (This also depends on the total time the job is
expected to last). Orientate the gyro compass card as required
before you switch on the gyro, following the same procedure as
for GMS.
13.
Make up the complete gyro single shot instrument. Close the

light gate (shutter) before you load the single shot camera.
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GSS Survey Running Procedures

1.
Once the kelly has been broken off, put the lower half of the tool
into the drillstring resting on the orienting table. Remember, the
orienting arm fits onto the battery barrel in the 2" gyro system.
2.
Stab the gyro onto the control sub and use the monitor box to
check the electrical readings. Use the support sleeve to protect
the 1" gyro.
3.
On the first run only, fit upper and lower telescope assemblies
and adjust the lower telescope as described in steps 22-23 of the
GMS running procedure enumerated in Chapter 2, GMS Survey
Running Procedures
Note: On subsequent runs, you can use the lower scope as a

fixed scope to save rig time, but you must be certain
that it has been firmly locked so that no subsequent
adjustment occurs. Wrapping tape around the locking
thumb screw after the first run will help immobilize the
scope.
4.
After removing the top scope, turn the tool using the orienting
arm until you are precisely lined up on the foresight through the
lower scope. Use a single shot reader to take your Start Case
visually. Note this in your tally book.
5.
Remove the support sleeve and monitor box. Attach the

instruments to the gyro and set the required time on the
instrument timer. Start your surface stop watch and the
instrument watch simultaneously.
6.
Open the light gate (shutter).
7.
Lower the instrument barrel over the instruments and make up to

the control sub.
8.
Take the tool weight on the sandline and remove the orienting
arm. Zero the wireline depth counter when the angle unit is
approximately at rotary table level, or attach the Cavins
depthometer to the sandline and set initial reading based on the
length of the GSS tool.
9.
Run tool in hole. When the depthometer reading indicates 50' to

go, have the sandline slowed so the tool lands gently in the
muleshoe sleeve.
10.
Flag the sandline at this point. On the next run, the flag will
indicate when the tool has nearly reached bottom.
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11.
Wait on bottom until the picture has been taken, then pull the tool
out of hole.
12.
Check the lead slug for indentation. Rest the tool on the orienting
arm and unscrew the instrument barrel from the control sub to
access the instruments.
13.
Close the light gate (shutter).
14.
Remove the instruments from the gyro, place a plastic bag over
the gyro, then immediately take the instruments into the dog
house and unload the single shot disc into the developing tank.
15.
Attach the lower (fixed) telescope, line up on the foresight, and

visually take the End Case Vernier 0 Reading. Stop your
stopwatch.
16.
Quickly take final monitor box readings. When you are taking a
lot of gyro single shots, you should pay particular attention to the
battery volts reading. You should change out the batteries in
the battery barrel when this reading falls to 16 volts.
17.
Unstab the gyro from the control sub and transfer it to the warmup box in the dog house. Unless you expect to run again within
20 minutes, you should switch OFF and run down the gyro, but
not until you know you have a good survey
18.
Remove the single shot disc from the developing tank, wash and
dry it.
19.
Read the values of inclination, hole direction, and toolface from

the disc. Apply the necessary orientation and drift corrections to
both the direction and toolface readings.
20.
Store both running gear sections out of the way on the rig floor.
Store instruments carefully. Since it may be used many times,
have everything accessible.
Applying Orientation and Drift Corrections to GSS

Surveys
The orientation correction is calculated from the start case reading and the
foresight direction, just as for GMS.
The total drift from start case to end case is calculated as for GMS. There is
no possibility of taking drift checks with conventional single shot surveys,
so we calculate the drift which has occurred when the survey is taken,
assuming the gyro drifts at a constant rate.
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Example 1
N 34 E
Start Case reading:
N 36 E (minute 0)
End Case reading:
N 38 E (minute 18)
Survey readings (taken at minute 10):
Inclination:
Hole Direction:
N 40 W
Toolface:
N 30 W
Orientation Correction:
Total Gyro Drift (start case to end case): 2 WEST
2.5 WEST
time of downhole survey

Drift correction = total drift ----------------------------------------------------------------------time start case end case
10 minutes
o
o
drift correction = 2 West -----------------------------18 minutes = 11 West
Total Correction = Orientation Correction + Drift Correction1
In this example, total correction = 2.5 WEST + 1.1 WEST, i.e., approx.
3 WEST. So the corrected values are:
Hole Direction
N 43 W
Toolface
N 33 W
1.
Added algebraically
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Example 2
Calculate the necessary orientation and drift corrections and apply them to
the observed hole direction and tool face readings.
N 19 W
Start Case reading:
N 17 W (minute 0)
End Case reading:
N 20 W (minute 25)
Inclination:
Hole Direction:
S 37 E
Toolface:
S 45 E
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Example 3
S 38 E
Start Case reading:
S 44 E (minute 0)
End Case reading:
N 49 E (minute 30)
Inclination:
Hole Direction:
N 36 E
Toolface:
N 24 E
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Example 4
N 03 E
Start Case reading:
N 01 E (minute 0)
End Case reading:
N 01 W (minute 16)
Inclination:
Hole Direction:
S 47 W
Toolface:
S 62 W
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Chapter

