ADVANCED - Chapter 8 - Beam Analysis and Cross Sections (UP19980818)

10/10/2014 ADVANCED: Chapter 8: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections (UP19980818)
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Chapter 8: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections
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Chapter 1 * Chapter 2 * Chapter 3 * Chapter 4 * Chapter 5 * Chapter 6 * Chapter 7 * Chapter 8
8.1 An Overview of Beams
Beam elements are used to create a mathematical one-dimensional idealization of a 3-D structure. They
offer computationally efficient solutions when compared to solid and shell elements.
The discussion in this chapter applies only to two 3-D finite strain beams, BEAM188 and BEAM189.
These beams provide more robust nonlinear analysis capabilities, and significant improvements in the
cross section data definition, analysis and visualization, as compared to other ANSYS beams. See the
descriptions of BEAM188 and BEAM189 in the ANSYS Elements Reference for more information about
these beams.
8.2 What Are Cross Sections?
A cross section defines the geometry of the beam in a plane perpendicular to the beam axial direction.
ANSYS supplies a library of eleven commonly-used beam cross section shapes, and permits user-defined
cross section shapes. When a cross section is defined, ANSYS builds a numeric model using a nine node
cell for determining the properties (Iyy, Izz, etc.) of the section and for the solution to the Poisson's
equation for torsional behavior.
Here is the plot of a standard Z cross section, which shows the centroid and shear center of the cross
section and the calculated section properties:
Figure 8-1 Plot of a Z Cross Section
Cross sections and user section meshes may be saved and stored in cross section library files. You may
assign beam cross sections as attributes of a line using the LATT command. These section definitions
will be incorporated into the generated beam elements when the line is meshed with either BEAM188 or
BEAM189.
8.3 How to Create Cross Sections
The general procedure for creating cross section consists of the following steps:
1. Define the section and associate a section ID number with the section subtype.
2. Define the geometry data for the section.
ANSYS supplies the following commands for creating, viewing and listing cross sections and managing
cross section libraries:
Table 8-1 ANSYS Cross Section Commands
Command GUI Menu Path Purpose
PRSSOL
Main Menu>General Postproc>List
Results>Section Solution
Utility Menu>List>Results>Section Solution
Prints beam section results
SECTYPE
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>-Beam-
Common Sectns
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>-Beam-Read
Sect Mesh
Associates section Subtype with
SECID
SECDATA
Common Sectns
Defines section geometry data
SECOFFSET
Common Sectns
Defines section offset for beam
cross sections
Sect Mesh
SECNUM
Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Attributes-
DefineDefault Attribs
Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Modeling-
Create>Elements>Elem Attributes
Identifies the SECID to be
assigned to an element
SECPLOT Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>Plot Section
Plots geometry of a beam section
to scale
SECWRITE
Write Sec Mesh
Creates an ASCII file
/SECLIB
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>Section
Library>Library Path
Sets default section library path
for SECREAD
SECREAD
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>Section
Library>Import Library
Sect Mesh
Reads a user defined section
library or mesh
SLIST
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>List Sections
Utility Menu>List>Properties>Section Properties
Utility Menu>List>Properties>Specified Section
Properties
Summarizes section properties
SDELETE
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>Delete
Section
Deletes a cross section
For complete documentation of the cross section commands, see the ANSYS Commands Reference.
8.3.1 Defining the Section and Associating a Section ID Number
Use the SECTYPE command to define a section. For example, the following command assigns a section
identification number (2) to a predefined cross-section shape (circular solid):
Command(s):
SECTYPE, 2, BEAM, CSOLID
SECDATA, 5, 8
SECNUM, 2
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>-Beam-Common Sectns
Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Attributes-Define>Default Attribs
To define your own cross sections, use the subtype MESH. To define a cross section with integrated
properties such as Iyy and Izz, use the subtype ASEC.
8.3.2 Defining the Geometry Data of a Cross Section
Use the SECDATA command to define the geometry of a cross section. The following command assigns
dimensions to the cross section defined by SECTYPE. The CSOLID subtype has two dimensions: the
radius and the number of cells along its circumference:
Command(s):
SECDATA, 4, 6
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>-Beam-Common Sectns
8.3.2.1 Determining the Number of Cells to Define
In general, you do not need to set the number of cells when building a cross section. ANSYS will
calculate values for the cross section such as the area of the section and the moments of intertia about the
coordinate axes using default integration rules and will produce results that are numerically exact.
