- 4 typees of sentences declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperative - Parts of sencence are: subject (its main part is SIMPLE SUBJECT) and predicate (its main part is the VERB) - Clause vs sentence o Clause can be independent and subordinate Need to know conjunctions which ones go with independent and which ones with subordinate clauses FANBOYS o For and nor but or yet so - 4 types of sentence structure o Simple o Compound o Complex Subordinate clause can be left-branching, mid-branching, right branching o Compound complex - Run-on sentence connects two main clauses with comma or nothing. Correct by using full stop, semicolon, or AND.
Common mistakes in formal writing: - Sentence fragmen - Run-on senctence - And-ness too many sentences joined with ands into one sentence. - Listlike sentence too long, too much information. - Of-ness using too many OFs Parts of speech - Verbs o If there are more verbs combined = verb phrase (e.g. will have eaten) - Nouns o Common and proper o Singular, plural - Pronouns o Antecedent is the noun that precedes the pronoun that refers to it. o Relative pronouns o Definite/indefinite pronouns o Personal pronouns o Possessive pronouns - Adjectives o Next is an adjective - Adverbs o Not is an adverb o too is an adverb - Articles o Adjectives, adverbs and articles are all modifiers. - Prepositions o Sometimes more than one word because of, in front of o Careful with phrasal verbs e.g. to turn in, in is not a preposition - Conjunctions o Coordinating join equal elements And but or nor for yet so o Subordinating Join independent and subordinate clauses o Correlative Bothand Either or Neither nor Not onlybut also - Interjections
-tb: numerals are treated as ADJECTIVES in English 3 kinds of Verbs - Transitive - Intransitive - Linking to be most often, but also look nervous look is linking verb. To remain an achievement, remain is linking verb. LINKING VERBS ARE FOLLOWED BY SUBJECT COMPLEMENT. She was a novelist novelist is subject complement. Also can be compound he is a singer and a dancer. it is I I is subject complement. SENTENCE COMPLEMENTS - Objects o Direct o Indirect appears between the verb and the direct object Both can be compound more objects joined together. I wwrote him a letter. He gave his mother and father a car and a house. (2 indirect+ two direct objects) What about: I wrote a letter TO HIM. this is a prepositional phrase, not an indirect object. VERBS 4 FORMS OF VERBS - Infinitive (to) - Present participle (ing) - Gerund (is used as a noun whereas pres.part is used with a helping verb) - Past participle (ed) - Past simple past form, whereas past participle needs auxiliary verb TENSES 6 most important tenses - Present - Past - Future - Present perfect - Past perfect - Future perfect tense SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD o Only two puproses Formal request or recommendation in a clause with that. Here, basic form of the verb is used. She asked that he report. Doctor recommended that she EAT It is required that the mayor SUBMIT a review To describe unreal or doubtful condition, often in a clause starting with if. If present tense, then the past is used, if past, then the past perfect form of the verb is used. If I had a million dollars. He wishes he WERE a musician. If he had been there I would have done it. COMMONLY CONFUSED VERS: Lie, Lie, Lay VERBS - Finite o Can be joined by linking and auxiliary verbs Linking/copular verbs link subject with a complement that describes it. These verbs include sensory verbs such as smell, taste, feel, and verbs such as appear, seem, become, grow, remain Auxiliary/helping verbs - help form tenses when joined with the main verb Modal auxiliary verbs indicate modality such as condition, need, obligation etc. (e.g. you should read) o Can be transitive and intransitive o Tense, mood, voice - Non-finite (to read) o Also called verbals. o Include infinitive, gerund and participles. o Participles Present part = ing Past ed or irregular o Gerund is a verb functioning as a noun o Infinitive uses to - Verb phrase consists of the main verb and helping verbs. - Phrasal verb is a two or three-word verb. Never hyphenated. o Tense 4 aspects Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous o Mood Declarative interrogative Imperative Subjunctive Some consider antiquated o If only it were so o Voice does the subject act or is acted upon Active Passive
PRONOUNS - KINDS o Personal o Interrogative Who whom whose which what (there are only these 5) o Indefinite All each anyone some everybody etc. o Relative Introduces subordinate clause Who whom whose which that (these 5 only) - Pronoun should match its antecedent in number - Pronoun CASE o 3 cases Subjective case Pronoun is the subject or subject complement I you he she they we it Objective case Pronoun is the object (direct, indirect, or object of a preposition) o Him, her, it, us, you Possessive case My, mine, your yours her hers etc - WHO vs WHOM o Who is subjective case o Whom is objective case So: Who/whom did you invite? who is the object here you invited s.o., therefore has to be WHOM. Same rule applies when relative pronoun wh is the one who/whom painted the picture who is the subject here, so WHO. - ELIPTICAL CLASUES (clauses with omitted words) o In order to determine the correct pronoun form, fill in the missing words. Eduardo is a better dancer than ME/I. missing words = than I AM, not ME AM. My dog barks at her as much as at I/me = barks at her as much as at me. - COMPOUND SUBJECT or OBJECT o Break them into individual sentences to determine thje pronoun Rafael and HER/SHE are flying tomorrow. R is flying tomorrow, SHE is flying tomorrow so SHE, not HER.