Training Objectives
Explain why a revised foresight is used in high angle GMS.
Calculate a revised foresight direction.
Explain what is meant by inter-gimbal error.
Correct gyro survey data for inter-gimbal error, including observed

drift readings.
Overview
When gyro surveys are run in wells of over 10' inclination, there are some
additional effects and procedures to be followed. These are:
1.
In order to run the gyro in a more favorable gimbal configuration

and to minimize inter-gimbal error (see below), we orientate the
gyro so that the spin rotor axis points approximately in average
hole direction. This is done by calculating a Revised Foresight.
2.
When the survey tool (and hence, the case of the gyro) is tilted
away from the vertical, the outer gimbal tilts about the inner
gimbal axis, and the compass card, which is mounted on the
outer gimbal, is tilted from the horizontal. The hole direction
observed on the plane of the compass card must be projected
onto the horizontal plane to obtain the true hole direction. This
effect is referred to as inter-cardinal gimbal error or Inter-Gimbal
Error. All the observed hole directions must be corrected for this
effect.
3.
The observed drift readings must also be corrected for

inter-gimbal error.
4.
The internal Q.C. specifications are stricter and more clearly

defined for GMS surveys at inclinations over 10'. This is because
uncertainties in inclination and azimuth measurements have a
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much larger effect on bottomhole position uncertainty as the

wellbore inclination increases.
5.
Under certain circumstances, a high angle GMS survey of a deep

hole section can be in hole oriented to a previous survey. This
may be used instead of, or in addition to, normal surface
orientation procedures. However, a revised foresight would still
be used to put gyro spin axis in average hole direction.
Revised Foresight
For wells of inclination over 10, it is preferable to orientate the gyro so
that the spin motor axis points in average hole direction because this is the
most stable gimbal configuration. For the 2" gyro, the North-South line
on the compass card is aligned with the spin axis. Hence, for the 2" gyro,
we want the North (or South) of the gyro compass card to point in average
hole direction. We achieve this as follows:
1.
Study existing survey data, e.g., MWD surveys of the hole

section you are going to survey. Estimate the average hole
direction of this section.
2.
Note the normal foresight direction.
3.
Calculate the revised foresight as explained below.
4.
When you start up the gyro in the warm-up box, have the Vernier
0 facing 180 out from the foresight direction. Set the revised
foresight direction on the compass card at Vernier 0. Keep your
finger on the compass card as you switch ON the gyro and for
about 20 seconds thereafter.
5.
At the beginning of the survey, when you align the lower

telescope to the foresight as per normal procedures, check that
the Vernier 0 reading is approximately the revised foresight
(within 5, preferably).
Calculating the Revised Foresight for a 2" Gyro

Example 1
N 15 E
Average Hole Direction:
N 50 E
We want the North of the gyro compass card to point in average hole
direction. Therefore, it will point to N50E in this case.
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If the gyro North faces to N50E, as shown in Figure 6-1, then the direction
to the foresight will be N35W on the gyro compass card. So, N35W is the
revised foresight.
If bearings are expressed in azimuth, then the revised foresight azimuth
required to orient North in hole direction is found simply from:
Revised Foresight = Foresight Azimuth Average Hole Azimuth.
If a negative number obtained, add 360. The previous example becomes:

Revised Foresight = 015 050 = 35
Adding 360 gives 325.

Revised Foresight = 325o Azimuth.
F.S .
1RUWK RI FRPSDVV FDUG
15
R .F.S .
35
50
DYHUDJH KROH GLUHFWLRQ
S
Figure 6-1 Revised Foresight: Example 1
In this case, we decided to run South in hole direction so we add or subtract

180 (to obtain an answer in the range 0 to 360). In the example shown in
Figure 6-2, revised foresight = 201 180 = 021.
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Example 2
N 19 W (341)
Average Hole Direction:
S 40 E (140)
Putting South in hole direction gives a smaller orientation correction.