Since the torsion constant is derived from the mesh, the accuracy of the torsion constant is directly
proportional to the mesh size of the cross section. The default mesh used by ANSYS yields acceptable
engineering accuracy.
There are two types of cross sections: thin wall sections (CTUBE, CHAN, I, Z, L, T, HATS and HREC)
and solid sections (RECT, QUAD and CSOLID). The thin wall sections have a minimum of two
integration points through thickness, so results produced using thin wall sections should be acceptable for
materially nonlinear analysis.
However, when doing a plasticity analysis, the cell defaults may need to be changed for the solid
sections. Here are examples of ANSYS-generated solid section cell meshes and the type of analysis you
may wish to use them with.
Figure 8-2 Types of Solid Section Cell Mesh
8.3.3 Meshing a Line Model with BEAM188/BEAM189 Elements
Before you mesh a line with BEAM188 or BEAM189 elements, some of its attributes must be defined.
These attributes include:
the material set attribute pointer to be associated with the generated beam elements
the beam element type to be used in meshing the line
the orientation of the cross section with respect to the beam element axis. For detailed information
about orientation nodes and beams, see Section 7.5.2 of the ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide
the cross section ID to be assigned to the generated beam elements
Issue the LATT command to associate these attributes with the selected, unmeshed line:
Command(s):
LATT, MAT, , TYPE, , KB, , SECNUM
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Attributes-Define>Picked Lines
MAT
The material number to be associated with the selected, unmeshed lines.
TYPE
The type number to be associated with the selected, unmeshed lines.
KB
Corresponds to any keypoint number in the model. All beam elements generated will have their beam
section oriented such that the beam z-axis will lie in the plane defined by two beam end nodes and this
keypoint number.
SECNUM
Corresponds to the beam section defined by the SECTYPE command with the section ID number as
given by the SECNUM.
8.4 Using the Beam Tool to Create Cross Sections
The SECTYPE, SECDATA and SECOFFSET commands (Main Menu> Preprocessor>-Beam-
Common Sectns) are all associated with the Beam Tool in the GUI. The appearance of the Beam Tool
varies depending on the cross section subtype you select:
Figure 8-3 Beam Tool with Subtypes Drop Down List Displayed
The top part of the beam tool relates a section ID number with a subtype (and, optionally, a section
name) [SECTYPE]. The middle of the beam tool defines the section offset information, if needed
[SECOFFSET]. The bottom contains the fields for section geometry information [SECDATA]. The
dimensions defined by the SECDATA command are determined by the subtype selected. For
documentation of each variant of the Beam Tool, press the Help button on the Beam Tool after you have
selected a subtype. The subtype dimensions are also documented in the SECDATA command.
8.5 Managing Cross Section and User Mesh
Libraries
Cross section data for common section such as CHAN and RECT can be stored in cross section libraries.
To create standard cross sections for later use, create one or more cross sections, edit the Jobname.log
file and copy the appropriate SECTYPE, SECDATA and SECOFFSET commands into a separate file
with a SECT extension. These predefined cross sections can later be read into a model using the
/SECLIB command (Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>Section Library>Import Library).
If you need to define a cross section that is not common, you must create a user mesh file. To create a
user mesh file, create a 2D solid model and save the model using the SECWRITE command (Main
Menu>Preprocessor>Sections> -Beam-Write Sec Mesh). This procedure is outlined in greater detail
below:
1. Create all areas (Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Modeling-Create>Areas), including the holes. The
area representing the hole(s) must be completely within the boundaries of the area(s) where material
exists.
2. Overlap the areas (Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Modeling-Operate> -Booleans-Overlap>Areas) or
glue them (Main Menu>Preprocessor> -Modeling-Operate>-Booleans-Glue>Areas) where
appropriate.
3. Save the model.
4. Set the number of line divisions for all lines (Main Menu>Preprocessor> -Meshing-Size Cntrls>-
Lines-Picked Lines or use the Mesh Tool). Don't forget that the number of cells in the model may not
exceed 25.
5. Select Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>-Beam-Write Sec Mesh. The Real Cells picking box
appears.
Figure 8-4 Real Cells Picking Box
6. Pick the area of the real cell. ANSYS displays the following question:
Does this section have holes?
If the model does not have holes, select OK and skip to Step 8. If it does have holes, select Yes and
OK to continue.
7. Pick the area of the pseudo cells (holes) and select OK.
8. ANSYS creates cells on the areas. ANSYS may display bad shape messages during the mesh-these
messages can be ignored. However, you may see an "Unable to mesh area...." message. If you do, clear
the elements from all areas (Main Menu>Preprocessor>-Meshing-Clear> Areas) and repeat steps 4-6.