Imagine rotating gyro South to S40E (hole direction) and hence gyro North
to N40W. On the gyro compass card now the foresight direction would be
N21E. So the revised foresight = N21E.
Revised Foresight = Foresight Azimuth Average Hole Direction
= 341 140
This would put North in hole direction = 201
N orth o f
com pass
card
F.S .
R .F. S.
21
19 R
40 R
40 R
So uth of co m pa ss card
(average hole dire ction )
Figure 6-2 Revised Foresight: Example 2
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Example Calculations
Calculate the revised foresight in each of the following cases assuming a
2" gyro is being used.
Foresight
Hole Direction
a.
077
264
b.
N 25 W
N 65 E
c.
N 19 E
S 80 W
d.
South
N 33 E
e.
N 27 W
South
Revised Foresight
Calculating the Revised Foresight for a 1" Gyro

In the 1" gyro, the East-West line on the compass card is aligned with the
spin motor axis. This means that the North-South line on the compass card
is parallel to the inner gimbal axis. If we wish to run the gyro with the spin
axis in hole direction, that means pointing the East or West of the compass
card in hole direction.
When the wellbore inclination is in the range of 10 to 30, this is a
perfectly viable option. However, if the inclination is over 30, then there is
a strong risk that the spin motor of a 1" gyro will hit the stops and spin
out. In this case, you must run the gyro with the inner gimbal axis aligned
to the hole direction, i.e., with North or South in hole direction.
When the gyro is orientated with the gimbal axis in hole direction, the spin
axis is perpendicular to the outer gimbal axis and the spin motor, inner
gimbal, and outer gimbal axes are orthogonal (perpendicular to each other).
This is also a stable gimbal configuration. As previously stated for the 1"
gyro, this is achieved by running North or South in hole direction.
Note: For simplicity, it is recommended that whenever a

revised foresight is calculated for a 1"gyro, North or
South on the compass card is pointed in average hole
direction. The revised foresight for a 1"gyro is then
calculated in exactly the same way as for a 2"gyro.
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Foresight
Hole Direction
a.
S 40 W
N 10 E
b.
N 19 W
N 55 E
c.
165
025
d.
South
010
Revised Foresight
Inter-Gimbal Error
As stated previously, when our gyros are used in non-vertical wells, the
compass card will no longer lie in a horizontal plane. In fact, the angle
between the plane of the compass card and the horizontal is equal to the
wellbore inclination. Since the compass card is not horizontal, the observed
hole direction on the plane of the compass card is not equal to the angle
between spin axis direction and hole direction on the horizontal plane. See
Figure 6-3, Figure 6-4, and Figure 6-5.
For a 2" gyro, the North-South line on the compass card is aligned with
spin axis direction. So, if there were no orientation or drift corrections, then
the angle on the horizontal plane between the spin axis direction and the
borehole plane (see Figure 6-3) would be the true hole direction.
Hence, we correct for inter-gimbal effect by mathematically projecting the
observed hole direction onto the horizontal plane. This is done using the
following formula for the 2" gyro.
tan(True Bearing) = tan(Observed Bearing) cos(Inclination)
True Bearing = arctan[tan(Observed Bearing) cos(Inclination)]
Example
Inclination
Observed Direction
Direction Corrected for

Inter-Gimbal Error
60.5
N 45.0 E
N 26.2 E
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Figure 6-3 Inter-Gimbal Error (IGE)
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Figure 6-4 Inter-Gimbal Error: Horizontal Plane
R
V
H orizontal plane
$ UHDO
R = H igh-side projected
onto the horizontal pla ne
Gyro wheel
s = Direction of gyro
sp in axis
Figure 6-5 Inter-Gimbal Error: Plane of Compass Card

R'
P lane of com pass card
s'
R ' = D ire ction of the hig h side
$ REVHUYHG
s' = S pin axis projected onto

the plane of the co m pa ss card
G yro w heel
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Use the formula to correct the survey readings (below) for inter-gimbal
error (2" gyro).
Inclination
Observed Direction
10.0
N 12.5 E
15.0
N 12.5 E
20.0
N 12.5 E
20.0
N 35.0 E
30.0
N 35.0 E
45.0
S 35.0 E
45.0
145.0
60.0
S 35.0 E

Inter-Gimbal Error
Of course, if you calculate your revised foresight correctly and set up the
gyro orientation accordingly on surface, then your observed hole directions
should all be close to North or South. This reduces the inter-gimbal effect,
which is one reason for using a revised foresight.
Below 10 inclination, the inter-gimbal correction makes little difference to
the values of hole direction so we do not apply it.
Inter-Gimbal Correction for the 1" Gyro

For the 1" gyro, the gimbal configuration is the same, but the East-West
line on the compass card is aligned with spin axis direction. The intergimbal formula for a 1" gyro is:
tan ( ObserveBrearing )
tan ( True Bearing ) = ---------------------------------------------------------cos ( Inclination )
tan ( ObserveBrearing )
So True Bearing = arc tan ----------------------------------------------------------cos ( Inclination )
Example
Inclination
Observed Direction