9. Once ANSYS finishes meshing the model, the Boundary Lines dialog box appears. Select the outer
lines of the real areas in the Graphics Window and click on OK to continue.
10. Write the .SECT file out to a unique name in the Write Section Library File dialog box and click on
OK. If you defined too many line divisions in Step 4, the number of cells and nodes exceeds the limit.
Clear the elements from all areas (Main Menu> Preprocessor>-Meshing-Clear >Areas) and repeat
Steps 4-8 until you have a valid number of cells and nodes.
11. Read in the user mesh file (Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections> -Beam-Read Sect Mesh).
Note-Even if you have already set LESIZE, you will see the following message:
Line element sizes may need to be specified for desired cross-section mesh. Please refer to
the LESIZE command.
If you have already set the line element size, click on the Close button to continue. If you have not
already set it, issue LESIZE with the appropriate information.
The SECPLOT command cannot plot MESH or ASEC subtypes.
8.6 Sample Lateral Torsional Buckling Analysis
(GUI Method)
You can use BEAM188 and BEAM189 elements to model not only straightforward beam bending and
shear response but also to model beam response that involves lateral-torsional buckling. To create this
type of model, you will need to create an adequately fine mesh of beam elements. You typically need to
model a single beam member using a series of short beam elements, as shown in Figure 8-5.
Figure 8-5 Lateral-torsional Buckling of a Cantilever I-beam, Modeled with 60 BEAM188
Elements (Displayed using /ESHAPE)
Chapter 7 of ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide documents buckling analysis in detail. This sample
problem shows what happens when a cantilever beam is subjected to a concentrated end load, which
causes lateral-torsional buckling.
8.6.1 Problem Description
A straight, slender cantilever beam has one fixed end and one free end. A load is applied to the free end.
The model is analyzed using eigenvalue buckling calculations, followed by a nonlinear load versus
deflection study. The objective is to determine the critical value of the end load (indicated by P in Figure
8-6) at which the beam undergoes a bifurcation indicated by a large displacement in the lateral direction.
8.6.2 Problem Specifications
The following material properties are used for this problem:
Young's modulus = 1.0 X 10
4
psi
Poisson's ratio = 0.0
The following geometric properties are used for this problem:
L = 100 in
H = 5 in
B = .2 in
Loading for this problem is:
P = 1 lb.
8.6.3 Problem Sketch
Figure 8-6 Diagram of a Beam with Deformation Indicated
8.6.4 Eigenvalue Buckling and Nonlinear Collapse
Eigenvalue buckling calculation is a linearized calculation, and is generally valid only for elastic
structures. The yielding of materials occurs usually at loads lesser than that predicted by eigenvalue
buckling analysis. This type of analysis tends to need less computation time than a full nonlinear
buckling analysis.
You can also perform a nonlinear load versus deflection study, which employs an arc length solution
strategy to identify critical loads. While the approach is more general, a collapse analysis may be
computationally intensive.
The nonlinear collapse analysis must be performed on a structure with imperfections built in to the
model, since a perfect model will not show signs of buckling. You can add imperfections by using
eigenvectors that result from an eigenvalue buckling analysis. The eigenvector determined is the closest
estimate of the actual mode of buckling. The imperfections added should be small when compared to a
typical thickness of the beam being analyzed. The imperfections remove the sharp discontinuity in the
load-deflection response. It is customary to use one to ten percent of the beam/shell thickness as the
maximum imperfection introduced. The UPGEOM command adds displacements from a previous
analysis and updates the geometry to the deformed configuration.
8.6.5 Set the Analysis Title and Graphics Options
1. Choose menu path Utility Menu>File>Change Title.
2. Enter the text "Lateral Torsional Buckling Analysis" and click on OK.
3. Be sure that PowerGraphics is running. Choose the menu path Utility
Menu>PlotCtrls>Style>Hidden-Line Options. Be sure PowerGraphics is selected in the dialog box
and click on OK.
4. Turn on Graphical Solution Tracking. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>-Load Step Opts-
Output Ctrls>Grph Solu Track and be sure the radio button in the dialog box is marked On. Click on
OK.
5. Create an output file for the buckling analysis graph. Choose menu path Utility
Menu>PlotCtrls>Redirect Plots>To GRPH File. Change the name of the file to buckle.grph and click
on OK.
8.6.6 Define Model Geometry
1. Start the model creation preprocessor and define the keypoints for the beam. Choose menu path Main
Menu>Preprocessor>-Modeling- Create>Keypoints>In Active CS, and enter these keypoint numbers
and the coordinates in the dialog box as indicated:
Keypoint Number X Location Y Location Z Location Select to Accept Values
1 0 0 0 Apply
2 100.0 0 0 Apply
3 50 5 0 OK
2. Create a straight line through keypoints 1 and 2. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor>-
Modeling-Create>-Lines-Lines>Straight Line. The Create Straight Line picking dialog box appears.
Select keypoints 1 and 2 in the Graphics window and choose OK on the Create Straight Line dialog box.
3. Save the model. Choose menu path Utility Menu>File>Save As. Enter buckle.db in the Save
Database to box and choose OK.
8.6.7 Define Element Type and Cross Section Information
1. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor>Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element
Types dialog box appears.
2. Click on Add... The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
3. In the scroll box on the left, click on "Structural Beam" to select it.
4. In the scroll box on the right, click on "3D finite strain, 3 node 189" to select BEAM189.
5. Click on OK, and then click on Close in the Element Types dialog box.
6. Define a rectangular cross section for the beam. Choose menu path Main
Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>-Beam-Common Sectns. The Beam Tool is displayed. ANSYS sets the
section ID to 1, and the subtype to RECT (signified by a rectangle on the subtype button) by default.
Since you will be creating a rectangular cross section, there is no need to change the subtype.
7. In the lower half of the beam tool, you'll see a diagram of the cross section shape with dimension
variables labeled. Enter the width of the cross section, 0.2, in the box labeled B. Enter the height of the
cross section, 5.0, in the box labeled H. Choose OK to set the cross section dimensions.
8. List the properties of the current cross section. Choose menu path Main
Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>List Sections. ANSYS selects section ID 1 by default. Choose OK to
display the cross section information. Once you've verified the information, choose Close to close the
SLIST window.
8.6.8 Define the Material Properties and Orientation Node
1. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor>Material Props> -Constant-Isotropic. The Isotropic
Material Properties dialog box appears.
2. Click on OK to specify material number 1. The Isotropic Material Properties dialog box appears.
3. Enter 1E4 for Young's modulus.
4. Enter 0.0 for Poisson's ratio (minor), and click on OK.
5. To select the line, choose menu path Utility Menu>Select>Entities. Choose the following options:
Lines, By Num/Pick, From Full and OK from the Select Entities dialog box.
6. The Select lines dialog box appears. Go to the Graphics window and click on the line. Choose OK in
the Select lines picking dialog box.
7. Define the orientation node of the line as an attribute. Choose menu path Main
Menu>Preprocessor>-Attributes-Define>All Lines. Click on the radio button beside the Pick
Orientation Keypoint radio button to change it to Yes and choose OK. ANSYS includes the material
attribute pointer to the material set 1, the element type attribute pointer to the local element type 1 and
the section attribute pointer to the section ID 1 by default.
8. The Line Attributes dialog box appears. Select Keypoint 3 in the Graphic window and choose OK in
the Line Attributes dialog box.
9. Save the model. Choose menu path Utility Menu>File>Save As. If the buckle.db file is not already
selected, select it. Select OK, and when ANSYS prompts you if you want to overwrite the existing file,
choose OK.
8.6.9 Mesh the Line and Verify Beam Orientation
1. Define the mesh size and number of divisions. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor>-
Meshing-Size Cntrls>-Lines-All Lines. Enter 10 in the No. of Element Divisions box and choose OK.
2. Mesh the line. Choose the menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor>- Meshing-Mesh>Lines. Be sure
Pick and Single are selected in the Mesh Lines dialog box, then pick the line in the Graphics window.
Choose OK in the Mesh Lines dialog box to mesh the line.
3. Rotate the meshed line. Choose menu path Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Pan, Zoom, Rotate. The Pan,
Zoom, Rotate tool appears. Select ISO and choose Close. The beam is rotated in the Graphics window.
4. Verify the beam orientation. Choose Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Style>Size and Shape. Select the radio
button next to the /ESHAPE label to turn /ESHAPE on and choose OK.
5. To display a plot of the cross section, choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor>Sections>Plot
Section and click on OK.
6. Replot the meshed element. Choose menu path Utility Menu>Plot>Elements.
8.6.10 Define the Boundary Conditions
1. Define a boundary condition to the fixed end. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>-Loads-
Apply>-Structural- Displacement>On Keypoints. The Apply U,ROT on KPs picking dialog box
appears.