Inter-Gimbal Error
30.0
N 60 E
N 63.4 E
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Use the formula to correct the earlier IGE survey readings (1" gyro).
Inclination
Observed Direction
10
N 45 E
15
N 75 E
20
N 75 E
20
S 75 E
20
105
30
N 80.5 E

Inter-Gimbal Error
Note: For the 2" gyro, correcting for IGE reduces the bearing
(angle from North or South), but for the 1" gyro,
correcting for IGE increases the bearing.
Note: The inter-gimbal error correction is the first correction
which must be applied to a high angle gyro survey (over
10).
Correcting Observed Drift Readings for Inter-Gimbal Error

On a high angle GMS survey, the drift observed in the drift checks should
also be corrected for IGE, since this drift is observed on the plane of the
compass card, not on the horizontal plane. However, the Vernier readings
are arbitrary, being determined by the way the tool rotates in the casing
when it is moving. We use the difference between the start and end Vernier
readings of a drift check to accurately measure the rotation of the compass
card. But, in order to calculate how much the spin axis of the gyro has
precessed in the horizontal plane, we apply the observed drift to the
observed hole direction. We then inter-gimbal the observed hole direction
and the observed hole direction plus the observed gyro drift. The
difference between these two inter-gimballed values is the actual gyro drift,
i.e., the actual number of degrees which the spin axis has precessed during
the drift check. An example should make this clearer.
Example (2" Gyro)
Vernier Readings
Inclination
Hole Direction
Start
End
47.0
N 26.0 E
S 86.2 W
S 87.3 W
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The observed drift is 1.1W. Now because the Vernier readings are more
precise than the hole direction readings, we do not read the hole direction at
the end of the drift check, but calculate what it should be using the
observed drift.
Observed hole direction at the first minute of the drift check is N26.0E.
If the gyro drifts 1.1W, then at the end of the drift check the observed hole
direction will be N27.lE.
Now we apply the 2" gyro IGE to both these hole direction readings.
N26.0E Inter-gimballed N18 40E
N27.1E Inter-gimballed
N19 24E
The difference between the inter-gimballed values is the true value of gyro
drift: 19.24 18.4 = 0.84. So the inter-gimballed drift is 0.8W. (This
correction will not alter the direction of the gyro drift).
In the examples below, calculate the drift in the drift check, corrected for
IGE. Assume a 2" gyro is being used.
Vernier Readings
Example a.
Inclination
Hole Direction
Start
End
40.0
N 25.0 E
N 45.3 E
N 44.4 E
Vernier Readings
Example b.
Inclination
Hole Direction
Start
End
61.5
N 14.5 E
S 38.4 E
S 39.2 E
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Vernier Readings
Example c.
Inclination
Hole Direction
Start
End
10.0
N 39.0 E
S 17.7 W
S 18.2 W
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Chapter
In-Hole Orientation
Training Objectives
Explain what is meant by in-hole orientation.
State the conditions which are necessary before a survey may be

in-hole oriented.
State the procedure for running an in-hole oriented survey.
Calculate the correct orientation correction for an in-hole oriented

survey.
Calculate the total observed drift correctly for an in-hole oriented

survey.
Downhole Orientation Using Conventional

Multishot System
If you are running a gyro multishot of a deep section of hole (958" casing or
7" liner), then instead of establishing orientation by sighting on surface,
you can overlap with the bottom stations of the definitive survey of the
previous hole section. This can be done both when running a conventional
gyro multishot with a camera, an angle unit, etc., or when running a Sigma
300 gyro multishot.
The following notes apply specifically to in-hole orienting with the
conventional gyro multishot system.
In-hole orientation is only possible if the survey of the previous section
satisfies the following conditions:
Necessary Conditions
1.
The survey must have been certified as a good survey and

accepted as such by the customer. Normally, it should be the
definitive survey of that section.
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In-Hole Orientation
2.
There must be a high enough inclination at the bottom of the

previous survey so that directions are accurately established. It is
hard to set a definite limit on this, since it depends on the angleunit used if the previous survey was a conventional gyro
multishot. Certainly, the inclinations at the stations where your
survey will overlap with the previous survey must be over 3
in any circumstances, even when your survey will be run using a
5 angle unit. If you will be using a higher range of angle-unit
particularly a 5 to 90 unit, then it is desirable to have
inclinations of over 10 at least. Really, the technique of in-hole
orientation is best used on high-angle wells. Under no
circumstances should you ever in-hole orient in a near-vertical
portion of any well (i.e., under 3).
3.
The previous survey should be accurate as far as can be