2. Define keypoint 1 as the fixed end. In the ANSYS Input window, enter 1, press return, then click on
OK in the Apply U,ROT on KPs picking box. The Apply U,ROT on KPs dialog box appears.
3. Click on "All DOF" to select it, and click on OK. The boundary condition information appears in the
ANSYS Graphics window at keypoint 1.
4. Apply a force to the free end. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution> -Loads-Apply>-Structural-
Force/Moment>On Keypoints. The Apply F/M on KPs picking dialog box appears.
5. Identify keypoint 2 as the free end. In the ANSYS Input window, enter 2, press return, then click on
OK in the Apply F/M on KPs dialog box. Another Apply F/M on KPs dialog box appears.
6. In the drop down list for Direction of force/mom, select FY.
7. Enter 1 for the force/moment value in the Apply F/M on Keypoint dialog box, and click on OK. The
force symbol appears in the ANSYS Graphics window at keypoint 2.
8. Save the model. Choose menu path Utility Menu>File>Save As. If the buckle.db file is not already
selected, select it. Select OK and when ANSYS prompts you if you want to overwrite the existing file,
choose Yes.
9. Choose menu path Main Menu>Finish.
8.6.11 Solve the Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis
1. Set analysis options. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Options. The Static or
Steady-State Analysis dialog box appears.
2. Define a sparse solver for the solution. Choose the drop down box beside the Equation solver label in
the Static or Steady-State Analysis dialog box, select Sparse solver.
3. Include prestress effect, which will be stored for later use in the eigenvalue buckling calculation. In the
drop down list labeled Stress stiffness or prestress, select "Prestress ON." Click on OK to close the Static
or Steady-State Analysis dialog box.
4. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>-Solve-Current LS. Review the summary information in
the /STAT command window, then select Close from its menu bar. Click on OK in the Solve Current
Load Step window to begin the solution.
5. When the Solution is Done! window appears, choose Close to close it.
7. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>-Analysis Type-New Analysis.
8. Select the "Eigen Buckling" option, then click on OK.
9. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Options. The Eigenvalue Buckling Options
dialog box appears. Select the Block Lanczos option. Enter 4 in the No. of modes to extract box, then
click on OK.
10. Set the Element Calculation Key for the MXPAND command. Choose menu path Main
Menu>Solution>-Load Step Opts-ExpansionPass> Expand Modes.
11. In the Expand Modes dialog box, enter 4 in the No. of modes to expand box, change the No to Yes
beside the Calculate elem results label and click on OK.
12. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>-Solve-Current LS. Review the summary information in
the /STAT command window, then select Close from its menu bar. Click on OK in the Solve Current
Load Step window to begin the solution.
14. Choose Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Style>Size and Shape. Be sure the radio button beside the label
Display of element shapes... (/ESHAPE) is set to On and choose OK.
15. Display the results summary. Choose menu path Main Menu>General Postproc>Results
Summary. After you've reviewed the results, choose Close to close the window.
16. Choose menu path Main Menu>General Postproc>-Read Results- >First Set.
17. Plot the first mode shape of the beam. Choose menu path Main Menu>General Postproc>Plot
Results>Deformed Shape. The Plot Deformed Shape dialog box appears. Select Def + undef edge and
choose OK.
8.6.12 Solve the Nonlinear Buckling Analysis
1. Introduce model imperfections calculated by the previous analysis. Choose menu path Main
Menu>Preprocessor>-Modeling-Update Geom. In the Update nodes using results file displacements
dialog box, enter 0.002 in the Scaling Factor box, 1 in the Load step box, 1 in the Substep box, and
file.rst in the Selection box. Click on OK.
2. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>-Analysis Type-New Analysis.
3. Select the "Static" option, then click on OK.
4. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>-Load Step Opts-Output Ctrls>DB/Results File and be
sure the drop down lists display All Items and All entities respectively. Choose the Every substep for the
File Write Frequency radio button and click on OK.
5. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Options. Select the radio button beside Large
deform effects, then click on OK.
6. Set the arc-length method, and set parameters for the termination of the solution. Choose menu path
Main Menu>Solution>Load Step Opts> Nonlinear>Arc-Length Opts. Select the Arc-length method
on/off radio button and click it to On. Choose the pull down menu next to the Lab label and select
Displacement lim. Enter 1.0 in the Max desired U box. Enter 2 in the Node number for VAL box. Choose
the pull down menu next to the Degree of Freedom label and select UZ. Click on OK.