determined. Obviously, if it is a Ferranti Survey, there should not
be a problem, but if it was a gyro multishot, whether Sigma or
conventional, then the in-run/out-run comparison and drift curve
closure should be good. You ought to look carefully at the
previous survey and satisfy yourself that you can validly in-hole
orientate to it.
Running Procedure
On surface, sight on the foresight and take a visual start case (to ensure
your revised foresight is okay). It is good practice to take a picture on the
foresight, although it is not absolutely essential.
Now run in hole and proceed without stopping to a point just above the first
overlap station. (You may, if you wish, take some drift checks while
running in to the tie-on point, but this is not really necessary if you are
definitely going to in-hole orient). Keep the tool stationary for 10 minutes
to allow the gyro to settle down (in particular, to permit the torquer
motor to erect the spin axis to the horizontal). Do not use this as a drift
check. You now proceed with the survey starting by taking pictures at the
overlap stations.
Normally, you should have either 4 or 5 of these overlap stations. Four is
the recommended minimum, while more than 5 may give you extra
problem when it comes to deciding on the orientation correction. The
bottom station of the previous survey must often be considered suspect,
and in the case of a FINDS, the bottom 3 surveys should be ignored.
Another possible technique is to take overlap surveys at 50-foot intervals
and interpolate between the appropriate stations of the previous survey.
The survey is carried out normally with regular drift checks, but take your
first drift check quite soon after the overlap stations (say 5 minutes), or it
will be applied over too long a period.
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In-Hole Orientation
On the out-run, when you come back to the tie-on point, again take a
survey at each of the 4 or 5 overlap stations. Your survey is now
finished, so you pull out of hole without stopping. [Do not exceed 300 ft/
minute.] However, if you took drift checks while running in, you ought
also to take them at appropriate times during the out-run.
Establishing Orientation Correction and Total Drift

After you have read your film, apply inter-gimbal correction to your raw
readings of hole direction. Compare your inter-gimballed hole directions at
the overlap stations with the final corrected directions from the previous
definitive survey. For each of the stations, calculate the orientation
correction needed to correct from your inter-gimballed directions to the
true hole directions. If the values show small random variations, use the
average value. If one (or 2) value(s) is (are) significantly different from the
others, ignore it (them) and use the average of the remaining 3 or 4. Then
choose the deepest of the overlap stations where this orientation
correction approximately corrects your inter-gimballed direction to the true
direction. This is your start case.
If there is a consistent increment in orientation correction from each
overlap station to the next, this is due to the gyro drifting. Check this by
working out the drift rate per minute from your first drift check and see if
this accounts for the difference between each OC value. Use the bottom
overlap station as your start case, and the corresponding orientation
correction.
As an example of the normal case, suppose the values were as follows:
Correct" Values from Previous Survey
Your Inter-Gimballed Values
Depth
Inclination
Direction
Inclination
Direction
10100'
53.5
N 35.0 E
53.25
N 14.0 E
10200'
53.5
N 35.5 E
53.5
N 14.8 E
10300'
54.0
N 36.0 E
53.75
N 15.0 E
10400'
54.25
N 36.25 E
54.0
N 16.0 E
Note: First check that your inclinations agree, within

acceptable limits, with the previous survey. Then
compute the orientation correction in each case.
Training Manual
750-500-071 Rev. A / May 1997
7-3
Confidential
In-Hole Orientation
Depth
10100'
21.0 E
10200'
20.7 E
10300'
21.0 E
10400'
20.25 E
The value obtained at 10400' is somewhat low, so first check that you have
read your film and inter-gimballed correctly. If you still get the same as
before, ignore the station at 10400'. (The previous survey could be in error
at that depth).
In this example, you could either use the average of the other 3, i.e.,
20.9E, or settle for 21E as being accurate enough, given that this is the
exact value from 2 of the remaining 3 survey stations. In either case, the
picture at 10300' would be your start case. This means that the picture on
the out-run at 10300' would be your end case.
Whatever depth you choose as your start case, the same depth on the outrun is your end case.
Now the difference between your inter-gimballed hole direction at 10300'
on the in-run and out-run (i.e., between your start case and end case), is the
total observed drift on film. You use this value to close your drift curve
as for a normal survey.
Finally, notice that you will not use your readings for any of the 4
overlap stations in your final calculation. The first station of your survey
which you would calculate would be at 10500'. This means that you could
have chosen 20.9E as your orientation correction (OC), and 10300' as
your start case depth even though 20.9E does not correct exactly from
your survey to the previous survey at 10300'. 20.9E is still the most
accurate value of OC for you to use, and 10300' would be the best choice of
start case depth.
7-4
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Confidential
750-500-071 Rev. A / May 1997
Appendix

Introduction
This is sometimes know as AEC (axial error correction). When using gyro
multishot equipment in eased holes inclined at low angles (less than 5),
the effects of imperfect tool centralization are significant in terms of
repeatability and absolute accuracy.
Although every effort should be made to ensure accurate centralization,
biases in centralizers and angle units cannot be completely eliminated.
The error in survey data created by such biases, variously described as
offset center, or axial error, can be measured and recorded data
approximately corrected. The correction method assumes the following:
The error arises from the misalignment of the tool axis with the true
hole axis at any point.
The error is systematic for any specific tool configuration.
Tool weight and wireline tension do not create a distorting effect, and
the centralizers are rigidly attached so that they cannot rotate about
the tool pressure barrels.
Survey Procedure
To determine the difference between tool axis and true hole axis, it is
necessary to have two or more sets of survey data recorded by the same
tool configuration at the same depth. In practice, because of errors in
recorded survey data due to reading, depth control, and gyro drift
corrections, several pairs of data are necessary so that these random
errors can be averaged out. There are three methods of obtaining pairs of
measurements.
Rotation Shots
For this method, mark one blade of a centralizer with string or tape and
note its approximate orientation on surface. The survey tool is then lowered
to a steady point in the casing and a picture recorded. The tool is retrieved
and rotated approximately 60 at surface. As our centralizers generally
Training Manual
750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997
A-1
Confidential
have six blades, the simplest method of estimating this turn is to rotate the
tool until the adjacent blade has the same approximate orientation as the
marked blade had for the first shot. The tool is again lowered to the same
depth and a further picture recorded. This procedure is repeated until the
tool is back at the initial orientation and six independent measurements
have been recorded. The recommended procedure is thus:
1.
Run the survey in the natural manner.
2.
Record end case shots.
3.
Mark a centralizer blade and make the six rotation shot runs.
4.
Record a final end case shot.
This method may be impractical, especially on offshore locations where

steady readings cannot be obtained near the rotary table.
Yo-Yo Shots
Run the survey tool to a convenient steady point with a centralizer blade
marked as for the rotation shot method. Record a picture and lower the tool
a further 10 feet. Repeat this procedure until six pictures are recorded (at
600, 610, 620, 630, 640 and 650 feet, for example). Retrieve the tool from
the casing and rotate it so it re-enters the casing approximately 180 from
its original orientation. Again, record pictures at 600, 610, 620, 630, 640
and 650 feet while proceeding with the survey. The recommended
procedure is thus:
1.
Rig up to run the survey in the normal manner.
2.
Record start case shots.
3.
Mark a centralizer blade and make the six point "yo-yo" run.
4.
Record start case shots again and run the survey in the normal
manner, ensuring that the tool assembly enters the casing
oriented approximately 180 from the initial entry.
5.
Re-survey the six "yo-yo" points during the course of the full
survey.
This procedure should provide six pairs of usable measurements without

taking up as much rig time as would six rotation shots at 600 feet.
Note: The yo-yo points need not necessarily be at the very
start of the full survey, but should be recorded at a depth
where steady pictures can be reasonably expected.
A-2
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Confidential
750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997
In-Run Versus Out-Run Shots

This method relies upon the tool naturally rotating between in-run shots
and the out-run shots at the corresponding depths. There is no qualitative
difference in the normal survey procedure except that out-run check shots
should be taken more frequently than would be normally required. It is
recommended that at least 10 are recorded at depths where steady pictures
can be reasonably expected. This method can also be used to check the
validity of the results obtained from the previous two methods.
Calculation of the TAC

Methodology
Data preparation for the above methods is done in the following manner.
Method A: Rotation Shots
1.
Read and record the survey. Note Vernier 0 at each station.
2.
Draw the drift curve in the conventional manner using the first of
the two recorded end case shots to determine overall drift.
3.
Straight line the drift between the survey end case shot and that
obtained after the rotation shots.
4.
Apply orientation and drift corrections to the observed hole

direction and Vernier 0 azimuths.
5.
Transfer this data to the TAC calculation sheet.
Method B: Yo-Yo Shots

1.
Read the initial start case shot, the yo-yo shots and the start
case shot of the actual survey.
2.
Straight line the drift between the two start case shots and
apply orientation and drift corrections to the observed hole
direction and Vernier 0 azimuths.
3.
4.
Transfer the corrected data from the two sets of yo-yo shots to
the TAC calculation sheet.
Method C: In-Run / Out-Run Shots

1.
2.
Transfer the corrected out-run data and the data from the
corresponding in-run stations to the TAC calculation sheet.
Training Manual
750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997
A-3
Confidential
The calculation of TAC (i.e., the error vector), is performed by a

programmable calculator, such as the Hewlett Packard 67, 97, or 41C, or
by a computer.
Basically, two surveys taken at exactly the same depth should give the
same result. In practice, if the tool has rotated to be suspended in a different
attitude from before, the surveys will yield different results. The two are
taken together and a true hole axis inclination and direction is determined.
Now, given the true position of the hole and two apparent positions, an
error vector can be determined.
Derivation of Formulae Used in the TAC Program