7. Define the number of substeps to be run during this load step. Choose menu path Main
Menu>Solution>-Load Step Opts-Time/Frequenc> Time and Substps. Enter 10000 in the Number of
substeps box and click on OK.
8. Solve the current model. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution> -Solve-Current LS. Review the
summary information in the /STAT command window, then select Close from its menu bar. Click on OK
in the Solve Current Load Step window to begin the solution. A Nonlinear Solution window with a Stop
button also appears. A convergence graph is built, and can take several minutes to complete.
8.6.13 Plot and Review the Results
1. Replot the beam. Choose menu path Utility Menu>Plot>Elements.
2. Define the load point deflection to be read from the results file. Choose menu path Main
Menu>TimeHist PostPro>Define Variables. When the Defined Time-History Variables window
appears, select Add.
3. When the Add Time-History Variable window appears, be sure the Nodal DOF result option is
selected. Choose OK.
4. The Define Nodal Data picking dialog box appears. In the Graphics window, pick node 2 (the end
node on the right side of the beam) and choose OK.
5. The Define Nodal Data window appears. Be sure the Ref number of variable and Node number are
both set to 2. Enter TIPLATDI in the User-specified label box. Select Translation UZ from the menu and
choose OK.
6. Define the total reaction force to be read from the results file. Choose Add from the Defined Time-
History Variables window.
7. When the Add Time-History Variable window appears, choose the Reaction forces radio button then
choose OK.
8. The Define Reaction Force picking box appears. Pick the end node on the left side of the beam and
choose OK.
9. The Define Reaction Force Variable window appears. Be sure the Ref number of variable is set to 3
and Node number is set to 1. Select Struct Force FY from the menu and choose OK. Choose Close to
close the Defined Time-History Variable dialog box.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu>TimeHist Postpro>Math Operations> Multiply. In the Multiply
Time-History Variables window, enter 4 in the Reference number for result box, -1.0 in the 1st Factor
box and 3 in the 1st Variable box. Click on OK.
11. Display the X variable. Choose menu path Main Menu>TimeHist Postpro>Settings>Graph. Enter
2 in the Single variable no. box, choose the single variable button and choose OK.
12. Plot the load versus deflection curve to confirm the critical load calculated by the eigenvalue method.
Choose menu path Main Menu>TimeHist PostPro>Graph Variables. Enter 4 in the 1st variable to
graph box.
13. List the variables versus time. Choose menu path Main Menu>TimeHist PostPro>List Variables.
Enter 2 in the 1st variable to list box and 4 in the 2nd variable box and click on OK.
14. Check the values in the PRVAR Command window to see how they compare against the values
generated by the eigenvalue buckling analysis. Close the PRVAR Command window.
16. In the ANSYS Toolbar, click on Quit.
17. Choose a save option and click on OK.
8.7 Sample Problem with Cantilever Beams,
Command Method
Here is the input file for the problem described in the previous section:
/GRAPHICS,POWER
/GST,ON
/SHOW,BUCKLE,GRPH
/PREP7
K,1,0,0,0,
K,2,100.0,0,0,
K,3,50,5,0,
LSTR, 1, 2
ET,1,BEAM189
SECTYPE, 1, BEAM, RECT,
SECDATA, 0.2, 5.0
SLIST, 1, 1, ,
MP,EX,1,1E4
MP,NUXY,1,0.0
LSEL,S, , , 1, 1, 1
LATT,1, ,1,0, 3, ,1
LESIZE, all, , ,10
SECNUM,1
LMESH,all
/VIEW,,1,1,1
/ESHAPE,1
EPLOT
DK,1, , , ,0,ALL, ,
FK,2,FY,1.0
FINISH
/SOLU
PSTRES,ON
EQSLV,SPARSE
SOLVE
FINISH
/SOLU
ANTYPE,BUCKLE
BUCOPT,LANB,4
MXPAND,4,,,YES
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
/ESHAPE,1
/VIEW, 1 ,1,1,1
/ANG, 1
SET,LIST
SET,1,1
PLDISP,2
FINISH
/PREP7
UPGEOM,0.002,1,1,file,rst
/SOLU
ANTYPE,STATIC
OUTRES,ALL,ALL
NLGEOM,ON
ARCLEN,ON,25,0.0001
ARCTRM,U,1.0,2,UZ
NSUBST,10000
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST26
NSOL,2,2,U,Z,TIPLATDI
RFORCE,3,1,F,Y,
PROD,4,3, , , , , ,-1.0,1,1,
XVAR,2
PLVAR,4
PRVAR,2,4
FINISH
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