The misalignment of the tool axis relative to the well bore axis is assumed
to be a vector quantity, referred to as the error vector. The well has, of
course, only one true value of inclination and direction at a particular
depth. This value is referred to as the true hole vector. The observed values
of inclination and direction are referred to as the observed hole vector.
Remember, a vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. In this
context, the inclinations are the magnitudes of the vectors while the
directions of the inclinations are the directions of the vectors.
In the case of the observed and true hole vectors, the directions are simply
the hole directions. The direction of the error vector is assumed to be fixed
in relation to the case of the gyro and therefore fixed in relation to the
Vernier 0 position.
Let H denote the true hole vector, O the observed hole vector and E the
error vector.
Then O = H + E (vector addition)
E = O H
Note that the direction of the observed hole vector is the hole direction
obtained from the gyro survey corrected for orientation and drift but, of
course, not corrected for TAC.
Suppose we have two surveys, taken at the same depth, the case of the tool
having turned to a different position for the second survey. Suppose the
two surveys give different values of inclination and hole direction (see
Figure A-1).
A-4
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Confidential
750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997
Let IE be the magnitude of E , the error vector. Let I01 and I02 be the
inclinations of O 1 and O 2 the observed hole vectors. Let A01 and A02
be their respective azimuths. L is the line segment between (I0l, A01)
and (IO2, A02), the tips of O 1 and O 2 .
N
AL
AL
P ar al lel to L
AE
9
IE
IE
AL
(I 0 1 , A 01 )
(I 02 , A 02 )
L
O1
O2
E
V0 1
$(
,(
V02
Figure A-1
We draw the perpendicular bisector of L and construct an isosceles triangle

whose apex is on the perpendicular bisector of L and whose apex angle is
equal to V, the angle between the two Vernier 0 directions. The two equal
sides of the triangle represent IE, the inclination (magnitude) of the error
vector, while the third side is the line segment L. Other constructions are as
shown in Figure A-1.
Training Manual
750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997
A-5
Confidential
Now we have:
L
--2-
V
= ---sin -----2 IE
I E
L
--2= -------------------V
sin -----2
Applying elementary geometry to the figure gives:

V
A E = AL + 90 0 -------
2
The difference in azimuth between the direction of the error vector and the
corresponding Vernier 0, AE = V02 AE. The length of the line segment L
is found by applying the cosine rule which gives:
2
L = I01 + I02 2I01 I02 cos ( A 02 A 01 )
The angle between O 1 and L is also found from the cosine rule. If we
call this angle Z then:
2
L + I 01 I 02
cos Z = ------------------------------2LI01
Finally, A L is determined from:
o
A L = 360 Z ( 180 A 01 )
After L has been calculated, IE can be determined. Then the program
calculates the angle Z, followed by A L , then AE and hence AE. Thus
the magnitude and direction of the error vector have been determined. The
second half of the TAC program adds the negative of the error vector to the
observed hole vector to obtain the true hole vector:
H =O E
This is done by simple application of the cosine rule.
A-6
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Confidential
750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997
Appendix
Exercises
Example 1
1.
What is the amount and direction of the following orienting

corrections?
Foresight
Start Case
S 63 W
S 64 W
N 89 W
N 88.25 W
S 83.25 E
S 80.75 E
163.5
165.25
270.25
273.50
N 17.75 E
N 17.75 W
S 86.75 E
N 89.25 E
S 88.25 W
N 87.17 W
2.
Orienting Correction
What is the amount and direction of the following drift checks?

Start
End
D1
S 86.25 W
S 86.75 W
D2
N 80.25 W
N 78.75 W
D3
N 76.75 E
N 76.5 E
D4
N 89.25 E
S 89.50
D5
N 89.0 W
S 88.25 W
D6
S 01.25 W
S 01.25 E
Training Manual
750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997
B-1
Confidential
Exercises
Example 2
1.
Correct the following polar coordinates to rectangular.
a.
30' @ N 63 E
b.
65' @ N 76 W
c.
986' @ S 83 1/2 E
d.
392' @ S 40 1/2 W
e.
76' @ 163'
f.
98' @ 192.5'
2.
Convert the following rectangular coordinates to polar giving

distance and direction.
a.
N 65'
E 79'
b.
N 73'
W 192'
c.
S 83'
E 186
d.
S 98'
W 72'
e.
S 836'
W 793'
f.
N 90'
W 900'
B-2
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Confidential
750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997
Exercises
Example 3
1.
What would your revised foresight be in order to put spin axis in

hole direction with a 2" Gyro in the following cases:
Revised Foresight
a.
Foresight
Hole Direction
N 1O W
N 42 E
b.
Foresight
Hole Direction
N 16 W
N 64 W
c.
Foresight
Hole Direction
S 18 E
S 83 E
d.
Foresight
Hole Direction
S 33 W
S 46 E
e.
Foresight
Hole Direction
South
N 18 W
f.
Foresight
Hole Direction
N 62 E
S 20 W
2.
For a 1" Gyro, calculate the revised foresight to put gimbal axis
in hole direction:
Revised Foresight
a.
Foresight
Hole Direction
N 10 W
N 42 E
b.
Foresight
Hole Direction
S 33 W
S 46 E
c.
Foresight
Hole Direction
N 17 E
N 80 W
Training Manual
750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997
B-3
Confidential
Exercises
FIELD CALCULATION SHEET

Company:
Surveyor:
Declination Applied:
MEASURED
DEPTH
Objective:
STUDENT
INCLINATION
YES
OBSERVED
DIRECTION
E/W
TVD
Block:
SCHOOL CO
Well:
N 85 E
UPPER/LOWER Camera
VERTICAL
SECTION
DLS
Page:
1 of 1
DENMORE 1 / 1
Date:__________________
Magnetic Multishot Survey
NORTH
SOUTH
EAST
WEST
TIE-ON AT SURFACE
100'
1.0
N 63 E
200'
2.0
N 69 E
300'
3.0
N 85 E
400'
4.0
N 89 E
500'
5.0
N 87 E
600'
6.0
N 80 E
TARGET: N 87 W
2700'
36.0
S 82 W
2432 78
788 02
86 76
793 65
TIE-ON CONDITIONS
2800'
36.5
S 84 W
2900'
37.5
S 86 W
3000'
38.25
S 89 W
3100'
39.0
WEST
3200'
39.5
WEST
3300'
40.0
N 88 W
3410'
41.0
N 87 W
3520'
42.0
N 87 W
3610
42.5
N 85 W
CLOSURE IS:
B-4
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Confidential
750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997

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Baker Hughes INTEQ

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The information contained herein is believed to be accurate and, where

1997 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Gyroscopic Surveys & Equipment

Gyro Multishot Surveys

Processing and Calculating a GMS Survey

Drift Corrections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

Gyro Single Shot Surveys

High-Angle Gyro Surveying

Baker Hughes INTEQ

750-500-071 Rev. A / April 1997

Tool Axis Correction (TAC)

Gyroscopic Surveys & Equipment

Explain the basic principles of the level rotor gyro.

Explain what is meant by gyro drift.

Explain the terms foresight, foresight direction and orientation

Gyroscopic Surveys & Equipment

Figure 1-1 The Baker Hughes INTEQ Gyroscope

Baker Hughes INTEQ

750-500-071 Rev. A / May 1997

Gyroscopic Surveys & Equipment

The Baker Hughes INTEQ Gyroscope

Gyroscopic Surveys & Equipment

Orientation of the Gyro Compass Card

Example of Orientation Correction

Known Reference Direction

Initial Vernier 0 Reading on Gyro

3.3 (3.3 WEST)

Baker Hughes INTEQ

750-500-071 Rev. A / May 1997

Gyroscopic Surveys & Equipment

This orientation correction is a constant correction for one particular gyro

The gyro spin axis tends to maintain a constant direction relative

The bearings of the gimbal system are not perfectly frictionless.

It is extremely difficult for a technician to balance the spin motor

Gyros Used by Baker Hughes INTEQ

Humphrey 2" and 1"

Eastman 2" and 1"

Gyroscopic Surveys & Equipment

All of these are two-degree-of-freedom level rotor gyros. At present, the

Mercury Switch / Electromagnetic

Mercury Switch / Electromagnetic

Electrolytic Switch / Mechanical

Electrolytic Switch / Electromagnetic

Electrolytic Switch / Electromagnetic

Non-Symetrical open motor

Non-Symetrical open motor

Baker Hughes INTEQ

750-500-071 Rev. A / May 1997

Gyroscopic Surveys & Equipment

Gyro Multishot Surveys

The multishot battery pack (as for DMS).

The multishot instrument body incorporating the camera, motor

The gyro angle unit. Available ranges are 0 to 2, 0 to 5, 0 to 12,

The gyroscope. Either a 1" or a 2" Baker Hughes INTEQ gyro

Wireline cablehead + crossover or spearpoint + wireline sub or rope

Gyro spacer bar with top centralizer and stop collars

3" instrument barrel

3" control sub

2" or 3" battery barrel

Lower spacer bar with centralizer and stop collars